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The Impact of the Economic Crisis on South European Democracies 1st Edition Leonardo Morlino
Attila Agh, Corvinus University, Budapest, Hungary
Arjun Appadurai, New School, NYU, United States
Leonardo Avritzer, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Nathaniel Beck, NYU, United States
Walter Carlsnaess, Uppsala University. Sweden
Yvonne Galligan, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
Manuel Antonio Garretόn, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
John Groom, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK
Emmanuel Gyimah-Boadi, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Guy Hermet, Sciences Po, Paris, France
Takashi Inoguchi, University of Niigata Prefecture, Japan
Robert Jervis, Columbia University, New York, United States
Max Kaase, Mannheim University, Germany
Bahgat Korany, American University, Cairo, Egypt
Richard Ned Lebow, King’s College, London, UK
Andrej Melville, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
Helen V. Milner, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
Winnie Mitullah, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Carole Pateman, University of Cardiff, UK
Dianne Pinderhughes, University of Notre Dame, United States
Surinder Kler Shukla, University of Chandigarh, India
Ilter Turan, Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey
Laurence Whitehead, Oxford University, UK
Edited by
Dirk Berg-Schlosser
Bertrand Badie and Leonardo Morlino
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2019948041
British Library Cataloguing in Publication data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 978-1-5264-5955-8
Ursula Hoffmann-Lange
Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski
Gianpietro Mazzoleni and Cristopher Cepernich
Dirk Berg-Schlosser
Maria Marczewska-Rytko
Donatella della Porta
Manuel Antonio Garretón and Nicolás Selamé
Carlos R. S. Milani
Harald Sætren
Leonardo Avritzer
Hellmut Wollmann
VoLuME 3
Claire A. Dunlop and Claudio M. Radaelli 68.
Rajesh Chakrabarti and Kaushiki Sanyal
David Levi-Faur and Yael Kariv-Teitelbaum
Maurizio Ferrera
Helen V. Milner
Stéphane Paquin
Richard Ned Lebow
Gunther Hellmann
David M. Malone and Rohinton P. Medhora 78.
Herfried Münkler 79. In Search of the Non-Western State: Historicising and De-Westphalianising Statehood
Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou
Louise Fawcett
Klaus Schlichte and Elizaveta Gaufman
Jeffrey D. Maslanik 83.
Charles-Philippe David and Alexis Rapin
85. Environmental Changes
Tancrède Voituriez
86. Human Rights and Humanitarian Interventions in the International Arena 1456
Salvador Santino Fulo Regilme Jr
87. International Migration
Christoph Rass
88. International Violence 1490
Karim Emile Bitar and Charles Thibout
89. Minorities: Empirical and Political-Theoretical Reflections on a Cunning Concept 1508
Schirin Amir-Moazami
90. Populism
Hanspeter Kriesi
91. Outcomes after Democratic Transitions in Third-Wave Democracies 1540
Scott Mainwaring and Fernando Bizzarro
92. New Wars in the Global South 1558
Atta El-Battahani
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List of Figures and Tables
FigurEs
4.1 Trends in international migration: A ‘Crisis’?
A typology of international regimes
The dilemmas of migration governance
Migration interdependence
Regime structuration
16.1 Different graphical user interfaces of the Debat-O-Meter used in TV debate
17.1 A two-stage evidence-evaluation framework for turning empirical material into evidence of mechanisms in process tracing
Four types of cases in process tracing
from a Google search: ‘us constitution’
A snapshot of Constitute’s topic tree
Entering ‘women’ in Constitute’s search box triggers topics
of Science results
27.2 Regional trends for ‘ontolog*’ search, Web of Science
27.3
27.4
37.3
The general system model adapted to public intervention
65.2 Goal-attainment evaluation focused on goals-results
65.3 Side effects model with specified pigeonholes for side effects
65.4 Potential stakeholders in local social welfare interventions
65.5 The policy instruments triad with affirmatives and negatives
65.6 Main effects, side effects, perverse effects, and null effects
65.7 Basic elements of New Public Management
66.1 A taxonomy of substantive policy instruments
(cells provide examples of instruments in each category)
66.2 A spectrum of substantive policy instruments
66.3 A resource-based taxonomy of procedural policy tools (cells provide examples of instruments in each category)
66.4 A spectrum of procedural policy instruments 1109
68.1 Pictorial representation of the legislative strategy framework 1146
68.2 The Stacey diagram 1148
69.1 Annual creation of regulatory agencies in the sample (left); cumulative annual creation of agencies in the sample (right) (1950–2017) 1154
85.1 Multilateral (MEA) and bilateral (BEA) environmental agreements 1800–2018 1441
85.2 Mapping out international relations theories of international cooperation 1449
91.1 Outcomes and levels of democracy at transition 1552
taBlEs
8.1 Types of informal institutions
11.1 Key differences between phenomenon and experimental approaches
13.1 Bureaucracy, technocracy and democracy
17.1 Foundational assumptions of case- and variance-based approaches 289 17.2 ‘Unpacked’ causal mechanism of nuclear taboo 293
17.3 Template for transparent evaluation of mechanistic evidence in process tracing 295
17.4 Mapping cases using a similarity graph 296
17.5 Four variants of process tracing 301
19.1 Selected datasets in the constitutional domain 331
43.1 Two realistic and two idealistic models of democracy 733
43.2 Two perverse models of democracy 734
45.1 Executive power in 55 authoritarian countries, 2010 (percentage of countries) 764
45.2 Executive power in 103 democratic countries, 2017 (percentage of countries) 766
45.3 Women executives in office on December 31, 2017 by country, office and regime 769
51.1 General trends in electoral volatility in different regions 861
55.1 Typology of performance criteria 921
60.1 Type of data in core journal articles by time period published.
Percentage base: empirical articles 1005
60.2 Level of empirical analysis in core journal articles by time periods.
Percentage base: empirical articles 1005
60.3 Core journal articles by regional focus/origin and time period published.
Percentage base: all sample articles 1006
60.4 Core journal articles by most frequent type of policy studied and time period published. Percentage base: articles with a policy focus 1006
60.5 Core journal articles by region of focus/origin and research methodologies.
Percentage base: empirical articles 1011
60.6 Core journal articles by regional focus/origin and research methodologies before and after the mid 1990s. Percentage base: empirical articles 1012
60.7 Core journal articles by regional focus/origin and gender profile of authors before and after the mid 1990s. Percentage base: all sampled articles 1012
60.8 Articles by type of core field journal published in and time period.
Percentage base: all sample articles 1012
61.1 Models of informal governance 1029
61.2 Expansion of informal governance to semi- or non-democratic contexts 1030
65.1 Eight questions approach to public policy evaluation 1082
65.2 Substance-only and Substance/Cost value criteria 1085
65.3 Positivist ranking list of research designs for causal impact 1094
65.4 Diffusion-oriented strategy for improved use of evaluation processes and products 1095
65.5 Medical bent evidence hierarchy of research designs for causal impact 1100
68.1 Lowi’s policy typologies and resulting politics 1136
68.2 Wilson’s policy typologies 1137
68.3 Timelines of the selected laws and bills 1142
68.4 Proposed legislative strategy framework 1146
69.1 Three theoretical perspectives on regulation: basic premises, actors’ motivations, capture and regulatory expansion 1161
77.1 Key characteristics of regional financial arrangements (relative to the IMF) 1312
91.3 Stagnations after democratic transitions 1546
91.4
91.5
91.6
92.1
Notes on the Editors and Contributors
thE Editors
Dirk Berg-Schlosser is Professor Emeritus at Philipps-University, Marburg. He has been awarded degrees of Dr oec publ (Munich 1971); Dr phil habil (Augsburg 1978), and PhD (UC Berkeley 1979). He has been Director of the Institute of Political Science and Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at Marburg. He has researched and taught at the universities of Munich, Aachen, Augsburg, Eichstaett, Nairobi, Stellenbosch/South Africa and Berkeley. From 2003 to 2006 he was Chair of the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) and from 2006 to 2009 Vice-President of the International Political Science Association (IPSA). From 2010 to 2016 he was founder and coordinator of the IPSA Summer Schools on Research Methods at the universities of Sao Paulo, Stellenbosch, Singapore, Ankara, Mexico City and St Petersburg. His research interests include political culture, empirical democratic theory, development studies, comparative politics and comparative methodology. He is a Fellow of the Stellenbosch Institute of Advanced Studies (STIAS) and a member of the Transformation Research Unit (TRU) at Stellenbosch University. Major recent publications in English include: Democratization – the State of the Art (2007, 2nd edition), International Encyclopedia of Political Science (2011, co-edited with Bertrand Badie and Leonardo Morlino 2011), Mixed Methods in Comparative Politics (2012) and Political Science – A Global Perspective (2017, with Bertrand Badie and Leonardo Morlino).
Bertrand Badie is Emeritus Professor of Political Science and International Relations at Sciences Po Paris. He has published about 30 books about the state, comparative politics and international relations, including, The Imported State (2000), The Diplomacy of Connivance (2012), Rethinking International Relations (2020, Elgar Pub), Political Science (2017, with Dirk Berg-Schlosser and Leonardo Morlino) Humiliation in International Relations (2017) and New Perspectives on International Order (2018). He co-edited the International Encyclopedia of Political Science (2011), with Dirk Berg-Schlosser and Leonardo Morlino.
Leonardo Morlino is Emeritus Professor of Political Science and President of the International Research Center on Democracies and Democratizations at LUISS, Rome. He was President of the International Political Science Association (IPSA) (2009–12). He is the author of more than 40 books and more than 200 journal essays and book chapters published in English, French, German, Spanish, Hungarian, Chinese, Mongolian and Japanese. His most recent books include: Equality, Freedom and Democracy. Europe After the Great Recession (forthcoming), The Impact of Economic Crisis on South European Democracies (2017) with F. Raniolo London, Palgrave (Italian transl. 2018), The Quality of Democracy in Latin America (IDEA, 2016) Comparison. An Methodological Introduction for the Social Sciences, Leverkusen and London, Barbara Budrich Publ and Changes for Democracy (2011).
thE ContriButors
Timofey Agarin is Senior Lecturer in Politics at Queen’s University Belfast, where he is also the Director of the Centre for the Study of Ethnic Conflict. His research interests are ethnic politics and their impact on societal transition, including majority–minority relations, nondiscrimination, migration and civil society, with a particular focus on post-communist states in Central and Eastern Europe.
Schirin Amir-Moazami is Professor at the institute of Islamic Studies at Freie Universität Berlin and head of the research and teaching program on Islam in Europe. She is also Principle Investigator in the Excellence Initiative “Contestations of the Liberal Script” (SCRIPTS) and Principle Investigator at the Graduate School Muslim Cultures and Societies at FU Berlin. Her research interests include configurations of political secularism in Europe, Islamic practices and politics of academic knowledge production.
Andreas Anter is Professor of Political Science at the Faculty of Economics, Law and Social Sciences at the University of Erfurt. After studying political science and sociology in Münster, Freiburg and Hamburg, and receiving his PhD in Hamburg (1994), he taught political theory and domestic politics at the Universities of Hamburg, Leipzig and Bremen. He is the author of Max Weber’s Theory of the Modern State (2014), Max Weber und die Staatsrechtslehre (2016), and Theorien der Macht zur Einführung (2018, 4th edition).
Leonardo Avritzer is a full professor of Political Science at the Federal University of Minas Gerais. He has a Ph.D. in political sociology from the New School for Social Research, where his dissertation received the Albert Salomon Dissertation Award. He was a visiting professor at several universities: University of São Paulo (2004), Tulane University (2008) and recurring visiting professor at the University of Coimbra. Avritzer is also the author of “Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America”, published by Princeton University Press, and “The Two Faces of Institutional Innovation Promises and Limits of Democratic Participation in Latin America”, in 2017, and “Los Desafios de la Participación en América Latina”, 2014.
Jun Ayukawa is Professor at the School of Law and Politics, Kwansei Gakuin University. He has published Juvenile Crimes and Social Problems in Japan: A Social Constructionist Perspective (2019) in English, as well as six Japanese books based on social constructivism. The most recent of them is Crime and Criminal Policy Studied from the Viewpoint of International and Cultural Comparison (2017).
Henrik P. Bang is professor of governance at the Institute for Governance and Policy Analysis (IGPA), the University of Canberra. He is mostly known for his concepts of the Everyday Maker, the Expert Citizen and Culture Governance. He is currently working on a book about Habermas and the New Populisms.
Anna Bassi is Associate Professor of Politics at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Prior to joining UNC, she studied economics at Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, where she received a PhD in economics and management in 2006. Furthermore, she studied political science at New York University, where she obtained a PhD in politics in 2010. Her research interests lie at the intersection of economics and political science in the areas of formal theory and experimental methods, with applications to comparative politics, voting and risk attitudes.
Jeeyang Rhee Baum is Adjunct Lecturer in Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School of Government. Her research and teaching interests include comparative political institutions, administrative law and regulatory reform and political economy of bureaucratic reform, particularly as they relate to the enhancement of accountability, responsiveness and public participation in policy development. Previously, she was a Research Fellow at the Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation and a Visiting Scholar at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University.
Michael Baumgartner is a Professor of Philosophy at the Department of Philosophy of the University of Bergen. His research focuses on questions in the philosophy of science and logic, more specifically on causation and causal explanation, data analysis with configurational comparative methods, regularity theories, interventionism, mechanistic explanation, determinism, logical formalisation, argument reconstruction and modelling in the social sciences. He has developed the method of coincidence analysis (CNA) and is a co-author of the corresponding CNA software package for the R environment.
Derek Beach is a Professor of Political Science at the University of Aarhus, where he teaches case study methodology, international relations and European integration. He has authored articles, chapters and books on research methodology, international negotiations, referendums and European integration, and he co-authored the books Process-tracing Methods: Foundations and Guidelines and Causal Case Studies. He has taught qualitative case study methods at ECPR and IPSA summer and winter schools, held short courses at the APSA annual meeting on processtracing and case-based research and numerous workshops and seminars on qualitative methods throughout the world. He is also an academic co-convenor of the ECPR Methods Schools.
Richard Beardsworth is Professor of International Politics and Head of School, Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds. He is also Research Associate at the Institut des Etudes Politiques (SciPo), Paris. He was previously E.H. Carr chair in International Politics and Head of Department, International Politics, Aberystwyth University. Past interests were in continental political philosophy (Derrida and the Political, 1996; Nietzsche, 1997). His main interests now lie in international normative theory, the global challenges of climate change and planetary sustainability, and state leadership (The State and Cosmopolitan Responsibility, 2019). Recent publications rehearse a Weberian and republican account of ethical responsibility towards global challenges that re-aligns national and global interests and duties.
Nathaniel Beck is Professor of Politics at New York University. He is the founding editor of Political Analysis, a winner of the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Society for Political Methodology and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Manfred Max Bergman holds the Chair of Social Research and Methodology at the Department of Social Sciences, University of Basel. He is president of the Swiss Academic Society for Environmental Research and Ecology (SAGUF) and member of the Research Council of the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Uganda National Academy of Sciences, and the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), a global initiative for the United Nations. His research is focused on sustainability in relation to the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the UN Global Compact, specifically how sustainability intersects business and society in a globalised world. His recent publications deal with the business-society nexus in China, India, and the United States. Pursuing alternative forms of policy-relevant and
change-oriented research, he is also working on a new research approach, entitled social transitions research (STR).
Einar Berntzen is Associate Professor at the Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen. He has authored numerous book chapters and articles on Latin American and European politics. Among his latest publications are ‘Demokratiseringen av Sør-Europa’ (2015) in Historien og idéene, ‘Rokkan in the Andes. Cleavages, Party Systems and the Emergence of New Leftist Parties’ (2016) in Norwegian Social Thought on Latin America, ‘State- and Nation-Building in the Nordic Region: Particular Characteristics’ (2017) in The Nordic Models in Political Science. Challenged, but Still Viable? and ‘Norsk bistand til LatinAmerika’ (2017) in Norge i Latin-Amerika. Forbindelser og forestillinger.
Karim Emile Bitar is Acting Director of the Institute of Political Science at the Saint Joseph University of Beirut (USJ) and Director of the Arab Master in Democracy and Human Rights (Global Campus of Human Rights). He is Associate Professor of International Relations at USJ, and Lecturer in Middle East Studies at Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS-Lyon). He is a Senior Fellow at the Institute for International and Strategic Relations in Paris (IRIS) and the Editor of French monthly public affairs magazine L’ENA hors les murs. He is an Associate Fellow at the Geneva Center for Security Policy (GCSP). He co-edited and co-wrote the collective books Regards sur la France (2007, with Robert Fadel), and Le Cèdre et le Chêne, De Gaulle et le Liban (2015, with Clotilde de Fouchécour). He has also authored numerous book chapters and articles in leading publications including The New York Times, Le Monde, Le Monde diplomatique, Libération, An-Nahar, L’Orient-Le Jour, Informed Comment, Atlantico and La Vanguardia. He frequently testifies before the Foreign Affairs Committees of the French and European Parliaments.
Fernando Bizzarro is a PhD Candidate in Political Science at Harvard, and a Research Associate to the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. He studies the nature, causes, and consequences of political institutions, especially political parties and democracy. He has published book chapters and journal articles on the topic.
Hinnerk Bruhns is Director of Research Emeritus at CNRS, affiliated to the Centre de recherches historiques (EHESS/CNRS) in Paris. After his PhD in history in Cologne (1973), he taught at the Universities of Aix-en-Provence and Bochum, and at the EHESS in Paris. He is the editor of Trivium. Revue franco-allemande en sciences sociales et humaines. His books include Max Weber und die Stadt im Kulturvergleich (2000, with Wilfried Nippel), Max Webers historische Sozialökonomie/L’économie de Max Weber entre histoire et sociologie (2014) and Max Weber und der Erste Weltkrieg (2017).
Giliberto Capano is Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of Bologna. He is the editor of Policy & Society. He has been a member of the Executive Committee of the International Political Science Association (2009–14) and was the cofounder of the International Public Policy Association. He is a member of the Executive Committee of the European Consortium of Political Research. He specialises in comparative public policy, policy design, policy instruments and change. His latest books are Changing Governance in Universities. Italian Higher Education in Comparative Perspective (2016, with M. Regini and M. Turri), Designing for Policy Effectiveness. Defining and Understanding a Concept (2018, with M. Howlett, I. Mukherjee, M-H. Chou, G. Peters and P. Ravinet).
Terrell Carver is Professor of Political Theory at the University of Bristol. He has published widely on Marx, Engels and Marxisms, and on sex, gender and sexualities. He has also written many reference-book entries and articles on topics in the philosophy of social science, and he teaches discourse and visual analysis at the IPSA Methods School at the National University of Singapore. His research papers incorporate empirical studies of meaning-making within urban spaces and the built environment, and genre analysis of ideology construction through intellectual biography and popular cinema.
Bruno Cautrès is a senior CNRS Research Fellow at the Centre de Recherches Politiques (CEVIPOF) at Sciences Po Paris. He is a specialist in voting behaviour, political attitudes and quantitative methods. He has been involved in major cross-national survey projects like the ISSP, the EVS and the ESS and in French national election studies. He teaches quantitative methods at different international summer schools (ECPR and IPSA) and at Sciences Po.
Cristopher Cepernich is a sociologist of media and politics at the University of Turin. As Associate Professor, he teaches sociology of communication and media systems and ICT. He is Director of the Observatory on Political and Public Communication of the Department of Culture, Politics and Society. He is Scientific Director of the Master’s in Journalism, ‘Giorgio Bocca’. With Roberta Bracciale, he is scientific coordinator of Policom.Online, a national research and monitoring group on digital political communication. His main research interests are focused on election campaigns and digital communication. Among his recent works are Le campagne elettorali al tempo della networked politics (2017) and ‘Love and Hate in Politics. The Emotionalization of Political Communication’ (Comunicazione Politica, January 2018, edited with Edoardo Novelli).
Furio Cerutti is Professor of Political Philosophy emeritus at the Università di Firenze and Affiliate Professor at the Scuola superiore S.Anna, Pisa. He has been a Visiting Scholar or Professor at the J.W. Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Harvard University, the Université de Paris 8, the Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, the London School of Economics and Political Science, 外交学院 (China Foreign Affairs University), Beijing and Stanford University in Florence. He is a Research Alumnus of the Ruprecht-Karl Universität, Heidelberg. Besides the works quoted in his chapter, Cerutti has published The Search for a European Identity: Values, Policies and Legitimacy of the European Union, ed. with S. Lucarelli, Routledge: London 2008; Brauchen die Europäer eine Identität? ed. with E. Rudolph, Zürich: Orell Füssli 2011;全球治理:挑战与趋势 (Global Governance: Challenges and Trends), ed. with Zhu Liqun and Lu Jing, Beijing: 社会科学文献出版社 (Social Science Academic Press), 2014.
Rajesh Chakrabarti is the Dean at the Jindal Global Business School, Jindal Global University and co-founder of Sunay Policy Advisory Pvt. Ltd. He was a faculty member at the University of Alberta, Georgia Tech and the Indian School of Business (ISB). At ISB, he became the founding Executive Director of the Bharti Institute of Public Policy. He also led the Research and Policy vertical at the Wadhwani Foundation. Rajesh is an alumnus of Presidency College, Calcutta and IIM Ahmedabad and earned his PhD from the University of California, Los Angeles.
Jennifer Cyr is Associate Professor of Political Science and Latin American Politics at the University of Arizona. She writes on political representation, identity and democracy in Latin America, and on the rigorous integration of qualitative methods, and especially focus groups, into mixed-methods research. She has published two books, The Fates of Political Parties:
Institutional Crisis, Continuity, and Change in Latin America (2017) and Focus Groups for the Social Science Researcher (2019), and has articles in several journals, including Comparative Political Studies, Comparative Politics, Studies in Comparative International Development, Sociological Methods and Research and Revista de Ciencia Política.
Roland Czada is Chair in Government and Public Policy, University of Osnabrück. He received his MA in 1979 (University of Tübingen) and his doctorate in 1986 (University of Constance). He held academic positions at the Free University Berlin, the University of Constance and the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne, as well as visiting appointments at the Humboldt University Berlin (1993), the University of Cape Town (2001/2), and the University of Tokyo (2003). His current work is on energy policies, welfare-state reform, non-majoritarian politics and negotiation democracy. In English his publications include ‘“Post-Democracy” and the Public Sphere: Informality and Transparency in Negotiated Decision-Making’ (2015).
Charles-Philippe David is Full Professor of Political Science, President of the Centre for United States Studies, as well as the Founder of the Raoul Dandurand Chair of Strategic and Diplomatic Studies at the University of Québec at Montréal. He has authored and directed many French- and English-edited scholarly publications on American foreign policy and international security, such as La Guerre et la Paix: Approches et enjeux de la sécurité et de la stratégie (2020, 4th edition, with Olivier Schmitt).
Donatella della Porta is Professor of Political Science, Dean of the Department of Political and Social Sciences and Director of the PhD programme in Political Science and Sociology at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Florence, where she also leads the Center on Social Movement Studies (Cosmos). The main topics of her research include social movements, political violence, terrorism, corruption, the police and protest policing. Among her very recent publications are Legacies and Memories in Movements (2018), Sessantotto. Passato e presente dell’anno ribelle (2018), Contentious Moves (2017), Global Diffusion of Protest (2017), Late Neoliberalism and its Discontents (2017), Movement Parties in Times of Austerity (2017), Where Did the Revolution Go? (2016) ; Social Movements in Times of Austerity (2015), Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research (2014), Spreading Protest (2014, with Alice Mattoni), Participatory Democracy in Southern Europe (2014, with Joan Font and Yves Sintomer), Mobilizing for Democracy (2014), Can Democracy Be Saved? (2013), Clandestine Political Violence (2013, with D. Snow, B. Klandermans and D. McAdam) and Blackwell Encyclopedia on Social and Political Movements (2013).
Claire A. Dunlop is Professor of Politics and Public Policy at the University of Exeter. A public policy and administration scholar, her main fields of interest include the politics of expertise and knowledge utilisation, risk governance, policy learning and analysis, impact assessment and policy narratives. Since 2014, Claire has been an editor of Public Policy and Administration.
Atta El-Battahani is Professor of Political Science, Khartoum University (Sudan). He received his PhD from Sussex University. He was the Head of the Department of Political Science, Khartoum University (2003–6), a founding member of Amnesty International Khartoum Group (1987–9), the Sudanese Civil Society Network for Poverty Alleviation (SCSNPA) (2002–5) and Sudan Country Manager of International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
(2006–10). His areas of research and publication include ethnic and religious conflicts in the Third World, governance and state institutional reform, gender politics and peripheral capitalism and political Islam. He is currently the Editor-in-Chief of Sudan Journal of Economic and Social Studies.
Zachary Elkins (Department of Government, University of Texas at Austin) studies issues of democracy, institutional reform, research methods and national identity, with an emphasis on cases in Latin America. His current research centres on the origins and consequences of national constitutions. Elkins earned his BA from Yale University, an MA from the University of Texas at Austin and his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley.
Felix Ettensperger is a PhD candidate and Political Science Lecturer at Albert-Ludwigs-Universität in Freiburg. His research focus is the development and improvement of conflict-forecasting models using self-learning algorithms and neural networks. He is currently working on various research projects incorporating advanced data-clustering techniques, text mining and other big-data methods in the field of political science. He currently holds the position of Assistant Managing Editor of the bi-annually published scientific journal Statistics, Politics and Policy
Louise Fawcett is Professor of International Relations and Head of the Department of International Relations at the University of Oxford. She is also the Wilfrid Knapp Fellow and Tutor in Politics at St Catherine’s College. She is the author/editor of many works on regionalism including Regionalism in World Politics (with Andrew Hurrell), published by Oxford University Press.
Maurizio Ferrera is Professor of Political Science at the University of Milan, Italy. He is currently one of the PIs of ERC Synergy project SOLID–Policy Crisis and Crisis Politics. Sovereignty, Solidarity and Identity in the Eu post 2008, and in June 2019 he completed his former ERC Advanced project REScEU – Reconciling Economic and Social Europe (www. resceu.eu). His main research interests include comparative welfare states, European integration, Italian politics and political theory. He is the author of The Boundaries of Welfare 2005; French translation in 2009) and his most recent articles have recently appeared in the European Journal of Political Research, the European Journal of Public Policy, the Journal of Common Market Studies and the Journal of European Social Policy. His latest book in Italian is Il Quinto Stato (2019).
oscar Gabriel is Emeritus Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Stuttgart. His fields of research are political attitudes and behaviour. During his academic career he held positions at the universities of Mainz, Bamberg and Stuttgart and was Visiting Professor at the University of Vienna and at Sciences Po Bordeaux. From 2001 to 2013 he was a member of the German National Coordinating Team of the European Social Survey. He has published around 300 books and articles.
Jean-François Gagné is a Research Fellow at the Center for International Studies (CÉRIUM) and is a Research Fellow at the Center for International Studies (CERIUM) and Adjunct Professor on Political Development and Technology. He holds a PhD in political science from the Université de Montréal. His current research focuses on the impact of artificial intelligence on political regimes. He was a Political Analyst at Export Development Canada and Fellow at the Raoul-Dandurand Chair of Strategic and Diplomatic Studies.
Manuel Antonio Garretón, sociologist, graduated from the Universidad Católica de Chile. His PhD is from the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris. He has been director of several academic institutions in Chile and has taught at universities in Chile and other countries. He is an advisor and consultant for several international, public and non-governmental organisations. He has published more than 400 articles in different languages and more than 50 books as author, co-author or editor. His current position is Professor, University of Chile, Department of Sociology. In 2007, he was awarded the Chilean National Prize in Social Sciences and Humanities. In 2015, he was awarded the Kalman Silvert Award, LASA, Among his books The Chilean Polical Process (1989); Incomplete Democracy (2004) . Latin America at the 21st Century, Toward a new sociopolitical matrix? (with M.Cavarozzi, J Hartlyn, P Cleaves, Gary Gereffi) (2003).
Elizaveta Gaufman is a Post-doctoral Fellow at the Institute for Intercultural and International Studies (InIIS) at the University of Bremen. She is the author of Security Threats and Public Perception: Digital Russia and the Ukraine Crisis (2017). Her current research project is focused on theorizing and investigating everyday foreign policy practices in Russia and the United States.
Bernard Grofman is Jack W. Peltason Chair of Democracy Studies and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Irvine. His research deals primarily with issues of representation, including minority voting rights, the comparative study of electoral rules, constitutional design, and party competition; and he is a specialist in behavioral social choice. He is co-author of five books with major university presses, and co-editor of 23 other books, with over 300 research articles and book chapters, including ten in the American Political Science Review.
Dingping Guo is Professor of Political Science and Director of the Dr Seaker Chan Center for Comparative Political Studies in Fudan University. He was Chinese Director of the Confucius Institute at the University of Nottingham (2012–14), Vice-Dean of the Institute of International Studies at Fudan University (2009–12) and Director of the Center for Japanese Studies (2008–12) at Fudan University. He received his first PhD from Fudan University in 1999 and his second from Tokyo University in 2002. His research interests focus on political theory and comparative politics, especially in East Asia.
Jeffrey Haynes is Emeritus Professor of Politics at London Metropolitan University. He has research interests in several areas, including religion and international relations, religion and politics, democracy and democratisation, and the politics of development. The more recent of Haynes’s more than 250 publications include From Trump to Huntington: Thirty Years of the Clash of Civilizations (2019) and The United Nations Alliance of Civilisations and the Pursuit of Global Justice: Overcoming Western versus Muslim Conflict and the Creation of a Just World Order (2018). Haynes is Editor of the book series ‘Routledge Studies in Religion & Politics which publishes around four books a year, Co-editor of the journal Democratization and Co-editor of Democratization’s book series, ‘Special Issues and Virtual Special Issues’, which publishes approximately three volumes a year.
Eva G. Heidbreder is Professor for Political Science/Multilevel-Governance in Europe at the Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg. In her research, she takes a public-policy and publicadministration view on the EU. Concretely, this includes studies on the multilevel administrative system of the EU and civil-society participation in the EU, as well as the evolution of the
EU’s institutional competences and negotiation dynamics in the Brexit process. After completing her PhD at the European University Institute in Florence, she has held positions at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, the Hertie School of Governance, the Freie and Humboldt Universities in Berlin and the University Konstanz.
Gunther Hellmann is Professor of Political Science at Goethe University Frankfurt/ Main. He specializes in German foreign policy, European and transatlantic security relations, and the theory of international relations. He taught at Freie Universität Berlin and Darmstadt University of Technology and held Visiting Professorships at the SAIS Bologna Center of Johns Hopkins University and Dartmouth College. Since 2014 he served as Executive Secretary and, since 2017, as President of the World International Studies Committee.
ursula Hoffmann-Lange is Professor Emerita at the University of Bamberg. Her fields of research are elites, political culture and democratisation. She held Visiting Professorships at the University of Texas at Austin and Vanderbilt University and co-edited several comparative volumes on elites
James F. Hollifield is Ora Nixon Arnold Chair in International Political Economy, Professor in the Department of Political Science, and Director of the Tower Center at Southern Methodist University (SMU) in Dallas, Texas, and Global Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center in Washington, DC. His major books include Immigrants, Markets and States (1992), L’Immigration et l’Etat Nation: à la recherche d’un modèle national (1997), Pathways to Democracy: The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (2014, with Calvin Jillson), Migration Theory (2000 with Caroline Brettell, now it its 3rd edition), and Controlling Immigration (1994, with Philip Martin and Pia Orrenius, also in its 3rd edition). He also has published numerous scientific articles and reports on the political economy of international migration and development.
Michael Howlett is Burnaby Mountain Professor and Canada Research Chair (Tier 1) in the Department of Political Science at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, BC, Canada. He specializes in public policy analysis, political economy, and resource and environmental policy. He is the author of Canadian Public Policy (2013); Designing Public Policies (2011 and 2019), The Policy Design Primer (2019) and co-author of Policy Consultancy in Comparative Perspective; (2019), Designing for Policy Effectiveness: Defining and Understanding a Concept; (2018) Application of Federal Legislation to Alberta’s Mineable Oil Sands (2013), The Public Policy Primer (2010 and 2018), Integrated Policymaking for Sustainable Development (2009), Studying Public Policy (2019, 2009, 2003 & 1995), In Search of Sustainability (2001), The Political Economy of Canada (1999 and 1992) and Canadian Natural Resource and Environmental Policy (1997 and 2005).
Yael Kariv-Teitelbaum is a Doctorate Research Fellow in the Faculty of Law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Her main field of research is public law, focusing on regulation and privatization. After completing an LLB in Law and Psychology (Summa Cum Laude) and serving as the Chief Editor of The Hebrew University Law Review, she was awarded several honourable scholarships, including the President Scholarship for Doctoral Students, the Hoffman Leadership and Responsibility Fellowship Program and the Faye Kaufman Memorial Prize for Doctoral Students.
Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski is Professor of Political Theory and Democracy Research at the Leipzig University. Since 2008, he has been Professor of Political Science at the Wroclaw University, Visiting Professor and Visiting Scholar at Harvard University, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Université de Montréal (2013), New York University and the Institut Politiques in Lille. His main areas of research are collective identity and nationalism in Europe. His more recent book publications include European Identity Revisited (2016), Civic Resources and the Future of the European Union (2012), The Nation and Nationalism in Europe (2011) and Citizenship and Collective Identity in Europe (2010).
Hans Keman is Professor Emeritus of Political Science. He graduated at the University of Leiden and taught at the University of Amsterdam, Leiden, and as a guest professor abroad. He has published several books, many articles in peer-reviewed journals and regular contributions to research volumes. Most of his research and related publications are in the field of comparative political science, methodology and the relationship between history and social sciences. Among his latest books are Social Democracy: A Comparative Account of the Left-Wing Party Family (2017) and Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Political Science (2016, with Jaap Woldendorp).
Herbert Kitschelt is Professor of Political Science at Duke University. He has published on the configuration of party systems in advanced democracies (e.g. The Transformation of European Social Democracy (1994), The Radical Right in Western Europe (1995), The Politics of Advanced Capitalism (2015, co-editor)), post-communism (Post-Communist Party Systems (1999), with co-authors) and Latin America (Latin American Party Systems (2010)). One major concern has been the role of clientelism in party systems (Patrons, Clients, and Policies (2007, co-editor)), also documented in data and publications within the framework of the Democratic Accountability and Linkage Project (DALP).
Hanspeter Kriesi holds the Stein Rokkan Chair in Comparative Politics at the European University Institute in Florence. He is also affiliated to the Laboratory for Comparative Social Research, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation. Previously, he taught at the universities of Amsterdam, Geneva and Zurich. His wide-ranging research interests include the study of various aspects of democracy, political communication, political mobilisation and opinion formation. In 2016, he was the holder of the Francqui Chair at the University of Leuven. In 2017, he received the Mattei-Dogan Prize.
Hans-Joachim Lauth (Germany) is Professor of Comparative Politics and Systems Studies at the Institute for Political Science and Sociology (IPS) of the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg. He has published many articles and books on democracies in comparison, rule of law in comparison, civil society, informal rules (such as corruption and clientelism), Governance, and comparative methods. He has been one of the speaker of the DVPW working group ‘Intercultural Democracy Comparison’ (1997–2006), and of the DVPW working group ‘Democracy Research’ (2006–2012). He has been Board Member of the IPSA Committee on Concepts and Methods (2006–2012) and is editor and responsible editor of the journal Comparative Governance and Politics ZfVP (since 2008), member of the Editorial Board of Comparative Sociology and member of the Editorial Board of Politics and Governance. In his current research activities he is investigating the development of the quality of democracy and its causes and he is a member of the DFG research group ‘Local Self-Regulations in Antiquity and Modernity’.
Richard Ned Lebow is Professor of International Political Theory in the War Studies Department of King’s College London and Bye-Fellow of Pembroke College, University of Cambridge. His most recent books are Reason and Cause (forthcoming), The Rise and Fall of Political Orders (2018), Avoiding War, Making Peace (2017) and Max Weber and International Relations, (2017). He is a Fellow of the British Academy.
David Levi-Faur is a Professor for Political Science and Public Policy at the Federmann School of Public Policy and the Department of Political Science of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He specialises in the theory of regulation and comparative public policy. He has held research and teaching positions at the University of Haifa, the University of Oxford, the Freie Universität Berlin, Wissenschaft Centrum Berlin, the Australian National University and the University of Manchester. He has also held visiting positions in the London School of Economics, the University of Amsterdam, University of Utrecht, Center for Advanced Studies LMU (CASLMU) and University of California (Berkeley).
Anne-Laure Mahé is the East Africa Research Fellow at the Institute for Strategic Research (IRSEM, Paris). She holds a PhD in political science from the Université de Montréal and specialises in comparative politics and African studies, conducting research on authoritarian regimes, the relationships between their resilience and development policies and, specifically, on the case of Sudan.
Scott Mainwaring is the Eugene and Helen Conley Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame. His book with Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall (Cambridge University Press, 2013) won the best book prizes of the Comparative Politics section of the American Political Science Association and of the Political Institutions section of the Latin American Studies Association. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010. In April 2019, PS listed him as among the 50 most cited political scientists in the world. He served as the Jorge Paulo Lemann Professor for Brazil Studies at Harvard University from 2016 to 2019. He previously taught at Notre Dame from 1983 to 2016.
Siddharth Mallavarapu currently serves as a Professor at the Department of International Relations and Governance Studies at the Shiv Nadar University. Prior to this, he taught International Relations at the Jawaharlal Nehru University and at the South Asian University in Delhi. He is Co-series Editor (along with Himadeep Muppidi of Vassar College, NY, and Raymond Duvall of the University of Minnesota) of ‘Critical Global Thought’, published by Oxford University Press. Siddharth is a member of the editorial board of the online journal Global Perspectives, published by the University of California Press. He has been a Visiting Professor at Sciences Po, Paris in March 2016 and earlier this summer has been a Visiting Research Professor at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin. Theory Talks (www.theory-talks.org/) and E-International Relations have both interviewed and featured him. His most recent publication is a book co-edited by Kanti Bajpai and himself titled India, the West, and International Order
David M. Malone is a Canadian author on international security and development, as well as a career diplomat. He is a former President of the International Peace Institute, and a frequently quoted expert on international affairs, especially on Indian foreign policy and the work of the UN Security Council. He became President of the International Development Research Centre
in 2008 and served until 2013. On 1 March 2013, he took up the position of UN UnderSecretary-General, Rector of the United Nations University, headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. He holds an MPA from Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government and earned a DPhil in International Relations from Oxford University and has most recently, he co-edited The Oxford Handbook of UN Treaties (OUP, 2019) and Megaregulation Contested: Economic Ordering after TPP (OUP, 2019).
Maria Marczewska-Rytko is Professor of Political Science and Religious Studies, Faculty of Political Science and Journalism, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin. She is the Chief Editor of Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska: Sectio K Politologia. Her main research topics are direct democracy, populism, religion and politics, political and social movements and political communication. Her edited volumes include the Handbook of Direct Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989 (2018), Democratic Thought in the Age of Globalization (2003), Religion in a Changing Europe: Between Pluralism and Fundamentalism. Selected Problems (2018) and Civic Participation in the Visegrad Group Countries after 1989 (2018).
Jeffrey D. Maslanik is an Associate Researcher with Lund University and a Visiting Lecturer of IPE and International Security at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities Department of International Relations in Ho Chi Minh City. He completed his PhD in International Relations from Florida International University’s Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs in 2017.
Liborio Mattina is a former Professor of Political Science and Comparative Politics at the University of Trieste.His works include ‘International Pressures and Democratisation in Central and Eastern Europe’ (2005) in Europeanisation and Democratisation, ‘Interest Groups’ (2011) in International Encyclopedia of Political Science, ‘Interest Groups and the “Amended” Liberalizations of the Monti Government’ (2013) in Italian Politics, Technocrats in Office and ‘Left-of-centre Parties and Trade Unions in Italy: From Party Dominance to a Dialogue of the Deaf (2017) in Left-of-Centre Parties and Trade Unions in the Twenty-First Century.
Gianpietro Mazzoleni has been Professor of Sociology of Mass Communication and of Political Communication in the Universities of Salerno, Genoa and Milan, and invited Visiting Professor at Innsbruck Universität, George Mason University, Freie Universität Berlin and Université de Toulouse. He served as Editor-in Chief of the International Encyclopedia of Political Communication (2016) and is the author of several publications in the field of media and political communication.With Paolo Mancini, he founded in 2000 the peer-reviewed journal Comunicazione Politica, and he is currently President of the Italian Association of Political Communication. In 2018, he was named Fellow of the International Communication Association.
Rohinton P. Medhora is President of the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), joining in 2012. Previously, he was Vice President of programmes at Canada’s International Development Research Centre. He received his doctorate in economics in 1988 from the University of Toronto, where he subsequently taught. His fields of expertise are monetary and trade policy, international economic relations and development economics. He has published in professional and non-technical journals, and produced several books. He is a member of the Commission on Global Economic Transformation, co-chaired by Nobel
economics laureates Michael Spence and Joseph Stiglitz and The Lancet-Financial Times commission on artificial intelligence and global health.
Carlos R. S. Milani is Professor of International Relations at the Rio de Janeiro State University’s Institute for Social and Political Studies (IESP-UERJ). He is also a Senior Research Fellow with the Brazilian National Science Council (CNPq). His research agenda includes Brazilian foreign policy, regional powers and comparative foreign policy, international development cooperation, and climate change international politics. His latest articles published inter alia by International Affairs, the Cambridge Review of International Affairs and The South African Journal of International Affairs are available at https://carlosmilani.com.br/articles/
Helen V. Milner is the B. C. Forbes Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and the director of the Niehaus Center for Globalization and Governance at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School. She has written extensively on issues related to international and comparative political economy, the connections between domestic politics and foreign policy, and the impact of globalisation.
Mohammad-Mahmoud ould Mohamedou is Professor of International History at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, and Visiting Professor at the Doctoral School at Sciences Po Paris. He was previously the Associate Director of the Programme on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard University.
Jonathon Moses is a Professor of Political Science at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), in Trondheim. Along with Torbjørn Knutsen, Moses is the co-author of Ways of Knowing: Competing Methodologies in Social and Political Research, which was recently released in a third edition.
Ferdinand Müller-Rommel is Professor (Emeritus) of Comparative Politics at Leuphana University Lüneburg. He was Visiting Professor at the University of New South Wales, the University of Miami, the University of California (Irvine), Siena University and the European University Institute. He is a member of the IPSA Executive Committee, former member (Vice-Chair) of the ECPR Executive Committee and President of the German Political Science Association. He has published numerous books and journal articles on political executives, party government and party systems in European democracies.
Herfried Münkler is a German political scientist. He is a Professor of Political Theory at Humboldt University in Berlin. Münkler is a regular commentator on global affairs in the German-language media and author of numerous books on the history of political ideas (German: Ideengeschichte), on state-building and on the theory of war, such as “Machiavelli” (1982), “Gewalt und Ordnung” (1992), “The New Wars” (orig. 2002) and “Empires: The Logic of World Domination from Ancient Rome to the United States” (orig. 2005). In 2009 Münkler was awarded the Leipzig Book Fair Prize in the category “Non-fiction” for Die Deutschen und ihre Mythen (engl. “the Germans and their myths”).
Jack Paine is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Rochester. His two main research projects examine (1) how dictators strategically use repression and powersharing, and their consequences for authoritarian survival and civil war and (2) the origins and consequences of democratic institutions under colonialism.
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Vuodet vierivät, piilipuu vanheni, ja kaupunki sen ympärillä kasvoi, niin että se vähitellen oli joutunut keskelle meluavinta kaupunkia, keskelle sen sankinta savua ja tomuisinta ilmapiiriä. Piilipuun olo kävi vuosi vuodelta vaikeammaksi, ja ikävän mato jäyti yhä syvemmältä sen sydäntä, niin että korkeassa, arveluttavasti huojuvassa latvassa näkyi sen heikkous.
Piilipuu tunsi loppunsa lähenevän. Elämänsä viimeisenä keväänä se jo varhain aukoi keltaisten heteiden kaunistamia »kissojaan», synnytti silmuja ja aukoi lehtiä niinkuin konsanaan nuoruutensa keväässä. Se tahtoi kuolla kauniina ja voittajana vaikean kilvoituksensa jälkeen…
Eräänä heinäkuun helteisenä päivänä olivat uhkaavat pilvenhattarat taivaalla vähitellen kertyneet suuriksi möhkäleiksi, jotka ennustivat rajuilmaa. Vanha piilipuu seisoi oksat riipallaan väräjämättömin lehdin. Sen jokainen solu janosi vettä, ja siksi se lepäsi auringon paahteessa huumaantuneena niinkuin unen horroksissa ja näytti kuolleelta.
Tässä tajuttomuudenkin tilassaan se kuitenkin tunsi vihan myrskyn kiertävän kuumeisia suoniaan. Se vihasi ihmisiä, jotka jo ammoin olivat siltä riistäneet luonnonlapsen vapauden ja pakottaneet sen elämään sairaalloista elämäänsä tässä kuivassa kiviröykkiössä. Ja kuitenkaan he eivät suoneet sille pisaraakaan vettä lievitykseksi, sillä kaupungin lapset ovat niin itsekkäitä. Koristuksenaan, ilonaan ja hyötynään olisivat sitä kyllä pitäneet sillä oman vallan omistusoikeudella, joka imee itseensä maaseudun parhaat voimat. Mutta se tahtoi kostaa, kostaa…
Yht'äkkiä alkoi kuulua kaukaista ja sitten yhä lähenevää ukkosenjyrinää. Taivas peittyi synkkiin pilviin, ja ankara tuulenpuuska alkoi rajusti heilutella piilipuun velttona riippuvia oksia. Piilipuu heräsi horroksistaan. Sen oksat taipuilivat ankarasti, ja niinkuin kuumetautinen heittelee levottomana käsiään sinne tänne, heilutteli vanha piilipuukin valittaen pitkiä oksiaan. Kuivat lehdet putoilivat sankkana sateena ja lensivät pyrynä yli suuren torin.
Rankkasade lankesi yli tomuisen kaupungin. Tummat peltikatot rämisivät valtavana pauhuna sateen niitä rajusti naputellessa, ja räystäiltä johtavat vesirännit syöksivät vaahtoavaa vettä kidoistansa niinkuin satujen jättiläislohikäärmeet myrkkyvaahtoaan.
Katukäytävien mustalle asfaltille rajusti lankeavat vesipisarat muuttuivat särkyessään vesihöyryksi, jota vinha tuuli kiidätti eteenpäin, ja voimakkaat vesivirrat lakaisivat torin kivityksen lomista hiekkaa vieden sitä matkassaan syöksyessään kohti katuviemäreitä, joiden ahnaat suut eivät ehtineet niellä niin paljon vettä kuin taivas antoi.
Hätääntyneet, sateen yllättämät ihmiset juoksivat sateensuojaan leveitten räystäitten alle ja porttikäytäviin. Taivas salamoi, ja korkeitten kivimuurien kaiku kertasi ankaria jyrähdyksiä.
Eräs ryysyinen katupoika lähti torilta juoksemaan piilipuun suojaan, mutta ihmiset varoittivat häntä ukonilmalla turvautumasta korkeaan puuhun. Kielloista huolimatta juoksi kasvatusta ja kuuliaisuutta vailla oleva kadunlapsi vanhan piilipuun suojaan ja huusi puun alta, että siellä oli parempi olla kuin »porttikongeissa»…
Rajuilma oli kohonnut huippuunsa. Sade ja ukkosenjyrinä pauhasivat niin, että ihmisäänet eivät kuuluneet yli sen valtavan
pauhun. Vanha piilipuu heilui ja taipuili arveluttavasti myrskyn kynsissä, ja rappaus sen lahossa kyljessä lohkeili.
Koko sen olemusta vavisti rajuilman jättiläisvoima, ja se tunsi vanhassa, sairaassa ruumiissaan, jota vasten katupoika nojasi, kuoleman ankaran tulon. Mutta kuoleman kamppailussaankin se vihasi tuota kirotun kaupungin kadunlasta, joka uhmamielisyydessään uskalsi etsiä siltä myrskyn suojaa…
Samassa leimahti kirkas salama, ja siinä silmänräpäyksessä kajahti ankara jyrähdys. Salama iski piilipuun korkeimpaan latvaan, ja suurella pauhulla ja ryskeellä kaatui taittunut piilipuu yli torin lähellä olevan porttikäytävän suuta kohti sulkien ihmisiltä tien.
Suuri melu ja hämminki syntyi ihmisjoukossa. Kuului hätääntyneitä huutoja ja kirouksia. Osa ihmisistä syöksyi kiipeilemällä yli puun lehtevien oksien pelastamaan lasta, joka makasi tiedotonna piilipuun tukevan rungon alla.
Muurisavi puun rungossa oli murtunut ja hajotessaan peittänyt katupojan soran alle. Kun lapsi vihdoin suurella vaivalla saatiin esille puunrungon alta, oli se pahasti ruhjoutunut. Salama ja kaatuva puu yhdessä olivat vieneet siltä hengen. Väkijoukosta kuului huudahduksia:
— Maistraatin olisi jo aikoja sitten pitänyt hävittää tämä iänikuinen, laho puurähjä, joka siinä vuosikymmeniä on seissyt ihmisten kiusana…
— Häviävään Helsinkiin tuollaiset roskat kuuluvat…
— Minä olen aina sanonut, että se vielä kaatuessaan tappaa ihmisiä…
— Niinkuin tappoikin…
Mutta vanha, paljon kovaa kokenut piilipuu lienee kuollessaan tuntenut hyvitystä ja koston suloa niistä vääryyksistä, joita kaupunki ja sen itsekkäät ihmiset olivat sille vuosikymmenien vankeudessa tehneet…
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