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The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Wellbeing

EDITORIAL BOARD

Maureen Dollard, University of South Australia, Australia

John Helliwell, University of British Columbia, Canada

E. Kevin Kelloway, Saint Mary’s University, Canada

Ellen Kossek, Purdue University, US

James Campbell Quick, University of Texas at Arlington, US

Oi-ling Siu, Lingnan University, Hong Kong

The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Wellbeing

The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Wellbeing is a comprehensive and cutting-edge work providing the latest insights into a range of perspectives on organizational wellbeing, as well as highlighting global wellbeing issues and exploring new contexts. A multi- and inter-disciplinary work, this handbook embraces ideas and empirical work from a range of fields including psychology, business and management, economics, and science. This handbook draws together current knowledge whilst also outlining emerging issues and directions, making this an invaluable resource for students and researchers spanning a wide array of disciplines.

Part 1: Theoretical Perspectives

Part 2: International Issues and Contexts

Part 3: Developing Organizational Wellbeing

Part 4: Emerging Issues and Directions

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The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Wellbeing

SAGE Publications Ltd

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Editor: Susannah Trefgarne

Editorial Assistant: Ruth Lilly

Production Editor: Jessica Masih

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Indexer: KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.

Marketing Manager: Lucia Sweet

Cover Design: Naomi Robinson

Typeset by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.

Printed in the UK

At SAGE we take sustainability seriously. Most of our products are printed in the UK using responsibly sourced papers and boards. When we print overseas we ensure sustainable papers are used as measured by the PREPS grading system. We undertake an annual audit to monitor our sustainability.

Editorial arrangement © Tony Wall, Cary L. Cooper, and Paula Brough, 2021

Chapter 1 © Tony Wall, Paula Brough, and Cary Cooper, 2021 Chapter 2 © Juliet Hassard, Kevin Teoh, Louise Thomson, and Holly Blake, 2021

Chapter 3 © Jack Evans, Helen Brewis, and Ivan Robertson, 2021 Chapter 4 © Hannes Zacher, 2021 Chapter 5 © Ashlea C. Troth, Alannah E. Rafferty, and Peter J. Jordan, 2021

Chapter 6 © Thomas D. McIlroy, Stacey L. Parker, and Blake M. McKimmie, 2021

Chapter 7 © James Campbell Quick, 2021

Chapter 8 © José Atilano PenaLópez, Paolo Rungo, and José Manuel Sánchez-Santos, 2021 Chapter 9 © Mustafa F. Özbilgin and Cihat Erbil, 2021

Chapter 10 © Michael Ungar, 2021

Chapter 11 © Monideepa Tarafdar and Jean-François Stich, 2021

Chapter 12 © Haziq Mehmood and Oi-ling Siu, 2021

Chapter 13 © Elliroma Gardiner and Jonas Debrulle, 2021

Chapter 14 © Anne-Kathrin Kleine and Antje Schmitt, 2021

Chapter 15 © Teresa A. Daniel, 2021

Chapter 16 © Maria KaranikaMurray, Caroline Biron, Valerie Hervieux, Zara Whysall, and Huijun Chen, 2021

Chapter 17 © Alys Bethan EinionWaller, 2021

Chapter 18 © Victoria Ross, Sharna L. Mathieu, Katrina Witt, and Kairi Kõlves, 2021

Chapter 19 © Stephanie L. Gilbert and E. Kevin Kelloway, 2021

Chapter 20 © Sanna Malinen, Katharina Näswall, and Tracy Hatton, 2021

Chapter 21 © Cheryl Y. S. Foo, Helen Verdeli, and Alvin Kuowei

Tay, 2021

Chapter 22 © Ian Hesketh, 2021

Chapter 23 © Rachael JonesChick and E. Kevin Kelloway, 2021

Chapter 24 © Karina Nielsen, Carolyn Axtell, and Siobhan

Taylor, 2021

Chapter 25 © Simon Ellis Poole and Alison Clare Scott, 2021

Chapter 26 © Marco Tagliabue, 2021

Chapter 27 © Justin James Kennedy and Lisa Leit, 2021

Chapter 28 © Yi-Ling Lai and Stephen Palmer, 2021

Chapter 29 © Victoria Field and Anne Taylor, 2021

Chapter 30 © Katharina Näswall, Jennifer Wong and Sanna Malinen, 2021

Chapter 31 © Jana Patey, Emike Nasamu, Sara Connolly, Kevin Daniels, Rachel Nayani, and David Watson, 2021

Chapter 32 © Jarrod Haar and Azka Ghafoor, 2021

Chapter 33 © Kevin Moore, 2021

Chapter 34 © Tony Wall and Richard Axtell, 2021

Chapter 35 © The Kintsugi Collective, 2021

Chapter 36 © Florence Palpacuer, 2021

Chapter 37 © Scott Foster, Tony Wall, and Anna Foster, 2021

Chapter 38 © Raya A. Jones, 2021

Chapter 39 © Jarrod Haar and David Brougham, 2021

Chapter 40 © Wilson Wong, 2021

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2020946791

British Library Cataloguing in Publication data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-5297-0486-0

Rachel Nayani and David Watson

Jamie Callahan, Carole

Tali Padan, Annemette Kjærgaard, Maribel Blasco, and Rasmus Bergmann

List of Figures and Tables

FIGURES

2.1 A theoretical model on the cost of mental ill-health at work 14

3.1 Person, situation, behaviour 27

5.1 Five levels of emotion and relevance to workplace wellbeing (adapted from Ashkanasy, 2003) 58

6.1 Supervisor support quadrants as a function of when supervisor support is requested and received 73

6.2 Flowchart of the study selection process 76

8.1 Distribution of the level of happiness by group of countries 112

8.2 Distribution of the degree of agreement with the sentence ‘When making important decisions, I think about my family’s wellbeing before mine’ (1: ‘completely agree’; 5: ‘completely disagree’) 113

10.1 The Resilient Work Systems Framework for assessing organizational contributors to resilience (Crane, in press) 150

11.1 The impact of virtual work on organizational wellbeing 160

14.1 The entrepreneur’s psychological wellbeing is subject to contextual, behavioral, and personal factors 201

14.2 An integrative model of the antecedents of entrepreneurs’ psychological wellbeing 208

16.1 Interventions aimed to support health and productivity for each type of presenteeism (adapted from Karanika-Murray and Biron, 2020) 235

21.1 Humanitarian response clusters and corresponding lead agencies 319

26.1 Illustration of a three-term functional analysis of behavior and the effect of nudging in the model 403

30.1 Key considerations for the measurement of employee wellbeing 474

37.1 Conceptual framework model 578

37.2 Extent to which employees feel their work aligns or conflicts with their spirituality 580

40.1 The plan-do-check-act approach in ISO 45001 623

TABLES

2.1 Examples of typically examined cost components observed in systematic reviews (Hassard et al., 2018a, 2018b, 2019) of occupational health and management focused COI studies 12

2.2 Comparative summary of estimates and cost methods for sickness absence, presenteeism, and staff turnover 18

2.3 Summary of key costs and considerations around cost to employers due to mental health at work (adapted from Deloitte, 2017) 20

6.1 Terms used when conducting the literature search

6.2 Literature examining the effects of received supervisor support on indicators of subjective wellbeing, psychological wellbeing, social wellbeing, and health

10.1 R2: Rugged qualities and supportive resources associated with organizational resilience

14.1 Example study findings

16.1 Illustrative fictional examples of each type of presenteeism

21.1 Stressors experienced by humanitarian aid workers, and differences between national and international staff 323

21.2 Summary of prevention and intervention strategies across staff, team, and organizational levels, and various phases of deployment

26.1 Example of interventions included in the text that parallel a functional analysis of behavioral contingencies

27.1 Key neuroanatomical areas for the study of wellbeing in organizational life

31.1 Conversion rates of different measures of wellbeing into life satisfaction

35.1 Examples of how academic context undermines positive drivers of wellbeing at work

36.1 Wellbeing, oppression and emancipation

39.1

Notes on the Editors and Contributors

THE EDITORS

Tony Wall  is Founder and Head of the International Centre for Thriving, a global-scale collaboration between business, arts, health, and education to deliver sustainable transformation. He has published more than 200 works, including articles in quartile-1 journals, such as the International Journal of Human Resource Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, and Vocations & Learning, as well as global policy reports for the European Mentoring and Coaching Council in Brussels and Lapidus International, which have been translated into 20 languages. His academic leadership and impact has attracted prestigious recognition through the Advance-HE National Teaching Fellowship (awarded to less than 0.2% of the sector) and multiple Santander International Research Excellence Awards. He actively collaborates and consults with large organizations and is developing licenses to enable wider global impact of this work.

Paula Brough is a Professor of Organisational Psychology in the School of Applied Psychology at Griffith University in Brisbane, and Leader of the Occupational Health Psychology Research Lab. Paula’s primary research and teaching areas are occupational stress and coping, employee mental health and wellbeing, work engagement, work–life balance, workplace conflict (bullying, harassment, toxic leadership), and the psychosocial work environment. Paula assesses how work environments can be improved via job redesign, supportive leadership practices, and enhanced equity to improve employee health, work commitment, and productivity. Paula works with a variety of organizations to reduce their employees’ experiences of stress and burnout. This work includes group and individual training to improve both long-term leadership skills and the follow-on wellbeing and performance of their workers. Paula has authored over 60 industry reports, over 120 journal articles and book chapters, and has produced nine scholarly books based on her research. Paula is an Associate Editor of Work & Stress, and is a board member of Journal of Organizational Behaviour, International Journal of Stress Management, and the BPS Work–Life Balance Bulletin

Cary L. Cooper  is the 50th Anniversary Professor of Organizational Psychology and Health at Manchester Business School, University of Manchester. He is a founding President of the British Academy of Management, President of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), former President of RELATE, and President of the Institute of Welfare. He is the Founding Editor of the Journal of Organizational Behavior, former editor of the scholarly journal Stress and Health and Editor-in-Chief of the Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Management, now in its third edition. He has been an advisor to the World Health

Organization, ILO, and EU in the field of occupational health and wellbeing, was Chair of the Global Agenda Council on Chronic Disease of the World Economic Forum (2009–10; he then served for five years on the Global Agenda Council for mental health of the WEF) and Chair of the Academy of Social Sciences (2009–15). Professor Cooper is the Chair of the National Forum for Health & Wellbeing at Work (comprised of 40 global companies, including BP, Microsoft, the NHS Executive, the UK government, Rolls Royce, and the John Lewis Partnership). He is the author/editor of over 250 books in the field of occupational health psychology, workplace wellbeing, women at work, and occupational stress. He was awarded the CBE in for his contributions to occupational health; and in 2014 he was awarded a knighthood for his contribution to the social sciences.

THE CONTRIBUTORS

Carolyn Axtell  is a Senior Lecturer of Work Psychology at the Institute of Work Psychology in Sheffield University Management School. She has more than 20 years’ worth of experience leading and conducting research on new ways of working and employee wellbeing within both the public and private sectors. Carolyn’s core interest is in designing work to promote employee wellbeing, and she has been involved in conducting several work-design interventions within different organizations. She has published several papers and chapters in her areas of research and was awarded the best-paper prize at the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology for her research on a work-design intervention with co-author David Holman. Carolyn is on the editorial boards of the Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology as well as the Journal of Business and Psychology

Richard Axtell  is a creative-writing-for-wellbeing practitioner and works with Lapidus International, the words-for-wellbeing association. He was a researcher for the International Creative Practices for Wellbeing Framework project funded by the T.S. Eliot Foundation and the Old Possum’s Trust from 2017 to 2019.

Caroline Biron is a Professor of Occupational Health and Safety in the Management Department at the Faculty of Business and Administration, Université Laval, Quebec. She is also the Director of the Center of Expertise for Occupational Health and Safety, which supports research development and provides practical prevention tools for managers and organizations. Her work focuses mainly on presenteeism at work and the implementation of organizational interventions to reduce exposure to psychosocial risks. She is also a member of the editorial advisory board of the International Journal of Workplace Health Management and a researcher at the VITAM Sustainable Health Research Center.

Holly Blake  is a Chartered Health Psychologist (CPsychol) and Associate Professor of Behavioural Science at the University of Nottingham. She has expertise in workplace health and wellbeing in the public and private sector. She leads on national workforce evaluations and has significant expertise in the design, delivery, and evaluation of workplace health interventions to promote both the physical and mental health of employees. She sits on numerous strategic boards for wellbeing with major employers, and she is currently engaged in multiple COVID-19 response studies looking at the impacts of the pandemic on employee mental health in the NHS and the private sector.

Helen Brewis  has worked as a psychologist for over 15 years, across the private, public, and not-for-profit sectors – both in-house and as a consultant. Helen is a Chartered Occupational Psychologist with the British Psychological Society and a Registered Psychologist with the Health Care and Professions Council. Helen is a Senior Business Psychologist at Robertson Cooper. She works in the delivery team, managing and delivering training, measurement, and strategy projects.

David Brougham  is a Senior Lecturer within Massey Business School, specialising in the future of work and future business changes. His research looks at how smart technology, artificial intelligence, automation, robotics, and algorithms are changing the workplace. This includes how employees and business leaders plan to adapt to these technological disruptions. David has written over 20 published refereed journal articles and over 50 refereed conference papers/presentations. He is the Co-Editor of the New Zealand Journal of Human Resources Management, has researched on Marsden-funded projects and is an Associate Investigator on a Ng¯a Pae o te M¯aramatanga grant. David has won best-conference-paper awards for his work on automation at the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management. His research has been published in A-ranked and FT50 journals.

Huijun Chen is a current PhD student at Nottingham Trent University (NTU), and her research interests focus on the decision-making process of presenteeism, as well as how to manage presenteeism. Huijun graduated from NTU in 2016 with a Master’s degree in Management and Finance and started working for an international bank in China as a financial crime analyst. After working in a fast-paced environment for more than two years, the interesting phenomena Huijun observed at her workplace led her to decide to pursue her PhD in human resource management, focusing specifically on the management of presenteeism.

Sara Connolly  is Professor of Personnel Economics at the University of East Anglia. Her research interests are in the areas of gender and wellbeing economics. She is Co-Investigator on the Economic Social Research Council-funded Productivity Outcomes of Workplace Practice, Engagement and Learning hub and Practices and Combinations of Practices for Health and Wellbeing at Work research program. She has published in the Economic Journal, the Journal of European Public Policy, Public Administration, and Work, Employment and Society.

Teresa A. Daniel serves as Dean and Professor of the Human Resource Leadership (HRL) Program at Sullivan University (www.sullivan.edu), based in Louisville, Kentucky. She is also the Chair for the HRL concentration in the university’s PhD in Management program. An active scholarpractitioner, her growing body of research on the problem of workplace bullying, toxic leadership, and sexual harassment has been actively supported by the national Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) through numerous articles and interviews, as well as by the publication of her most recent book, titled Stop Bullying at Work: Strategies and Tools for HR, Legal and Risk Management Professionals (2016). She is also the author of Organizational Toxin Handlers: The Critical Role of HR, OD, & Coaching Practitioners in Managing Toxic Workplace Situations (2020) and The Management of People in Mergers and Acquisitions (2001), plus numerous articles and book chapters about contemporary issues at the intersection of HR, leadership, employment law, and ethics, with a focus on counterproductive work behaviors. Dr Daniel was honored as an Initial Fellow of the International Academy on Workplace Bullying, Mobbing, and Abuse in 2014 and as Distinguished Alumnus at Centre College, Danville, Kentucky, in 2002. She is also the 2019 Grand Prize Winner of the national SHRM HR Haiku poetry contest.

Kevin Daniels  is Professor of Organizational Behaviour at the University of East Anglia. His research interests relate to workplace wellbeing, health, and safety. He currently holds Associate Editor roles at the British Journal of Management and the European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, and he was previously editor of the latter and associate editor at the Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology and at Human Relations. He is Series Co-editor of Springer Nature’s Handbooks in Occupational Health Sciences. He has published work in journals including the Journal of Organizational Behaviour, Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Management, Journal of Management Studies, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, and Organization Studies.

Jonas Debrulle is an Associate Professor at IESEG School of Management, where he has been a faculty member since 2012. He is IESEG’s Director of Programs and heads the Bachelor’s, Master’s, post-graduate, and apprenticeship programs. He is also a Guest Professor at the Faculty of Economics and Business at KU Leuven. He teaches courses in business consultancy, strategic management, and (technology) entrepreneurship. Prior to his academic career, Jonas was a business consultant and project management officer at Delaware Consulting, an ERP service provider. His research interests include business-owner characteristics, entrepreneurial motivations, start-up performance, and new-venture knowledge management. He has published in, among others, the International Small Business Journal, Labour, Small Business Economics, and the Journal of Small Business Management

Alys Bethan Einion-Waller  is an Associate Professor at Swansea University, Departmental Research Lead and College Inclusivity Lead. Her background is in women’s health and she is Co-Chair of the LGBT+ Staff Network. Her research interests include narratives, identity, hypnobirthing, women’s rights and inclusive childbirth care, inclusive feminism, inclusive pedagogies, and qualitative methods. She is a prolific writer and a novelist.

Cihat Erbil is a currently Research Assistant in the Department of Business Administration at Ankara HBV University in Ankara. His research centers on social innovation, social entrepreneurship, and critical management studies. In his studies, he aims to give voice to ‘others’ and make them visible.

Jack Evans  is the Lead Business Psychologist at Robertson Cooper Ltd. He leads consulting projects which aim to measure, understand, and improve employee mental health and wellbeing, working with a range of corporates and public-sector organizations, including Nestle, Rolls Royce, Publicis Groupe, and multiple NHS trusts and government departments. He ensures that Robertson Cooper’s services and produces are at the cutting edge of wellbeing, based on the latest science and research.

Victoria Field is a writer and poetry therapist. She was named in Poetry Review as a pioneer in the therapeutic use of poetry and writing in the UK. She has co-edited three books as well as numerous articles and chapters on therapeutic writing. She qualified as a Certified Poetry Therapist and Mentor-Supervisor with the International Federation for Biblio-Poetry Therapy. As well as working in health, community, and education settings, she is a Visiting Tutor on the Metanoia Institute MSc in Creative Writing for Therapeutic Purposes and a Researcher at Canterbury Christ Church University. She has published poetry, fiction, and memoir and had three plays professionally produced. Together with Anne Taylor, she delivers successful online courses for the Professional Writing Academy which have been completed by over 200 students from 30 countries.

Cheryl Y. S. Foo is a doctoral candidate in Clinical Psychology at Teachers College, Columbia University. She graduated from the University of Cambridge with a double first-class BA in Psychological and Behavioural Sciences. Cheryl has been a Research Assistant at the Global Mental Health Lab since 2015, focusing on interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) capacity-building projects for displaced populations. She currently coordinates the Global Challenges Research Fund Research for Health in Conflict (GCRF R4HC-MENA, United Kingdom) grant to scale up IPT delivery and research capacity in Lebanon for persons affected by the Syrian crisis, in collaboration with the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health. She also assists on a pilot study on the effectiveness of IPT for Rohingya refugees in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, funded by the United Nations High Commisioner for Refugees. Cheryl is currently developing her research program to address burnout, help-seeking, and resilience among humanitarian aid workers, in order to systematically implement ‘care for the carers’ for sustainable global mental-health capacity-building efforts.

Anna Foster  is Regional Subject Lead and Lecturer in English Education on the PGDE Programme at the University of Manchester. She has worked closely with schools across the north west since joining the university in 2014, working primarily within secondary schools but also with some experience of governance within primary. As an early-career researcher, she developed a focus upon action research before developing interests in organizational spirituality and support and development of employee creativity to support wellbeing. She has published on the impacts of limiting language within the workplace and the use of creative pedagogies to support pupils’ progress within secondary English.

Scott Foster joined Liverpool John Moores University in May 2013 after successfully completing two Master’s degrees, having previously spent several years working within the retail sector. He also spent several years at Mercedes Benz as a financial controller, mainly in the UK but with some experience of working in Europe. He has published articles on the topic of spirituality in the workplace, with the prime focus on organizational commitment to spirituality in the workplace and the ways in which organizations’ policies and procedures cater for employees to express it.

Elliroma Gardiner  is an Organizational Psychologist and a Lecturer at the School of Management, QUT Business School. Prior to joining QUT, Elli was a fellow at the Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science and a lecturer at the School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University. Her broad research interests are in investigating the interplay between individual differences and contextual features in influencing employee, team, and organizational outcomes. She has published her research findings in several high-quality outlets, including Psychological Bulletin, Human Resource Management Journal, and the Journal of Personality.

Azka Ghafoor  is a recent PhD graduate at the Auckland University of Technology. She looks at the influence of psychological, organizational, and work factors on creativity and innovation behaviors as outcomes. She has published in the International Journal of Innovation Management and New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations. Her research focuses on the influence of (1) stressors, (2) work demands, (3) strain, (4) ethical leadership, (5) climate for innovation, (6) meaningfulness of work, and (7) Psychological capital on the individual- and team-level wellbeing, happiness, satisfaction, and creativity. Previously, she was engaged in training-coordinator and management roles in international firms. She is currently a researcher in a lab under the National Science Challenge (Science for Technological Innovation).

Stephanie L. Gilbert is an Assistant Professor of Organizational Management in the Shannon School of Business at Cape Breton University. She earned a PhD in Industrial-Organizational Psychology from Saint Mary’s University, a Master’s of Science in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences from Western University, and a BA (Honours) in Psychology and Business Administration from Wilfrid Laurier University. Dr Gilbert has worked with a variety of nonprofit and public organizations as well as start-ups. She has applied her psychological and health-sciences backgrounds to implement evidence-based business solutions and to develop and validate organizational assessment tools. Her research activities focus on occupational and personal stress in the workplace, organizational leadership, entrepreneurship, and motivation at work. She teaches in the areas of leadership and organizational behaviour.

Jarrod Haar has tribal affiliations with Ngati Maniapoto and Ngati Mahuta. He is a Professor of Human Resource Management (HRM) at Auckland University of Technology. His research focuses on (1) work–family and work–life balance, (2) M¯aori employees and M¯atauranga M¯aori, (3) leadership, (4) wellbeing, and (5) R&D and innovation. Professor Haar is a worldclass-ranked researcher under the New Zealand research system, has won industry and bestpaper awards; and multiple prestigious research grants (Marsden, FRST). He is currently a researcher on a 10-year National Science Challenge (Science for Technological Innovation), on a 3-year Marsden grant (Living Wage), and a 1-year Ng¯a Pae o te M¯aramatanga grant exploring M¯aori employee experiences of HRM. He has over 390 refereed outputs (including 105 journal articles) and serves on the Marsden Fund Council at the Royal Society of New Zealand and convenes the Economics and Human Behaviour Marsden panel.

Juliet Hassard is an Associate Professor of Occupational Health Psychology in the Centre for Organisational Health and Development at the University of Nottingham. Prior to joining the University of Nottingham, she was the Deputy Director of the Centre for Sustainable Working Lives, Birkbeck University of London. Her research examines the human, social, and economic impact of the psychosocial work environment on the health and wellbeing of workers, organizations, and communities. She has consulted on such issues for the European Parliamentary Assembly, the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the European Work Council. Her research has been published in key journals in her field (Journal of Occupational Health Psychology and Work & Stress) and used to support the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work’s Healthy Workplace Campaign: ‘Healthy Workplaces Manage Stress’ (2014–15).

Tracy Hatton is Joint Managing Director at Resilient Organisations Ltd. Resilient Organisations Ltd (resorgs.org.nz) is a niche research and consulting group based in Christchurch, New Zealand. Tracy and the Resilient Organisations team are experts in risk and resilience, helping organizations prepare for and get through times of crisis, which includes building high-performing teams able to adapt and innovate. Tracy helps public- and private-sector organizations build their continuity- and crisis-management capabilities and co-created the content for a free disaster-resilience app for small and medium enterprises internationally. Tracy has an MBA and PhD in Disaster Recovery and teaches Organisational Resilience on the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, Executive Development Programme.

Valerie Hervieux  is a PhD candidate at Laval University in Quebec. In 2018, she graduated with a Master’s degree in Kinesiology, during which she developed and tested an intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour among employees. As part of her PhD, Valerie is interested in

the relationship between employee lifestyle habits and presenteeism. She is also researching the effect of psychosocial risks on employees’ health behaviours. She is a member of the VITAM Sustainable Health Research Centre and a student member of the Center of Expertise for Occupational Health and Safety.

Ian Hesketh  is the Wellbeing Lead at the UK College of Policing and the Senior Responsible Owner (SRO) for the National Police Wellbeing Service in the UK. Ian also supports the National Forum for Health and Wellbeing at Manchester University Alliance Business School. He holds a PhD in Management and Social Psychology and an MBA from Lancaster University. Ian’s research interests are centered on wellbeing, leadership, and personal resilience. Notably, he conceived and introduced the concept and phenomena of Leaveism to explain human behaviors associated with workplace workload and stress. He is the author of numerous academic papers on workplace wellbeing, personal resilience, change, leadership, and public value; including books and book chapters on these subjects.

Raya A. Jones  is a Reader at the School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, where she teaches psychological perspectives on personality, self and identity, and social development. Her long-term research interests include Jungian and postmodern perspectives, especially dialogical and narrative. A more recent area of inquiry is the discourse of social robotics, in which context she has published articles on social representations of childcare robots, robotrelated ethics, and human–robot relationships. Her latest authored book is Personhood and Social Robotics (2016). Earlier books include Jung, Psychology, Postmodernity (2007), The Child–School Interface (1995), and several edited and co-edited volumes, of which the latest is Narratives of Individuation (2019).

Rachael Jones-Chick  is currently a PhD student in Industrial/Organizational Psychology at Saint Mary’s University. Rachael earned an MSc in Applied Psychology (Industrial/ Organizational Psychology) from Saint Mary’s University and an Honours BA in Psychology from the University of Guelph. Rachael is an active member in the Canadian Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology and is currently serving as the Student Representative and Co-Newsletter Editor on the committee. Rachael’s research interests focus on occupational health psychology, with a special interest in creativity and innovation in the workplace, leadership, and training and development.

Peter J. Jordan is a Professor of Organizational Behavior and the Deputy Director of the Work Organization and Wellbeing Research Centre at the Griffith Business School, Griffith University Brisbane. Peter’s current research interests include emotional intelligence, and discrete emotions and employee entitlement in organizations. Prior to working at Griffith he worked for the Federal Government on strategic and operational planning. Peter has published his research in the Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, and the Journal of Organizational Behavior

Maria Karanika-Murray is an Associate Professor in Occupational Health Psychology at the Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University (NTU). She has a PhD in Applied Psychology and an MSc in Occupational Health Psychology from the University of Nottingham. She is currently Director of the Centre for Public and Psychosocial Health at NTU. She has delivered research for a range of funders, including the European Commission, European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Social Sciences and Health Research Council of

Canada, Economic and Social Research Council, charities, and industry. She has published widely for academic researchers, policy-makers, and practitioners.

E. Kevin Kelloway  is the Canada Research Chair in Occupational Health Psychology and Professor of Organizational Psychology at Saint Mary’s University, Halifax. The author/editor of 15 books and over 200 articles and chapters, he is a Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science, the Canadian Psychological Association, the International Association for Applied Psychology, and the Society of Industrial/Organizational Psychology. His research interests include leadership, safety in the workplace, occupational stress, and the psychology of unionization. Active in several professional associations in 2016, he served as President of the Canadian Psychological Association, and he maintains an active consultancy advising both private- and public-sector organizations on issues related to leadership and human resource management.

Justin James Kennedy  is a Professor of Applied Neuroscience and Organizational Behavior at UGSM-Monarch Business School, College and University, in Hagendorn, Zug. He is a PhDsupervision professor with Canterbury Christ Church and several other UK universities as part of their academic relationship with the Professional Development Foundation. He is the author of the book Brain Re-Boot (2019), an overview of applied neuroscience that proposes various protocols by employing both behavioral and health neuroscience. The book offers brain-based tools and behavioral habits that have been shown to build resilience to stress-related pathology and to improve organizational life in general as part of an executive coaching process or consulting to organizations.

Anne-Kathrin Kleine  is a PhD student at the Department of Psychology at the University of Groningen. She received her Master’s degree at Leipzig University. Her research interests include positive organizational psychology, proactive work behavior, and entrepreneurship.

The Kintsugi Collective  is a collective of people working in business schools in the UK and Denmark: Tony Wall, Chester Business School; Sarah Robinson, Adam Smith Business School; Jamie Callahan, Newcastle Business School; Carole Elliott, University of Sheffield Management School; Tali Padan, Copenhagen Business School; Annemette Kjærgaard, Copenhagen Business School; Maribel Blasco, Copenhagen Business School; and Rasmus Bergmann, University College Copenhagen. As a collective, we want to embrace the spirit of kintsugi in work – ‘ultimately to guide shadows to beauty’s ends’.

Kairi Kõlves  is Associate Professor at the Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention (AISRAP), and Co-director of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University. She is also the course convenor of Master’s courses. She has been working in suicide research and prevention since 1998. Prior to joining the AISRAP team in 2008, she worked at the Estonian–Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute. Dr Kõlves has been involved in several Australian, Estonian, and international projects and has published over 100 peer-reviewed papers, numerous reports, and book chapters on suicide research and prevention. She is a member of different advisory committees.

Yi-Ling Lai is the the Programme Director of the MSc Organizational Psychology at Birkbeck, University of London. Yi-Ling’s research mainly concentrates on the working alliance in the

coaching process, in particular factors related to identity. Recently, Yi-Ling extended her research focus by drawing social psychological theory such as identity into organization studies – for instance, social identity and resilience and workplace wellbeing. Yi-Ling also takes active roles in several sub-committees of the British Psychological Society (BPS), including the former Research Officer (Lead) at the Special Group in Coaching Psychology and the Editor of International Coaching Psychology Review.

Lisa Leit,  Founder of the International Coach Federation-accredited Happy Whole Human (HWH) Institute of Holistic Wellness, is an expert in the field of developmental psychology. For over 20 years, she has worked with individuals, couples, families, and leadership teams of organizations to help them overcome obstacles and live happy, whole lives. In customized group initiatives, including high-impact coaching and management consulting, her unique, scientifically validated holistic wellness assessment program identifies and addresses hidden risk factors to health and fosters meaningful, measurable, and lasting improvements. The HWH program is based on Lisa’s research at the University of Texas at Austin. Her approach is informed by self-directed learning, family systems theory, eco-psychology, change-management principles, negotiation strategies, and applied neuroscience.

Sanna Malinen  is an Associate Professor of Organisational Behaviour and HRM at the University of Canterbury. Her background is in organizational psychology, and she researches in the areas of workplace resilience, employee wellbeing, and disaster management. Sanna was part of a research team investigating organizational and employee recovery and wellbeing in the aftermath of the Christchurch, New Zealand earthquakes. She has also conducted research on inter-organizational collaboration in disasters in a mega-flooding context, and on smallbusiness disaster planning and recovery. Sanna has published widely on disaster-related topics and was a co-editor of a book on business and post-disaster management.

Sharna L. Mathieu  is a Postdoctoral Research Officer at the Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention (AISRAP), School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University. She has contributed to a number of reports on workplace suicide prevention in the Australian construction industry. Currently, she is working alongside her AISRAP colleagues and a global consortium of experts on the MENTUPP evaluation of workplace suicide-prevention interventions in the healthcare, information-communication-technology, and construction industries across Europe and Australia. Prior to her work in suicide prevention, Sharna worked across several projects and RCTs focused on promoting wellbeing in youth (and their families) with severe mental health conditions.

Thomas D. McIlroy  is a psychologist with a Master’s degree in organizational psychology, and is in the final year of his PhD at the University of Queensland. His PhD examines unanswered supervisor support in the workplace – that is, when employees actively ask their supervisor for support but do not receive the requested support – and the implications for wellbeing, performance, and employees’ connection with others. Another area of his research focuses on the antecedents of work design by examining how power may negatively affect people’s propensity to design motivating and enriched work. Mr McIlroy is also a tutor for undergraduate social and organizational psychology courses.

Blake M. McKimmie  is a Social Psychologist in the School of Psychology at the University of Queensland. His research focuses on legal decision-making, including the influence of

gender-based stereotypes and the influence of different modes of evidence presentation. He is also interested in stress, attitude–behaviour relations, and how group membership influences thinking about the self. He has won a number of teaching awards, including the edX Prize in 2018, and the Australian Award for University Teaching Teacher of the Year in 2019. He is a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (UK).

Haziq Mehmood  works as Assistant Professor School of Professional Psychology – SPP University of Management & Technology Lahore. He received his PhD in Industrial Organizational Psychology from Lingnan University. His areas of interest are industrial-organizational psychology, social psychology, human–computer interaction, and psychometrics. His PhD dissertation focused on the role of social-network sites and their impact on employees’ job performance and psychological wellbeing. As a tutor, he taught Psychology Applied to Occupational Safety and Health, Introduction to Psychology, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, and Stress Management, Health, and Life Balance’ courses. He has worked in the development sector, where he focused on counseling and intervention plans for suicidal cases, served as a testing and assessment associate, and developed questionnaires for employees’ screening.

Kevin Moore  is Associate Professor in Psychology at Lincoln University. In 1982 he gained a BSc (Hons) in zoology, and in 1990 was awarded a PhD in psychology, both from the University of Canterbury. He is interested in the social psychology of wellbeing, leisure behavior, and theoretical issues in psychology, and he has published widely in these areas for over 30 years. He is currently exploring how a person-based perspective might affect understandings and theories of human wellbeing, including the ways in which personhood and wellbeing are constituted by social and cultural processes. In 2019, his book Wellbeing and Aspirational Culture was published.

Emike Nasamu  is a Researcher at the University of East Anglia and a Lecturer in Economics at the University of Chester. Her interests lie in wellbeing economics, political economics, and institutional economics. In addition to her work on workplace wellbeing, she is interested in understanding institutions and the ways in which elements of social capital influence formal and informal institutions. She employs economics laboratory experiments as well as analysis of secondary data sets in her studies. She obtained her PhD from the School of Economics at the University of East Anglia and has undertaken research work for the What Works Centre for Wellbeing.

Katharina Näswall is Professor in Organisational Psychology at the University of Canterbury. Her research focuses on employee wellbeing and factors which lead to psychologically healthy workplaces. She has worked on several projects on psychosocial recovery after disasters, focusing on how businesses can play an important role in individual and community recovery. Katharina currently conducts research on how organizations and managers can make a positive difference and contribute to employee wellbeing. Katharina’s vision is to improve mental health and wellbeing for all individuals by making workplaces a positive part of people’s lives.

Rachel Nayani  is a Lecturer in Organisational Behaviour and Human Resource Management at the University of East Anglia, with expertise in work, behaviour, and sustainable organizational change. Rachel’s research primarily involves understanding organizational process and practices for sustainable change and social value including wellbeing, alongside enhanced productivity at work and climate goals. Rachel has undertaken research for the UK’s What

Works Centre for Wellbeing at Work, the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH), and the Economic Social Research Council (ESRC). She has published in journals such as Work & Stress and is a member of the editorial board of the European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology.

Karina Nielsen is Professor of Work Psychology and Director of the Institute of Work Psychology at the University of Sheffield. She has published extensively on the design, implementation, and evaluation of organizational interventions. She is passionate about enhancing our understanding of how we can make such interventions work. Karina has managed large national and international grants on organizational interventions and has won several awards for her work, including best paper in Work & Stress, the early-career award from the American Psychological Association and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and the Eusebio Rial Gonzalez Innovation and Practice Award from the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology and the European Agency for Occupational Safety and Health at Work. She has published over 100 peer-reviewed book chapters and papers. Her work has been published in Work & Stress, Human Relations, the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology and the Journal of Organizational Behavior.

Mustafa F. Özbilgin  is Professor of Organisational Behaviour at Brunel Business School, London. He also holds two international positions: Co-Chaire Management et Diversité at Université Paris Dauphine and Visiting Professor of Management at Koç University in Istanbul. His research focuses on equality, diversity, and inclusion at work from comparative and relational perspectives. He has conducted field studies in the UK and internationally, and his work is empirically grounded. His research is supported by international as well as national grants. His work has a focus on changing policy and practice in equality and diversity at work. He is an engaged scholar, driven by values of workplace democracy, equality for all, and humanization of work.

Stephen Palmer is a leading Coaching Psychologist and is President of the International Society for Coaching Psychology (ISCP) and Vice President of the Institute of Health Promotion and Education. He is Professor of Practice at the Wales Academy for Professional Practice and Applied Research, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, and Adjunct Professor of Coaching Psychology at the Coaching Psychology Unit, Aalborg University. He is Coordinating Director of the ISCP International Centre for Coaching Psychology Research and Director of the Centre for Coaching, London. He was the first Chair of the British Psychology Society Special Group in Coaching Psychology and was the first Honorary President of the Association for Coaching. He has authored over 225 articles and written or edited over 50 books including the Handbook of Coaching Psychology: A Guide for Practitioners (2nd edition) (with Alison Whybrow, 2019).

Florence Palpacuer is a Professor of Management Studies at the University of Montpellier, where she is co-director of a Chair for Responsible Management and Entrepreneurship (2011-–24) funded by the French National Research Agency. She has been studying globalization processes and their social consequences from a management perspective for the last 20 years. Her recent interests include workers’ resistance to financialization and the rise of social movements in global value chains. She has published over 50 articles and book contributions on these issues in journals such as Human Relations, World Development, Economy & Society, and the British Journal of Industrial Relations. Her two co-authored books, published in French, promote a critical management perspective on the firm-level consequences of neoliberal transformations.

Stacey L. Parker  is an Organizational Psychologist and Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology at the University of Queensland. She researches, teaches, and consults on work and organizational topics. In particular, her research focuses on how to manage stress and improve performance. Through this work, she aims to help organizations and their employees devise new strategies to work healthier while still being productive. She was awarded the Australian Psychological Society’s Occupational Health Psychology Doctoral Thesis Award for her PhD research on work motivation and employee wellbeing. She serves on the editorial boards for the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology and the European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology.

Jana Patey  is a Senior Research Associate at the University of East Anglia specialising in the area of health and wellbeing at work. Prior to joining Norwich Business School, in her HR advisory positions, Jana was responsible for recruitment, remuneration, learning and development, and employee-relations case management across a number of private- and public-sector organizations. Jana also enjoyed teaching undergraduate and postgraduate students at the University of Suffolk, specialising in people management, professional development, and employability skills. Jana’s main research and consulting interests are in employee health and wellbeing, organizational psychodynamics, workplace friendship, intersubjectivity, and affect at work.

José Atilano Pena-López holds a PhD in economics and is an Associate Professor of Economic Policy at the University of A Coruña. He has developed the main part of his research within the broad field of socioeconomics, particularly the study of social capital. In this field, he has studied the different approaches of the concept, determinants, and effects. His latest works focus on the studies of individual social capital, personal social networks, and their various effects in terms of wellbeing, status, and social mobility. He has published his research on social capital and wellbeing in the Economics Bulletin, the Handbook of Family Enterprise, Social Networks, the Journal of Happiness Studies, the Journal of Business Ethics, the Journal of Mathematical Sociology, and Applied Economics.

Simon Ellis Poole is the Senior Lead in Cultural Education and Research at Storyhouse, Chester’s award-winning theater; Programme Leader for the Master’s in Creative Practice in Education at the University of Chester; Researcher at the Centre for Research into Education, Creativity and Arts through Practice (RECAP); and with the International Thriving at Work Research Centre. His positions outside of the university include Director of Research for Lapidus International. As a creative producer and entrepreneur, his enterprise and professional activity advances the use and understanding of creativity, creative learning, pedagogy, and creative practice as part of our lives and intrinsic to our wellbeing.

James Campbell Quick is Distinguished University Professor and Professor Emeritus, University of Texas at Arlington, and Professor, Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester. Colonel Quick graduated from Colgate University with Honors and served 27 years in the US Air Force and 3 years on the US Defense Health Board. His signature work is the theory of preventive stress management with his brother Jonathan D. Quick. He is co-author with Debra Nelson of the textbook Organizational Behavior, in print for over 25 years. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, where he serves as Chair of the Publications and Communications Board, and the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. He is a member of The Rotary Club of Arlington, Texas, and he is married to the former Sheri Grimes Schember, like Colonel Quick a Paul Harris Fellow.

Alannah E. Rafferty  is an Associate Professor in the Department of Employment Relations and Human Resources at Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Brisbane. Her research interests include attitudes to organizational change (e.g. change readiness, commitment to change, resistance to change), leadership (transformational leadership, abusive supervision), and stress and coping during organizational change. Alannah has published her research in the Journal of Management, the Journal of Applied Psychology, the Leadership Quarterly, the Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Work & Stress, and the British Journal of Management. She has extensive experience in the development, administration, and use of surveys to inform strategic change and leadership development within a range of privateand public-sector organizations in Australia.

Ivan Robertson is co-founder (with Sir Cary Cooper) of Robertson Cooper Ltd – the company provides wellbeing and mental-health solutions to organizations. Ivan was at the University of Manchester (UMIST) for over 20 years, where he was Professor of Work and Organizational Psychology. He is now Emeritus Professor at the university. He is in the top 2% of most influential psychologists in his field. His latest (co-authored) books are Well-Being: Happiness and Productivity at Work (2nd edition, 2017), Work Psychology (2016), and Management and Happiness (2013).

Victoria Ross  is a Senior Research Fellow at the Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University. She has research expertise across workplace suicide prevention, suicide prevention in schools, suicide bereavement and postvention support, preventing suicides at hot spots, and suicide-prevention-program evaluation. She provides expert advice to suicide-prevention advisory committees at regional, state, and national levels. Her research interests span all aspects of evidence-based suicide prevention, policy, and practice. She is currently the Australian Chief Investigator on the international research collaboration Mental Health Promotion and Intervention in Occupational Settings: MENTUPP, which will trial a workplace mental-health intervention in eight sites across Europe and Australia.

Paolo Rungo  holds a PhD in economics and is an Associate Professor of Economics at the University of A Coruña, and Director of the Occupational Observatory at the same institution. He is a researcher in the area of socioeconomics and is interested in particular in the interrelation between social capital, education, social mobility, wellbeing, and economic outputs. He has published his research in economics and sociology journals, including the Journal of Mathematical Sociology, the Economics of Education Review, and the Bulletin of Economic Research. He is the Managing Editor and a member of the editorial board of the European Journal of Government and Economics.

José Manuel Sánchez-Santos holds a PhD in economics and is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of A Coruña. His research focuses on socioeconomics, economic policy, and sports economics. He has published articles on these topics in journals such as Applied Economics, the Journal of Happiness Studies, Applied Research in Quality of Life, the Journal of Policy Modeling, Social Science Quarterly, Social Networks, and the Journal of Business Ethics.

Antje Schmitt  is an Assistant Professor of Organizational Psychology at the University of Groningen. Her research focuses on self-regulation at work, proactive and adaptive work behavior, work events, and occupational wellbeing.

Alison Clare Scott  is a writer, ceramicist, psychotherapist, and specialist educational consultant, using multimedia expressive arts and the natural landscape as essential parts of her praxis. She is a Director of iaPOETRY International Academy of Poetry Therapy, was chair of Lapidus International (‘where words and wellness meet’) from 2015 to 2020, and was a manager of Disability and Learning Support at the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. She has been involved in the development of policies for health, safety, and wellbeing provision nationally and organizationally. She perceives the use of creativity in thinking and practice as a means of improving functioning that enhances and heals the lives of individuals and communities and engenders innovation.

Oi-ling Siu is Chair Professor of Applied Psychology and Dean of Faculty of Social Sciences, Lingnan University. She attended the University of Strathclyde for her undergraduate degree, the University of Hong Kong for her AdvDipEd and Master’s degree, and the University of Liverpool for her PhD. Her research interests include occupational stress, work–life balance, and the psychology of safety. She is one of the Top 25 work–family scholars in the world (Google Scholar, May 2017) and was awarded ‘Top 50’ overall contributor to work and family research by the Work and Family Researchers Network, Washington, DC in 2018. Siu is the Editor of the International Journal of Stress Management and Associate Editor of the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology

Jean-François Stich  is an Assistant Professor at ICN Business School and a research fellow at CEREFIGE, a research lab in management at Université de Lorraine. His research interests gravitate around the psychological impacts of technology on employees, covering areas such as technostress, telecommuting, and cyberdeviancy. He has published in the Information Systems Journal, the Journal of the Association for Information Systems, Information Technology & People, and New Technology, Work and Employment

Marco Tagliabue is an associate professor at OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University – where he received his PhD in behavior analysis. His teaching and research activities include human choice behavior and cooperation with economic and organizational implications. He is affiliated with OsloMet’s Cultural Selection and Behavioral Economics Lab, and he is a licensed psychologist in Italy. Prior to entering academia, he held various positions within the HR management and development departments of multinational manufacturing industries. He is mostly concerned with the applied implications of experimental behavior-based interventions. His research is at the crossroads of behavioral economics, behavior analysis, and organizational behavior management.

Monideepa Tarafdar  is Professor of Information Systems and Co-Director of the Centre for Technological Futures at Lancaster University (Management School). She is a Lever Hulme Research Fellow. She serves as Senior Editor at Information Systems Journal, Associate Editor at Information Systems Research, and as Editorial Review board member at the Journal of MIS, Journal of AIS, and the Journal of Strategic Information Systems. She has published extensively in the area of technostress and associated phenomena.

Alvin Kuowei Tay is a National Health and Medical Research Council Research Fellow, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine. He holds concurrent appointments as the Director and adjunct Associate Professor at the Centre for Global Health and Social Change at Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur. He is currently leading the pioneering work on designing, implementing, and

evaluating a global Psychosocial Well-being Strategy for the Integrated Security Workforce of the United Nations in New York. In addition, Dr Tay is a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University. Dr Tay’s research projects involve the epidemiology of risk factors as well as adapting and implementing psychotherapies with forcibly displaced populations in Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Trained as a clinical psychologist, Dr Tay completed further training in epidemiology and biostatistics, and has published over 70 papers in world-leading journals across epidemiology, medicine, psychiatry, and psychology.

Anne Taylor is a writer, teacher, coach, and group facilitator specialising in therapeutic writing. A widely published health journalist, she has won awards for her journalism and poetry. After a 12-year career as a university lecturer, she completed an MA in Creative Writing and Personal Development and now mentors and runs groups for personal and professional development both face-to-face and online in a variety of health, community, and academic settings. She has a special interest in the medical humanities and has written about her work using creative writing with medical students. Together with Victoria Field she has devised, written, and delivered two successful online courses for the Professional Writing Academy, completed by students from 30 countries, many of whom are health professionals seeking to add creative writing to their toolkit.

Siobhan Taylor  is a PhD student at the Institute of Work Psychology, Sheffield University Management School. Prior to joining the Management School, she worked for clothing retailer Next in learning and development roles.

Kevin Teoh is a Chartered Psychologist and the Programme Director of the MSc Organizational Psychology at Birkbeck, University of London. He is also the incoming Executive Officer for the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology. His primary research interests are around developing healthier workplaces and the translation of research into practice, policy, and public dissemination. Kevin has collaborated extensively with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work and the Society of Occupational Medicine, and has a particular interest in the working conditions and wellbeing of healthcare workers. He has published in journals such as Work & Stress and the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, and is a regular speaker at academic, professional, and public events.

Louise Thomson  is a Chartered Occupational Psychologist (CPsychol) and HCPC-registered Practitioner Psychologist specialising in psychological, social, and organizational issues in occupational health and mental wellbeing. She is an Associate Professor in Occupational Psychology at the University of Nottingham, and Lead Academic for the Institute of Mental Health’s Research Support and Consultancy Service. Louise has extensive experience of working with the health and social care sector, as well as other public, private, and third-sector clients. She has been a topic expert member of three National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) committees developing guidance on return-to-work after long-term sickness absence, mental wellbeing at work, and workplace health quality standards.

Ashlea C. Troth  is a Professor in Organizational Behavior in the Department of Employment Relations and Human Resources at Griffith Business School, Brisbane. Her research interests include multilevel and multimethod approaches to examining emotional regulation and emotional intelligence in workplaces, and the impact of these phenomena on wellbeing and performance outcomes. She is also interested in the day-to-day work experiences of frontline managers and the role of their emotional-regulation strategies on wellbeing when performing

a range of tasks. She has extensive consulting experience and has published in journals such as the Journal of Organizational Behavior, the Leadership Quarterly, and the Human Resource Management Journal

Michael Ungar  is the Director of the Resilience Research Centre and Canada Research Chair in Child, Family and Community Resilience at Dalhousie University. He has led numerous multisite longitudinal research and evaluation projects in more than a dozen low-, middle-, and high-income countries, with much of that work focused on the resilience of marginalized children and families, adult populations experiencing mental health challenges, and organizations and communities exposed to atypical economic and social stressors. Dr Ungar has published over 200 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters on the subject of resilience and is the author of 16 books for mental-health professionals, researchers, and lay audiences. These include Change Your World: The Science of Resilience and the True Path to Success, a book for adults experiencing stress at work and at home, and Multisystemic Resilience: Adaptation and Transformation in Contexts of Change, a volume for researchers.

Helen Verdeli is Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology, Director of Clinical Training, and the Founder and Director of the Global Mental Health Lab at Teachers College, Columbia University. Dr Verdeli has received funding from governments (US: NIMH; Canada: Grand Challenges Canada; UK: Medical Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council), intergovernmental agencies (WHO; UNHCR), and foundations (NARSAD, Eleanor Cook Foundation, etc.) to test psychotherapy for prevention and treatment of mood disorders. In the past 15 years, Dr Verdeli has played a key role in landmark studies involving adaptation, training, and testing of psychotherapy protocols used by both specialists and non-specialists around the globe. She collaborated internationally with academic groups, ministries of health, local NGOs, and international agencies to alleviate the suffering of adults locally defined as depressed in southern Uganda; war-affected adolescents in internally displaced people (IDP) camps in northern Uganda; traumatized IDP women in Colombia; distressed patients in primary care in Goa, India; depressed community members in Haiti; war-affected Syrian refugees in Lebanon; and Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. She is the first author of the manual on group interpersonal psychotherapy which has been disseminated globally online by the WHO.

David Watson is a Lecturer in Organisational Behaviour at the University of East Anglia (UEA). David is an interdisciplinary researcher interested in the concept of wellbeing and its relationship with work and how this can inform policy. Over the past few years, David has been working with colleagues at UEA and other institutions to carry out a number of evidence reviews and data analysis of factors influencing the relationship between work, learning, and wellbeing. With colleagues at UEA and RAND he is currently working on a series of case studies as part of a piece of research looking at how wellbeing is created and maintained in organizations and how this connects to productivity. Other research interests include, but are not limited to, political economy of the food system, alternative organizations and economies, learning in relation to wellbeing, Marx’s concept of alienation, and wellbeing theory – in particular Marx and wellbeing, the capabilities approach, and the role of wellbeing in policy.

Katrina Witt  is a National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leader in selfharm and suicide prevention at the Centre for Youth Mental Health at The University of Melbourne. She is also a Senior Editor for the Suicide and Self-Harm Satellite and the Children

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obéir, musculairement, à toutes les sollicitations de son esprit.

Mes fantaisies devaient manquer d’agrément pour un spectateur, car elles avaient un champ d’exercice trop vaste. Les fantaisies d’Altano seraient superbes à voir, étant seulement musculaires. Elles formeraient un ensemble harmonieux, le spleen leur donnant ce ragoût d’exagération, d’inquiétude délirante qui ne produit chez moi qu’un absurde dérèglement. —A l’encontre des miens, les gestes d’Altano, excités par le spleen, dessineraient une ligne artistique. Pour atteindre à ce résultat, je m’exprime en trop de langues. C’est comme si un polyglotte se mettait à chanter une poésie qui serait déjà folle par le sens et dont chaque mot appartiendrait à un idiome différent.

Pour que la folie soit intéressante, il faut qu’elle tourne dans un petit cercle. Les gambades, les culbutes et les sauts périlleux d’Altano formeraient peut-être une ode merveilleuse.

Samedi, 17 août.

Depuis une huitaine de jours, je sollicite des personnes que je connais à peine, j’ennuie des hommes graves, pesants et décorés, j’accable celui-ci de mes lettres, j’appelle celui-là au téléphone, je me démène, je m’agite. Enfin, je suis arrivé à un résultat: Lanthelme ne sera pas inquiété.

Avouons qu’il a un peu dépassé la mesure. Poussière, elle-même, qui, d’ordinaire, est indulgente pour le meilleur ami de Luca Zanko, l’a traité, devant moi, de «saligaud», avec un retroussement de la lèvre qui signifiait un prodigieux mépris. Bien entendu, Zanko a fait le geste du Mauvais Juge: il s’est lavé les mains; Bichon n’a cessé de verser un flot de larmes, et Ted Williams, retenu au lit par une bronchite, a dû se désintéresser de la chose.

L’histoire est assez malpropre.

Il s’agit d’une fille du peuple que Lanthelme a séduite avant l’âge où cette entreprise eût été banale. Les parents, indignés sans aucune feinte, auraient, je pense, étranglé mon camarade avec plaisir. Il fallut les pacifier par des effets de rhétorique et des prières, les offres d’argent étant restées vaines; mais des complications se produisirent, car la petite était vraiment trop mineure, et nous sommes, paraît-il, régis par de sévères lois. Et puis... et puis, il y avait quelques détails assez odieux, de sorte que cela devint une affaire où la police faillit mettre le nez.

De cette aventure, je ne recueillis qu’un bénéfice: celui de voir, sur une figure d’homme, les étonnants ravages de l’effroi. Oh! que Lanthelme a eu peur!—Je crains même d’avoir prolongé son supplice, un peu plus qu’il ne convenait, en le rassurant à demi, alors qu’il n’y avait plus rien à craindre; mais il ne me déplaisait pas qu’il reçut une dure leçon.

Voyez-vous, les rêves érotiques peuvent amuser, tant qu’ils restent des rêves; je n’aime pas qu’ils soient appliqués.

Maintenant, je suis las de toutes ces démarches. Ma vie est assez lugubre et, par certains côtés, assez peu nette, pour que je ne prise guère ce surcroît de tristesse et de malpropreté. J’ai l’impression d’avoir passé huit jours dans une fosse d’aisance! Mon âme a besoin d’un bain. Ce n’est certes pas Clotilde qui le lui donnera.

Quant à Lanthelme, pleinement rassuré, depuis ce matin, il est gai comme un oiseau des champs.

Dimanche, 25 août.

Ted Williams m’avait trouvé si triste, hier, qu’il voulut me mener au théâtre. Je cédai, de guerre lasse, parce qu’il ne me restait rien de mieux à faire et qu’après une longue névralgie qui m’avait taraudé le crâne, le spleen était venu me sucer la cervelle.—Je souffrais beaucoup, je souffrais trop. Je le suivis. Mais la pièce était bête; nous sortîmes au milieu du second acte.

Quand je suis en bonne santé, le théâtre est un divertissement qui me plaît. La grande qualité des comédiens est qu’ils jouent d’ordinaire ce qu’ils se sont engagés à jouer. Camille ne fera pas un entrechat, durant ses imprécations, et Oronte ne déclamera pas une homélie, en place du sonnet. La parole, bien ou mal dite par l’acteur, parviendra, bonne ou mauvaise, triste ou gaie, à l’oreille du spectateur. Sous l’influence du spleen il en va autrement.

Le spleen nous entoure d’un halo spirituel que les émotions ne peuvent traverser sans se déformer. Alors le spectateur entendra une duègne par la bouche de doña Sol. Il verra une âme de traître dans le Cid. La personne de l’acteur lui semblera déborder sur le personnage. Il inventera, pour chaque geste, des sous-entendus dont le pître est innocent, et la voix du héros de drame aura des intonations de beuglant. Le spectacle, qui devait le distraire

par son pathétique ou sa gaîté ou sa noblesse, l’attristera par un grotesque de caricature dont il accusera l’acteur ou le poète, mais dont lui seul sera coupable.

Je ne connais qu’un spectacle où le spleen s’apaise: celui que nous offre le café-concert. Je viens d’en essayer encore la vertu, ce soir même, car la pièce d’hier m’avait tendu les nerfs, odieusement.—Ah! quelles heures consolantes!—Si je vivais dans un café-concert, le spleen ne m’atteindrait jamais plus.

Du foin jonchait la scène, afin qu’on eût l’illusion d’une prairie fauchée. Là, des faneuses fanaient, suivant un rhythme espagnol. Le triangle et la grosse caisse provoquaient, avec les castagnettes et le tambourin, un délire à la fois andalou et pastoral, tandis que se trémoussaient et vociféraient les douze faneuses.

Les douze faneuses venaient d’outre-mer, à ce que disait le programme, et, pourtant, l’une semblait être berrichonne, une autre, provençale, une autre, dont le nez se relevait, normande, et gasconne, une autre dont l’oreille était griffée. N’importe! un programme ne peut mentir, et, d’ailleurs, elles étaient d’outre-mer par leurs saluts et leurs petites mines.

On mena des vaches sur la scène. Quelques bourgeois s’en extasièrent et les douze faneuses s’unirent en un chœur, pour célébrer la paix élégiaque des champs. Puis, une petite femme blonde représenta «le beurre», et une petite femme grasse représenta «le fromage». Alors les douze faneuses parurent de nouveau, après avoir changé de costume et s’être métamorphosées en vendangeuses.

Plus tard, un ténor roucoula longuement et un grand gaillard osseux fit des plaisanteries charmantes, (un peu lourdes, peut-être, mais charmantes néanmoins). Enfin, toutes les petites femmes éclatèrent de rire, d’un air très naturel, penchèrent leur joue droite vers leurs jupes lovées et dessinèrent des petits ronds naïfs avec le bout du pied.

Délicieux! Délicieux!

En vérité, cela me fait presque oublier l’expression digne de Clotilde quand elle joue à la femme du monde.

Lundi, 2 septembre.

Clotilde a grand tort de dormir devant moi. Les instants de son sommeil me dégoûtent d’elle au plus haut point. Je lui pardonne ses colères, ses rancunes, ses caprices les moins fondés, mais je ne peux lui pardonner son sommeil. L’aspect de ce sommeil imbécile me fait trop cruellement sentir à quelle chair ma chair est liée.

Clotilde dort la bouche ouverte, et toute sa face prend alors une expression de stupidité vraiment bestiale.—Quoi! Clotilde! pas un rêve? pas la plus légère ombre de cauchemar? Ta vie est-elle à ce point blanche de toute souillure que ton sommeil puisse avoir la sérénité des linges séchant sur les prairies?

Et, ce soir, tu parais dormir de façon plus calme encore que de coutume. La vache dort ainsi dans son étable, mais quelle bucolique ce noble repos inspire, à qui sait bien voir les images d’herbe humide qui passent dans le fond des yeux clos!—Au lieu que l’on imagine mal, que l’on n’imagine pas, fut-ce le plus habile des poètes composant un quatrain sur ton sommeil.

Réveille-toi! réveille-toi vite! ou je vais employer, pour te donner un songe, des moyens pernicieux!—Ah! pense, ma chère! quelle serait ta stupéfaction, si, tout à coup, dans ce sommeil vulgairement paisible, un rêve te surprenait! le rêve de mourir... d’être morte!... et si tu te réveillais, soudain, de l’autre côté de la vie, près d’un fleuve huileux, bordé de grands cyprès!... Une barque est là qui semble t’attendre... trois vieilles dames y filent la quenouille... le nocher te demande une obole... que tu n’as pas!... Quelle stupéfaction pour toi, Clotilde, et, pour moi, ah! quel soulagement!

Mercredi, 4 septembre.

Et quand je songe aux siestes de Férida!

Belle et brune, elle reposait sous un palmier. Le soleil occupait tout l’espace, mais respectait le doux visage de mon amie. L’heure lente s’écoulait comme une onde. J’étais heureux!—Non loin, je voyais briller la margelle d’un puits et je songeais, dans cet excès de jour, à l’eau bleue de ce puits, à cette eau si froide, et si pure et si tranquille.—Belle et brune, Férida reposait près de moi... Ah! qu’il faisait bon rêver sous les palmes!

Un lézard passait dans l’herbe. Un oiseau chantait. Une sauterelle bondissait. Dans l’air, des parfums se caressaient et des papillons se faisaient la cour. Des fleurs, épanouies sur leurs tiges, me souriaient

délicatement. Au bord du ruisseau proche, le père des palmiers, triomphant et poussiéreux, semblait nous bénir... Ah! Férida qu’il faisait bon veiller sur ton repos.

Je pense que tu ne rêvais pas, car je rêvais pour toi. Sur ta bouche, tu gardais l’expression du bonheur. Dès que tu ouvrais les yeux, le rire animait ton visage. Tu étais prête à tous les divertissements, et nous luttions sur l’herbe courte à la façon des bergers. Puis, les mains jointes, nous regardions à travers les palmes, le ciel qui se dégradait. Nous suivions la nef du jour, jusqu’à l’heure où elle chavire sur l’horizon et répand toutes ses corolles. Et dans la nuit violette nous attendions, anxieux, le moment où l’aube, de sa main gauche, pâlit un coin de l’orient.

Et puis nous dormions encore, tout près l’un de l’autre, et les gennis du bien nous éventaient avec de grandes fleurs!—Ah! Férida! que ton repos était harmonieux et quel supplice j’éprouve à voir Clotilde dormir comme une vache.

Mardi, 10 septembre.

Je viens de me réfugier dans la fumerie pour échapper à un homme bleu, à une femme barbue, à un enfant crapaud, à une chèvre bicéphale et à plusieurs rats à trompe.

Me voilà en sûreté!

C’était, il y a une heure, à la foire. Clotilde s’y promenait allègrement.—

Les yeux avides, elle regardait, de droite et de gauche, montait sur tous les chevaux de bois, entrait dans toutes les boutiques, et ne cessait de rire que pour publier sa bruyante admiration à propos de n’importe quoi, de rien du tout et de moins encore.—Elle marchait menu et tenait, comme un sceptre, ce soleil de papier jaune dont je lui avais fait hommage. De temps à autre, elle m’en chatouillait le menton, me donnant des noms d’animaux et de légumes, à très haute voix, pour égayer les passants.—Je la suivais, résigné, car, pendant la journée d’hier, elle s’était montrée fort aimable, et Clotilde ne saurait avoir quarante-huit heures consécutives de charité, quand, soudain, elle me dit:

«Je veux entrer là!»

«Là», c’était une boutique triste qui portait comme enseigne: Aux Erreurs de la Nature. Une pancarte, en grosses lettres, précisait la qualité de l’exhibition, interdisait l’entrée aux enfants et aux personnes nerveuses ou sensitives, et promettait Golconde avec Eldorado à qui découvrirait une supercherie.—Enfin, le discours du forain qui gardait la porte proclamait que la science seule était en cause et que, pour vingt centimes «quatre sous», on pouvait à la fois s’instruire et s’amuser.

«Je veux entrer là!»

Et, bien entendu, je ne tardai pas à céder.

Clotilde resta près d’une heure dans cet enfer chinois. Vraiment elle se délectait. Durant le cours de son inspection, elle se mouillait les lèvres en même temps qu’elle souriait d’un petit sourire. Ah! que je l’eusse volontiers étranglée avec ces mêmes mains qui la caressent chaque soir! Je pense que si, par aventure, l’homme bleu ou l’homme velu ou bien encore l’homme tatoué lui avait déclaré sa flamme, cette flamme, elle l’eût couronnée sans hésitation, de préférence sous mes yeux.

Oui, les monstres ont, pour certaines femmes, un attrait violent. Elles ne ressentent pas ce double dégoût qui nous soulève d’horreur et nous jette ensuite dans le spleen le plus sombre: dégoût pour ceux qui regardent le monstre et dégoût pour le monstre lui-même.

Je viens de demander à Ted Williams ce qu’il pense de cette dépravation. Il est rentré ce soir même de Londres, rayonnant d’une abondante joie, parce qu’il a trouvé chez un entomologiste de Regent street trois phalènes madécasses, inconnues des collectionneurs.

«A cet amour immodéré de l’horrible, dit-il, je vois plus d’un motif.— L’homme est fier de son corps. Ce corps est à lui seul. Même durant l’accouplement, il ne le donne pas, il l’impose. Si peu qu’il s’en rende compte, il est tout de même glorieux de son intégrité musculaire. Aussi, la vue d’un monstre le rebute-t-il, comme le rebutent les spectateurs que cette difformité passionne.—Il n’en va pas de même pour la femme. Sa personne physique est l’objet de transactions très précises: ventes, prêts, louages, donations entre vifs... N’est-ce pas, Poussière?...

—Insolent!

—... Elle en arrive à considérer ce corps avec des sentiments assez mélangés: ceux qu’éveille un objet d’art demandant mille soins et que l’on peut céder, à condition d’observer certains rites, assez peu variables, en

somme. L’objet de chair que la femme représente l’intéresse; de là à s’intéresser au spectacle d’objets analogues, mais tarés, il n’y a pas loin. La belle fille qui se paye l’étreinte d’un nabot doit vivre de bien étranges minutes, quand elle voit l’expression humble mais éblouie de son amant d’un soir. C’est le mariage de l’oiseau-lyre et du crapaud.—En résumé, l’homme n’est pas curieux des tares d’autrui parce qu’il n’est pas curieux de son propre corps et que, s’il est lui-même taré, il s’en cachera avec soin. Tout au contraire, la femme cherchera le mâle physiquement taré, l’exception, afin de pimenter ses jeux de chair. La femme sourit au monstre, l’homme s’en détourne.

—Ne maltraitez pas les monstres! dit Lanthelme qui venait d’entrer. Bien souvent vous me faites sentir que j’en suis un, et, cependant, je crois être votre ami.

—Je ne parlais que du monstre physique, répondit Williams avec le plus grand sérieux. Il semble, en effet, que, pour le monstre moral, nous ayons tous une façon de tendresse. En cela, l’homme et la femme se ressemblent. La raison me paraît être que l’on peut, à la rigueur, s’imaginer pourvu d’une âme monstrueuse, si répugnante que vous la choisissiez, au lieu qu’il est tout à fait impossible de se figurer sous les espèces d’un homme à trois jambes ou d’une amazone bicéphale.

—Ajoutez, dit Lanthelme en riant, que le monstre moral peut vivre un grand nombre d’heures sans être trop remarqué. Songez que je me promène chaque jour dans Paris et que je n’ameute guère les passants. Ma monstruosité est, extérieurement, intermittente. L’anomalie qui me singularise est, sans plus, d’avoir choisi dans ma conduite une fausse échelle de valeurs. Pour dire le vrai, je ne suis monstre qu’aux instants où je m’applique à mes actions, or c’est là, tout aussi bien, le fait du grand homme auquel on dédie des statues et des monuments. Le génie, si vaste qu’il soit, n’a pas de manifestations continues. Homais, Troppmann et Napoléon mangeaient leur côtelette de même. C’est de la philosophie courante. Vous êtes, dans la plupart de vos manifestations quotidiennes, les frères des montres moraux... mes frères, par conséquent. Le seul monstre moral parfait serait le fou... non point le monomane, mais une espèce de fou qui résumerait toutes les folies.

—Lanthelme a parfois du bon sens, dit Ted Williams. Oui, le monstre moral passe inaperçu! Combien différente est la situation du monstre

physique, du vrai monstre! Son anomalie n’est discontinue que dans l’espace, elle est continue dans le temps et, par conséquent, toujours visible. Sans trêve, par nature, le monde lui est hostile. Tel nabot souffre des distances, tel homme obèse souffre de l’étroitesse des fauteuils, tel géant souffre de se courber sous les portes et tous trois souffrent des railleries du premier venu, car le premier venu ne cessera jamais de s’étonner que l’on puisse dépasser les moyennes, ces moyennes où il vit à l’aise.

—Si j’ai du bon sens, murmura Lanthelme, de son côté, Ted Williams a l’âme d’un prédicateur. Je crois entendre le prophète Ezéchiel!»

Cette causerie me donnait le spleen. Mon esprit se peuplait d’anatomies incomplètes, de singularités physiques, de centimanes, d’empuses, d’hermaphrodites et de pygmées!

«Oh! m’écriai-je, quel romancier dira la tragique histoire d’un monstre conscient de son faux rapport avec la vie? On parle souvent de la solitude de nos pensées, de la solitude des cœurs humains... se trouvera-t-il un psychologue assez délié pour nous dire la solitude autrement abominable de l’homme à douze doigts, de l’homme à l’épiderme bleu, de l’homme au nez divisé, ou bien de cet homme velu pour qui Clotilde a eu de doux regards?... Et quel horreur! ah! quelle prodigieuse et virulente horreur ce doit être, dans cette boutique de foire, que de considérer tous ces monstres prenant un repas en commun et mesurant leurs monstruosités!»

Jeudi, 12 septembre.

Clotilde continue à s’instruire. Hier, elle a désiré connaître l’histoire de Barbe-Bleue.

Voici la forme que j’ai donnée à mon récit.

D’abord, j’ai longuement regardé Clotilde dans les yeux, dans ses grands yeux exaspérants où règne toujours une sorte de paix bourgeoise et peu charitable, puis, soudain, je me suis écrié:

«Tu veux m’épouser?

«Ecoute.

«Ma première femme s’appelait Hortense.

«Elle était bonne fille et douce de peau, mais je l’ai tuée à cause du son de sa voix. Certaines voix sont communes. La sienne semblait l’écho d’une fête de banlieue.

«Ma seconde femme s’appelait Julie.

«Elle était fort belle, mais je l’ai tuée à cause d’un penchant détestable à se regarder dans les miroirs. Les glaces de mon appartement restaient pleines de son image. Cela devenait fastidieux. Je n’étais plus chez moi. Avec elle, presque tous ses reflets sont morts, et, si j’en retrouve un, dans une chambre peu fréquentée, je brise le miroir.

«Ma troisième femme s’appelait Eulalie.

«Durant les premiers temps de notre amour, je la trouvai parfaite. Elle était experte aux jeux de l’alcôve, elle figurait à merveille les divers personnages d’amoureuses que j’ai décrits dans les livres que j’aurais voulu écrire, mais, une nuit que je l’adorais, je crus voir qu’elle imitait l’héroïne du dernier ouvrage d’un de mes confrères. Je l’ai tuée pour cette insulte trop directe.

«Ma quatrième femme s’appelait Lucienne.

«Elle avait ce qu’il faut pour plaire, et, celle-là, je puis te la donner en exemple, car je l’eusse gardée toute ma vie, sans une fâcheuse rencontre qui me la fit tuer.—Elle portait sous le sein droit un petit signe rouge, et cela donnait à son corps une asymétrie dont je souffrais beaucoup. Un soir, je voulus faire à cette tache une réplique en piquant Lucienne, sous le sein gauche, avec une longue épingle. Par malheur elle mourut aussitôt.

«Ma cinquième femme s’appelait Fausta.

«Elle était fort savante. Sa présence remplaçait une bibliothèque, et je n’avais qu’à la feuilleter pour assurer mon érudition. Mais elle se mit en tête d’apprendre le cambodgien, idiome sur lequel j’ai peu de lumières. La pensée que ses songes s’exprimeraient parfois en un langage que je ne comprendrais point, fut si douloureuse que, ne pouvant me résoudre à perdre ainsi une part de Fausta, je la perdis toute entière en la faisant mourir.

«Ma sixième femme s’appelait Antoinette.

«Elle me fut suspecte, dès l’abord, parce que ses yeux et sa bouche n’appartenaient pas à la même personne. Elle passait pour avoir été coureuse, de sorte que son être, trop prostitué, avait pris un trait à chacun des amants qu’elle avait subis, et il s’ensuivait cette chose (effrayante si on la considère sous son vrai jour) que je ne pouvais posséder ma bien-aimée complètement, car elle était la propriété d’une foule anonyme, disparate et démocratique. J’ai donc tué Antoinette pour qu’elle retrouvât sa personnalité dans un cadavre.

«C’est depuis lors que je cherche une bien-aimée qui soit toute à moi.

«Te voilà avertie.

«Je t’aime, bien que tu louches.

«A cette heure mon lit est vide... Viens t’y coucher!»

Et, maintenant, Clotilde sait l’histoire de Barbe-Bleue! Vendredi, 13 septembre.

Quelles joies merveilleuses on trouve à suivre une grand’route, loin des villes, dans la poussière et le soleil, ou bien, la nuit, quelle griserie de marcher droit devant soi, sous la lune, entre des prairies vêtues de brouillard bleu!—A Paris même, je prends parfois la monnaie de ce plaisir, quand Clotilde m’a trop excédé.—Je lui laisse la maison, je sors, je me promène dans les rues, presque au hasard; je vais où mes pas me conduisent.

Je vois vivre le Paris nocturne. Je ne tâche pas d’observer, non, je regarde, tout simplement. Je marche. Je vais de Passy à la Bastille, puis à Montrouge... n’importe où. Je reviens au matin, presque sans souvenirs, moins fatigué qu’après une promenade hygiénique en plein jour. Alors je me couche et m’endors du sommeil des bienheureux, celui où l’on ne rêve pas.

Ah! j’ai fait dans Paris de belles randonnées! J’ai côtoyé ce peuple singulier qui anime les heures noires et, dès que le jour s’affirme, va dormir dans je ne sais quelles tanières, peuple de troglodytes qui pare la grande putain pour l’usage du bourgeois diurne.

Mais combien ce serait mieux de courir ainsi dans la campagne, où la brise n’est pas canalisée, où l’on voit toutes les étoiles! Rencontrer ces

mystérieux trimards qui marmottent, pour s’entraîner, d’âpres chansons! voir tourner le ciel au-dessus de sa tête! entendre dans le bois voisin l’hymne des rossignols!—Ah! mon Dieu! s’il était possible de s’alléger l’âme ainsi!

Qu’est-ce qui m’en empêche?

... Qu’est-ce qui m’empêche de quitter ma maîtresse?... de me quitter moi-même?

C’est, en somme, la résolution que je prendrai. Me quitter moi-même... Un flacon de laudanum se chargera de la rupture... et, peut-être, mon âme ira-t-elle écouter, sur les grand’routes, le chant des rossignols.

Jeudi, 26 septembre.

Le spectacle de la vie est odieux à ceux qui vivent sans plaisir.—Je regarde un homme qui passe dans la rue. Il se hâte. Un encombrement l’arrête. Il tire sa montre et hausse les épaules d’un air impatient. Heureux homme! Il vit!—Ces minutes, pendant lesquelles il a tâché de gagner du temps, sont du temps gagné sur l’ennui. Il est absorbé par le projet de se rendre en tel lieu, avant telle heure. Voilà un bénéfice qui a son prix.

J’envie cet homme. Je l’envie de toutes mes forces. Il subit un ordre qu’il s’est donné à lui-même ou qui vient d’autrui, peu importe; toujours est-il que cet ordre détermine les quelques milliers de gestes qu’il fera durant l’heure prochaine. Lorsque, enfin, cet homme aura atteint son but, il sera tout pénétré d’un sentiment délicieux: celui de la chose faite, et faite sans remords. Cela n’a rien à voir avec le sentiment du devoir accompli que vantent les moralistes. Non, il s’agit d’une satisfaction d’artisan; rien de plus. C’est déjà beaucoup.

Jamais cet homme ne tombera sous la griffe du spleen, jamais il ne sera persécuté par l’affreuse anxiété de l’erreur possible.—Elle me gâte des journées entières:

«Si j’avais fait telle chose à telle heure, au lieu de faire telle autre chose, cela n’aurait-il pas mieux valu?...»

«Si j’avais tourné à gauche, au lieu de tourner à droite?...»

«Si j’avais...»

Croire que l’on a évité le bonheur, quand on pouvait l’atteindre, est une insupportable sensation. Ne pas reconnaître la figure de la joie, passer à côté de la fortune sont des coups de dés que l’on déplore avec insistance. Au tirage d’une loterie, le porteur du numéro 612 se plaindra surtout parce que le 611 obtint le gros lot. Cette proximité l’affolle. Mon regret est de nature pareille. Mais quoi! la logique n’a rien à voir dans cet ordre d’émotions!

A ce sujet, ne pensez-vous pas que l’étymologie du mot «trivial» est un bon enseignement? Les petits faits de la vie, les petits accidents, les petits problèmes, les «trivialités» en un mot, nous offrent toujours trois voies, entre lesquelles il faut choisir. Le spleen trouve son compte dans nos erreurs. Il nous dégoûte d’une existence, où, à chaque minute du jour, on est forcé de prendre un parti. Il mène à cette introspection absurde et continue dont je parlais. Le sentiment de l’«à quoi bon?» y prédomine de façon dangereuse, et nous en arrivons, bientôt, à ne plus vouloir agir, par peur de nous tromper.

Hier soir, en fumant, j’avais cette vision de la jeunesse: une congrégation de carrefours où l’humanité s’était perdue, un labyrinthe, situé entre l’enfance et l’âge mûr, comme une marche dévastée entre deux états prospères. Pourtant, ne vous laissez pas séduire par cette image, car la plupart des hommes ne se doutent guère qu’ils sont dans un labyrinthe et, si quelques-uns s’embrouillent dans les carrefours, manquent les bifurcations et se trompent de chemin, ne sachant pas lire les indications des poteaux, d’autres se promènent avec simplicité dans ce dédale, comme s’ils parcouraient une avenue.—Ce sont les heureux de ce monde.

L’homme qui passait, il y a un instant, sous mes fenêtres, a-t-il donc un fil d’Ariane?

Moi, je désespère de sortir jamais du réseau de sentiers qui m’entoure, car c’est Clotilde, vous le savez, qui garde mon labyrinthe.

Je craindrais moins le Minotaure.

Mardi, 1ᵉʳ octobre.

«Je me demande, dit Ted Williams, ce que sont devenus les personnages de la comédie italienne?»

J’ai passé à mes amis le goût violent que j’ai pour l’entourage de Colombine, d’Arlequin et de Pierrot. Après quelques pipes, nous causons volontiers de ces chères figures qui nous semblent plus réelles, l’opium aidant, que les passants des rues. A ces moments, Clotilde est exaspérée. Son amour de la précision souffre de nous voir rêver.

«Certainement, dit Ted Williams qui tournait au dessus de la lampe une superbe boulette dorée, ils ne sont pas morts. Ils ont trop bien vécu pour mourir.

—Ils doivent être dans une maison de retraite, dit Zanko, dans une maison de retraite, au milieu d’un grand bois.

—Pourtant, dis-je, Pierrot est mort. Un soir, ayant fait un quatrain sublime, où il avait mis le meilleur de son génie, il ne trouva personne qui voulût l’entendre. Alors il se poussa un grand poignard dans le cœur, et sa face était encore plus pâle après qu’avant.

—C’est très triste, dit Poussière, qui ne sent jamais si l’on plaisante ou si l’on parle sérieusement. Quel âge avait-il?

—On ne sait pas, répondis-je; il cachait son âge, comme les jolies femmes, et puis, il se fardait beaucoup.

—Et Colombine? demanda Lanthelme.

—Colombine? dit Williams, mais, c’est de notoriété publique! Colombine devint courtisane à Paris, et connut tous les désagréments de ce métier. Elle reçut dans son lit des vieillards calamiteux, et des usuriers, et des adolescents maladroits, et des paralytiques, et des va-nu-pieds, et des bossus...

—Ça porte bonheur, dit Bichon.

—Maintenant, elle est à l’hôpital, pour des raisons que vous pouvez comprendre.

—Oh! la pauvre fille! dit Poussière.

—Et Arlequin?» demandai-je.

Williams rassembla ses souvenirs:

«Je crois avoir entendu dire que le bel Arlequin était tout à fait déconsidéré. On ne lui rend pas son salut. Les uns affirment qu’il a triché au jeu, les autres qu’il est allé faire la guerre en Italie. Or, l’Italie, vous le savez, a la forme d’une botte et, comme Arlequin est fort insolent, cette

botte, il la reçut dans le cul, après quoi il s’enfuit honteusement, car il est très couard. Je pense qu’il ne se réhabilitera jamais.

—A propos! dit Lanthelme, vous a-t-on raconté la petite aventure du docteur Bolonais?—Non!—Eh bien, voici:

«Ce bon docteur venait d’accoucher la fille de l’Herboriste, et il revenait par la route, à petits pas, dans le beau clair de lune de pantomime, heureux et l’âme légère.

«Son âme était très légère, car, en l’honneur de l’enfant si récemment mis au monde, il avait bu plus d’un coup de vin, du meilleur, de sorte qu’il zigzaguait un peu et que son bonnet pointu lui tombait sur l’oreille, et que sa grande robe d’azur, semée d’étoiles d’or, devenait le jouet du vent.

«C’était, disais-je, par un beau clair de lune; le ciel cendré faisait plaisir à voir; les collines étaient bleues; la route, où des ombres se dessinaient crûment, avait le ton blafard du visage de Pierrot, et le petit lac, où toute fille-mère jure qu’elle se noiera si son amant ne l’épouse, brillait comme le miroir des sylphides.

«Or, le docteur Bolonais atteignit sa demeure et, poussant la grille, pénétra dans son potager. Cette entrée, coupa court à des causeries. La pimprenelle et la haute asperge à baies rouges, et la barbe de bouc, et toutes les salades, et l’endive tout comme l’estragon, et le petit cerfeuil avec l’artichaut, et les betteraves aussi, et les tomates encore pâles, et les grands choux prétentieux, et les melons, espoirs du bon docteur, murmurèrent:

«Fixe! voilà le patron!»

«Mais le patron n’en avait cure et, entre les rosiers et les buis taillés en boule, devant les géraniums et le peuple comestible, au pied de sa maison que la lune tendait de blanc, le docteur Bolonais, tenant entre ses doigts les coins de sa robe, et après avoir posé son bonnet en éteignoir sur la pointe d’un tuteur, se mit à chanter d’une voix stentoréenne, au risque d’éveiller tous les voisins, des chansons d’une scandaleuse indécence que je n’oserais vous répéter.

—Et les légumes, dit Williams, que faisaient-ils?

—Les légumes? ils regardaient cette scène, profondément ébahis.—Je vous donne l’histoire, telle que me l’a contée Mezzetin. Elle risque de faire perdre au docteur toute sa clientèle bien pensante.

—Je ne comprends pas, interrompit Clotilde, en me regardant d’un air désagréable, quel plaisir Lanthelme peut trouver à inventer des stupidités pareilles! Lui et toi, vous avez la manie de parler pour ne rien dire. C’est très agaçant.

—Oui, murmura Lanthelme d’une voix douce, Clotilde n’aime que les discours qui lui sont adressés directement; elle n’a aucun goût pour les divagations.

—Ce soir, répondis-je, Clotilde n’a de goût pour rien: elle est de mauvaise humeur. Ne lui parlez pas, cher ami, elle vous accablerait d’injures et je serais forcé de la battre.»

Clotilde se leva, donna un coup de pied à mon pauvre Tchéragan et alla se coucher, gardant sur son visage un air tout à la fois digne et offusqué.

Cela me promet, pour demain, une journée agréable. Samedi, 5 octobre.

Oui, je crois que mourir par l’esprit, est la seule guérison efficace du spleen. C’est aussi le seul moyen de voler la vie, de se sentir un peu seul, dans la foule des tracas, des remords, des mauvaises illusions et des peines inutiles qui viennent chaque matin frapper à notre porte... Mais, quelle est la meilleure façon d’employer ce remède?

Mourir par l’esprit?

Comment mourir par l’esprit?

Dormir ne vaut rien, à cause des rêves, personnes terribles qui entrent dans la cervelle sans être invitées. Je l’accorde, on se détruit en dormant, mais les rêves vous ressuscitent, volens nolens. Et quelle chose excédante que de vivre, fût-ce le temps d’un songe, sous des espèces antipathiques! Je rêve le moins possible, et les rêves, se sentant surveillés et comprenant (car ils sont malins, les bougres!) qu’il n’y aurait aucun plaisir à tirer de moi, s’éloignent, vont ailleurs, chez le concierge de mon immeuble, chez la dame hydropique du second, dans la cervelle de Clotilde... et alors, le concierge se réveille en sursaut, et la dame hydropique beugle, et Clotilde pousse des cris, tout en dormant au fond de la ruelle ou sur les nattes.—Me voyez-vous poussant des cris sous le prétexte que je me suis perdu dans les carrefours du sommeil?—J’en mourrais de honte!—Non,—dormir ne vaut rien.

Lanthelme préconisait jadis les alcools. Je ne saurais en faire autant. Ne demandez rien aux alcools, ils vous trahiraient.—L’alcool est un baladin qui amuse par des jeux que l’on ne saurait diriger. Il est un hypnotiseur déloyal qui allège notre souffrance de façon louche. Il nous laisse dans une convalescence incertaine... et puis, la guérison est trop courte. On n’a pas senti le temps passer. On se retrouve, sous la table, baisant cette même froide bouche que l’on voulait fuir.

A l’avis de Zanko, partisan des solutions nettes, si l’on veut tuer son esprit, il n’y a qu’un moyen: mourir pour tout de bon. C’est là une bien vive imprudence! Voyons! supposez que les partisans de la métempsycose aient deviné justement les secrets du destin: on renaîtrait chat ou insecte... Il paraît inutile de hâter ce destin.—Renaître dans la peau d’un chat spleenétique! être une araignée mécontente! une baleine affamée d’idéal! une hirondelle pessimiste!—songez-y donc!

Ou bien, si la volonté personnelle s’annihile, au jour de la mort, il est possible que Perséphone nous dirigera, précisément, vers les régions desquelles nous tendions de plus à nous éloigner. Privé de cet amour de l’art qui te faisait fuir le laid, tu renaîtrais, entouré de choses laides, dans le plus laid des paysages, près d’une femme laide, monstrueusement; et toi, que l’activité requerrait peu, tu renaîtrais, sitôt ton dernier soupir exhalé, sous les rayures d’un zèbre ou la fourrure d’un écureuil.—Les passions que l’on ne ressent pas, s’accumulent au fond de nous-même et c’est peut-être dans leurs bras que le vieux Caron nous fera tomber. Enfin la Nature, qui tient les ficelles, n’ayant jamais laissé passer une occasion de nous torturer, mettra en notre esprit, je le gage, comme un souvenir d’une existence antérieure, pour empoisonner le goût des brises dans notre nouvelle vie...

J’ai longtemps habité sous de vastes portiques...

Ne vous tuez donc point par haine du spleen et de l’odieux «au jour le jour» du siècle présent; vous renaîtriez concierge, et, par aventure, concierge à l’âme insatisfaite!

Vivez plutôt!

Et, croyez-moi, pour mourir par l’esprit, il n’est qu’un moyen: l’exil... l’exil physique du voyage, qui vous crée, parfois, une âme nouvelle, devant un océan, une forêt, un désert nouveaux, ou l’exil spirituel de l’opium, qui vous crée toujours une âme heureuse, sur les nattes fraîches, et lui donne en pâture des rêves plaisants.

Mercredi, 9 octobre.

Aux heures de spleen, le spectacle de l’humanité n’est vraiment pas consolant. Regarder les bêtes, amuse; le jardin zoologique plaît par sa naïveté. La compagnie des girafes est délicieuse; celle des hommes l’est beaucoup moins.

Hier, au café, j’ai vu des êtres humains qui ressemblaient à des caricatures de bêtes. Une ménagerie, vous dis-je! une ménagerie abjecte! Il y avait là de vieilles juments fatiguées, quelques limaces, beaucoup de chiens galeux. Sous le masque de l’homme, on voyait le groin paraître et j’eus peur, un instant, que la transformation allait s’accentuer encore, que toute cette assemblée, sortie d’une arche invisible, se mettrait soudain à braire, à beugler, à glousser, à barrir, et marcherait à quatre pattes.

Je voyais une taupe, une belette, un porc, d’imbéciles lapins, des profils d’oiseaux, des faces reptiliennes, des moutons, des dindons, un phénixrastaqouère.—Et tout cela mangeait et tout cela buvait!—Ah! que l’humanité est donc laide mon Dieu!... Mais, j’en suis, moi! J’appartiens à cette ménagerie humaine! De quelle famille mes traits se réclament-ils? suis-je lièvre, singe ou crapaud?

Alors, me sentant soudain des affinités secrètes et natives pour chacune de ces bêtes, je ramassai une jeune guenon, qui se grattait les côtes en grimaçant, et je fus me jeter dans ses bras, puis dans son lit, comme on se laisse tomber dans un ruisseau, par fatigue de marcher au clair de lune, la lune étant toujours trop loin!

Jeudi, 17 octobre.

J’ai eu tout à fait pitié de Lanthelme, hier soir. Vers dix heures, il est entré dans mon atelier, se plaignant du froid et de la pluie. J’étais seul; il venait me demander quelques pipes. Nous avons causé jusqu’au jour. Décidément, le mauvais temps lui convient mal. Il était triste, triste à hurler. Vous ne sauriez croire quelle piteuse figure il présente à ces moments-là! On dirait que son petit ventre s’alourdit, que ses joues se flétrissent, qu’il plie sur ses jambes. Il prend l’air honteux de certains objets de rebut qui s’ennuient dans les coins des greniers. S’il perd en apparence extérieure, il gagne, du moins, en sincérité.

Figurez-vous, encore une fois, ma fumerie. L’atelier parcouru de brusques lueurs rouges qui naissent et s’évanouissent suivant les convulsions du feu de bois. Sur un chevalet, ce détestable paysage que je n’arrive pas à finir, où un arbre trop vert, dont la perspective est absolument fausse, fait tache sur un ciel mal venu. Derrière la tenture à demi tirée, les nattes, la petite lampe, le plateau, la théière, et nous deux, couchés à terre, vêtus de robes chinoises.

«Vois-tu, disait Lanthelme, (Lanthelme ne me tutoie qu’aux heures de spleen), vois-tu, de même qu’il y a dans la matière une part incombustible, il existe, dans le for de l’esprit, un résidu que la vie n’arrive pas à détruire, une «façon d’être» qui subsiste et qui, proprement, figure notre essence. En elle se découvre la qualité de «fils de roi», comme tu dis, ou celle de valet. Mon essence à moi est vile, je suis surtout vil, oui, oui, je suis surtout une chose vile.»

Il murmurait cela d’une voix lasse, en mots anéantis, bredouillés et qui coulaient de sa bouche plutôt qu’ils n’étaient dits.

«Un jour, Zanko se fatiguera de voyager, un jour, Ted Williams se fatiguera de collectionner des papillons; chacun finit par avoir assez de ce qu’il fait; il t’arrivera de ne plus supporter ton inaction, il m’arrivera de ne plus supporter mon abaissement et de vouloir reprendre place...»

Il secoua la tête.

«Reprendre place!... comme si l’on pouvait!»

Il se plaignit jusqu’au matin avec ces mêmes phrases lentes, bourbeuses, presque pas infléchies, n’interrompant sa lamentation que pour me parler d’opium.

«Et crois-tu, sérieusement, que Zanko soit heureux? Dans toute cette agitation qui fait sa vie, a-t-il un instant de vrai bonheur? Courir de l’un à l’autre pôle, est-ce un sûr moyen de fuir l’ennui?—La dernière pipe m’a paru trop cuite, mon cher, elle était même un peu brûlée.—Et moi? J’avoue que je suis un carrefour de vices et que mes vices m’ont procuré de l’agrément, mais ces distractions, qui me mèneront un jour en correctionnelle, crois-tu qu’elles m’évitent le spleen?—Donne-moi une tasse de thé, j’ai la gorge sèche.—J’ai su jouir de la vie mieux qu’un autre. Je m’adapte à tous les plaisirs. Je change de sincérité, suivant le lit où je couche.—Oui, ma sincérité est une chemise de nuit. Je suis l’hommeputain. Je suis un homme en carte comme sont les filles du trottoir. Je fais

signe à la volupté qui passe et je l’emmène avec moi. Je suis l’hommeputain.»

Et Lanthelme se mit à pleurer, à la façon d’une vieille putain dont le fard se serait écaillé mal à propos. Jeudi, 31 octobre.

A certaines heures, le sentiment de ma solitude devient vraiment insupportable.—Il me semble que je suis un petit arbre étiolé, au milieu de la vaste plaine. Je vois le cercle de l’horizon et le ciel et la terre; je vois les caravanes qui portent des épices vers le nord, et celles qui portent des cotonnades vers le midi. Des marchands passent devant moi, courbés sous le faix des pierreries, et d’autres marchands, qui vendent des oiseaux rares et des illusions, s’arrêtent quelques heures et se reposent dans ma petite ombre.

Je vois encore des princesses en voyage qui vont rejoindre leurs amants. De nombreux esclaves les précèdent, annonçant leur venue à sons de trompe, et, quand elles m’aperçoivent, elles rient de me voir si solitaire, au milieu de la vaste plaine. Elles rient, puis elles s’en vont sur de beaux chevaux noirs et j’entends encore quelque temps leurs joyaux tinter dans le crépuscule.—Et aucune n’a fixé sur mes branches un de ses bracelets, comme le fit Xerxès pour un bel arbre, car je ne suis qu’une pauvre frondaison étiolée, au milieu de la vaste plaine.

Ainsi, j’ai vu des personnes de haut rang et de grande renommée, et j’ai vu des mendiants vêtus de guenilles, et des astrologues qui marchaient les yeux au ciel, et j’ai vu des forcenés possédés par un rêve, et des prophètes au regard annonciateur, mais aucun d’eux ne s’est retourné pour me jeter une aumône ou un souvenir, car aucun d’eux ne voulait perdre une seconde du précieux temps qu’il avait à vivre, pour un arbre solitaire au milieu de la vaste plaine.

Les aubes ont amolli la nuit, l’aurore a percé l’air de pâles flèches, midi a triomphé, le crépuscule a tendu ses voiles, l’ombre a de nouveau régné, sans rien changer à mon sort, et je contemplais tristement les flammes des bivouacs qui rappelaient mal l’espérance, car elles s’éteignaient au matin.

Oui, j’ai vu toutes ces choses, je les vois encore, et, aujourd’hui, retrouvant ma figure d’homme, sous laquelle je parais aux yeux du

commun, je goûte plus sinistrement ma solitude. Dans cette chambre froide où Clotilde, par fantaisie, ne veut pas que l’on allume du feu (à cause de sa migraine!) je me demande si, la semaine prochaine, ou durant l’année qui va venir, l’heure sera moins lente, mon spleen moins accablant, et cette solitude plus facile à supporter.

Ted Williams ne vient presque plus. Il s’est remis à s’occuper de ses papillons avec une ardeur nouvelle. Les phalènes donnent tort à l’amitié.

Mes autres amis fréquentent peu (et je ne saurais les en blâmer) une maison où la mauvaise humeur de Clotilde met toujours une contrainte. Parfois, les petites grues dont la conversation plaît à Clotilde, viennent piailler autour de moi; parfois, un ancien camarade me rend visite, puis s’en va discrètement, avec un air apitoyé comme s’il pensait: «est-il assez démoli!» et, toujours, je vois, autour de moi, des hommes et des femmes composer leur vie, jouir, souffrir, et... passer, dédaigneux de moi qui suis seul.

Le spleen mène vite à désirer la solitude. Il n’admet guère qu’une causerie exaspérante dont le propos est sans cesse rompu et qui devient une occupation analogue à certains jeux prolongés au-delà de la fatigue.—On se rejette le ballon sans intention de vaincre,—par habitude. Bientôt on ne joue plus; on se tait.—D’ailleurs, cet état oppressé de l’âme, ayant une raison déterminante assez trouble, on ne peut, ordinairement, la communiquer par les seuls mots simples qu’on a le courage d’émettre.

Si l’on n’est pas dans la fumerie, lampe allumée et pipe prête, quel travail, un soir de spleen, pour habiller sa pensée d’une robe seyante et qui la moule!—Les vocables s’enfuient, la syntaxe se refuse et vous dites: «arbalète» en voulant dire: «moulin à vent». Même un ami intime qui a ses entrées dans votre esprit, ne peut, s’il voit que vous êtes possédé par le spleen, compatir effectivement, car il n’a point dû saisir la raison profonde de votre malaise, et, comme le spleen se manifeste sous la figure innombrable de Protée, l’ami, voulant le chasser de vous, ne pousse devant lui et ne force qu’une illusion. A la longue, la peine qu’il se donne devient blessante, par maladresse.

Oui, le spleen doit être savouré sans témoin, comme une rage de dents, au lieu qu’une grande douleur peut quelquefois être mangée en commun, chacun sachant bien que c’est au même plat qu’il goûte, au lieu que la très large mélancolie du soir reste douce à partager et qu’il est certaines variétés

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