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Preface

Oneaircraftcausedmorefear,confusionandangst thananyotherduringtheSecond WorldWar –the MesserschmittMe163.Andit wasn’tjusttheMe 163’s rocketenginewhichcausedsuchconsternation,nor its heavycannonarmamentnor evenitsincredibleturnof speed:morethananythingit wasitsshape.

In aworldwhereeveryaircrafthadatleastone propeller,straightwings, alongfuselageand atailplane, Messerschmitt’slittleinterceptor wasaradicaldeparture fromconvention –possessingnoneofthese features.Many Alliedaircrew whosawitthoughtit resembled abat;others didn’tknowwhattothink.Itappearedoutofnowhere, struckandthendived away atincrediblespeed.Forsome,it wastrulyterrifying.

by Germanaircraftcompanies duringthe war, thoughthe kingofallprojects,theGothaGo229, wasmysteriously absent.Whatdidappear,however,was ahuge rangeof designsclearly relatedtotheMe163 –somelonger,some larger,some evensportingtailplanes.

When IfirstencounteredtheMe163,ithadentirelythe oppositeeffect. Iwasleafingthrough acopyofWilliam Green’sFamousFightersoftheSecond WorldWarand thereitwas,stuckrightattheend, astumpysad-looking littlethingthatseemedasthoughit wouldbarelybe able tofly.Comparedtotheaircraft Ihadjust readabout – the beautifulSpitfire,thebrutish ThunderboltandthesharklikeMe262,it wasa dismalafterthought.

Some yearslater, in 1991,George Lucas’sLucasfilm Gamesbroughtout a videogamecalled Secret Weaponsofthe Luftwaffe forthePC, withcoverartdepicting two strange-lookingjets attacking aformation of B-17s.Theseunusual fightershadno fuselageortailtospeak of – theywereliterally all-wing. Iwondered againwhethersomething likethatcould reallybemadetofly. The bookletaccompanyingthegame,however, madeit quiteclearthattheGermans reallyhadtriedtobuildthis aircraft,theGothaGo229.

Booksbegantobecome availablewhichfleshedout thestoryofmanyofthese‘projects’,usuallytranslated fromGermanoriginals,butthesewereofteninconsistent andfilledwithinexplicableanomalies.Onecommon threadwhichseemedtorunthroughout,though, was anadmiration fortheHortenbrothersandtheirHo229 (callingittheGo229 wasapparently acommonmistake) It wasclearthatmanyofthewriterswhose work Iwasnow reading were actually fansoftheseenigmaticdesigners. Somehowthisseemedtocolourtheirwritingand Ibeganto wonderjusthowmuchoftheHortenlegend wasgrounded inhardfact.

Evidentlyithadbeenmadeto aspecificationsetout by HermannGöring“thatallnewaircraftshouldcarry1000kg of bombs,flyat1000km/handhave apenetrationdepthof 1000km”.Furthermore,theaircraft’sdesigners,theHorten brothers,madethis“flyingwing” outofwoodbecause “it waslightweightandmetal wasinshortsupply.The Hortensalsobelievedthat awoodenwinghit by acannon shell wouldsustainlessdamagethan ametalone.The wood construction,coveredwith aspecial radar-absorbingpaint, madethis‘flyingwing’virtually undetectable by radar”. This wasunbelievable –afuturisticNazistealthfighter! Whyhad Ineverheardofitbefore? Ire-checkedbutnoneof the books Ihadcouldofferanyfurtherclues.

In2015 Iwrote apublicationcalledLuftwaffe:SecretJets oftheThirdReichwhichsetoutto resolvesomeofthe problemswiththeearlier‘projects’books by goingback totheoriginal wartimedocuments fromwhichtheyhad presumablybeen created.

Mystartingpoint was adocumentwhich resides intheNationalArchives at KewinLondon–GermanAircraft:New andProjected Types. Compiled by Britishair intelligencestaffin1945 fromcapturedGerman documentsandpublished inJanuary1946,itincludes drawingsof174types fromthefull rangeof manufacturersandamounts to afactually reliable ‘greatesthits’ofsecret projects.

Ontothis foundationdozensofotherdocumentary sources,manyofthemapparentlypreviouslyunseen, were overlaidtobuildup ahistoryofGermanjetor‘TL’ (Turbinen-Luftstrahltriebwerk)aircraftdevelopment duringtheSecond WorldWar.Isubsequentlyproduced asecond volumeconcentratingonbombers –my understandingofthecompaniesconcerned,theirpeople, theirproductsandtheirhistorieschangingand evolving as Icontinuedtostudyoriginal wartimedocumentation.

Thenin1998 Iwasdirected by afriendto awebsite calledLuft46.comwhereIwasamazedtofind avastand bewildering rangeof‘secretprojects’apparentlydesigned

Wherethefirsttwovolumes examinedthemajor Germanaircraftdesigncontestsofthe warinaloosely chronological fashion,thispublicationaimstolook specificallyat wartimeflyingwingor‘nurflügel’projects suchastheHorten229andtaillessprojectssuchasthe Me 163,andhowtheyfaredwhenpittedagainstconventional designs.

Above all,however, itisintendedtoshowcaseand explain someofthewildest, weirdestandmostincredibleaircraft designs everproduced. •

006 Introduction

010 LippischandMesserschmittpart1

020 TheHortenbrothersto1942

028 LippischandMesserschmittpart2

038 HeinkelandFocke-Wulfdesigns1942

040 LippischandMesserschmittpart3

048 TheHortenIX

054 Lippischandthe P11part1

056 Focke-Wulfandonethousandtimesthree

058 GothaP-60

062 Ein-TL-Jäger

064 Ein-TL-Jäger –Heinkel P1078

068 Ein-TL-Jäger –Blohm &Voss P212

074 Ein-TL-Jäger –Messerschmitt P1111and P1112

078 Ein-TL-Jäger –JunkersEF128

082 SchlechtwetterundNachtjäger

090 Heinkel P1079

094 Arado E555

FRONTCOVER: ABlohm &Voss P215 night-fighterdownsa French AAB-1.Art by RonnieOlsthoorn.Formore informationaboutthe P215,seepage82.

INSIDECOVER: MesserschmittP11 Schnellbomberdrawing datedSeptember13,1942. Iowa StateUniversityLibrary SpecialCollectionsand UniversityArchive

AUTHOR:DanSharp DESIGN:atg-media.com

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High-performance

Germany’sWW2taillessandflyingwingdesigns

Anobsessionwithglidersin1920sand1930sGermanyledtothepursuitofever greateraerodynamicefficiencyinpoweredaircraft.Duringthewar,withpiston enginesreachingtheirlimitandtailplanescausingunwanteddrag,designers begantolookelsewhereforperformancegains…

Thesearch foreverfaster,evermore manoeuvrableaircraft reacheditszenith duringthelifeordeathstruggle for supremacythat wastheSecond WorldWar.

Likeeveryotherair forcearoundthe world,theLuftwaffe enteredtheconflict operatingaircraftbasedon adesigntemplate established20 yearsearlier:pistonengine-driven propellersatthefront, alongcentralfuselage housingthecrew,alargepair –ortwo pairs–ofstraightwingstowardsthefront,straight tailplanesatthe rearandanuprighttailfin.

Germanydifferedfromothernationsin 1939,however, inhavingthe world’slargest concentrationof aviation researchand development facilities.Itsaircraftbuilders couldcallupon atotalof63windtunnels, andtheuniversitiesand researchinstitutes thatoperatedthem,tocontinuallytestand refinenewaerodynamic formsandideas.This ‘industry’hadgrownanddeveloped overthe precedingtwodecades,driveninitially by theGermanpostwarpassion forgliding.

Thenation’sdefeatattheendoftheFirst WorldWarhadbroughtwithittheimposition ofthe Treatyof Versailleswhich bannedthe manufactureandimportationofallaircraft

andaircraftpartsinGermany forsixmonths. Italso requiredthatallGerman“military and navalaeronauticalmaterial”behanded over totheAllies.Thiseffectivelycrippledthe German aviationindustryandleft ageneration

ofmilitary aviatorswithoutaircrafttofly. Andthesucceedinggeneration,broughtup ontalesofGermanpilots’ wartimeheroics, hadno wayoffollowingintheir footsteps. Evenwhenthebanonbuildingsmall

ABOVE: RememberedtodayprimarilyfordesigningtheMe163,AlexanderLippischmadehisname intheearly1930swithadvancedgliderssuchasthisone –theFafnir.Itwasanastonishingdesign in1931,whenmostaircraftwereponderousbiplanes.

GERMANFLYINGWING/TAILLESS

• 1927

• June11,1928

• Mid1930

• February1932

• Late1932

• Early1933

• July1933

AlexanderLippisch,directoroftheaeronauticaldepartment at theRhön-Rossitten-Gesellschaft(RRG),buildshisfirstfullscalemanned taillessglider –theStorchI.

FritzStamermakesthefirstmannedrocket-powered flightinhistoryonthe WasserkuppeinLippisch’staillessEnteaircraft.

BayerischeFlugzeugwerkedirectorTheodorCroneissdonatesanengineforLippisch’sfirstpistonengine-poweredtaillessaircraft,theDeltaI.

Gerhard FieselercommissionsthreenewLippisch-designedtaillessaircraftfromtheRRG,knownastheDeltaIVor F3 Wespe.

TheHortenbrothersseeLippisch’sDelta Iinflightanddecidetobuild amannedtaillessglideroftheir own.

TheRRGissplitupbytheincomingNazigovernmentandtheDeutsche ForschungsanstaltfürSegelflug (DFS)or‘GermanResearch InstituteforSoaringFlight’isformed.Lippischkeepshis owndepartment.

TheHortenbrothers’ first glider,theHangwindor HIglidesformorethan50m –ataheightof2m.

• 1935 ThetechnicaldepartmentoftheDFSissplitintwo –LippischconcentratingontaillesstypesandhisformerassistantHansJacobs concentratingonconventionaltaileddesigns.LippischworksontheDeltaIV,sincebeenrebuiltastheDeltaIVa,thentheDeltaIVc,and nowredesignatedtheDFS39.

• May1935 ThesecondHortenbrothersaircraft,theHabichtor HII,makesits firstflight.

• May1936 Whileworkingonthe first HV forDynamit,ReimarHortenisconscriptedintotheLuftwaffe.

• Autumn1937 TheRLMcommissionsLippischtoconverttheDFS39forrocketpropulsionasanexperimentaldesign.

• May-August,1938 TheHortenbrothers’ first HIIImakesitsmaiden flight.The RLMorders10examplesofthe HIIIb.

• Summer1938 Lippisch agreestojointheMesserschmittcompany.

• November2,1938 TheHortenbrothersproposetheir HVIIdesigntotheRLM.

• November23,1938 NegotiationsbeginfortheHortenbrotherstojoinHeinkel.

• January2,1939 AlexanderLippischandhisteamtransferfromtheDFStoMesserschmittAG at Augsburg.TheyformAbteilung Lor‘Department L’ and developtheDFS39as‘ProjektX’whichreceivesthedesignationMe163.

• March12,1939 NegotiationsbetweentheHortenbrothersandHeinkelendwithoutsuccess.

• April12-13,1939

Abteilung Lproducesthe first singleturbojetdesignsinwhatwillbecomeitslong-running P01jetandrocket fighterseriesfor Messerschmitt.

pursuit

aircraftinGermany wasliftedin1922,andlarge aircraftin1926,thecountry’sdireeconomic circumstancesmeantmanufacturerssuchas JunkersandHeinkel facedhugehurdlesin tryingtomaintainandgrow theirbusinesses.

Theonlyaffordableoptionopentomost peoplewho wantedto experienceflight was togogliding.Startingintheearly1920s,a glidingcompetition washeld every yearat the Wasserkuppe –thehighestpeakinthe Rhönmountains,incentralGermany,and alargeplateauperfect forglidingflight.

Thesecontests rapidlygrew inpopularityand by theendofthedecade were attractingentrants fromacrossEuropeandbeyond.The relatively lowcostinvolvedinbuildinganunpowered gliderfrom wood resultedin awide rangeof differentaircraftbeingdesignedandflown by amateursbutthecompetitivenatureofthe eventalsospurredbuildersinto experimentation withdifferentaerodynamic formsinorderto glidefurtherand forlongerthantheirrivals.

Duringthistimehundredsofpeopleflew onthe Wasserkuppe,someofwhom would laterbecome famousintheGerman aviation industry –WillyMesserschmitt,Siegfried Günter,HannaReitsch,theHortenbrothers, HeiniDittmar,HansJacobsandmanyothers.

Thefirstinternationally recognisedgliding organisation,theRhön-RossittenGesellschaft (RRG), wasestablishedto regulatethe burgeoningglidingmovementandaircraft designerAlexanderLippisch wasputin chargeoftheRRG’stechnicaldepartmentin 1925,withtheaimofproducing ever-better gliders.Thenearby TechnischeHochschule Darmstaftor‘DarmstadtUniversityof Technology’ wasalsoheavilyinvolvedand

ABOVE: Perhapsthefirsttruenurflügelor ‘flyingwing’design,patentedbyHugoJunkersin1910.

cametooffertraininginaircraftdesignand aeronautics.Thestudyofaerodynamics wasbecoming ascienceinits ownright.

WhentheNaziscametopowerin1933, theRRG wasbrokenupwithpartofit becoming adivisionoftheHitler Youthandthe researchdepartmentbecomingtheDeutsche ForschungsanstaltfürSegelflug(DFS)or ‘GermanResearchInstitute forSoaringFlight’.

Thenumberofinstitutionsinvolvedin aviation researchcontinuedtogrow and thosewhohadflownonthe Wasserkuppe wentontojoinaircraftmanufacturersor becamepilotsinthefledglingLuftwaffe whenit wasformallyestablishedin1935, indefianceofthe Treatyof Versailles.

EvenastheLuftwaffe grew andthe Germanaircraftmanufacturersbegan to receivelargeordersfromthestate for aeroplaneswhichpushedattheboundaries ofperformance,thespiritof experimentation togetbetter resultsbecame evermorefirmly

embeddedintheGerman aviationindustry.

Veteransofthe Wasserkuppe wouldall have been familiarwiththe work ofAlexander Lippisch –whodesignedorsupervisedthe designandconstructionofsomeofthe world’s most famoussailplanes,whopublished booksconcerninghistheoriesonaircraft designandwho,duringthe1930shadhit theheadlinesofnationalnewspapersseveral timeswithhisunusualaerodynamic forms.

Duringthecourseofhis work attheRRG, Lippischhadbecomeincreasinglyconvincedthat themostefficient form forhigh-speedhighlymanoeuvrableflight wastailless –wherethe aircrafthasonlyonesetofwingsand avertical finbutnohorizontaltailplanes.WhentheDFS wasformed,such wastheperceivedpotential oftaillessdesignsthatLippisch wasableto head adepartmentthatspecialisedinthem.

Therewas aprecedent fortailless formsinGermanaircraftdesign –Hugo Junkershadpatented aNurflügelor‘

AIRCRAFTDEVELOPMENTTIMELINE

• August1939 Abteilung Lbeginsworkonits P04seriesoftaillesstwin-enginepusheraircrafttothesamespecastheMe210.

• September1,1939 TheSecond World Warbegins.

• February13,1941 Firsttowed flightoftheMe163.

• May1941 WalterHortenreceives astaffpositioninBerlinastechnicaladvisortotheLuftwaffefighterinspectorate.Reimarcompletesthe first HIV.

• March1,1941 Abteilung L’sP 04issubstantiallyredesignedbyDrHermannWursteras atestaircraftfor alarge flying wingbomber.

• April-July1941 OneofAbteilung L’sdesigns,therocket-powered P01-114,isgiventhedesignationMe263.

• August27,1941 Lippischproposesthe‘Li P05’interceptor,anup-scaleddevelopmentoftheMe163.

• September1,1941 The P08four-enginedflyingwingsuperbomberispresentedbyWursterasanalternativetowhatwillbecometheMe264.

• October2,1941 HeiniDittmarbecomesthe first mantoflyfasterthan1000km/h, at thecontrolsofMe163V4.

• October1941 TheHortenbrotherswitnesstest flights of theMe163 at Peenemünde.

• November1941 DesigndetailsoftheMe163 Bare finalised.AllMe163sbecomeMe163As.

• November17,1941 LippischandHortenssupporterErnstUdetcommitssuicide.

• Spring1942 TheHortenbrothersbegindesigning atwin-jet flyingwing, the HIX.

• March1942 DrawingsandproposalsfortheMe163 CandSuper163Interceptoraredrafted.

• May19,1942 Lippischdesigns asingle-seatDB606pusher-propfastbomber,the P10.

• May26,1942 TheHorten Vc,intendedas atestbedfor asingle-seatfighter,makesits firstflight.

• June1942 GöringinstructstheRLMto awardMesserschmitt adevelopmentcontractforthe P10.

• June26,1942

• Autumn1942

• September10,1942

• September 13, 1942

Firsttowed flightoftheMe163 BV1byHeiniDittmar.

Lippischdecidestodroptheoriginal P10and,keepingthenameonly,swapsitfor acompletelydifferentdesignputforwardbyoneof histeammembers –ataillessMe210/410.The P10receivesthedesignationMe265.

WillyMesserschmittdiscoverswhatLippischhasdonewiththe P10andthatthedevelopmentcontracthasbeenlostas aresult.

ThefirstP11, atwo-seaterfastbomberpoweredbytwoturbojets,isdesignedbyHandrick.

ABOVE:Illustrationsshowing aselectionofthedifferentGermanaircraftlayoutsconsideredaspart oftheGöttinger Programm,anin-depthresearchprojectledbyDietrichKüchemannatthe AVA whichstudiedjetengineinstallationsandintakeforms.Threeofthe11designs,slightlymorethan aquarter,aretailless.

all-wing’or‘flyingwing’aircraftasearlyas 1910 –consistingalmostentirelyof asingle largewingwithoutfuselageortailfinthat housedthecrew,landinggearandengines. Severalofthegliderpioneersbesides Lippisch,includingMesserschmitt,hadalso experimentedwithtaillessorflyingwing shapesduringthe1920s.TheHortenbrothers –WalterandReimar –werefansofLippisch’s work but wantedtopursuethe‘flyingwing’ shape ratherthananythingthatinvolved theneed foraverticalfin.Theyconstructed

glidersandthenpoweredaircraftduringthe 1930sandlikeLippisch were convincedthat ataillessorflyingwingaircraftcouldbe madetooutperformitsconventionaltailed equivalent –providingtheinherentdrawbacks ofthetailless formcouldbe overcome.

AstheSecond WorldWarbegan,mostof themajorGermanaircraftmanufacturers were awareoftheflyingwingshape –Arado having evengoneso farastodesign aflying wingbomberduringthemid1930s –butit was Messerschmittthattookthelead by hiring

Lippischin1938,givinghimhis owndesign departmentandpresentinghimwith amandate todesign atailless versionofwhateverthe company’smaindesignoffice wasworkingon.

HeinkelattemptedtohiretheHorten brotherslaterinthe yearwith asimilaraim inmindbutthedealcollapsedbeforeithad beenfinalised.Focke-Wulftooseemstohave examinedflyingwingsandtaillessdesigns earlyonbutcouldfindlittlebenefitinthem.

Otheraircraftdesigners foundthe argumentsput forwardbyLippischandthe Hortensintriguinghowever, eveniftheywere nototherwiseentirelypersuaded by them.

Theperceivedadvantagesof atailless orflyingwingdesignincluded agreater carryingcapacity –theirinternalareatypically beinglargerthanthatof aconventional designof asimilarwingspan –low drag forbetteraerodynamicperformance; stabilityinmanoeuvring; alow tendency tospin;andcheaper,easierconstruction.

Theperceiveddisadvantages,particularly withdesignswhichlacked atailfin,included ofteninferiorflightperformanceinpractice, potentiallyhigherlandingspeeds,poor directionalstability,lowerpermissiblelimitson thecentreofgravity(evenasmallshiftinthe centreofgravity,for examplethrough abomb beingdropped,couldhave adisproportionately negativeimpactonhandling), alargersweepback producinggroundclearanceproblems for landing,wingbendingoscillationsingusts,

• November6,1942

Lippischpresents atalkonhisMe163 AtomembersoftheexclusiveDeutscheAkademiefürLuftfahrtforschung,includingSiegfried GünterofHeinkelandHansMulthoppof Focke-Wulf.

• December2,1942 Asecond P11isdesignedbyHandrick.Hemakesit asingle-seater.

• February1943 Messerschmittproduces afulltechnicalreportontheMe329heavy fighter,basedonthe P04.

• March1943

• March20,1943

• April28,1943

• May1943

TheRLMorderstheHortenbrothers’SonderkommandoLIn 3toceaseallwork.

TheRLMordersthatLippisch’s Department LshouldbeeffectivelydissolvedandabsorbedintoMesserschmitt.Lippischleavesthe companythefollowingmonth.

LippischleavesMesserschmitt.Hetakesuphisnew appointmentasheadoftheLuftfahrtforschungsanstaltWien(LFW)inVienna, Austria,threedayslater.

LippischgivesGöringhisproposalforanaircraftthatcanfly1000km at 1000km/hcarrying1000kgofbombs –the P11.

• July1943 Lippischreceives adevelopmentcontractforhis P11.

• June15,1943 Aradomakesitsfirstreporton aseriesof flyingwingstudiesdesignated E555.

• August1943

TheHortenbrotherssendtheir1000 x1000 x1000proposaltoGöring.Theymeetwithhimeither at theendofthemonthorinearly September1943andheprovidesthemwith adevelopmentcontractfor aprototype HIX.

• January1944 The first productionbatchesofMe163B-0andB-1airframesarecompletedbutnoenginesare available.

• March1,1944

• June1944

Theunpowered HIXV1gliderisreadyforitsfirstflight,whichitmakesfourdayslater.

AnairraidonLippisch’sLFWheadquarterskills43ofhisstaff.

• LateJune1944 ConstructionoftheHortenIXV2begins at Göttingen.

• July1944

Arequirementisissuedfor anewsinglejet,single-seatfighteraircraft,an‘Ein-TL-Jäger’. Fourfirms,Blohm &Voss, Focke-Wulf, HeinkelandMesserschmitt,areinvitedtosubmittenders.Thedesignmustbereadytopresentwithineightweeks –byearly September –withamock-upreadyamonthlater,a prototypereadytoflybyDecember1,1944,andseriesproductioncommencing onJanuary1,1945.

• August31,1944 Arequirementisissuedfor anewnightandbad-weather fighterpoweredby aJumo222E/F,As413,DB603 LorDB613oranyof theseincombinationwith aturbojet.

• September1944 DrRudolfGoethert at Gothabeginsworkon aflyingwingdesignwiththeintentionofsupplantingtheHortenbrothers’8-229,which Gothahasbeenchargedwithbuilding.

• September8-10,1944

• September15,1944

• October1944

Threeofthefourfirmsinvitedtotenderforthe‘Ein-TL-Jäger’requirementpresenttheirdesigns.TheBlohm &Vosssubmissionis deferredsinceitisnotyetready. Focke-Wulf’s designislargelyrejected.

Anewmaindevelopmentcommittee,theEntwicklungsHauptkommission(EHK),ledbyLuftwaffechiefengineerRolufLucht,is establishedbyGermany’sministerforwarproduction, AlbertSpeer,tooverseeworkonnewaircrafttypes.Amongitsmembersare Focke-Wulfchiefdesigner Kurt Tank,WillyMesserschmitt, WalterBlumeofAradoandHeinrichHertelfromJunkers.

Lippischworksintensivelyonhisramjet-powered P13rammeraircraftdesign.

• October18,1944 AfullsummaryofArado’sE555projectispublished.

• October21,1944 Junkersisgiven acontracttobegindevelopmentoftheJu248.

• November1944

WillyMesserschmittproposes afour-turbojetbomberdesign,sparking anewlong-distancebombercompetition–Langstreckenbomber.

difficultylandingincrosswinds,difficulty inground-handlinganddragcaused by any protrusions,suchas foracockpitcanopy.

Thosewhohadwrittenofftailless designs were forcedto reconsiderwhenthe swept-wing rocket-propelledtaillessMe 163smashedthe worldairspeed recordby clockingup1003.67km/honOctober2,1941. This wasahugeleapaheadoftheprevious record,setusingthe experimentalpistonenginedMe209V1onApril26,1939.

Byallaccountsnotonly wastheMe 163incredibly fast,it wasalso extremely manoeuvrable –thetwoqualitiesmostdesirable insingle-seatfighters. Word ofthis feat,achieved insecrecy, wasslowtospreadbutwithin ayear mostofGermany’smajoraircraftmanufacturers werereconsideringtheirviewontaillesstypes. Theywerealsogivingmorethoughttosweptwingtaileddesignsandpropulsion by rocket engines,jetenginesor acombinationofboth.

YetwhileLippisch wasadmittedintooneof Germany’smost exclusiveclubs fortop-flight aviationengineers,theDeutscheAkademiefür Luftfahrtforschungor‘German Academyof AeronauticalResearch’,andrubbedshoulders withthelikesofHermannGöringandErhard Milch,theHortenbrothersstruggledtogain acceptance fortheirflyingwingideas.They were outsiders,usingwhatevermeansthey couldtocontinuebuildingtheir radicaldesigns.

Lippisch’soverfamiliaritywiththe highest rankingmenin aviationprovedtobe

TIMELINE

hisundoingatMesserschmittandheleftin April1943.Almostimmediately,however,he wasbackatGöring’sdoorwithanattractive proposal –adesignthatcouldcarry1000kg ofbombs forarangeof1000kmat aspeed of1000km/h.Göringgave himthefundsto proceedwithitbut afew monthslater,out oftheblue, received asecondproposal fora designthat wasexpectedtoachieve thosesame numbers –thistimeproposed by theHortens.

Unaware ofLippisch’spitch,theyhadheard Göringtalkingabouthisdesirefor amachine thatcouldachieve thatlevelofperformance andhaddraftedtheir ownproposal.Later, Focke-WulfassessedLippisch’sidea foritself andconcludedthat aconventionallayout designcouldachieve thesameperformance withouttheriskof atailless form.

Asthe warentereditsfinal year,theGerman aircraftmanufacturers were taskedwith creating asinglejetengine replacement for theMe262and alengthycompetitionensued, knownasEin-TL-Jägeror1-TL-Jäger –‘Single JetFighter’. To beginwith,thecompanies concernedofferedconventionallayoutdesigns but by theendofthe yearseveralhadswitched totailless forms fortheirentries.ByFebruary 1945fullyhalfofthedesigns were tailless–thoughFocke-Wulfneverdidmaketheswitch.

Asthesinglejetdayfightercompetition neareditsconclusion,twofurtherlast-minute contests were begun –Schlechtwetter undNachtjägertoproduce athree-seat

• MidNovember1944 AdescriptionoftheHortenIXV6isprepared.

two-jetbad-weatherandnightfighter,and Langstreckenbombertodesign abombercapable ofattackingbomberbasesinBritainandFrance. Sevencompetingdesigns were tendered forthe former,threeofthemtailless,andonlythree for thelatter,oneofthemtaillessandproposed by theHortenbrothers.However, thefrontrunners forSchlechtwetterundNachtjäger were both taillessandthetaillessLangstreckenbomber entry,whileit wasnotrushedintoproduction, wasearmarkedforfurtherdevelopment.

Itisinterestingtonotehowtheearly enthusiasm fortaillessdesigns,particularly inthe wake ofMesserschmitt’ssuccess withtheMe163,bled away astaileddesigns suchastheMe262andMe410continuedto bechosen forfurtherdevelopmentdespite taillessalternativesbeingoffered.

ThepointatwhichLippischleft Messerschmitt wasprobablythenadir for taillessaircraftdesignwithintheThirdReich butduringthetworemaining yearsofthe wartaillessdesignscontinuedtobe examined andultimatelybegantoedgeouttheirmore conventionalrivals.Hadthe warcontinued, itseemslikelythattheLuftwaffe aircraft of1946andbeyond wouldhave beentailless. Asit was,theAllies would reapthebenefits ofGerman researchintotaillessandflying wing formsbutthestoryofhowsuchdesigns evolvedinGermany,though repletewith gaps, remains acompellingtaleofpassionand beliefinthe faceofskepticismanddoubt.. •

• November21-22,1944 AmeetingoftheEntwicklungsHauptkommissionistoldthattheHo229istobedevelopedinconjunctionwithGothaandthree prototypesofthe HVIIaretobecompleted.ItisalsostatedthatLippisch’s P11istobedevelopedincollaborationwithHenschel.His P13isalsobrieflymentioned.ItisalsomentionedthattheHenschelHs132jetdivebomber“wastobesubjectto adecisiononthe quantitytobeproduced”.

• November27,1944 TheHorten HXIIImakesits first flightatHersfeld.

• Winter1944 WorkonArado E555programmehascometoanend.

• December2,1944 Lippischisstill attemptingtoobtain apairofJumo004enginesforhisDeltaVI 2airframe.

• December19-21,1944 SecondmeetingtodiscusstheEin-TL-Jägerjet fighterdesigns.

• January12-16,1945 ThirdmeetingtodiscusstheEin-TL-Jägerjet fighterdesigns.

• January26,1945 Adateissetfora comparisonconferenceontheLangstreckenbomberjetbomberdesignspreparedbyMesserschmitt,Junkersand theHortenbrothers.

• January27,1945 Thenightandbad-weather fighterrequirementsarerevised.

• February8,1945 TheJu248V1makesits first glidingtest flight.

• February16,1945 TheHorten8-229andGotha P60arecompared at aDVLconferenceinBerlin.

• February18,1945 TheHortenIXV2isdestroyedin acrash,killingtestpilotErwinZiller.

• February19,1945 Finalgliding flightofthe Ju 248V1.

• February20-23,1945 Aconferenceisheld at DessautocomparetheLangstreckenbomberdesigns.

• February26,1945 Ameetingisheldtocomparenightandbad-weather fighterdesignsbyBlohm &Voss, DornierandMesserschmitt.

• February27,1945 Technicalspecificationsforthenightandbad-weatherfighterrequirementarealtered again,makingthedesignssubmittedsofar inadequate.

• February27-28,1945 FourthmeetingtodiscusstheEin-TL-Jägerjet fighterdesigns.

• March8-17,1945 Aradodraftsninedifferentconfigurationsforitsentriestothenightandbad-weather fighterrequirement,sevenofthemtailless.One taillessandoneconventionaldesignarechosentoenter.

• March20-21,1945 Twin-jetnightandbad-weather fighterdesignsby Arado,Blohm &Voss, Dornier,Focke-WulfandGothaarecomparedbuttheonly decisionmadeisthatthelatestrequirementistoosevereandthatitshouldberevertedbacktotheJanuary27spec.

• March22-23,1945 Afinaldiscussiontakesplace at Focke-Wulf’s BadEilsenfacilityregardingthe fivecompanies’submissionstothe‘1-TL-Jäger’ requirement.Junkersreceives adevelopmentcontractforitsEF128design.

• March31,1945 Heinkel’stechnicaldesigndepartmentisevacuatedfromVienna.

• April8,1945 Britishforcesoverrun Focke-Wulf’s BadEilsendesignfacilities.

• April24,1945 AmericanforcesoverrunJunkers’Dessauheadquarters.

• April29,1945 AmericanforcesoverrunMesserschmitt’sOberammergaudesignfacilities.

• May 3, 1945 BritishforcesoverrunBlohm &Voss’sheadquartersinHamburg.

Loveandrockets–AbteilungL

AlexanderLippischjoinsMesserschmitt(January1939)

Whendisgruntledcolleaguesconspiredtoleavehim sittingonthesidelines,aircraftdesignerAlexander Lippischworkedhisoldcontactstosidestep theirmachinationsandfoundhimselfdesigning warplanesforGermany’spremierfighterfirm.

Thereislittledoubtthat aerodynamicist,engineerand MesserschmittMe163designer AlexanderLippisch wasthepivotalfigure intaillessaircraftdesigninGermany

duringtheSecond WorldWar. Hisestablishmentof adedicated flyingwingandtaillessdepartment atMesserschmittin1939,knownas Abteilung‘L’, wouldhave significant

ABOVE: Aflightoflow-wingrocket-propelledfightersdrawnbyAlexanderLippischtoillustratea talkhegaveattoHauptmannOskarDinortatDöberitzairfieldinDecember1934onthemilitary potentialoftaillessaircraft. IowaStateUniversityLibrarySpecialCollectionsandUniversityArchive

repercussions foraircraftdevelopment withintheGerman aviationindustry rightuptotheendofthe war.

Muchthathasbeenwrittenabout Lippischchartshissteadyprogressthrough alongsuccessionof experimentaltailless designsuntilhe waseventuallyaskedto develop arocketplaneundertheimplausible designation‘ProjectX’.Lippischhimself tendstopromotethisideainhis ownworks.

Howeverhefirstmade aname forhimself, nottomention asuccessfulcareer,designing conventionalgliders –nottaillessones. AftertheFirst WorldWar,thevictorious Alliesbannedthedevelopmentand manufactureofaeroenginesinGermany. Therefore, ex-military aviatorsgrounded by thebanand youngmeneagertofly for thefirsttimeturnedtoglidersinstead.

Havingbeen amemberofthe aerodynamicsdepartmentatZeppelin duringthe war, Lippischbeganto work onglidersincludingtaillesstypesduring thewinterof1920/21andduring1923 hedesignedandbuiltthesimpleopen frameHolsder Teufelor‘Devil Take It’, the world’sfirstsoloprimarytraining glider.Thishad aconventionallayout andseveraldozen were produced.Healso designedthewing foranotherglider,the Bremen,which wasused by hisfriend FritzStamertohelptraingliderpilots.

Asglidingcaughtonandbecamemore populartherewas agrowingdemand for trainersandin1926Lippisch,nowthe directoroftheaeronauticaldepartmentofthe newly-formedRhön-Rossitten-Gesellschaft (RRG),designed afollow-uptotheHolsder Teufelcalledthe RIZöglingor‘Pupil’.This provedtobe verypopularandplans were sold allowingglidingclubsacrossGermanyand elsewheretobuildtheir ownversionsofit.

Managed by glider researchpioneer WalterGeorgii,theRRG wasbasedonthe Wasserkuppe, adome-shapedmountain thathadbecomethespiritualhome ofglidinginGermany.Itwassetupto regulateandpromotetheburgeoningglider communityandStamercameonboardas themanageroftheRRG’strainingsection whenitabsorbedhispreviousemployer, the Martensflyingschool,attheendof1925.

The following year,32-year-oldLippisch

marriedStamer’s23-year-oldlittlesister, Katharina‘Käthe’Stamer.Inbetween workingontheZöglingand asecondary trainertocomplementit,theconventionallayout RIIPrüflingor‘Examinee’, Lippisch wasalsonowableto returnto workingontaillessdesigns –albeitonly asmodels.WhenthePrüfling wasready, alsoin1926,hefinallyhadthetimeand theproductioncapacity availabletoput histailless researchtothetestwitha full-scaleglider –theStorchor‘Stork’. Builtduringthespringandsummerof 1927,theswept-wingmonoplaneStorch was firstflownintheautumn. Aseriesoftest flightsshowedthatitlackeddirectional stability –inother wordsitwashardto makeitflyin astraightline. Aerodynamic changestothecontrolsurfaces,thoughnot tothewingitself,ledtotheStorchII,mostly testflown by Stamer,thentheStorchIII.

Whilethis wasbeing workedon,Lippisch continuedtoprovidetheRRGwithwinning conventionaldesigns.Hisnext,the RIII Professor,wasintendedasthenextstep forpilotswho were movingonfromthe PrüflinganditfirstflewinMay 1928.Like theHolsder Teufel,ZöglingandPrüfling beforeit,theProfessor wasdesignedtobe easilyconstructed by amateurs workingto drawingstheyhadpurchasedfromtheRRG andassuchit wasagreatsuccess.Inaddition, theProfessor wasthefirstgliderinthe world tobefittedwith avariometer forfinding and exploitinglift-producingthermals.

ROCKET-POWEREDFLIGHT

Withthesedesignsunderhisbelt, Lippischhadacquired areputationas Germany’sforemostgliderdesignerand hisnexttask washismostunusual yet.Fritz vonOpel,grandsonofthe founderofthe Opelcarcompany,hadbeen workingon rocket-propelledcarswithGreat War veteranMax Valierandthepairhad decidedthatthetime wasrightto try arocket-propelledaircraft.

TheyapproachedLippischtoseewhether hecouldbuild agliderwith acanardor ‘tail-first’layout –sothattherewouldbeno tailstructurebehindthesolid-fuel rocket engineswhentheywerefiring.Lippisch dulydesignedandhadbuiltthestraightwingedEnteor‘Duck’,which wastest flownunder rocketpoweronJune11,1928, by Stamer.Itwasthefirst rocket-powered mannedflightinhistorybut wouldprove tobethelast forsometime.Stamerhad aluckyescapewhenoneofthe rockets blewupandtheglidercaughtfire, von Opellostinterestsoonafterand Valier was laterkilledin arocketengine explosion.

Meanwhile,testflightsofthelatest Storch,the‘IV’,in1929showedthatthe instabilityofearlier versionshadbeencured andtheaircraft wasmucheasiertofly.The fruitsofthis research were immediately appliedtoLippisch’sworkonconventional glidersandtheStorchIV’swing,largely unaltered, wasused fortheconventionallayoutFalkeor‘Falcon’, asecondary trainer replacement forthePrüfling.

TheRRG’sinvestmentoftimeand resourcesinLippisch’sworkhadachieved atangible,usefulandabove allprofitable

ABOVE:TheStorch experimentalglider,builtbytheRRGin1927toLippisch’sdesign. Awholeseries ofStorchsfollowed,eachdesignedtocorrecttheflawsofitspredecessor.

ABOVE:AlexanderLippischleansovertheDKW-enginedpusherprop-drivenStorch Vandpilot GüntherGroenhoff,probablyin1929.Groenhoffwaskilledin1932whileflyingLippisch’sFafnir glider. Bundesarchiv,Bild102-13690 /CC-BY-SA3.0

outcome.Manufacturedinquantity by severalprofessional workshops,theFalke waswidelyadoptedasGermany’sstandard secondarytrainingglider forthree years andhundredsofstudentpilotsflewit.

Thatsame year,theRRGbuiltLippisch’s Storch Vdesign –essentiallytheStorchIV withanengineandpusherpropellerfitted.It firstflewinSeptember1929andontheback ofit,towardstheendofthe year,theRRG was commissionedtobuild anew taillessaircraft foraviationpioneerHauptmannHermann Köhl.The result wasahigh-winged experimentalgliderwithsweptleadingedges andanentirelystraighttrailingedge –awing shapelikethetriangularGreekletter‘delta’. Unsurprisingly,LippischcalledittheDelta.

Ashistailless work continuedtoyield promising results,Lippischconcentrated muchofhisefforton anew conventional designthelikeofwhichhadneverbeen seenbefore:theFafnir.Namedafterthe dragonofNorsemythology,theFafnir wasa slenderhigh-performancecompetitionglider that wasstructurallystrongenough forall externalsupportstrutstobeeliminated andits19mspanwingincorporatedthe verylatestaerodynamic forms.Thetiny cockpit,designedaroundthediminutive frameoftestpilotGüntherGroenhoff, was hiddenbehind acurvedplywood fairing

ABOVE:AfterhistaillessEnteaircraftwasused as atestbedfor FritzvonOpel’ssolid-fuel rocketsin1928,Lippischwentontodesignthis rocket-propelledaircraftforhimin1929.

to reducedragandlikeallofLippisch’s previousglidersitlandedon askid. TheFafnirtook alongtimetobuildand wasverycostly.Ithadbeenintendedtoflyit competitivelyduring1930butit wasfinished toolate –shortlyafterthecompletionof theDeltainmid1930. TestingoftheDelta convincedLippischthatthepoweredversion wouldperformbetterwith alow wingand work thereforebeganonanothernewaircraft, theDeltaI,incorporating aBristolCherub enginedonated by TheodorCroneiss,a directoroftheBayerischeFlugzeugwerke

ABOVE:Whilehisprevioustaillessdesignshadfeaturedsweptwings,the Deltagliderof1930wasthefirsttotakeapuredeltaform–socalled becauseitstriangularshaperesembledthe‘delta’letteroftheGreek alphabet.

(BFW)andagedjust amonth younger thanLippisch.This wascompletedin 1931buttheCherub wasdamagedwhile flyingtoBerlin’sTempelhofairfield for ademonstrationflightsoCroneiss was approachedandhedonated asecondCherub. Thedemonstration,onSeptember25,1931, wasasuccessbutdidnot resultinany additionalfunding,beyongKöhl’sinitial investment.Croneiss,whoinadditiontohis work atBFW wasalso arisingstarinthe Naziparty,appearstohave taken apersonal interestinLippisch’sworkatthistime.

WhileLippischhadbeenbusywiththe FafnirandtheDeltas,glidermanufacturer EdmundSchneiderhaddesignedandbegun tobuild anew secondarytrainerwhich incorporatedthebest featuresofthePrüfling andtheFalke–theGrunauBaby. This became ahugehitand resultedinLippisch’s earlierdesignsbeinglargelysupplanted.

TheFafnirhadmeanwhileproventobe ahugesuccessduring1931,withGroenhoff becomingthefirstmantoglidefurther than200kmin asingleflight.Nowanother glidermanufacturer,AlexanderSchleicher, decidedthathe wanted asimilarglider formass-production,butonethat was simplerandcheapertobuild.Hetherefore wenttotheRRGitselfandsinceLippisch wastoobusy,oneofhisapprentices,Hans Jacobs,tookthejob.Jacobs’design,the Rhönadler,stuckcloselytothedesign briefandwhiletheFafnir remaineda costlyone-off,Rhönadlers were soon rollingoffSchleicher’sproductionline.

AttemptingtoflytheDelta Ihimself meanwhile,Köhlmanagedtobreakoffits nosewheelduringtake-offandnarrowly avoided aseriousaccident.Undaunted, Lippischbuiltanotherpowereddelta –the DeltaII –specificallytosuitGroenhoff’s smallsize.However, problemswithits Ursinius24hpengine keptitgrounded. ThentheRLMbelatedlydecidedto award theRRG adevelopmentcontractbased

ABOVE:TheDeltaI,builtin1931,waspoweredby a30hpBristolCherub enginewhichcamefromTheoCroneiss, adirectorofBayerische Flugzeugwerke.Itwasthebeginningofanassociationwiththecompany thatwouldcometofruitioneightyearslater.

ABOVE:TheDelta Iduring ademonstrationflight atBerlin-TempelhofonSeptember25,1931.

ontheperformanceoftheDeltaI. Thenewaircraft,theDeltaIII, would bebuilt by Focke-WulfatBremen.

InFebruary1932,GerhardFieseler commissionedthree examplesofanew tandemseatdeltaaircraft,tobepowered by apairofBritishPobjoyRengines withonepushingandonepulling,which theRRGknewastheDeltaIVbut Fieselerhimselfcalledthe F3Wespe. Work onitcommencedinAprilandthe firstmachine wascompletedinJunebut attemptingtoflyithimself,Fieseler initially founditalmostuncontrollable.

TheFieselercompanyitselfmade numerousalterationstotheaircraftat Lippisch’sbehest,atits ownexpense,but eventuallyFieselermanagedtogetoutof hiscontractwiththeRRGwithouthaving

toactuallybuytheaircraftthankstoa technicalityandleftthesinglecompleted DeltaIVwiththeRRG.Contemporary newspaperandmagazine reportsofthe DeltaIV were actuallypositivebutless positivewereallegationsmadeinthe press by KöhlaboutLippisch’sDeltaI. EventuallytheRRGhadto repayKöhl’s moneyandtakebacktheDelta Iforitself. DisasterstruckagainonJuly23,1932, whenGroenhoffwaskilledattemptingto takeoff intheFafnirandit waswrecked. Andto roundoffthe year,ErnstHeinkel oftheHeinkelcompanyinvitedLippisch to ameetingtodiscussthepotential furtherdevelopmentofhisdeltaaircraft butthenpulledoutoftheproject.

Meanwhile,during1932Jacobspublished whatcametobewidely regardedasthe standardtextongliderconstruction–WerkstattpraxisfürdenBau vonGleit-und Segelflugzeugenor‘WorkshopPractice for theConstructionofGlidersandSailplanes’.

Despitethesetbackshehad experienced, andthenotinsubstantialsumshehad costtheRRG,Lippisch remainedhighly regarded.Followingtheseismicpolitical shiftthatoccurredwhen AdolfHitler becametheGermanchancelloronJanuary 30,1933,theRRG wasreorganisedinto twoseparatecompanies –theDeutschen Luftsportverband(DLV)or‘German AirsportAssociation’andtheDeutsche ForschungsanstaltfürSegelflug(DFS) or‘GermanResearchInstitute forSoaring Flight’. Withfreshfunding foraviation researchnowmade available by the government,Lippisch wasmadeheadofhis owndepartmentatthelatterwithGeorgii remainingincharge overall. Stamerand JacobsalsobecamepartoftheDFS. The formationofthisneworganisation involvedmuchmorethan anamechange however. Theentireresearchsection ofwhathadbeentheRRG wasmoved 135km westtotheoldGriesheimer

SandairfieldatDarmstadt,south-west ofFrankfurt.Ratherthanlivingontop of amountain,LippischandStamer movedintothecomfortableDarmstadt suburbofTraisawiththeir families. Lippischalso foundthatmuchofthe timehehadpreviouslyspent working onaerodynamicproblemsandbuilding gliders wasnow takenup by hisnew managerial role.Jacobstookonmany ofthedesigndutieshehadpreviously performedandalsoestablishedcontracts withoutsidefirmswhichcouldfulfilthe DFS’sgliderconstruction requirements.

During1934,Georgiiledan expeditionto showcasethebestGermanglidersinSouth America,including arebuiltFafnir.When he returned,Lippischdesignedhisfinal conventionalglider –thecostlyandelaborate butalsohighlyadvancedFafnirIIorSao Paulo.InDecember1934,Lippischgave atalk toHauptmannOskarDinortandhismenat Döberitzairfieldonthemilitarypotentialof taillessaircraft,illustratingthepresentation with adrawingoffuturistic-looking rocketpoweredfighters.Just over ayearlaterDinort wouldbecomethecommandingofficerof anotherflyingwingpioneer –WalterHorten.

In1935thetechnicaldepartmentofthe DFS wassplitintwo,withJacobstaking controlof everythingtodowithconventional glidersandLippischbeinggiven aseparate experimentaldeltaandall-wingdivision.

WiththeDeltaIIIandthemuch-altered DeltaIVairframenowunderhiscontrol, andwiththeDFS’sresearchbudget available,LippischhadtheDeltaIV rebuilt withoutitspusherengineastheDelta IVa.This wasfoundtohave significantly improvedhandlingcharacteristics.

Towardstheendofthe yearDFStestpilot Erich Wiegmeyer, inwhomLippischhad verylittle faith,crashedtheDeltaIIIand completelydestroyedit–withoutsuffering anyinjuryhimself. Afew weekslater,during December1935,healsomanagedtocrashthe DeltaIVaand wasaskedtoleave theDFS.

Atechnicalcommission wasthen formed from representativesoftheDeutsche VersuchsanstaltfürLuftfahrt(DVL)or ‘GermanInstitute forAeronauticalResearch’ andthetechnicalofficeoftheRLMto review theperformanceofLippisch’sdelta-wing aircraftandtheir reportconcluded:“The deltatypeshowsnopromiseandthereis noprospectthatthistypeofdesignwill leadto apractical,serviceableaircraft.”

However, GeorgiicametoLippisch’s defence. AccordingtoLippischhimselfinhis posthumously-published1976autobiography Erinnerungen:“Thissituation,which would almosthave ledtothedeathoftheDelta flightdevelopment, wasturnedaround by ProfessorGeorgiiwho foundthathe couldstillmakeasmallcontributionto the reconstructionoftheDeltaDelta.

“In fact,thispointandthishelpfrom ProfessorGeorgii wastheturningpointin thedevelopmentoftheflying-wingaircraft. Afterallthecatastrophes, we hadgained somuchnewexperience,boththeoretically and experimentally,thatdespiteallgloomy predictions asuccesshadtobeachieved.”

TheDeltaIVawas rebuiltastheDelta IVc–althoughhowmuchoftheoriginal

ABOVE:Lippischbuiltthetwin-engineDeltaIVin1932forGerhard Fieseler,whocalleditthe Fieseler F3Wespe.Hefounditalmostuncontrollableandmanagedtoavoidpayingforit,handingitback totheRRG.

remainedisquestionablesinceithadentirely new30degreesweptbackwings,nowwitha swepttrailingedgetoo,and anew fuselage madefromsteeltubing. Testflightsmade by HeiniDittmar resultedinthewings beinggiven alesssevere sweepof23and the rearfuselage waswidened, resultingin theDeltaIVc.This wasputthroughofficial testingas asportsaircraftandapproved, receivingthenewdesignationDFS39.

ANIDEALFLYINGWING

Atthesametime,duringthewinterof 1935-36,Lippisch foundsufficientadditional fundstohave agliderwith forward-swept wingsbuilttoo –theDFS42 Kormoran. This wasflownbut wasfoundtobeless promisingthantheDFS39and wastherefore discontinued. To thesurpriseof everyone, perhaps evenLippischhimself,theDFS39 nowbegantoattractnewbusiness.

Firstly,duringthewinterof1936-37the RLMgave theDFS aresearchcontractto work ondesigns forataillessparasol-wing reconnaissanceaircrafttobebuilt by Siebel. Amock-up wasbuiltandgivenwind tunneltesttimebutthisdemonstrated noadvantages overconventionaldesigns andso wasdiscontinuedin1938.

Asecondcontract wasplacedataround thesametime foranexperimentalmidenginedpusher-proptaillessdesignthat was

expectedto formthebasis forafighter –the DFS194.Andduringearly1937Lippisch alsomanagedtofindsufficientfundsto build apureall-wingpusher-propdesign,the DFS40,whichhecallsinhisautobiography “analmostidealflyingwingtestaircraft”. Thegoalofthisfurthersubstantial expense was“inordertomakeadecisionas towhether athinwingwithanattached fuselageor apureall-wingdesign wasmore favourablethan ataillessaeroplane”.

Meanwhile,in1935HansJacobshad designedthetwo-seatDFSKranichor ‘Crane’glider –which wouldgoontobecome themostheavilymass-producedgliderin GermanyrightuptotheendoftheSecond WorldWar.Oneofficial reportlists1312 examplesproduced by onemanufacturer alone.FortheOlympicGamesinBerlin in1936,hehaddesignedtheHabichtor ‘Hawk’gliderwhich wowedtheinternational crowdsinthearena,andfinallyduring 1937hisDFS230militarytransportglider flewforthefirsttime –ofwhichmore than1600 examples wouldbebuilt.

With work onhisDFS194andDFS40 well under way, Lippisch wasapproachedduring theautumnof1937 by RLM representative DrHermannLorenz,whotechnicallyhad some oversightof work carriedout by the DFS,andDrJosephJennisson,anRLM technicalliaisonofficer.Inamanuscript

ABOVE:Afterseveralrebuildswhichchanged italmostbeyondrecognition,the Fieseler’s DeltaIVbecametheDFS39in1936.

ABOVE:TheDFS194 –althoughitwasnota directancestoroftheMe163,itdidcontribute valuablerocketenginetestdatatotheproject.

ABOVE:TheDFS40flyingwingof1937/38wasapparentlyoneofLippisch’sproudestcreations. HewasforcedtogiveitupwhenhelefttheDFS.

publishedin2001 by StephenRansom andHans-HermannCammann,Lippisch recalled:“DrLorenzand Ididnotgeton very well. Iwasalwaysdoingsomething that wasnotontheagenda. Actually,itwas notmy fault: Iwasusedtoapplyingnewly acquiredknowledgeimmediatelyinorder togetaheadquicklyand,ofcourse,this didnotfitintothe well-orderedscheme ofthingsinthe researchdepartment.

“Intheautumnof1937,DrLorenz, accompanied by DrJennissen,cameto Darmstadttomakeaninspection. Ishowed thegentlemenintothe workshopwhere work wasbeingcarriedoutonthenewDFS 194.TheDFS39 wasalsostandingthere. DrLorenzaskedmewhichaircrafthad thebetterflyingcharacteristics.‘That’s unquestionablytheDFS39,HerrDrLorenz.’ ‘Tellme,HerrLippisch,could youbuildusa secondaircraftofthissortwith exactlythe samewingsbutwith adifferentfuselage?’ ‘Certainly we candothat.’‘Wewanttotest anew engineandthismustbeinstalledin the rearfuselagewiththecockpit forward, notlikeinthelayoutoftheDFS39.’

“AsIhadalreadyheardsimilartalk fromFritz vonOpelbackin1928thepenny droppedimmediatelyand Ireplieddryly, ‘You wanttotryout anew rocketengine?’ Lorenz wouldhave likedtohave strangled me forrevealingthisstatesecret.‘Whaton earthmade youshoutthatouthereamongall thesepeopleandhowdoyouknowanything aboutitanyway?Thisisquiteoutrageous!’ ‘Idon’tknowanythingaboutitatall,but wewere flyingwith rocketpower10years ago,’ Imanagedtogaspwhen Ihadgotmy breathback.‘Imustask younottousethe word ‘rocket’inpublicagain,’DrLorenzsaid verysharplyandfirmly.Ifelt verysheepish as we retiredtotheprivacyofmyoffice.

“Afterallthedoorsandwindowshadbeen barred, Iwasinformedin awhisperthatit

wasplannedto awardacontract foraresearch aircraft fortesting‘jet’propulsionathigh speeds.TheRLMdevelopmentdepartment hadorderedsuch abirdfromHeinkel. Iwas todesignanaerodynamicallyimproved DFS39 forthe researchdepartment.This design wasdesignatedProject Xwith thesecurityclassification‘burnbefore reading’and wasthestartof work onthe projectwhich wastobecometheMe163.”

Heinkel,having experienceof rocket-poweredflightwithitsHe176, wasto constructthefuselageandengineinstallation whiletheDFS wouldsupplythewings.Both fuselageandwings wouldbedesigned by theDFS. Windtunneltestingandfree-flying modeltests were carriedout by Lippisch, hisdepartment’saerodynamicistJosef HubertandengineerRudolfRentel.The designdrawings were made by FritzKrämer. AccordingtoLippisch’sownaccount“ample” funds were made available forthis work.

Duringthewinterof1937/38, work on theDFS194airframe wasfinishedbut installingitsArguspetrolengineproved tobe a“headache”duetoitscomplicated coolingsystem.TheDFS40 wasstillunderconstructionandthe Project Xwas adesigninprogress.

ADEATHINTHE FAMILY

Just afew monthsinto1938, events were setinmotionthat would resultinLippisch leavingtheDFS,anorganisationinone formoranothertowhichhehadbelonged since1926,andjoiningMesserschmitt AGatthebeginningof1939.

The factthathebecame aMesserschmitt employee,leadingtothedevelopmentofthe Me163,is wellknown.Somewhatless well knownarethecircumstancessurrounding thiscriticalmomentinthehistoryof Germany’staillessaircraftdevelopment. Lippischhimselfgave severaldifferent

accountsofhowandwhyithappened.

Theearliestknownaccount,froma documenthepreparedin1941whilestill workingatMesserschmitt,states:“Because Ihad recognisedthenecessitytodesignthe taillessaircraftspecially forthisnewtypeof powerplantandthattheuseofsweptwings forhigh-speedflight wouldonlythenbe showntoadvantage, Idecidedtotransfermy work completelytotheaircraftindustry.

“MynegotiationswithHeinkel were almostcompletewhen,quite by chance, ImetdirectorCroneissandProfessor MesserschmittinBerlinandtheypersuaded metojoinMesserschmittAGinAugsburg.”

Eighteen yearslaterin1959,in aletterto theeditorofFlugweltmagazinecorrecting errorsinanarticlepublishedontheMe163, Lippischcontinuedtostatethathismove toMesserschmitt wasdrivenpurely by technicalconcerns.Discussingthe developmentof‘ProjectX’and referring tohimselfinthethirdperson,hewrote: “Inthecourseofthe work,however, it becameclearthattheconstructionof this experimentalmodelcouldnotbe carriedoutinthe formprescribed by the requirement.Forthis reason,Lippisch decidedtomove with anumberofhis employeestoanaircraftbuilder.”

Another16 yearson,and34 yearsafter hisfirstaccount,inhis1976bookontailless flightEinDreieckFliegt,hestucktothe ‘technical’ explanation:“Sincecollaboration withHeinkelappearedproblematicand thecontinuationofthedevelopmentof this experimentalhighspeedcraft was questionableattheDFS, Idecidedtotransfer totheMesserschmittAGinAugsburg.”

Erinnerungen,writtenataroundthe sametimeasEinDreieckFliegt,offers afar moredetailedandnuanced versionof events. Inordertounderstandwhathappened, itisnecessarytobacktrack alittle.

Byhis ownadmission,thankstohis workaholiclifestyleLippischseldom hadmuchtime forhiswifeKäthe.He laterwrotethathehadbecomeclosely connectedtoFritzStamerearlyonin hiscareer,“andhissister,whoknewme betterfromthedescriptionofStamer than Imyself, formedan evercloserunion betweenStamerandmyself,andbecame mywife,who,inallthecriseswhich alwayscameup, wasalwaysonmyside.

“Sheknewshecouldneverquitepossess me,whichoftenmadehersad.AndI myselfhadprobablybecome astranger inmany respectsthrough experiences and events. ImustadmitthatKäthe oftendidnothave iteasywithme.”

Adecadeon,in1936,Stamer wasbecoming increasinglydissatisfiedwiththe way Lippisch wasneglectinghissisterandHans Jacobs feltthathishardworkindesigning practicalgliders wasbankrollingLippisch’s personalinterestin adead-endfieldof aerodynamics.Neitherofthem,caughtup inthe wave ofnationalismthensweeping Germany,wasimpressedwhenLippisch begantoactivelypursue aprofessional relationshipwithaircraftdesignersabroad –particularlyinEngland.He evenused hisinfluencewithintheDFStosetupan officewhereforeign worksonaerodynamics

ABOVE:Lippisch,right,believedthathisbrotherin-law FritzStamer,left,wasbehindeffortsto deprivehimofhisinfluenceattheDFSinthe wakeofhiswife’s –Stamer’ssister’s –death. Itwasthesemachinationswhichevidently promptedhismovetoMesserschmitt,rather thananythingtodowithhiswork.

ABOVE: AnotefromLippisch’spersonalpapers,presumablyproducedin1941,appearstoshow Abteilung L’sP01schedule.Thefirstdesignintheseriestobeworkedonwasthe P01-116,rather thanthe P01-111aslogicmightsuggest. IowaStateUniversityLibrarySpecialCollectionsandUniversityArchive

ABOVE:Oneoftheearliestdrawingsof ajetaircraftevercommittedto paper –Körner’s P01-116ofApril12,1939. IowaStateUniversityLibrarySpecial CollectionsandUniversityArchive

couldbetranslatedintoGerman.

Helaterwrote:“Thisgave me alot oftroubleinthe familyandfriends circle.Thesupernationalsloganshad struckmanypeoplearoundme.”

Matterscameto aheadinMarch1938, justastheinstallationoftheDFS194’s pistonengine wasbeingcompleted:“Inthe spring,mywifefellill, wastreated by alocal doctor,andwhenitbecamecritical,andI tookherto agoodprofessionalclinic,the necessaryoperationcametoolate. Aheart weaknessendedherlifeinafew days.”

KatharinaLippischdiedaged34on March19,leavingLippischhimselfwith his10-year-oldsonHangwindand one-year-oldJürgen-Günthertolookafter.

He recalled:“Wehad asecondson, Jürgen-Günther,who wasnow amotherless babyinthenurseryandhadtogeta nurse foraquarterof ayear.Iput alast bouquetof rosesonhercoffinandsaid good-bye tosuch achangeablelife,which hadnowfoundsuchanabruptend.”

Farfromtaking abreaktospendtime

ABOVE: Afullthree-viewdrawingofthe P01-116 –theearliestversionof theMesserschmitt P01despitetheout-of-sequence‘116’number –dated April13,1939. IowaStateUniversityLibrarySpecialCollectionsandUniversityArchive

withhischildrenandmournthedeath ofhiswifeLippisch,now43, redoubled hiseffortsandthrew himselfintothe developmentofnewsmoke-tunnel technology.Healsobecameincreasingly friendlywith ayoung femalecolleague –23-year-oldGertrudeKnoblauch.

ForStamerinparticular,thisappears tohave beenthelaststraw.Duringthe summerof1938,togetherwithJacobs, hepersuadedProfessorGeorgiithatit wastimetoputLippischinhisplace.

Unaware ofwhat wasgoingonbehind hisback,Lippischcontinuedto work on preparingtheDFS40 fortestflightsand refiningtheaerodynamic formofProjectX –whichhehadnowdiscoveredwastobea researchaircraftcapableofgatheringdata whileflyinginthehighsubsonic range.

Atthesametime,it wasdecidedthatthe wholeDFSorganisationshouldbemoved easttoAinringneartheAustrianborder. With warinthe westbecominganincreasing possibility,theDFS’sbaseatGriesheim, west ofDarmstadt, wasstrategicallyvulnerable.

NowStamer,JacobsandGeorgiisaw anopportunity.Theydrew upplans fora restructuringoftheDFS,coincidingwith theupheavalofthemove,which wouldsee Lippisch’sroledramaticallydecreased.

AccordingtoErinnerungen:“Thusa shiftand areorganisationoftheDFS was workedout,but Iwasnot alittleattracted toitbecausemy formerfriendsStamerand JacobsnowconvincedProfessorGeorgiithat myall-wingdivision wouldnolongerbeof anyinterestattheoutbreakofthe war.

“Theyhadstrippedmeoutofthe organisationandleftmeonly asmall modelbuildingdepartment.Thisplan wastobeconcealedfromme,butthe secretariesstillhadsomuchcharacter thattheycouldnottakepartinthis ignoblecontempt formywork.

“So Ilearnedthroughback-channelsofall thesemachinationsandhadnothingmoreto dothantoputmyselfinmycaranddrivethe 1000kmtoRechlininonego,togetintouch withmyfriendsfromtheDarmstadtgroup andfromtheglidingflightand Ithen went

ABOVE:Lippischappearstohavemappedout manyofhisprojectsasconceptsinadvance thenworkedonthemoutofsequence.His team’sworkonthe P01-116,theirfirstproject forMesserschmitt,wasfollowedbythe P04. The P04-106illustratedherewas atailless fighter-bombertothesamespecificationas theMe210,datedAugust1939.

toBerlin,wheretheattitude was‘thankGod foryour work’,somethingthat Ithought was quitedifferentfromtheDFSorganisation.

“Atfirst IcontactedHeinkel,butsoon foundoutthathe wasreallyinterestedonly intheordertotestthehigh-speedaircraft, notinmeandmyco-workers.So Iwentto Messerschmitt,whom Iknewquite well fromthe yearsontheRhön.Therewasalso directorCroneiss,who wasverymuchin our favourandhelpeduswiththeDeltal.

“So IagreedwithMesserschmittto move fromtheDFStoMesserschmittAG inAugsburgatthebeginningof1939,and totakeanumberofmybestemployees into anewly foundeddepartment.All this Ididwithouttheknowledgeofthe cliqueattheDFS,and Ithensubmitted thefinalplan,sanctioned by Berlin,to them.Therewerelong faces, forsucha move hadnotbeen expectedonmypart.”

Afterthe war, Lippischseemstohave forgivenGeorgiiandblamedStamer andJacobs for“stronglyinfluencing him”.Nevertheless,Lippischhadneatly sidesteppedanattempttoderailhis careerwiththehelpofMesserschmitt directorTheoCroniessandchairman WillyMesserschmitthimself.Bythis timeMesserschmitt wasridinghigh onthesuccessoftheBf109,which was becomingtheLuftwaffe’s standardfighter. Thecompany wasinline forsome very lucrativecontractsandcouldafford to makeaninvestmentinsomeadditional researchanddevelopmentmuscle.But whetherit wasMesserschmitt’sdecision tohireLippisch,orCroniess’isunclear.

GeorgiiallowedLippischtotakehis DFS39andDFS194 away withhim,but nottheDFS40 –whichLippischsaid heleftbehind“with aheavyheart”.

He recalled:“OnJanuary2,1939,at 8o’clockinthemorning, Iarrivedat Messerschmittwithmycarfrom Darmstadt,whereagroupofmy co-workers were already waiting forme.So wewere firststampedinasMesserschmitt employeeswithmanysignatureson forms, allpossible examinations,andfinally we were correctmembersofMesserschmitt AGinAugsburg-Haunstetten.

“Nowwewereasortofsecretdepartment, because we were supposedtobuildandtest

ABOVE: Atrainerversionofthe P04,the P04-107a,wasworkedonalongsidethefighter-bomber version.Itwaspoweredby apairof459hpArgusAs410s.ThedrawingisdatedAugust26,1939. 4-106.

the rocket-driven experimentalaircraft, whoseaerodynamics we hadalready workedonatDFS.Ofcoursethe rocket propulsion wasstrictlysecret,sothatthe wholedepartmenthadtobehousedina specialpartofthebuildingandsecured by appropriatepositionsatthedoors.Sinceno other room wasavailableatthemoment, we movedinto alargescreening room onthetopfloorofthemainbuilding.”

Thenewly formedAbteilung Lor ‘Department L’ wasgivenspecialtreatment atfirsttoo:“Inthemorning awaitresswith alargetray wouldbeadmittedtooursecret room. We wouldthenhave theBavarian-style quite-richbreakfast.This wentonso well untilthecommercialdirector,MrKokothaki, accidentally rodewiththesameelevatorwith the waitress,withthelargetray fulloftreats forAbteilungL.This resultedin asomewhat exciteddiscussionandmygentlementhen hadtoeattheirbreakfastinthecanteen.”

Lippisch wasalsopleasedthatheno longerhadtodealwithDrLorenzatthe RLM,nowbeingallocatedHans-Martin Antz,anadvisorsecondedtoSectionLC 2/IIIoftheRLM’stechnicaloffice.

FIRSTAMONGEQUALS?

Thearrivalof awholenewteamat Messerschmitt,dedicatedto workingon taillessaircraftdesigns,meantthecompany nowhadtwoseparateprojectdepartments –theotherbeingthecompany’sprojects teamheaded by RobertLusser.Lippisch

had walkedoutofone‘conventionalvs tailless’arrangementandstraightinto another –althoughthereisnoevidenceto suggestthatLusserandtheothers feltany animositytowardsthenewlyarrived former DFSmen.In fact,Lusserleftthe following monthtobe replaced by Waldemar Voigt.

Lippisch’sfirstorderofbusiness wasto scrapallthe existingdrawingsofProjectX andstartagain,sinceithadbeendecided thattheaircraft’srocketthrust wouldbe increased.Secondly,itwasdecidedthat sincedataontheperformanceofaircraft fittedwith rocketengines waspractically non-existent, atest vehicle wasneeded. TheDFS194 wasasuitablecandidate for conversionsothis work toogotunder way –thoughtherewasnoengine yetavailable tofit.Thirdly,Lippischbeganto work on aseriesofdesigns foranew fighter.

Itseemslikelythatthisthirdproject, designated P01, wasprompted by astudy contractMesserschmitthad receiveda monthearlier,inDecember1938.Theactual specification forthis wasonly received onJanuary4,twodaysafterthearrivalof Lippischandhisteam.Itcalled forasingle seaterpoweredbyasingleturbojetenginein tworoles –high-speedfighterandinterceptor.

Ineitherconfigurationit wastobe armedwithtwoMG17machinegunsand oneMG151/20cannon. Topspeed was tobe900km/h(559mph)andlanding speed wastobenotmorethan120km/h (75mph).Flightduration wasonehouras

ABOVE:Messerschmitt P04-106. ArtbyDanielUhr

ABOVE:Thesingle-turbojet P01-111wasfirst draftedinNovember1939,sevenmonthsafter the P01-116.Thespaceleftfortheengine islargeandundefinedsincetheprecise dimensionsoftheturbojetlikelytobeused wereunavailable.

fighterand30minutesasinterceptor.

ItappearsthatLippischbegan by writing out alistofpotentialconfigurations,engine optionsandother featuresandallocating eachone adifferentnumberfrom111to119. Then, ratherthanhavinghisdepartment work throughthedifferentconceptsin numericalorder,hestarted work onthe designdesignated P01-116.Wheremany oftheotherideas featured rocketengines inone wayoranother,theinitialconceptofP 01-116 wasthatof asingle-seat fighterpoweredbyasingleturbojet engine.Theconceptdesignated111 was also asingle-seatsingleturbojetfighter but work startedwith116 –whichmight have beenseenastheconceptmostclosely matchingtheJanuary 4specification.

Thefirstdrawings were produced by Körner,oneoftheless wellknownmembers ofLippisch’steamwhohad followedhim over fromtheDFSand remainedwithAbteilungL untilit wasdissolved.Lippisch’sonly commentonit was“thisdesign wasbased onthefirst availabledata foraturbojet”.

The P01-116ofApril12andApril13, 1939, wasaremarkablysmalltailless aircraft –measuringjust5.48mlongand with awingspanof6m. Alargetailfingave it aheightof2.715m.By wayofcomparison, thediminutiveMe163B-1 was5.98mlong by 9.33mwingspanand2.75mhigh.The P01-116’sfuselage wascylindricalandits wings wereextremelybroadandalmost rectangularinshape,withonly aslight sweepbacktotheleadingedge. Take-off wouldhave presumablyinvolved awheeled dollyandlanding wastobeaccomplished on alongskidwith asmalladditional skidatthe extremeendofitstail.

Itisuncertainpreciselywhichturbojet Lippischhad receiveddataon,although itisunlikelytohave beentheHeinkel HeS 3which wouldpowertheHeinkel He178duringitsfirstflight fourmonths later –thefirstflight by anyjetaircraft –onAugust27,1939.Unlikely,because ErnstHeinkel wasunwillingtooffer hisjetenginedesigns foruseinother manufacturers’aircraftatthisstage.

WhileLippischgotstartedon asingle-jet designas P01,sodid Voigt’sdepartment underthedesignation P65.Theirfirst designs evidentlyhad asimilartwin-boom layouttothedeHavilland Vampirebut

by June1939ithadbeenabandoned in favourof atwinenginedesign.

Meanwhile,Lippischhadmarried GertrudeKnoblauchinMay1939.He wrote:“Welivedin asuburbofAugsburg andsinceallprivatemotor vehicles were shutdown, Iwent by bicycletothe Messerschmitt factory.Wegothalfthe wingofthenewlyconstructed experimental building, alargehallwithside-mounted officebuildings,whichendedoutina roundporchthatnowbecamemyoffice.”

Thefirsttowedglidingflightsofthe DFS194tookplaceonJuly28,1939,with furtherflightstakingplaceinAugust. Work onthe P01continued,iftherewasa P02allinformationaboutithasbeenlost andLippischhimselfneverseemstohave mentionedit. Work wasalsobegunonthe P03–theintendednext-stepdevelopmentof whathadnowbecomeknownastheMe163.

Inhismemoir,Lippischwrote:“Thename ‘163’ wasalso acamouflagename,because Messerschmitthadpreviouslydesignedand tested aslow-flyingaircraftascompetition totheFieseler‘Storch’,which,however, was notgoodenoughand wassupposedlytobe improved.Ifthenourdrawingswiththe163 numberonthem wenttothe workshops,so didthenewparts fortheimprovementofthis slow-speedaircraft.Andsothe work we didon the163andthenontheconvertedairframeof theDFS194 remainedastonishinglysecret.”

AlsoinAugust1939,designerRudolf Rentelmadethefirstdrawingsof yetanother project,designated P04.Theearliestknown example, P04-106,shows atwo-seater16m wingspantaillessaircraftpoweredbya pairofDB601 Eenginesdrivingpusher propellers,with asmallfinonthetrailing edgeofeachwingoutboardoftheengine. This wasapparentlyintendedtobe afighterbomberorbomberaircraftandthedrawing showsitarmedwithtwocannonandtwo machineguns facing forwards. Arelatively capaciousbombbayisalsodepicted,housing whatappearstobe apairof500kgbombs.

Thereisnosuggestionof arear-facing armament,butthebackseatcrewmanis shown facingtothe rearandalsolyingprone in abomb-aimerposition.Theundercarriage consistedof apairofmainwheelsthat retractedintotheinnerwingsanda verylongtailwheellegthatprotruded wayouttothe rearwhen extended.

Aseconddrawingdatingfromaroundthis time, P04-107a,shows adifferent versionof the106design,withtheDB601Es replaced by ArgusAs410engines.Lippischstates thatthis wasatrainer versionandlooking closelyatthedrawingitispossibletoseethat thepilotappearstobe wearing asuitjacket. Itcouldbearguedthatthe P04was designed fornoparticular reason,butitisalso

difficulttoignorethesimilaritiesbetween itandtheMesserschmittMe210,which madeitsfirstflightinSeptember1939.The lattertwo-seaterhad a16.34mwingspan, was poweredbyapairofDB601Fs (effectivelythesameengineastheDB 601E)andcarried aforwardarmament oftwoMG151cannonandtwoMG17 machineguns.Itsmaximuminternal bombload wasapairof500kgbombs.

Thisappearstobethefirst example of Lippischputtinghistaillessideasdirectly intocontentionagainstthe‘conventional’ designsoftheoriginalMesserschmittproject office,althoughitisequallypossiblethat thestudy wasinitiated by Messerschmitt himself.Itisunknownwhetherthe P04 designs were actually formalisedatthis stageorwhethertheyweresimplyan exercisetoseewhat ataillessMe210spec aircraftmightlooklike.Itseemsmorelikely tohave beenthelatter,sinceatthispoint intimetherewas every reasontobelieve thattheMe210 wouldsoontakeitsplace asthesuccessortotheoutdatedBf110.

ATAILLESSME262

TheSecond WorldWarbeganinSeptember 1939andtheMesserschmittcompanycame undermassivepressuretostepupproduction anddevelopmentoftheBf109 andBf110.Resources were diverted away fromAbteilung L’sworkonthe Me163buttheenginelessDFS194 was transportedtothetesting facilityat Peenemündeandbegantoundergofurther glidetestingonOctober16,1939.

Work alsocontinuedinearnestonthe P01.Thenextdesigninthesequence, firstdraftedinNovember1939, wentback tothenumericalbeginning –P01-111.

This wasadevelopmentofthe P01-116in every respect,beinglargerat6.6mlongwith a7.5mwingspan.Thepilotsathigherupina slightlylargercockpitwith anoseintakefor thesingle-jetenginepositionedinfrontofhis feet.The P01-111’sskiddesign wasimproved and apairofcannon were evenshownburied initswing roots. Asharpersweepback was appliedtothewings,including aswept trailingedge,thetailfin wasalsomore sweptandtherudder wasenlarged.

The‘conventional’Messerschmittdesign departmenthad by nowbeen workingon exclusivelytwin-enginelayouts forits P65 jetfighter –which would eventually receive thedesignationMe262 –fornearlysix monthsandhad reachedthemock-up inspectionstage by December1939.

It wouldseemthatfurtherdataonthe earlyjetengines wasreceivedaroundthis time,sincethenextAbteilung Ldesign, the P01-112, featured apairofturbojets buriedwithinitsfuselage. Afullbrochure

ABOVE:Messerschmitt P01-112. ArtbyDanielUhr

ABOVE:Theoriginalbroadfuselage P01-112fighter,drawnuponJanuary 31,1940.

ABOVE:Detailedviewshowingthe P01-112’sarmamentoftwoMG17 machinegunsintheupperfuselageandtwocannonbelowthe engines.ThedrawingisdatedFebruary1,1940.

ABOVE:Thebroadfuselage P01-112asan experimentalaircraft, datedJanuary31,1940.

ABOVE:The P01-112asanunarmed experimentalaircraft,asdrafted onFebruary1,1940.

ABOVE:Thefinal-formtwin-jet P01-112withnarrowfuselage,wheeledundercarriageandstraight leadingedgewings,datedFebruary12,1940.

onthisdesign wasissuedinFebruary1940 andjustasthe P04hadwiththeMe210, the P01-112appearedto‘shadow’the work oftheconventionaldesigndepartment.

Butwherethe P65hadthinstraight wings,the P01-112had a35sweepback onitsthinwings.Andwherethe P65’s engines were carriedinwing-mounted pods,the P01-112’swerefittedwithinits fuselage –fed by apairofcurvedintakes, oneeithersideofthepressurisedcockpit.

Asthe forewordofthe P01-112brochure notes:“Thedriveiscarriedout by two jetengines(Jumo),whicharearranged inthefuselageunderthewing.This eliminatesanynegativeinfluenceof theenginesontheflowonthewing.

“Thepilot’sseat,arrangedinfront ofthewingandtheengines,offersthe bestvisibilityandallowsthe formation ofanarmouredpressureboothwhich canbedesignedindependentlyofthe staticstructureofthefuselage.

“A centralrunnerandspur,both retractable,areprovidedasthemain landinggear.Thetake-offtakesplaceona jettisonabletrolley. Fortheinitialunarmed versionwithoutequipment,fuelisprovided forhalfanhour’sflighttime.Thespace forarmamentandfueltanks foronehour flighttimewillbe availablehowever.”

ABOVE:Themixedrocket/turbojetpropulsion P01-113ofJuly1940 –fivemonthsafterthe P01-112.Thewhole P01sequencewasspread outover aconsiderableperiodoftime.

Thefuselage wastobemadeofa load-bearinglightmetalshellwiththe skidin abox undertheflooralongthe centre.Thewings,builtas asinglepiece, were tobefittedontothefuselage overthe engines,withthefueltanksthenfittedon topofthat.Theenginesthemselves were tobeseparated by acentralpartitionand couldbeaccessedor removedbytaking offtheupperportionofthefuselage.

Therewouldbespace forweapons bothbeneaththecockpitandthe wing rootsnexttothefuselage.

Anotheradvanced featurewas asystem forblowingair overtheupperwingsto improveliftduringlanding: “A suctionline runsthroughthewingfromthesuction chamberinfrontoftheengines,whichcanbe switchedon,inparticular,duringlandingand suckstheboundarylayerontheouterwing throughslotsarrangedbehindthemainhoop.

“Theinstallationof aslatistherefore notplanned.Also,an extensibleslat wouldinterferewiththesensitiveupper sideoftheouterwingathighflight speeds.Thethickness ratioofthe profilesinthedirectionofflightis8%.”

Furthermore:“Theairsuckedin by the enginesflowsinthroughlargeopeningsin thefuselage.The exhaustlineisbranched offfromthe vacuumchamberlocatedin frontoftheenginetoonewingeach.The normalairsupplytotheengineisthrottled by flaps,whichareattachedtothe rear edgeofthepilot’scompartment,sothat inparticulartheenginesareusedonly forsuctionduringlanding.The extentto whichthe exhaustcanalsobeused for take-offandclimb requirestesting.”

Thismaybetheearliest example inhistoryof avariablegeometryjet engineintake.Unfortunately,the P01112’sdesign wasbeinghampered by thelackofinformationfromJunkers abouttheengines:“Sincedetailsofthe enginesarenot yetavailablefromthe manufacturer,theycanonlybemadelater. Thedesignprovidesthatthe exhaustjet ofbothenginesisdischargedthroughan extensionnozzleonthefuselagetail.”

Four weapons were tobefitted –two MG151sunderthepressurecabinwith 500 roundseachandtwoMG17s,onein eachwing root,with1000 roundseach. Theperformancefiguresprovided suggest aclearadvantage overthose providedin alateSeptember1939 reporton

the P65–albeitpoweredbyJunkersengines ratherthantheBMWonesthenbeing considered forthatdesign.Maximumall up weightofthe P01-112 wastobe3840kg, comparedto4325kg forthe P65. Topspeed at4000m was1080km/h(671mph)compared to975km/h(606mph)at3000m.Landing speed was125km/hcomparedto150km/h.

BACKTOROCKETS

BynowLippischhad foundthatprogresson turningAbteilung L’sfreshlymadeMe163 drawingsinto aworkingaircrafthadslowed dramatically.Hewrote:“Ourscientific work onthecreationofthehigh-speedaircraft ‘ProjectX’,nowcalledMe163, waspractically stopped by theoutbreakofthe warandthe designofficehadtoprovideassistanceinall possibleplaces”. Withpracticaldesignand development work ontaillessprojectsall buthaltedduringtheearlymonthsof1940, Lippischbusiedhimselfwiththeoretical work ontransonicandsupersonicflight, callingonthetalentsofanother recently recruitedMesserschmittemployee, mathematicianDrFriedrichRingleb.

Afew monthslater,“apparentlyatthe Ministryof Aviation wasthe realization thattheplannedBlitzkriegcouldnotbe broughtto arapidconclusionandthat,as faraspossible,onehadto resumeandcarry forwardpromisingdevelopments”.Nowthere wasanengine ready fortheDFS194 –a Walterunitcapableofproducing400kgof thrust –andit wasinstalledatPeenemünde’s ownworkshops.TheDFS194madeitsfirst rocket-poweredflightonJune3,1940.

AccordingtoLippisch’sownaccount: “Inthesummerof1940, aseriesof experimentalflightswith arocketdrive began,withHeiniDittmartaking over thistask,which wasnotwithoutdanger, andcarriedoutwithgreatsuccess.

“Sincethefuselage wascomparatively large, we were alsoabletoinstallanAskania quadruple recorderandtheperformance measurementsthat resultedfromitgave us very valuablenewinsights.Theoriginal

ABOVE:OneofAbteilung L’smostimportant designswasthesinglerocketengined P01114.Despiteitshigh-winglayout,itissimilarin manyrespectstotheMe163B.DraftedinJuly 1940,itreceivedthedesignationMe263and providedthebasisforan extensivewindtunnel testprogrammewhichlastedseveralyears.

fuselageoftheDFS194 wasnotdesigned forhighspeed,so we hadtoabortour experimentsat550kphbecauseotherwise theloads exceededthepermissiblelimit.”

Withthis exciting work nowtaking place,Abteilung Lreturnedbrieflytothe P01seriesinJuly1940 –designingtwo moreconceptswhichunsurprisinglyeach featured rocketpropulsion –the P01-113with asingleturbojetplus arocket engine,andthe P01-114whichhadthe samewingsasthe113but anew slender fuselagehousingonly arocketengine.

In fact,accordingtothedesign brochure,the P01-114 wasintendedsimply asan experimental vehicletoassess the featuresofthe P01-112and P01-113 designs –ratherthanbeing aprototype foraproductionaircraftinits ownright.

Itstates:“Themodel P01-114isa single-tailtaillessaircraftwhichisused totestthedesignat veryhighspeeds andhighgradientswith respecttothe patterns P01-112and113.Thestructure perfectlycorrespondstothewingprovided fortheheavilyarmeddesigns,while thefuselage wassimplifiedwith regard tosimpleand fastmanufacture.The HWKengine,whichisprovided forthe drive,permits astep-by-steptestwith differentthrusts,sothattheproperties canbeflownoutat veryhighspeeds.”

Thewings were tobeadjustablesothat differentanglesofsweepbackcouldbetried and adevice wastobefittedwhichcould alterthesensitivityoftheelevatorcontrol tomakeiteasiertouseat veryhighspeeds.

“Thefuselage wasdesignedasa rotationallysymmetricalbodyinorder toensurethesimplestdesignofparts,so thatonly afew devicesarerequired for producingthefuselageshell,”itstates.“The cockpitispressure-tight. Anormalchassis wasdispensedwith.Thetake-offtakes placeon ajettisonable rollertrain,while thelandingtakesplaceonthe retractable skidandthespur.The experimental testingof acrawler rollerisplanned.”

Despiteitsintendeduse,the P01-114 wouldlatergoontohave asecondlifeas firstthe P03andthenundertheofficial designationMe263.Butinthemeantime, with work recommencingontheconstruction ofthefirsttwoMe163prototypesand promising resultsalreadyhavingbeen obtainedfromflighttestingtheDFS194, Abteilung Lsuspendedalmostallproject design work fornearly ayeartocarryout whatLippischlaterdescribedas“intensive work ontheDFS194andtheMe163”.. •

Outsiders

TheHortenbrothersto1942

AfterAlexanderLippisch,thegreatestproponents oftaillessaircraftinGermanyduringthewarwere twobrothers –Reimarand WalterHorten.Their enthusiasmandpersistenceresultedin astringof flying-wingglidersand ahandfulofpoweredaircraft.

apairofHirthHM60 Rengines,inflightduring 1942.

WalterandReimarHorten were born intoanindependently wealthy familyinBonn, westernGermany, in1913and1915, respectively.Their father MaxhadthreePhDs –inphilosophy,culture andlanguages –andtheirmotherhad studiedgeographyatOxfordUniversity. WhentheFirst WorldWarended,Max Hortenlostmostofhismoneyduringthe economicstrifeandhyperinflationwhich followed,buthe retainedthe family’sthreestorey housepluslivingquartersatthe UniversityofBonn,wherehewas aprofessor. Theboysgrew upwiththeirelderbrother Wolfram, ayearolderthan Walter,and littlesisterGunilde,bornin1921.In1927,as membersoftheBonn youngflyergroup,the brothers were eachaskedtomakeamodel aircrafttoflyatan exhibitioninDüsseldorf. Walter wastomakeonewith arubberband propellerbutReimar’swastobe aglider.

Havingalreadybeentaughtsomeofthe rudimentsofmodelaircraftconstruction by aneighbourwho wasaformerJunkers employee,Franz WilhelmSchmitz,Reimar designedandbuilthis1.8mspanmodelfrom

sheetsofplywoodandoldcigarboxes.

Atthe exhibition,Reimar’smodelflew 270m –morethantwofootballfieldlengths –and wonfirstprize.Thissuccessprompted himtobuildmoremodelsandsoonboth heand Walter were test-flyingthem every morningbeforeschool,thenagainwhen theygotbackfromschoolat1pm,andthen makingadjustmentstothem every evening.

Theirparentsboughtthem woodworking toolsandencouragedthemto keepatit.In 1929,their fathertookup anew teaching positionatBreslauontheoppositeside ofGermanyandmovedovertherewith hiswifeandGunilde,leavingthethree brothers,thenaged17,16and14tolook afterthemselvesinthe familyhome.

Reimar wasnow abletostayupallnight workingobsessivelyonhismodelsand hisschoolworksuffered.Buthe wassoon preparing formodelflyingcompetitionsat the Wasserkuppe –firstparticipatingwith Walter’shelpin1930,thenagainin1931 and1932.Duringthistime,Reimarbecame convincedthatshiftinganaircraft’scentre ofgravity wasthe keytostabilityinflight

andbegantobuildmodelswithouttailfins.

Towardstheendof1932,thebrotherssaw Lippisch’sDelta Iinflightanddecidedit wastimetomakeafull-scalemannedglider oftheir own.WhenHitlercametopower onJanuary30,1933,allGermany’sschools closed fortwo monthssothattheteachers couldbescreened forpoliticalsuitability.

Thisleft WalterandReimarwith nothingtodo fortwo months,sowith theirparentsstill away,butapparently withtheirblessing,thebrothersbeganto buildpartsoftheirfirstaircraft,dubbed ‘Hangwind’afterLippisch’snicknameofthe time,onthegroundflooroftheirhome.

Thedesign wasevenmoreradicalthan thatoftheDeltaI,withnofuselageatall–just awingwithenough room forthepilot inthecentresectionand askidtolandon.

Enlistingthehelpoffriends,they eventuallymanagedtocompletethe Hangwind by thelatesummer –toolate tobeentered forthe Wasserkuppegliding contestsinAugust. Walterparticipated inflighttestsofthegliderduring SeptemberandOctober1933beforejoining theGermanarmyonApril1,1934.

Reimar wasbarelyabletogetoutofschool forthe1934 Wasserkuppecompetitions and Walterhadtotakeleave.Bothofthem flewtheHangwindbutthen Walterhadto leave to rejoinhisunit.Eventually everyone else waspackinguptoleave butReimar hadno wayofgettinghomewiththe Hangwind.HelatertoldhistorianDavid Myhra:“Iknewthat Iwouldn’tbeableto keepitatthe Wasserkuppenowthatthe Naziparty wasconducting asoaringschool. IcalledtoBonntotheaerodrometoseeif theywouldsendme atowingplanetothe Wasserkuppe.I’dhave topaythem forat leastthreeto fourhoursofflyingtime.

“Theywouldn’thelpandtheytold metocallEssen forsomeassistance.I calledthereandtoldthemthatI’minthe Wasserkuppe.If youcomeandgetmeI’ll giveyoutheplane. Well,theyteachsoaring instruction,however, thisinstructiondoes notincludetaillessplanes,therefore,they hadnoneed forthe HI[asHangwind wouldbe retrospectivelydesignatedlater].

ABOVE:TheHorten HVcflyingwing,poweredby
ABOVE:TheHortenbrothers’firstattemptata mannedaircraft,theHangwind.

ABOVE:ContemporarydrawingoftheHortenH II,alsoknownastheHabicht.Thedrawinghas theirhomeaddress, Venusbergweg12,Bonn, printedonit.

ABOVE: Adrawingshowingthe HVb–redesignedsothatthetwocrewcouldbothsit upright,eachunderhisowncanopy.

ABOVE: Adiagramshowingthecontrolsofthe HVb.

Thanksanyway buttheycouldnotcome andtowmeback. We have noordertodoit.

“I waswillingtooffertheplane for nothingifthey’dcomeandgetme.They saidtheonlyauthority wastheDFSin Darmstadt. Well, IcalledLippischatDFS andtoldhimI’mhereatthe Wasserkuppe. I’llgiveyouthe HIifyou’llsendme atowing plane.Lippischsaidthathedidn’thavethe possibilityofsendingme atowingplane.

“Forsixmonthsinthewintertime LippischhadbeeninBonn,hadbeenin myhouse,hadspokenwithmy father andsawtheHangwindandtoldmy father thatif Ihadmydegree,he wouldtakeme toDarmstadt.Now, talkingtohimonthe telephonehetoldmethatit wasimpossible tocometothe Wasserkuppeandgetme.I wasthereandnowcouldn’tdoanything.I couldn’tfindanyonetogivemeatow.”

Wolfram wasabletopickupReimar onhismotorcyclebuttherewasnothing theycoulddowiththeHangwindsothey brokethetipsoffitswings by standingon them,strippedthe fabricoffit,dragged itoutofthehangarandburnedit.

MyhraaskedReimar exactlywhat

ABOVE:TheHorten HVwithoutitsplasticskin.

ABOVE: Withitsplasticskinapplied,the HVgleams.Thesparsecockpitforthetworeclinedcrewis justvisibleinthenose.

Lippischhadsaidtohimonthephone whenhe ranghim.Reimarsaid:“Lippisch toldmethathedidn’thaveanypossibility ofhelpingme.Hehadchangedhismind.I don’tknowwhyheallof asuddendidnot wanttohelpme.Hedidin facthave the possibilitytohelpme forhecouldhave askedGeorgii,thedirectorofDFS, for permissiontosend atow planeafterme.

“Ifhehadtoldmethathe’dcomeina dayortwo Iwouldhave waited.Buthegave meno reasonwhyhecouldnothelpme. Well, IdidnotsayanythingtoLippisch forIwasonly14or15 yearsold.Later Lippisch wasinBonnanddiscussinghis liftdistributionandhe wasatthehoteland Iwasthere.Could yougivemeacopyof yourspeechandI’ll returnitthenextday.

“ThishediddoandthenextdayIreturned andspokewithhim. Itoldhim Ididnot fullyunderstandsomeofthethingshe was writingaboutandhe explainedthemtome. Isaw thenthat Icouldlearn.Thissurprised

ABOVE:TheHorten HV(top)isposedalongside thepowered HIIm.

andpleasedme forIdidn’tthinkthatI’d ever sitside-by-sidewithLippisch.And Iwanted tolearnfromhim.Butitdidnothappen.

“So Idecidedthatit wouldbeonly possible formetolearnif Ibuiltmy own sailplanesandlearnedthroughtrialand error.Lippisch wasnotgoingtogiveme anyinstructionnordiditappearnowthat

ABOVE: Twoviewsofthetwin-canopyHorten HVb–anewaircraftbutwiththeenginessalvaged fromthewreckofthe HV.

he wantedmetojoinhimafter Iearnedmy degreeinBonnathis workshopatDFSin Darmstadt.SoI’dbuildmy ownaircraftand learnandshowhimandtheothersthatI couldbuildanddesignbettersailplanes thantheminthe formofanall-wing.”

Reimarhadhopedthatwhenhehad freetime Walter wouldhelphim work outthecorrectwingprofile forhisnext glider,theHabicht,laterknownasthe HII.Hesaid: “Aftercompletingthe HI, Iwas reallybusyinseekingtocomeup withthecorrectwingprofile forthe HII and Iwastotallypreoccupiedwiththis work.Ihadnotime foranyotherthings.

“Walterspentmoretimewithgirls for althoughhehelpedmeonthetheoryofwing liftdistribution,he wasnotaspreoccupied onthetopicas Iwas.Frequently Iwasangry thathe wouldnothelpmebutinstead wastinghistimeinthecompanyofgirls.”

InApril1935, Walteraskedtobe transferredfromthearmytothe Luftwaffe and wassentto various aviation trainingschoolsbeforebeingposted tothenewlycreatedFliegergruppe Giebelstadt(laterKG155),equipped withDornierDo23smediumbombers,at Giebelstadt,nearWürzburg,inOctober.

Meanwhile,the familyhome wasagain pressedintoserviceas amakeshift workshop by ReimarbutnowMax,Elizabethand Gunildehad returned,Maxhavingdecided to retire,andwith Walteroften away the Habichttook5000hoursspreadacrossnine

monthstocomplete –fivetimeslongerthan theHangwind.Itsfirstflight wasinMay 1935, amonthafterReimarstarted acourse inmathematicsattheUniversityofBonn.

DYNAMITSTEPSIN

Laterit wasdecidedtofittheHabicht with aborrowedHirthHM60engineand pusherpropeller,enablingmuchlonger flighttimesandallowingthebrothersto gathermorevaluableflight experience in aflying-wingdesignuntiltheengine hadtogobackafter overheating.

ReimarthenpersuadedtheHirth companytogivehimanotherengine. DuringoneflightoftheHabichttowards theendof1935, arepresentativeofIG FarbenplasticssubsidiaryDynamitAG approachedReimarandofferedtosupply himwithmaterialstomakeanother flying-wingwiththeaimofhelpingtosell thosematerialstothe aviationindustry.

Theystruck adealandinFebruary1936 work commencedat Troisdorf,between BonnandCologne,onbuilding asetofwings foraHol’sder Teufelprimarygliderout ofcompositematerialsas atrialrun for theplasticflyingwing.Thelatter wasto be atwin-pusherengineflyingwingwith positions fortwo crewrecliningontheirbacks housedwithin atransparentsectionofthe wing’sleadingedge.Thenosewheelofthe tricycleundercarriage wasretractable.

TheHol’sder Teufeltrials were completedinMay1936andReimar was

ABOVE:ThefirstpageoftheHortenbrothers’ November2,1938,proposaltobuildthe advancedHorten HVII.

ABOVE:ThelettersenttotheHortenbrothers byHeinkelonDecember7,1938,while contractualnegotiationsbetweenthetwo partieswereongoing.

engagedinattemptingtobuildtheflying wingitself,dubbedthe HV,whenhe wasconscriptedintotheLuftwaffe. Dynamit wasannoyedatthisturnof eventsandtriedtogetReimarbacksohe couldcontinuewiththeproject.The factory’s directorcontactedIGFarbeninBerlinand strings were pulledsothataftercompletion ofhisbasictrainingReimar wasallocated totheLuftwaffe’s inactivereserveand allowedtoreturnto Troisdorflaterin1936. WalterpetitionedLuftwaffe chiefofstaff Walther Wevertobeallowedtojoin afighter unitclosetoColognesohecouldhelpReimar andgothiswishinearly1936,joiningJG134 atLippstadt,nearCologne.Atthetimethe

ABOVE:Slightlymoredetailofthe HVc’scanopy arrangementisshowninthiscontemporary drawing.

ABOVE:Drawingfrom areportshowingplansfor asingle-seaterHorten HV,the HVc.

unit wasequippedwithAradoAr68sand Walter’scommandingofficer wasHauptmann OskarDinort –thesameHauptmannDinort whohadbeenbriefedonthepotential offlyingwingaircraft formilitaryuse by Lippischjust over ayearearlier. Reimar wasnow intheoddpositionof being amemberoftheLuftwaffe butwithout belongingtoanyparticularunit.Helater recalled:“I wasliberatedofalltheduties forthemilitary,onlythat Ihadto work in Troisdorf.Inthis form Icouldcontinuewith mystudiesattheUniversityofBonn.”

The factthattheplasticflyingwing was the HVbegsthequestion –whathappenedto

ABOVE:Designdrawingsfor adisplaymodelof the HVc’scentresection,datedOctober1941.

ABOVE:Thisdrawing,datedNovember28,1940,showstheHortenbrothers’glidersuptothatpoint.

the HIIIandIV?Reimar explainedtoMyhra thatatthisstagetheydid existalbeitonly asconcepts;the HIIIas a16mspandesign andthe HIVwith20m.Butthese were all gliders,“if Icametobuildthetwin-engined plane,whatnumbershould Igiveit”?

“Well, we were inourthinkinginthe HIIIand HIVbutthetwin-engine was verydifferentfromthewhole. Ihadto giveitanew numberand Icalledit HV. ThereforeinTroisdorfhadbeenthe HV andthe HIIIand HIVwerenotbuilt.”

Withbothbrothersnowlocatedin Cologne,Dinortasked Walterifheand hisbrothercouldbuildthreenewHIIs for him,poweredbyHirthengines. According toReimar:“ThisMajorDinortsaidthat hehadmaterialandmeninthe workshop and we canbuildthree examplesandthe threeofuswillflythem.‘Iwillflyone, Walterone,and yourbrotherReimarcan flytheother’.Thusin1936he washoping toparticipateinsomedemonstrationsin GermanyallwiththeHortenall-wingplanes.

“Waltertoldthistomeand Ithoughtthat, well,ifhe’llhave three HIIs,thedrawings Ihave, we canmakesome variationsof the HIIwhich Ithinkthattheyshould be, forinstance,makethem foraerobatics andgivethem alittlemorestrengthplus afew otherchanges –Iwilldoit.”

DinorttoldReimarthathisunit’s headquartersatCologne were not yetready sohe wouldsetup aworkshopatLippstadt whereDinort’sownmen wouldbuildtheH IIs.“WeeklynowIwasdriving overthereto speakwiththesemeninthe workshopand seehowthings were going,”saidReimar.

The HVwascompletedinthespringof 1937andReimarand Waltertookitup for itsfirstflighttogetherinJune.Almostas soonastheaircraftleftthegroundReimar realisedthatitscentreofgravity wasin thewrongpositionandtold Waltertoland. Walterdecidedtobringtheaircraftaround but awingtiphitthegroundanditcrashed –injuringbothbrothers, Walter’sfrontteeth were knockedout,andthe HVwasdestroyed.

Dynamit wasphilosophicalaboutthe loss,tellingthebrothersithadinvested 40,000RMintheprojectbuthad received threepatentsand alotof experiencein workingwiththenewplasticsintheprocess.

Dinortsuggestedthatthe HVcouldbe repaired by hismenandthefirstnewHII madeitsfirstflightaroundthistime. With Reimar’sarrangementwithDynamitatan end, Walterarranged forhimtobeassignedto Dinort’sworkshop,underDinort’scommand.

Twoofthe HIIs were completed by Julyand were takentothe Wasserkuppeto participateinthecompetitionsbutDinort himself wasunabletoattend,havingleftthe unitonApril1,1937.However, he vowedtotake partin1938andorderedtheHortenstobuild himtwoHIIIs –the20mspandesign,which wasotherwiselargelythesameasthe HII.

Onleaving,DinorthadtoldErnst Udetaboutthebrothersandhehadthem transferredtoOstheimairfield,alsonear Cologne,wheretheir work continued. Thebrothersstarted workingon anew HVmadefromconventionalmaterials withtheideathatit wouldmakeauseful aircraft forthemilitary,whilealso finishingDinort’sthirdandfinal HII beforegettingto work onhis HIIIs.

ThenewHV,knownasthe HVb, differedfromtheplasticoriginalinhaving twoconventionalseats,eachunderits owncanopy, ratherthantworeclinedcrew positions.Itswingspan wasalsoenlarged by 2m,itscontrolsurfaces were alteredandits tricycleundercarriage wasfixedinplace. TheundamagedHirthenginesfromthe first HVweretransplantedintothe HVb.

Thefirst HIIImadeitsmaidenflighton May7,1938,andthesecond followedamonth ortwolater –bothbeing readyintime for the WasserkuppecompetitionsinJuly.Both were thendestroyedonAugust 6whenthey were flowninto athunderstorm.Oneofthe Hortens’ regularpilots waskilledandthe othersufferedsevere frostbitefromflying toohighbuttheRLM evidentlyplacedan order for10further examplesatthistime.

Duringthe year,alongsidethe16mspan HIIIs,theHortensbuiltanother12mspan sailplane,likethe HI,withanentirely roundedleadingedge –theParabola –butat theendofthe yearthis wasputintostorage forthewinterhavingneverbeenflown.

HEINKELANDTHE HVII

Ademonstrationofthe HVbforRLM officialsatBerlinintheautumn failed to resultinanorder,sothebrothers formulated aproposal foranupgraded versiontheycalledtheHortenVIIand presentedthattotheRLMonNovember2.

Itbegan:“Proposal.Fortheconstruction ofthreeall-wing experimentalaircraft. Pattern:‘HortenVII’.Objective:Development oftheall-wingaircraftas aremote reconnaissanceaircraftorlong-rangebomber.

“Accordingtoour experienceso far, we arenot yetinapositiontoassume responsibility fortheconstructionofa ready-to-operatefront-lineaircraft(engines: 2xJumo210/211orDB601). We therefore proposetobuildas adevelopmentstageto theabove objectiveanintermediatetype inmixedconstructioninthree V-planes whoseaerodynamicdesignanddimensions alreadycorrespondtothesetgoals.

“1. Task: 3xflyingwingtestaircraft with 2xengineseachandapprox.3000kg flying weightaretobebuilt,thedimensions arethoseofthe remote reconnaissance aircraft,whichwillhave strongerengines.

“A)V1willget 2As10eengineswith about343km/hmaximumspeed.Landing gearcanbe retracted,landingaidsare installed.B)V2isdesignedlikeV1and isgiven aswing-outslatasanadditional landingaid.C)V3is executedasV2but with12 cylinderArgusenginewith approx.400km/hmaximumspeed.Allthe airplanesarewithout weaponsequipped.

“2.Dates:V1flieson 1November1939, V2flieson15December1939,V3flieson 1March1940.3.Prerequisites(a)toissue anorderandtoprovide500,000RM for thenecessaryconstructionmaterials.”

Withinthree weeks,Udethad readthe proposalandsuggestedthatthebrothers meetwithHeinkel(sometimes referredto asEHF –ErnstHeinkelFlugzeugwerke)to discussgettingthe HVIIbuilt. Ameeting was heldonNovember23betweentheHortens and aHeinkel representativecalled Kapp. Heinkellaterprepared asummaryof

ABOVE:Oneproposedversionofthe HVcwasas atowingaircraftforgliders.Thisdrawingshows themovementrangeoftherearattachmentpointaswellasthetype’sfullyfixedundercarriage.

what wasdiscussedatthemeetingandit begins:“Thepurposeofthecooperation betweenEHFandtheHortenbrothers istobringthedevelopmentoftailless aircraftcarriedout by theHortenbrothers to abroaderbaseandtoprepareandcarry out aseriesproductionstartingfromit technically,commerciallyand factory-wise.

“Thedevelopmentandconstruction ofthetwo-engineaircraftisunder theHeinkelcompany.Three ways ofcooperation were discussed.

“Way 1:TheHortenbrothershave a600m sq workingspace,whichistobeusedboth fortheconstructionandtheassemblyof thethreetestaircraft.Fortheproductionof theindividualpartsandwholeassemblies, manycompaniesareavailabletothe Hortenbrothers.EHF wouldacceleratethe development by designengineersandcarry outtheentireoperationcommercially.

“Way 2:TheHortenbrothersare reinforced by Heinkeldesigners.Thedesign work willbecarriedoutuntiltheendof March,1939,andtheentireconstruction ofthreetestspecimenswillbecarriedout withintheEHF,Rostock-Marienehe.

“Way 3:Thecustom-madeparts

ABOVE:The HVcfromtherear.

areproducedasusual by external companiesandinthe workshopBerlinTempelhof.Theassemblyofthetest aircraftis,however, inMarienehe.

“Allthree waysareconsidered by theHortenbrothersasviable.”

Regardingpatents,thebrothers would get aone-offlumpsum forassigningallthe importantonestoHeinkel:“Thereare 15basic patentsas wellassomeadditionalpatents, whichpassfromtheHortenbrotherstothe Heinkelcompany.TheHeinkelcompany wouldimplementthepatentapplication.”

Furthercontractpointsdiscussed includedthenumberofhourstheHortens would requireforplanning,licensing fees, commercialconfidentialityandthe external suppliersHeinkelintendedtouse:“From theconstructionstobedevelopedoutward, the following wasestablished:a)engine developmentcouldbecarriedouteither by EHFtogetherwithArgus,or by Professor LürenbaumoftheDVL,whichpromised thedevelopmentoftheproject. b)Undercarriage.Thechassisdesign wouldbeeither by DrEisbeinofElektron, orEHFcouldcarryoutthedesignitself.c) Thedevelopmentofanadjustablepropeller would eventuallybecarriedout by VDM atHeddernheimtogetherwithDVL.”

ABOVE:ThecompletedHorten HVcasseen fromtheroofof anearbybuilding.Itispainted inRLM71darkgreenontopandRLM65light blueunderneath.

ABOVE: TwoshotsoftheHortenVcinflight.

Twodayslater,Reimarsentthe following lettertoErnstHeinkelhimself:“Dear Professor! With referencetothediscussion heldon23.11.38with yourdearMrIng. Kapp, we willpresentan overviewsketch withmeasurementsandperformancedata ofoneofourplannednewconstructions. Thisdrafthasalreadybeenapproved by GeneralUdetingreatdetail.

“Wealsoadd aspreadsheetand we notethatwhenthehournumbers were fixed, we have assumedmaximum values basedonthe experienceofthebuildings ofourlastengineandglideraircraft.

“Wemay pointoutthat,at your request, thedocumentswillbemade availableto youexclusivelyas abasis fornegotiation with regardtothecooperationbetween theHeinkelaircraft worksandus,as contemplated by theRLM,andmustbe consideredasourintellectualproperty.”

TheHeinkelcompanysentback abrief noteonDecember7,1938:“Onbehalfof ProfessorDrHeinkel, wewouldliketo thank youfor yourdocuments. We arestill intheprocessofdiscussingandclarifying thematter.Theclarificationshouldbe expected by Wednesday, 14.12,sothat abasic discussionwith youcouldtakeplace.

“It wouldthereforebeappropriateif you were goingtoRostockon Tuesdayevening tobeinRostock-Marieneheon Wednesday morning. We arewaiting foryourarrival.”

Twodayslater,onDecember9,Reimar sent aletterbackwhichmightbedescribed asbrusque:“Wereceived yourletterof7 Dec.Unfortunately,atthepresenttime we have not yetreceivedintoourpossession thepromisedcopyoftheconferenceof23 Nov. 38with yourdearMrIng. Kapp.

“Inthecoming week, we willbe waitingontheacceptanceofcomponents forourcurrentlyunderconstruction10 flyingairplanes,HortenIIIbmodel,from variousofourdeliverycompanies.A meetinginthenext weekisunfortunately notpossible forthis reason.

ABOVE: Avarietyofdifferentconfigurationswereproposedforthemilitaryproductionversion Horten HVd.ThisdrawingofMarch19,1942,showsitas alightbomberwithrearturret.

ABOVE: WalterHortenclimbsaboardthe HVc. Theaircraftwaseventuallywrittenoffaftera crashduringthespringof1943.

“Intheabove-mentioneddiscussion,three possibilitiesofcooperationbetweenthe Heinkelaircraft worksandus wereexhibited. Inorderto avoidfurthertimelosses we ask youtosubmit yourofferinthemeantime withinthescopeofthesethreepossibilities.”

TheHeinkel response,sentonDecember 13, explainedthatfurther face-to-face discussions were necessary:“Inordertobe abletomakethebestpossibleagreement onthenatureofthecompensation,it wouldbenecessary foryoutobringalong documentationabout yourdevelopment work, i.e.patentableproposalsandinnovations, inordertobeabletofind abetterestimate oftheamountofthecompensation. We would welcomeitinallcircumstancesif you couldcometoRostock-Marieneheatthe beginningofthenext week,inanycasebefore Christmas,sothat we cancometo afurther clarification by meansof ajointdebate.”

ReimarwrotebackonDecember 16agreeingtomeetatRostockMarieneheonDecember19at11am.

Onthe19th,Reimarand Waltersatdown withHeinkel representativeHeinrichHertel and workedouteightpointsofagreementwith whichto formthebasisof abindingcontract.

Thedocument, evidentlytypedupon theday, isaddressedtoReimarHorten andstarts:“Weconfirmtheagreements youhavemadewith youasfollows:

“1.Theyactwithimmediateeffectas advisoryengineertotheEHFwiththe taskofprocessingthedevelopmentof flyingwingaircraft. Withthistransition totheEHF,youaregivingusthe results of yourpreviousdevelopment work.

“2.Sincenopatentshave been registered fortheideas youhaveelaboratedand realised,EHFimmediatelyprovidesa competentpatentengineerwhowillprepare thepatentapplications.Thesepatentson yourdevelopment work shouldbeinthe nameofProfessorDrHeinkel,butwiththe appointmentofReimarand WalterHorten.”

Pointthreeis aone-offpaymentof 10,000RMtothebrothers“as arecognition forthedevelopment work of your results”. Further“one-timebonus”payments,point four,wouldbemadewiththecompletion ofeach forthe experimentalHorten VIIs –4000RM forthefirstoneand 2000RMeach forthesecondandthird.

Inpointfiveitisrecognisedthat Walter, as aservingofficer,cannotenterintoa contractual relationshipwithHeinkel“but willcontinueto work with youinthemost intimatetermsonthedevelopmentoffly-wing aircraft exclusivelyinour factory,asyouwill”.

Forthesixthpoint,eachbrother would get amonthlysalaryof600RMbutalso, pointseven,“ofthepatentstobe registered andtransferredtoProfessorHeinkel, you will receivea20%shareofthelicencenet income forbothdomesticand foreignsales”.

Finally:“Thestart-upofthe work is designedsothatuntilMarch1,1939, you complete yourpreparatory work inBerlinso farthat youwillmove your work toMarienehe on 1March.The executionof your work inthe factoryisplannedsothatitspre-construction officeis formedinwhich youcarryout theconstruction’spreparatory work.”

Inother words,thebrothers wouldboth begivenjobs workingonthedevelopmentof flyingwingaircraftatHeinkelwithsalaries andincentives,plus ashareofincomevia theirpatents.OnJanuary16,1939,

ABOVE:DrawingshowingthepoweredHorten

theagreement wasformalisedintoa contractbutwith anew ninthpoint:“The durationofthecontractshallendwiththe completionofthethirdtestaircraft;But nolaterthan 1October1940.Exceptionsto thisruleisSection7,which remainslegally valid forthedurationofthepatents.”

OnFebruary8,Reimarsentanother personallettertoHeinkelincluding alist of requestedamendmentstothecontract intendedtopreventHeinkelfrom reassigning theirpatentsto athirdparty,requiring thatthebrothersbepaidtravelandother expenses fortheir work,denyingHeinkelany patentsonglidersoraircraftwithengines upto100PS,and requiringthatHeinkel continueto registerpatentsonbehalfofthe brothers followingthe expiryofthecontract inOctober1940atnocosttothebrothers.

Theletteritself read:“IntheappendixI amsendingto you,asdiscussed,the wording ofouragreementsof19.12.38proposed by us. Ikindlyask forthe returnof areceipt. On1.3.39 we willthenmove toRostock andcontinueour work in yourplant.”

This wasaboutascloseastheHortens gottotheestablishmentofan‘AbteilungH’ atHeinkel –whichReimarlaterstatedhad beenhisidealoutcomeofthenegotiations. Furthercommunicationbetweenthebrothers andHeinkelcontinueduntilMarch12,1939, whenReimarsentErnstHeinkel aletter marked‘Personal!’inwhichhestatedthat hislastmeetingwithHeinkelpersonnel onMarch 6“took aratherunpleasant course”which“strengthenedinusthe farfromencouragingimpressionwhich yourcontractdraftof14.2.39leftbehind”. Thishadessentially rejectedthebrothers’

amendmentsintendedtoprotecttheirpatents.

Reimarcould“unfortunatelyseeno possibility”toproceedunlesshispatentrelatedamendments were accepted,stating: “Wewouldliketoemphasisethattheessential differencethatdidnotallowustocometo anagreementisthat youwouldacquirethe resultofallour work so farfor arelatively smallsumof atotalof20,000RM,andto secureourselvesalongwithourpatents.What wouldbecomeofusandour work including thepatentsafter expiryofthecontract?

“Thepaymentof20,000RM youhave offereddoesnot yetreplaceourcashoutlays, which we hadpreviouslyhadtopayfor ourinsurances.Theyare thereforenota compensation forourservice.Itiscrucial forusthat we donotleave youforeverafter thecourseof ashort-termcontracthaving registeredthepatentsin yournamewith ourcurrentandabove allfuturelife’swork.”

Hefinished by statingthatdealingwith HeinrichHertelhadbeen“veryunpleasant” andsaid:“Wethereforeseethenegotiations with youascompletedandask youtoreturn thepreliminarydesignofourtrialmachine.”

TheHortenshadsuccessfullynegotiated themselvesoutof acontractwhichmight have beenthemakingoftheircareers

primarilyonthebasisthatHeinkel would notpaythemenoughmoney. Fromtheir perspective,however, theyhadUdet’s supportandbelievedthattheir work ought tobe worthHeinkel’swhilepaying for. Heinkel,likethebrothersthemselves, seemstohave beenprimarilyconcerned withacquiringpatents fortheir work under themost favourablepossibleconditions.

Thereissome evidencetosuggest thatnotlongafterthedeal fellthrough, Heinkel wentandpatentedsomeoftheir ideasinthenameofErnstHeinkelanyway, sincethebrothersthemselveshadnot botheredtodoso. AHeinkelpatentdrawing foraflyingwingdesign waspublished inFlugsportin1943 –presumablysome timeaftertheoriginalpatent wasfiled.

THEWILDERNESS

Earlyin1939,it wasdiscoveredthatthe Parabolahad warpedbadly overthewinter and wasnow ruinedsoitendedupbeing burnedwithout everhavingbeenflown. Reimarcontinuedwithhisuniversitystudies while workingonthe10newHIIIs –some ofwhich were enteredatthe Wasserkuppe duringthesummerof1939 –and Walter was senttostudyatthe TechnicalUniversity atBerlin-CharlottenburgbyUdet.

Afterthat year’sglidingcontest,Reimar beganthinkingaboutmakingthe HIV hehadplannedseveralyearsearlierasan entry forthe1940contests.The HVIhad alreadybeensketchedoutas a24mwingspan gliderbeforetheadventofthe HVII,but this wasstill along wayfrombecominga reality.Astheprospectof warinEurope loomedcloser,Reimaralsocameupwith theidea forwhat wouldbecomethe HVIII.

HetoldMyhra:“Thepoliticalsituation waschangingand Iheardonthe radiothat warcouldbreakoutatanytime. Ithought atthismomentthat we hadmanyengines fromtheoldBf109 BandtheJunkers210of 550hpand water-cooledinverted Vand12 cylinders.Andalsothereweregoodengines.

“Ibelievedthat we couldbuildanaircraft withtwotimesthespanof20m. We then couldhave 150sqmofwingsurfaceand we

ABOVE:Horten HVdwithandwithoutrearturret. ArtbyDanielUhr

couldarrange forthisaircrafttoflyaround Englandand overtheocean. Ithought thattheaircraftcouldfly for24hours with acrewofthreemen.Itcouldbeused asanobservationandbomberplane.”

Whenthe warcame, Walter rejoinedI./JG 26astechnicalofficerunderthecommandof AdolfGallandwhileReimar waseventually assignedto aflyingschoolatHalberstadtas anauxiliaryinstructorbeforebeingsenttoa pilotschoolhimselftolearnfightertactics.

OnMay20,1940,theeldestofthethree Hortenbrothers waskilledinunusual circumstances. Wolfram wasaHeinkelHe111 pilotflyingmissionstodrop1000kgmines intheEnglishChannel.ReimartoldMyhra: “TheystartedaboutmidnightintheNorth SeatoflytoLondonandinthefirstlight ofdaytheygetthere.At aheightoftwoor threemetreslaytheirmines.This washis taskduringtheentirewinterofthe war.

“Thenwhenthe warbeganwithFrance duringMay1940,he wascalledtogoto Dunkirkandhehadtodothatsametask there.Butsomethinghappenedandhe was toldthatthreeoftheminesinoneofthe He111s were accidentallyactivatedand werereadyto explodeduetobadhandling. Theywanted volunteerstoflytheplane offanddroptheseminesintotheseaand Wolfram volunteeredtodoit.Startingthe aircraft everything wentokayuntilthey tookoffthentheaircraft explodedand Wolframincludinghiscrew were lost.”

Towardstheendof1940, apairof HIIsand fiveHIIIs were broughttogetherin readiness fortheplannedinvasionofBritain –Operation Sealion.The HIIs were laterswapped fortwo moreHIIIs.TheHortenaircraft, alongwith80Kranichgliders, were tofly ammunitionsuppliestofrontlineinfantry unitsastheyadvancedintotheEnglish countryside.Reimarbeganmodifyingsome ofthe HIIIstocarry a400kgloadofammo butthis work wasabandonedwiththe cancellationoftheoperationinitsentirety.

InMay1941, Walter wasgiven astaff positioninBerlinasthetechnicaladvisorin Luftwaffe Inspektion 3(LIn3) –theLuftwaffe fighterinspectorate.Atfirstheservedunder GeneralKurt-Bertram vonDöring,then laterinthe yearunderGeneralofFighters WernerMölders,then followinghisdeath inNovember1941underhis replacement, hisoldunitcommander,AdolfGalland. Meanwhile,Reimarhadbeentransferred toKönigsberginDecember1940where hecontinuedto work onthe HIVhigh aspect ratioglider,thefirst exampleof which wasfinishedduringMay1941.

Ataroundthistime, Walterpersuaded Udetthatthe HVb,whichhadbeenleft outintheopensincethewinterof1938/9 oughttobe repairedandmodifiedtobecome asingle-seatermilitarydesign –theH Vc.The weatheredaircraft wastaken toMindeninnorth-westernGermany wherethe repaircontract wasawarded toPeschkeFlugzeugbau, asmall former furnituremanufacturingbusinessrun by OttoPeschke. Walterhad by nowbecome friendlywithUdet’ssecretary,awomanwho wasabletosignoffofficialdocumentson herboss’sbehalfandwho woulddo favours forWalterwhenheasked forthem.

Walterthereforeusedhisnewfound influencetoputReimarinchargeof anew unitofhis owncreation,Sonderkommando LIn3,to overseethe work onthe HVc.

HVIIRESURRECTED

OverseeingPeschkerequired verylittle directinvolvementfromReimarsohe wentbacktohisstudiesattheUniversity ofBonn.Whilehe wasthere,he wasable toarrange forasecondgroupof workers toconstruct yetanother HIII,butthis timeequippedwith a48hp WalterMicron enginepositionedcentrallyandtothe rear.This wasdesignatedthe HIIId.

Reimarnowrealisedthathehadthe resourcesandtheopportunitytobuildthe

long-planned HVIIatthesametime,if only Walterandhisgirlfriendcouldsee tothenecessarypaperwork.Hehadthree draftsmenatMinden by thistimeandall ofthem were nowsetto work onthe HVII. Helatersaid:“IhadspokenwithPeschke andtheywouldliketomakethe HVII for usbutheneededanordertoconstructit. Walterthenorganisedorarranged forthe constructionofthe HVII by Peschke.”

TheorderPeschkeneeded wasalongtime coming,however. Yetduringthewinterof1941 to1942,Peschkeandhismenstillmanaged tonotonly rebuildthe HVbasthe HVc,but alsotoconstruct apairofnewunpowered HIIIs.Therewasno roomto keepthemat Minden,however, so Walterobtainedanorder tomove partofSonderkommandoLIn3’s operationtoGöttingen,nearthe AVA, where therewashangarspace available.Notonly that,hehadanorderissuedviatheRLMto recruitnewworkers fortheGöttingen facility.

Sincetheordertohave Peschkebuild aprototype HVIIhadnotcomethrough, Reimarsimplybeganbuildingithimself usingthesenewworkers.InOctober,Walter tookReimartowitness arocket-propelled flightoftheMe163atPeenemünde,which bothmen foundencouragingsinceitserved todemonstratethe valuenowbeingplaced ontaillessaircraftdesignselsewhere intheindustry.EventuallyPeschkedid receivehisorder –despiteUdet’ssuicideon November17,1941 –andbegan work onthe centresectionofthe HVII,withthewings beingbuilt by Reimar’smenatGöttingen.

WithUdetgone,theflightoftheMe 163stillfreshintheirminds,thefirst HVII underconstruction,the HVbbeing rebuilt asthe HVcandwithseveralnew HIIIson the way, Waltermade adiscoverywhich wouldhave dramatic repercussions forthe brothersgoinginto1942.Throughhis work as atechnicaladvisorhehadlearnedthat Junkers wasworkingon arevolutionary newpowerplant –theturbojet. •

Fasterthana Messerschmitt

Abteilung L–1940to1942

HavingstartedhisnewcareeratMesserschmittalmostunabletobelievehisgoodfortune andhappytoshadowthecompany’smaindesignteam,Lippisch’soldself-confidence soonbegantoreassertitself.Everythingchangedagainwhenhisteamachieveda spectacularcareer-definingcoup…

Bytheendof 1940,Abteilung Lhad beenpartoftheMesserschmitt organisation fornearlytwoyears. Thecompanycontinuedtoenjoylarge contractsasGermany’smainsupplierof fighteraircraft –workingonsubstantial upgrades fortheBf109while readyingtheMe210to replacetheBf110.

Thefirm’smainprojectoffice continuedtobeshadowedbyAbteilungL, evenasmuchofthelatter’sattention was devotedtotheDFS194andMe163. Whilemostofits work onotherprojects hadbeensuspended,AbteilungL neverthelessmanagedtocompleteone designwhich wasdeemedessentialifa rocket-propelledtaillesstype wasever to reachfrontlineservice –atrainer.

Projektbaubeschreibung P06was publishedonNovember4,1940,bearing thestandarddisclaimeronitstitlepage:

P06asitappearsintheprojectbrochure.Thedesignwasintendedto periencedpilotsretrainontaillesstypes.

ABOVE:Three-viewoftheMesserschmitt P06.

“Ifchangesormodificationsaremade,the company reservestherighttomakethese changes.MesserschmittAG,Augsberg.”

Theintroductionbegan:“The P06 projectis atwo-seatertailless retraining aircraftthatcanbeusedwithanMG17as afighteraircrafttrainer.Inordertobeable tocompareflightcharacteristicsas wellas performance,theenginepowerwasmatched tothatof existingfightertrainersandanAs 410engineistobeinstalled.Thepropeller isthreepositionandadjustableinflight. Thefuelsupplyis rated forthreehours.

“Theoccupantssitside by side;a duplicatesetofcontrols,whichcanbe activated by theflightinstructor,isprovided forthe flightstudent.Onesetofflight monitoringandnavigationdevicesare arrangedinthecentreofthe instrument panel,andtheenginemonitoringunits aredoubled,oneontherightandoneon theleft.Fortheoccupants,heightand length-adjustablestandardseats forseat cushionparachutesareprovided.”

The P06wastohave asteeltubefuselage with afirewallinfrontoftheoccupants. The forwardsection wouldhave metalskin butthe rear wouldbecoveredwithcloth. ThePlexiglascabin featuredanejectable rearsectionsotheinstructorandstudent couldquicklybailoutinanemergency.

Theundercarriage washydraulically retractable, foldingintothewingcentre section,andwherethetail wasconcerned: “Elevatorsandaileronsare,asiscustomary fortaillessaircraft,locatedatthe rear edgeoftheouterwing.Underthefuselage, an expansionflapislocatedinthe region ofthewingfrontedgeandintheinner partoftheouterwingflaps,whichare usedastrimsandlandingflaps.”

Theouterpartofthewings, removable forrailtransport, were tobemadeof woodwithplywoodskin.Thewingcentre section,however, wouldbemadeofsteel tubingwithmetalribscoveredpartlywith fabricandpartlywithduraluminium.

TheArgusAs410A-0engine wouldbe

fittedon weldedsteelmountswithbuilt-in shockabsorbers.Itssinglecontrollever wouldbemountedinthecockpit“onthe benchbetweentheseats”.Thefueltank wouldbelocatedinthewingcentresection.

Inmany respects,the P06was tobe amechanicallyunremarkable aircraft –a simpletwo-seatertohelp experiencedpilotsgetusedtotheidea offlying ataillessmachine.However, it wouldneverbebuiltandAbteilungL hadother work to keepitoccupied.

ThefinalflighttestsoftheDFS194 were conductedatPeenemündeonNovember30, 1940,andthefirsttowedflighttestofthe newlycompletedMe163tookplaceat AugsburgonFebruary13,1941,withHeini Dittmaratthecontrols.Lippisch’sfather FranzdiedninedayslateronFebruary22.

Inthemeantime,Abteilung Lhad beenjoined by anewrecruit–DrHermann Wursterhadpreviously beenMesserschmitt’schieftestpilot, conductingmanyearlytestsinvolving theprototypeBf109sandtheBf209 speed recordaircraft;nowheswitchedto designingaircraft ratherthanflyingthem.

Wurster’sfirstjob,whilehisnew colleagues were busyelsewhere, wasto pickupthe P04projectand revampit.The purposeindoingthis wastwofold:firstly the P04 wastocontinueasAbteilung L’s taillessalternativetoorreplacement for theMe210,which wasalreadysomewhat delayedbytheendof1940,andsecondly as ascaleddown experimentalprototype versionof alargelong-rangebomber.

Atthistime,Messerschmitt’smain projectoffice wasworkingonconventionallayoutdesigns forjustsuch abomber underthedesignation P1061,which would eventuallygoontobecometheMe264. Butatthepointwhen Wursterbeganhis revisionsofthe P04,mid-to-late1940,the P1061wasstilljustMesserschmitt’sentry forthe Fernkampfflugzeugcompetition.

The work seemstohave taken Wurster longerthan expectedsincehiscompleted

ABOVE: AwingdesigndrawingfortheMe163 datedFebruary24,1941.Theproject’soriginal ‘camouflage’name,Bf163,appearsinthetop leftcornerofthepagebelowtheMesserschmitt AG logo.

ABOVE:TitlepageofHermann Wurster’sproject descriptionfortherevisedMesserschmitt P04.

report,Projektbaubeschreibung P04-114, wasnotpublisheduntilMarch1,1941. Accordingtotheintroduction:“The P04-114 is aprototypeaircraft forthedevelopment of ataillesstwo-seaterheavyfighteror fighter-bomber,aswellas ataillesslongrangebomber.Thesetaillesstypeshave the followinggeneraladvantagescompared totoday’sdesign:1)Smallerwetted surfaceandthereforelow drag.2)Best propellerefficiencybecauseofpropeller arrangement.3)Greatermanoeuvrability. 4)Lowerset-up weight,orgreater range withthesameflying weight.5)Unimpeded defence weaponsandbettervisibilityto the rear.6)Freepassagethroughbarrage balloons,duetocontinuousarrow shape.” Wurster’sproposal wasfor atest aircraftwithArgusAs10 Cengines –but which wouldotherwisebethesameasthe production versionheavyfighterwithDB

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Ehkä hänen hellää huolehtimistaan värähti hänen äänessään

enemmän kuin oli hänen tarkoituksensa. Herra Corbal pysähtyi hänen eteensä ja katseli häntä tummilla, vakavilla silmillään. Hänen kasvonsa kävivät yhä vaaleammiksi, ikäänkuin äkillinen pelko olisi hänet vallannut, ja syvempi kaiho hiipi niiden juoviin. Vihdoin hän vastasi hyvin hitaasti:

»Niin, minä olen ajatellut. Ja kolmas vaihtoehto tarjoutuu. Mutta…»

Hän keskeytti puheensa pienellä epätoivon eleellä.

»Mutta mitä, monsieur? Lausukaa se avoimesti. Sillä tavoin ajatusta koetellaan.»

»Tekin sen tiedätte! Kuinka viisas te olettekaan!» Hänen silmiinsä välähti ihailua. »Tämä asia ei kuitenkaan kaipaa ilmilausumisen todistetta. Minä epäröin vain pelosta, että minut ymmärrettäisiin väärin.»

Neitonen melkein hymyili vilkaistessaan häneen. »Mitäpä teidän tapauksessanne merkitsisi miehelle väärinymmärrys?

Väärinymmärrys kenen taholta? Minunko? Mitä voi minun mielipiteeni tässä merkitä?»

»Kaikkea», vastasi varakreivi ja saattoi neitosen tuijottamaan melkein henkeään pidätellen, jonkin määrittelemättömän tunteen liikuttamana.

Varakreivi kääntyi äkkiä pois vieraastansa, asteli kirjahyllyseinälle ja takaisin jälleen, pysähtyen taaskin neitosen eteen, pää kumarassa.

»Voitaisiin arvella, etten ole löytänyt täältä muita kuin jonkun hätävaran. Se on minun suuri pelkoni. Tahdotteko uskoa minua, mademoiselle, jos vannon, etten lausu sanaakaan, joka ei ole totta? Minä olen mies, joka elää viimeisiä hetkiään. Ei minussa paljoa kuntoa liene, mutta valheellisuudella en ole itseäni ikinä tahrannut.»

»Niin minä teitä arvioisinkin, monsieur. Puhukaa siis vapaasti.»

Hän puhui, mutta ei vapaasti. Hän hapuili ja änkytti kömpelösti, mikä oli täysin vierasta hänelle, jonka lauseet tavallisesti olivat täsmälliset ja oppineesti punnitut.

»Älkää nähkö, mademoiselle, rukoilen, mitään… kunnioituksen puutetta sanoissani. Toisissa olosuhteissa… Mutta nyt aika kiirehtii. Minä olen mies, joka olen paljon elänyt yksinäni. Kirjani ja tilukseni ovat olleet ainoat harrastukseni ja pieni perheeni melkein ainoa seurani vuosikausiin. Tämä eristäytyminen maailmasta onkin tehnyt mahdolliseksi, että nyt vielä elän. Monet asiat, jotka kuuluvat minunsäätyisteni elämään, ovat menneet minulta ohi. Minä en ole niitä kaivannut, koska en ole niitä halunnut. Ei kukaan nainen… Pyydän, että uskotte minua… Ei kukaan nainen ole milloinkaan koskettanut elämääni. Ei tätä ennen.»

Mademoiselle de Montsorbier jäykistyi. Hän oli kovin kalpea, ja harmaa villamekko liikahteli hänen hentojen rintojensa kuohahtelusta. Varakreivi vaikeni siihen, ja hän, joka niin tyynesti oli katsellut kuolemaa, tarkkasi neitosta melkein pelokkaasti. Hän pani hermostuneesti kätensä ristiin ja havaitsi ne kosteiksi.

»Minä… minä olen tietysti lukenut runoilijoita. Mutta kuitenkaan en tiedä, kuinka nämä tunteet miehessä heräävät. Minä tiedän vain, että rakkaus on tullut minulle kuin salama siniseltä taivaalta. Sietäkää

minua, mademoiselle, vaikka saatan teistä näyttää yltiöpäältä.

Epäilkää mitä tahdotte, mutta älkää minun sanojeni totuutta ja vilpittömyyttäni.»

Taaskin hän vaikeni. Mutta tyttö ei vieläkään virkkanut mitään. Olisi ollut vaikea sanoa, kumpi heistä oli suuremman pelon vallassa.

»Kun ensi kertaa näin teidät valossa eilen illalla, tuntui minusta… kuin olisi sieluni ponnahtanut syleilemään teidän sieluanne. Puhun ehkä karkeuksia. Minä en kykene esittämään sitä muulla tavalla. Mutta niin omaehtoista, niin… niin välttämätöntä se oli, että minusta on näyttänyt… Tämä ei ole pöyhkeilyä, mademoiselle. Se on kai vaistomaista. Minusta on tuntunut kuin jotakin molemminpuolista, vastavuoroista on täytynyt tapahtua. Minusta näytti mahdottomalta, että miehen sielu voisi… kokea niin paljon… tukemattomana.

Mademoiselle, minä häpeän typeriä sanojani. Ne eivät…»

Neitonen keskeytti hänet vihdoinkin. Hän oli noussut, ja uskomattomana ihmeenä varakreivin silmissä hänen rintansa nojasi hänen omaansa vasten, ja hänen kasvonsa, kauttaaltaan vaaleat ja säälistä surkeat, olivat kohotetut häntä kohti.

»Häpeättekö?» huudahti hän. »Häpeätte!» Neitosen äänessä oli hellyyden musiikkia, joka huumasi miehen aisteja. »Teidän sananne eivät jätä mitään lausumatta. Ette ainakaan lausu mitään, mikä ei ole totta. Vaistosi eivät ole pettäneet, rakkaani.»

Corbalin käsivarret kietoutuivat hänen ympärilleen. Hänen äänensä oli kärsivän miehen ääni.

»Rakkaus on jokaiselle olennolle elämän täyttymys, ja minä olisin ehkä kuollut epätäydellisenä, jollet sinä olisi saapunut

yhdennellätoista hetkellä.»

Neitosta puistatti. »Oi, rakkaani!» Hän lepäsi raukeana varakreivin rintaa vasten.

»Ah! Mutta kaikki se on nyt muuttunut!» huudahti Corbal rohkaistakseen tyttöä. »Sinä teet elämän mahdolliseksi. Jos olisin erehtynyt, jos et olisi minusta välittänyt, niin kaikki muu olisi ollut samantekevää. Mutta sittenkin olisin kuollut rikkaampana, jalompana sinun tuliaistesi vuoksi. Mutta koska sinä välität… Kuuntelehan, rakkaani. Vallankumoustuomioistuimen päätös käskee minut ainoastaan menemään naimisiin. Kunhan siis vain menen naimisiin kolmen päivän kuluessa, niin täytän tämän heidän laiksi nimittämänsä törkeän ilveilyn vaatimukset. Filomène ehdotettiin minulle, koska en tahtonut itse tehdä valintaa. Mutta Filomène tai joku toinen, samahan se heille on. Jos siis tulet minun kanssani tuomioistuimen eteen talonpoikaisessa puvussa se on varmempaa — tyttönä, jonka minä otan mieluummin, jonka olen itselleni valinnut… Me voimme keksiä sinulle kotipaikan. Se ei käy vaikeaksi. Jos siis…»

Tyttö irtausi hänestä ja astahti taaksepäin.

»Oi, sinä et tiedä, mitä puhut!» huudahti hän syvässä tuskassa.

Toinen seisoi nolostuneena, kaikki hänen leijailevat toiveensa ehkäistyinä.

»Mutta jos… jos… me rakastamme toisiamme?» änkytti hän. »Mitä vaikeutta siinä sitten on? Tarvitseeko sen ajatuksen, että vihkiäiset pidetään heti, olla niin vastenmielinen?»

»En minä sitä tarkoita, en minä sitä tarkoita!»

»Mitä sitten?»

Neitonen nauroi ilottomasti. Tilanteessa oli sittenkin jotakin ilotonta huumoria. »Chauvinière!» virkkoi hän merkitsevästi.

»Chauvinière?» toisti Corbal, tietenkin käsittäen hänet väärin. »Mitä hänestä sitten? Chauvinièrekin vaiennetaan, kun täytetään hänen vaatimuksensa, että minä menen naimisiin. Hän mainitsi Filomènen ainoana käsillä olevana morsiamena. Mutta toinen nainen kelpaa hänestä yhtä hyvin kuin toinenkin, tai jollei hänestä, niin ainakin tuomioistuimesta. Jos siis tottelen päätöstä, eivät he voine pakottaa minua valinnassani. Se olisi liian vaarallinen ennakkomenetelmä.»

»Se, mitä sanot, olisi totta jokaiseen muuhun naiseen, mutta ei minuun nähden.»

»Ei sinuun nähden?» Mies tuijotti hämmästyneenä.

»Koska minä olen se nainen, jota Chauvinière ei salli sinun valita. Se on surullisen, julman iroonista, ystäväni. Jos paljastat minut, niin sillä vain saatat turmioon sekä minut että itsesi.»

»Jos paljastan sinut mademoiselle de Montsorbierena. Mutta se ei olekaan tarkoitus. Maalaistyttönä, rahvaan tyttärenä…»

Neitonen keskeytti hänet selittääkseen vihdoinkin kaikki.

»Se saattaisi kelvata muille, mutta ei Chauvinièrelle. Chauvinière on se edusmies, joka salaa kuljetti minut pois Pariisista.»

Kului pitkä tovi, ennenkuin toinen täydellisesti ymmärsi, ja se ymmärtäminen herätti hänessä kummallista kauhua. »Se oli hän? Se oli hän…?»

Neitonen nyökkäsi, ja hänen kasvonpiirteensä vääntyivät katkeraan hymyyn.

Corbalia puistatti, ja hän peitti kasvot käsillään, sulkeakseen pois kuvan, jonka tytön näkeminen nyt herätti. Hän astui taaksepäin ja istahti äkkiä tuolille. Hän voihki siinä istuessaan, ja aluksi tyttö ymmärsi väärin hänen tuskansa syyn, kuvitellen sen olevan hänen paljastuksensa tuottamassa tappion tunteessa. Mutta Corbalin sanat valaisivat hänelle asian.

»Chauvinière!» jupisi hän. »Se viheliäinen eläin! Hänen saastaiset silmänsä ovat ryömineet sinun puhtaudessasi ja suloissasi.» Hän puri hammasta. »Että hän uskalsikin! Että hän katseellaan tohti sinut tahrata!»

»Rakkaani, maksaako vaivaa ajatella sitä — tällaisella hetkellä?»

»Mitäpä tässä muuta ajatella? Mitäpä mikään muu tähän verrattuna merkitsee? Elämänikö!» nauroi Corbal. »Minä antaisin sen kernaasti, jos olisin voinut sinut säästää!»

Ovelta kuului kolkutus. Filomène astui huoneeseen säikähtynein kasvoin. »Siellä on kansalainen edusmies», ilmoitti hän. »Hän on täällä ja pyytää saada teitä tavata.»

Mademoiselle de Montsorbier säpsähti.

Corbal paljasti kasvonsa ja nousi hitaasti seisaalleen.

»Kansalainen edusmies?» kysyi hän käheästi. »Chauvinièreko?»

Sitten hän äkkiä ponnistausi reippaaksi. Hän suoristi olkapäänsä ja seisoi jäykkänä ja ryhdikkäänä, kasvot kirkkaina jostakin mielijohteesta. Häntä tarkatessaan mademoiselle de Montsorbier havaitsi hänessä hätääntymisen asemesta ainoastaan yliluonnollista tyyneyttä, ja kun hän sitten jälleen puhui, ei hänen äänensä ollut saanut takaisin luontaista tasaista sävyään, vaan siinä värähti heikosti melkein ivallinen sävel.

»Kansalaisedusmies Chauvinière, niinkö? Onko hän yksin?»

»On, monsieur. Minä en nähnyt ketään muuta.»

Varakreivi nyökkäsi. Hän hymyili. »Kuinka erinomaisen ystävällistä, kuinka herttaisen alentuvaista kansalaisedusmieheltä kunnioittaa taloani jälleen! Ja näin perin sopivaan aikaan! Ikäänkuin hän olisi arvannut, kuinka välttämättä tahdoin häntä tavata, ja halunnut säästää minulta vaivan lähteä häntä etsimään. Odotuta häntä tuokion verran eteisessä, Filomène. Viivytä häntä siellä, jos voit, ja tuo sitten sisälle.»

Ihmetellen ja keventyneenä varakreivin sävystä Filomène lähti.

Ennenkuin tyttö oli poistunut huoneesta, oli Corbal astunut korkean seinän vieressä olevan kiilloitetun silkkiäispuisen kaapin luo. Hän tunsi mademoiselle de Montsorbieren tarttuvan kyynärpäähänsä.

»Tahdotko kätkeä minut sinne?» Corbal tuhlasi hetkisen häneen tuijottamalla. Sitten hän hymyili ja pudisti päätänsä. »Minä en suinkaan aio kätkeä sinua.» Hän otti mahonkisen lippaan erään kaapin hyllyltä.

»Mutta jos hän tapaa minut täällä?»

»Sitä minä haluankin.» Hän otti ruutisarven ja pienen liinakankaisen pussin ja sulki kaapin oven. »Se uskalikko, se röyhkeä hupsu!»

Hän astui kirjoituspöytänsä luo ja avasi lippaan. Siinä oli pari kaksintaistelupistooleja samettikotelossa.

YHDEKSÄS LUKU

Filomènella oli viehätyksensä, ja luonteeltaan niin yritteliäs mies kuin kansalaisedustaja ei päästä naisellisia viehätyksiä huomaamattaan ohitse.

Kun tyttö palasi eteisessä odottavan luo, otti tämä hänen pehmeästi pyöristyneen leukansa laihaan käteensä ja tarkkasi häntä hyväksyvästi. Hänen sanansa kuitenkin ilmaisivat, että hän teki sen intohimottomasti, arvostelevan viileässä mielessä.

»Joko hän havaitsee sinun sulosi, rakas tyttöseni, se nirso entinen ylimys? Hänen asemessaan en minä totisesti kahta käskyä odottaisi. Minä teen sinusta vielä entisen varakreivin puolison», lupasi hän ja suuteli häntä sinetöidäkseen kaupan. Intohimottomuus voi sittenkin joskus mennä liian pitkälle, ja kansalaisedusmies Chauvinièrella oli omat tapansa.

Hän päästi tytön leuan ja käski opastamaan vastahakoisen sulhasen luo. Mutta Filomène muisti käskyn, että piti viivytellä, ja edusmies itse oli tarjonnut hänelle siihen verukkeen. Vieläpä enemmänkin, — hänelle selvisi äkkiä, kuinka hän ehkä voisi

pelastaakin varakreivin, kun hänen kiintymyksensä isäntää kohtaan oli sitä haltioitunutta lajia, joka haluaa ilmaantua vain palveluksessa.

»Ei ainoastaan sulhanen ole vastahakoinen», sanoi hän, ja viehättävät kasvot olivat käyneet nyrpeiksi. »Te pitelette kovin vapaasti köyhää tyttörukkaa, te vallankumoustuomioistuimen herrat. Te käskette miehen naida minut, pyytämättä minulta siihen edes suostumusta. Pidätte itsestään selvänä, ettei minulla ole siinä asiassa mitään mielipidettä. 'Naikaa Filomène torstaina, muutoin mestaamme teidät perjantaina'.» Hän tuhautti nenäänsä vihaisen halveksivasti. »Te luulette, että siinä on kaikki. Mutta entä jos Filomène ei halua miestä, jonka te määräätte hänen puolisokseen?»

Chauvinière rypisti hänelle otsaansa. Hän muisti ne lempeät katseet, jotka oli nähnyt tytön luovan Corbaliin ja jotka ensiksi olivat hänelle vihjaisseet tämän juonen. Hänen nyrpistyksensä muuttui pilkalliseksi hymyksi.

»Mitä leikkiä sinä minun kanssani leikit, tyttöseni?»

»En mitään leikkiä, kansalainen edusmies. Se on verisen vakavaa, kuten te ja teidän tuomioistuimenne saavat havaita. Minä en ole annettavissa kuin lehmä tai lammas, enkä minä kuulu teille, jotta te voisitte minut lahjoittaa. Vapautta, hah? Se on kai teidän käsityksenne vapaudesta? Kah, aristokraatit eivät olisi koskaan niin paljoa uskaltaneet, ettekä tekään uskalla, kun minusta on puhe!»

»No, emme tietenkään, jos sinä niin sanot.»

»Minä sanon niin.» Hänen äänensä kävi kimeäksi. Hän oli kiihoittunut, oli kiihoittuvinaan intohimoisen vihaiseksi. »Teidän, herrojen, on parasta ymmärtää minut selvästi ja säästää itseltänne

vaiva ajaa tätä järjetöntä asiaa edemmäksi. Minä en ota itselleni miestä teidän käskystänne enkä suinkaan kansalaista Corbalia. Minä kieltäydyn avioliitosta.»

Chauvinière hymyili kärsivällisesti tytön rajuudelle.

»Niinkö?» virkkoi hän.

»Ihan kerrassaan», julisti tyttö, ja hänen poskilleen karahti melkein riemun puna hänen käsittäessään, että hän täten oli nolannut

Chauvinièren ja pelastanut rakastamansa varakreivin tätä uhkaavasta vaarasta.

Chauvinière hymyili yhä ja huoahti. »Ikävä juttu», sanoi hän. »Perin ikävä ja säälittävä juttu! Hänen on nyt, jos hän mielii elää, etsittävä itselleen joku toinen, enkä minä rohkene toivoa, että hän löytää puoleksikaan niin viehättävän.»

Hän huokasi jälleen, sisimmässään nauttien leikistään. »Viehän nyt minut hänen luokseen, ole hyvä.»

Filomène hätkähti kauhuissaan, kun huomasi, että hänen aseensa näin helposti särjettiin. Hän nieli kiukkunsa kyyneleet, silmäillen kansalaisedusmiestä pahansuovasti, mikä vain lisäsi tämän salaista hilpeyttä.

Kun ei enää ollut mitään muuta tehtävää, saattoi tyttö ääneti edusmiestä ja ilmoitti hänet odottavalle varakreiville. Joustavana ja vikkelänä pitkässä harmaassa takissaan, kolmivärisessä vyöhikössään, josta nyt riippui sapeli, ja kokardilla koristetussa töyhtöhatussaan, jota hän ei viitsinyt ottaa päästänsä, Chauvinière tepsutti kirjastoon. Kynnyksen yli astuttuaan hän pysähtyi, salaista

ivaa joka piirteessään, silmäilemään varakreiviä, joka seisoi kädet

selän takana levollisena tyhjän takan ääressä. Hän viittasi peukalollaan poistuvaa Filomènea kohti.

»Mehevä tipu, ystäväni; häntä ei tulisi hylkiä miehen, jolla on hyvä maku.»

»Ehkei minulla ole hyvä maku — vallankumouksellisen mittapuun mukaan.»

»Teidän itsenne tähden toivoisin, että teillä olisi. Te olette loukannut lasta vastahakoisuudellanne, ja hän selittää, ettei hän suostu teidän aviosiipaksenne, vaikka tahtoisittekin. Mutta hänen vastustelunsa on voitettavissa pienellä suostuttelevalla kosiskelulla. Teidän asemassanne minä yrittäisin häntä suostutella. Joutuisitte huomaamaan, että hänen käsivartensa syleilisivät teitä lämpimämmin kuin giljotiinin kaulus. Mutta itsehän te saatte valita immen ja lesken välillä.»

»Te toistatte sananne, kansalainen. Onko se käyntinne ainoa tarkoitus?»

Chauvinièren vaaleat silmät kapenivat. Tässä oli mies, joka käytti murhaavampaa ivaa kuin hänen omansa ja ihan yhtä liukasta.

»Te ymmärrätte minut väärin.» Hänen äänensävynsä oli kuiva ja terävä. »Ymmärryksen puute on teidän säätynne vikoja. Ylimyksellisten päiden tyhjyys onkin niin monet niistä pudottanut vasuun. Minä olen täällä, rakas entinen aatelismies, veljellisessä mielessä teitä kehoittamassa…» Hän keskeytti lauseensa. Pieni liikahdus hänen oikealla puolellaan sai hänen katseensa

kääntymään sivulle, ja hän huomasi hoikan nuorukaisen, jolla oli maalaisen mekko ja housut.

»Mitä? Ken tuo on…?» Jälleen hän vaikeni ja katse kävi äkkiä eloisammaksi. Hän kumartui eteenpäin tuijottaen tarkkaan, astahti ja seisahti jälleen. Sitten pääsi häneltä hämmästyksen kirous ja sen jälkeen äänekäs ja mielihyvää todistava nauru. »Kah, tämäpä on kohtaus!» Hän sieppasi hatun päästänsä. »Käy välttämättömäksi paljastaa päänsä.» Hän kumarsi. »Ja kuinka kauan olette ollutkaan Corbalissa, rakas kirjurini?»

Mademoiselle de Montsorbier astahti hiukan eteenpäin, ihmeellisesti säilyttäen mielenmalttinsa.

»Eilisestä illasta asti, kansalainen», vastasi hän koruttomasti, niin koruttomasti ja levollisesti, että mies vavahti ja nolostui.

»Vai eilisestä illasta asti, kaunis kansalainen!» matki hän tyttöä.

»Eilisestäkö illasta asti? Hyväinen aika! Tapaan Corbalissa enemmän kuin olisin voinut uneksia tai aavistaakaan. Elämä on täynnä yllätyksiä. Mutta harvoin ne ovat näin hauskoja.» Hän liikahti lähestyäkseen neitosta.

»Pysykää paikallanne!»

Ääni oli Corbalin, joka puhui niin kylmään ja terävään sävyyn, että se tosiaan pysähdytti edusmiehen. Tämä jäykistyi katsellessaan varakreiviä huoneen lattian poikki.

»Elämä on täynnä yllätyksiä, kuten sanotte, kansalainen edusmies. Tämä yllätys ei kuitenkaan osoittautune niin hauskaksi kuin luulette.»

Varakreivin asennossa, jopa hänen levollisuudessaankin oli jotakin kamalaa ja uhkaavaa.

Chauvinière vainusi heti vaaraa ja olisi yhtä nopeasti asettunut sitä torjumaan; mutta hänelle oli haitaksi ja turmioksi se iva, jota hän niin tuhlaavasti viljeli. Hänen ilkkuvan kunnioituksensa järjetön ele oli kuormittanut hänen oikean kätensä päästä siepatulla hatulla. Ennenkuin hän ehti pistää sen käden poveensa ottaakseen sieltä pistoolin, joka hänellä oli juuri tällaisten odottamattomien tapausten varalta, oli hänen vapauduttava hatusta. Hän siirsi sen nopeasti vasempaan kainaloonsa. Mutta hän ei ehtinyt sen pitemmälle.

Hänen liikkeensä oli vaaranmerkki Corbalille, ja tämä ojensi nyt häntä kohti raskaan kaksintaistelupistoolin, jota hän tuki vasemmalla kyynärvarrellaan.

»Jos liikautatte vain sormeannekin, kansalainen edusmies, niin minä lähetän teidät helvettiin.»

Chauvinière totteli, mutta ei ihan kirjaimellisesti. Hän levitti jalkansa ja pani kätensä ristiin selän taakse. Sitten hän nauroi. Hän näytti järkkymättömältä, salaten huolettomalla ryhdillään vaaleiden silmiensä valppauden.

»Vielä uusi yllätys!» virkkoi hän. »Ja tämä teidän taholtanne, rakas aatelissyntyinen! Minä en suinkaan sitä teiltä odottanut. Tähän asti te olette ollut niin herttainen ja poikkeuksettoman kohtelias, etten olisi suinkaan luullut teidän kykenevän tällaiseen karkeuteen. Miksi te haluatte minua peloittaa?»

»Te käsitätte minut väärin. En minä aio teitä peloittaa!»

»No, mitä sitten?»

»Tappaa teidät.»

Chauvinière nauroi taaskin, vaikka hän hiukan kalpeni parkitun nahkansa alla.

»Mitä te puhuttekaan! Kah, kansalainen, olkaamme käytännöllisiä. Mitä hyötyä teillä olisi minun kuolemastani? Luuletteko, että se pelastaisi teidät noudattamasta vallankumoustuomioistuimen päätöstä tai muussa tapauksessa uhraamasta päätänne giljotiinille? Kunhan hiukan mietitte, ystäväni, niin huomaatte, että se vain kiirehtisi teidän tuomiotanne.»

Varakreivi ei järkkynyt. »Ja kunhan hiukan tekin puolestanne mietitte, niin huomaatte, että minä, jonka elämä jo on hukassa, en voi menettää mitään tappaessani teidät.»

»Mutta sellainen poikamainen ja hyödytön kostotyö!» Chauvinière näytti tyrmistyneeltä ja loukkaantuneelta. »Sitäpaitsi, ystäväni, on minulla kaksi miestä tuolla ulkona. Jos luulottelette, että minut ampumalla saatte tilaisuuden paeta, niin erehdytte. Pistoolinne pamahduksen kuultuaan rientäisivät mieheni sisälle, ja se olisi teidän loppunne.»

»Jos tuo olisi totta — mutta minä tiedän sen valheeksi tapahtuisi väliintulo kuitenkin liian myöhään ehkäistäkseen teidän loppunne. Ja ainakin mademoiselle de Montsorbier olisi turvattu. Myöskin on teidän sovitettava se anteeksiantamaton röyhkeys, joka sai teidät kohottamaan konnansilmänne häneen. Te nartunpenikka! Te katuojassa syntynyt roisto! Pelkkä katseennekin on häntä tahrannut. Etana on ryöminyt valkoisen puhtaan liljan kukkalehdillä.»

»Käymmepä jo lyyrillisiksi!» sanoi Chauvinière, mutta hänen

äänessään oli kiukkuinen sävy, sillä sielussaan hän kiemurteli aatelismiehen halveksivien herjausten ruoskimana. »Luulen ymmärtäväni. No niin, te olette minut tavannut minulle epäedullisessa asemassa. Kai minun täytyy suostua ehtoihin.»

»Tässä eivät tule mitkään ehdot kysymykseen. Teidän on vain maksettava se ainoa korvaus, jonka kykenette suorittamaan.»

»Tarkoitatte, että aiotte kylmäverisesti murhata minut! Se on käsittämätöntä. Olettehan te toki herrasmies ettekä salamurhaaja.»

Tällä kertaa ei Chauvinièren äänessä ollut ivaa. Se oli hartaan vakava. »Vaihtakaamme edes laukauksia, täällä, tässä huoneessa — kymmenen askeleen päässä tai miltä matkalta suvaitsette missä vain. Siitä ette toki voi kieltäytyä.»

Monsieur de Corbalin sävy muuttui jälleen kohteliaaksi. »Olen pahoillani, että minun täytyy kieltää teiltä sekin. Jos olisi puhe vain itsestäni, omasta hengestäni ja vapaudestani, niin suostuisin kernaasti. Tuskinpa niiden säilyttämiseksi vaivautuisin edes niin paljoa. Mutta tässä on mademoiselle de Montsorbier. Minä en voi sallia hänen kohtalonsa enkä rangaistuksen siitä loukkauksesta, jota teidän huomaavaisuutenne on hänelle merkinnyt, riippua onnesta tai ampumataidosta.»

Chauvinièren kasvot olivat muuttuneet harmaiksi. »Minut siis murhataan?»

»Ei murhata. Teloitetaan.»

»Hieno erotus!»

»Te olette itse käsitellyt hienoja erotuksia jokseenkin vapaasti, kun asia koski muiden tuskaa. Onpa oikein että mies joskus tyhjentää maljan, jonka on täyttänyt.» Varakreivin kylmä jäykkyys ei juuri jättänyt epäilystä hänen päätöksensä lujuudesta. Kääntämättä katsettaan Chauvinièresta hän puhui mademoiselle de Montsorbierelle. »Arvoisa neiti, saanko pyytää teitä poistumaan?»

»Hyvä Jumala!» kuului voihkinana edusmiehen verettömiltä huulilta, hänen korskean mielensä ollessa nyt täydellisesti taltutettu. Ainoastaan varakreivin jäykkä tuijotus ja varma tieto siitä, että hänen pieninkin liikahduksensa kiirehtisi lähenevää tuomiota, esti hänet uskaltamasta tavoittaa pistoolia povestaan. Vaikka pelko nyt kai puristikin häntä jäisillä kynsillään, säilytti hän kuitenkin järkensä kirkkauden. Viimeiseen silmänräpäykseen asti hän tahtoi vaania tilaisuuttansa. Senvuoksi hän yhä varoi tekemästä mitään, mikä kiirehtisi vielä mahdollisesti vältettävää loppua.

»Olkaa hyvä, mademoiselle!» toisti varakreivi pyyntönsä melkein käskevästi, sillä mademoiselle ei ollut hievahtanutkaan häntä totellakseen.

Neitonen liikahti vihdoin, mutta ei lähteäkseen.

»Hetkinen, pyydän», virkkoi hän. Hän ponnisteli liikutuksessaan. »Olkaamme käytännöllisiä, kuten kansalainen edusmies itse alussa ehdotti.»

Niin liikutettu kuin neitonen saattoi ollakin varakreivin kiintymyksen sanelemista kamalista ja tinkimättömistä vaatimuksista, käsitti hän, kuinka joutavaa oli uhrata hänen silmissään hämärästi häämöittävä paon ja turvallisuuden mahdollisuus romantillisen kostontuuman täytäntöönpanolle. Hän näki selvemmin ja kauemmaksi kuin

varakreivi. Häntä ei ollut yhtä suuri närkästys sokaisemassa. Olla jonkun miehen, vaikkapa kuinka arvottoman, haluama ei voi naisesta koskaan olla yhtä anteeksiantamaton loukkaus kuin se on hänen hyväksytyn rakastajansa mielestä. Senvuoksi hän ei himoinnutkaan Chauvinièren verta yhtä hurjasti kuin varakreivi. Se voisi jäädä vuodattamatta, koska hänen elämänsä saattoi tehdä heille paremman palveluksen kuin hänen kuolemansa.

Hän esitti nyt tyynesti ehdotuksensa.

»Kansalainen edusmies mainitsi äsken ehdoista. Kirjoittakoon hän kolme riviä ilmoittaakseen Poussignotin vallankumoustuomioistuimelle, että hän on äkkiä havainnut välttämättömäksi käväistä Neversissä, minkä vuoksi hän viipyy poissa huomiseen asti. Sallikoon hän senjälkeen teljetä itsensä tänne vuorokauden ajaksi, jotta saamme sen verran etumatkaa pakotiellämme. Näillä ehdoilla ei varakreivi suinkaan kieltäytyne säästämästä hänen henkeään.»

Varakreivin kasvot synkistyivät. »Minä olisin mieluummin…»

Neitonen keskeytti hänet, ja hänen äänensävynsä oli hartaan suostutteleva. »Olen sanonut sinulle, ystäväni, mitä haluan. Siten, usko minua, on parempi, turvallisempikin; enkä minä soisi sinun tarpeettomasti tahraavan käsiäsi.»

Jos varakreivi taipuikin vastahakoisesti, ei hän ainakaan tuhlannut sanoja.

»Sinä saat käskeä. Olkoon niin! Olette kuullut mademoisellen ehdotuksen, kansalainen. Mitä siihen sanotte?»

Chauvinière hengitti vapaammin. Hänen rohkeutensa virkosi jälleen ja palautti heti hänen tavallisen sävynsä. Jos hän suostui ottamaan vastaan tämän mahdollisuuden, ei suinkaan saattaisi epäillä hänen tarttuneen siihen kuin hukkuva oljenkorteen.

Hän viivytteli vastaustaan, jotta nähtäisiin hänen miettivän ehdotusta arvokkaan tyynesti.

»Kuten jo mainitsin, olette tavannut minut olosuhteissa, jotka ovat minulle epäedulliset.» Hän kohautti olkapäitään. »Minun täytyy siis antautua teidän tarjoamillanne ehdoilla. Mutta minä tahdon ensin jonkun takuun, että sitten kun minä olen puolestani täyttänyt sopimuksen, ette te laiminlyö sen täyttämistä.»

»Sanani on teille takuuna», vastasi Corbal kuivasti.

Chauvinière nyrpisti huuliansa. »Hiukan laihaa», huomautti hän.

»Minun sanaani ei ole vielä koskaan keveäksi katsottu. Ja ainoastaan teidänlaisenne halpasäätyinen mies, joka ei tunne kunnianmiesten tapoja, saattaa sellaista luulotella.»

Chauvinière vilkaisi häneen ja irvisti. »Ilmeisesti kuuluu kunnianmiesten tapoihin herjata henkilöä, jonka otsaan heillä on pistooli tähdättynä. Se on ylevää. Se herättää luottamusta. Se saa ihmisen kuvittelemaan, että sellaisen miehen sana on riittävä takuu mistä tahansa!» Hän oli katkeran ivallinen. »Mutta minun on pakko jättäytyä teidän sananne varaan. Näen sen selvästi. Sanokaa minulle sentään vastaus seuraavaan kysymykseen: Kun te olette lähteneet ja vuorokausi on kulunut umpeen, kuka minut päästää jälleen vapauteen?»

»Minä järjestän sen.»

»Suonette anteeksi, että kaikin mokomin haluaisin tietää niistä järjestelyistä, ennenkuin täydellisesti alistun toivomuksiinne.

Käsittänette, että minusta olisi perin vastenmielistä jäädä nääntymään nälkään siihen kellariin, johon te minut lukitsette, jos sattuisitte unohtamaan tai teille kävisi vaikeaksi ryhtyä minun vapauttamisekseni välttämättömiin toimenpiteisiin.»

Nyt vastasi hänelle mademoiselle. »Tällä hetkellä huomenna jätetään vankikoppinne avain vallankumouskomitean esimiehelle sekä kirjelappu teidän vapauttamiseksenne tarpeellisine tiedoituksineen.»

Edusmies kumarsi. »Se sopii mainiosti kylläkin. Mutta ken vie avaimen ja kirjelapun?»

»Voitte luottaa siihen, että löydämme viestinviejän, olemmepa missä tahansa. Siinä ei ole mitään vaikeutta.»

»Mutta viestinviejät ovat toisinaan epäluotettavia. Entä jos tämä vitkastelisi tai kokonaan laiminlöisi tehtävänsä?»

»Me teemme parhaamme hankkiaksemme täydellisesti luotettavan sanansaattajan ja takaamme hänelle sievoisen palkkion teiltä kannustaaksemme hänen intoaan. Sen enempää emme voi tehdä. Loppu jää teidän vaaraksenne.»

Chauvinière kohautti olkapäitänsä ja levitti käsiänsä. »Kai minun täytyy suostua. Te jätätte minulle vähän valinnan varaa.»

»Asiaan sitten», komensi Corbal. »Kyhätkää kirjelappunne täällä. Tuolla pöydällä on sulkakyniä, mustetta ja paperia.»

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