Handbook of International Psychology Ethics Codes and Commentary from Around the World 1st Edition Karen L. Parsonson Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://textbookfull.com/product/handbook-of-international-psychology-ethics-codes-a nd-commentary-from-around-the-world-1st-edition-karen-l-parsonson/
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HANDBOOKOFINTERNATIONAL PSYCHOLOGYETHICS The HandbookofInternationalPsychologyEthics discussesthemostcentral,guidingprinciplesofpracticeformentalhealthprofessionalsaroundtheworld.Forresearchers, practicingmentalhealthprofessionals,andstudentsalike,thebookprovidesawindow intothevaluesandbeliefsystemsofculturesworldwide.Chapterscoverethicscodes frompsychologicalassociationsandsocietieson fivecontinents,translatingeachcode intoEnglishanddiscussingvitalquestionsaroundhowthecodeisputintopractice, whatitmeanstoassociationmembersandsocietyatlarge,aswellashowthecodewas developedwithinitsuniquehistorical,political,andculturalcontext.
KarenL.Parsonson,PhD,isthedirectorofthegraduateforensicpsychology programandassistantprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofHoustonVictoria.Herresearchencompassesethics,forensics,andcross-culturalstudies.Formerlyapracticingclinicalandforensicpsychologistforover25years,shewasalso anexpertwitnessformanyyears.Asaclinicalhypnotherapist,shewaspresidentof theCanadianFederationofClinicalHypnosis-AlbertaDivision,teachingclinical hypnosistohealthcareprofessionalsformanyyears.Shehaspublishednumerous self-helpbooks,novels,andscholarlyarticles.
HANDBOOKOF INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOLOGYETHICS CodesandCommentaryfromAround theWorld EditedbyKarenL.Parsonson
Firstpublished2021 byRoutledge
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TherightofKarenL.Parsonsontobeidentifiedastheauthoroftheeditorial material,andoftheauthorsfortheirindividualchapters,hasbeenassertedin accordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct 1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinany informationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe publishers.
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Listof figuresx
Prefacexi
ListofPsychologicalAssociationsandLinkstoThemxii Contributorsxiii
1UnderstandingPsychology’sEthicsCodesfromanInternational Perspective:TheImportanceofNon-EthnocentricAppreciation andComparisons1 KarenL.Parsonson
PART1
AfricanCountries:NigeriaandZambia15
2DevelopmentofNigeria’sCodeofEthicsForPsychology17 GboyegaE.Abikoye,MichaelO.EzenwaandAndrewE.Zamani
3CodeofEthicsforPsychologyResearchandPracticeinZambia35 DabieNabuzoka,JacquelineP.Jere-FolotiyaandJ.AnithaMenon
PART2
AsianCountries:IndonesiaandSingapore47
4TheIndonesianCodeofConduct49 YustiProbowatiandMariaG.Adiyanti
5TheSingaporePsychologicalSocietyCodeofEthics:The Beginning,theCurrent,andtheFuture62 LohsnahJeevanandamandAdrianToh
PART3
AustralasianCountries:AustraliaandNewZealand75
6TheAustralianCodeofEthics77 AlfredAllan
7TheCodeofEthicsforPsychologistsWorkinginAotearoaNew Zealand94 JohnFitzgerald
PART4
EuropeanCountries:Hungary,Slovenia,theUK,andtheEFPA’s Meta-Code105
8TheFirst “HalfofHundred” YearsoftheHungarian Psychologists’ EthicsCode107 JuditSzimethnéGalaczi,ÉvaKovácsnéVajgerandIbolyaOláh
9EthicsforPsychologistsinSlovenia127 VitaPoštuvan
10ProfessionalIdentity,BehaviourandValues:APartialand ProvocativeHistoryoftheCodeofEthicsoftheBritish PsychologicalSociety143 RichardKwiatkowskiandClaireJackson
11TheDevelopmentoftheEuropeanFederationofPsychologists’ Associations’ Meta-CodeofEthics174 Geoff Lindsay
PART5
SouthandCentralAmericanCountries:Chile,Colombia, Guatemala,Venezuela189
12ProfessionalCodeofEthics:CollegeofPsychologistsofChile191 SergioLuceroConus
13TheColombianPsychologicalCodeofEthicsandBioethics: AHistoricalPerspective206 PauloDanielAceroRodríguezandRubénArdila
14AHistoryoftheDevelopmentoftheCodeofEthicsof Guatemala218
AnaMaríaJurado
15PsychologicalEthicsinVenezuela:Past,PresentandFuture226
JuanCarlosCanga
16TheUniversalDeclarationofEthicalPrinciplesforPsychologists240
KarenL.Parsonson
17AnOverviewofFindings,Non-EthnocentricComparisons, ConclusionsandImplications244
KarenL.Parsonson Index263
5.1Structureoftheguidelinesexamined:Singapore68
5.2Singaporepsychologyethicaldecision-makingmodel70
10.1CodeofEthicsandConductFeb2018BritishPsychological Society©BPS2018163
PREFACE Thishasbeenanimmenseundertaking,asitbeganwithemailsto101Psychology organizationsaroundtheworld.Intheprocess,somewereunabletocontributedue totimeconstraintsorinabilitytoaccesstheinformation.However,whatispresented isatributetointernationalcollaborationandcollegiality.Everycontinentonthe globehasbeenrepresentedinthiscompendiumofinternationalPsychologyethics codes,aswrittenbythosewhocontributedtotheirdevelopment.Thekindnessof mycontributorshasbeenimmenseandforthat,Ihaveheartfeltappreciation.Their dedicationisexemplifiedbytheEnglishtranslationfromtheiroriginallanguage. Additionally,theyprovidedtheirchaptersintheirownnativelanguagesothattheir compatriotscanreadwhattheyhavepresented.Intheprocess,Ihavemetsome wonderfulcolleaguesandfriends,whohavetakentheirvaluabletimetosharewith theworldtheirinsightsandthelaboroflovetheyputintodevelopingtheirethics codes.Perhaps,thisinitialrepresentativeoverviewofethicscodesacrosstheglobe willpromptothercountriestobewillingtocontributethesameworkfortheir countries,aswell.Whatfollowsisthe firstofitskind,inthewordsofthosewhohave dedicatedthemselvestoensuringethicalpracticeineachoftheirowncountries.
LISTOFPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONSANDLINKS TOTHEM Australia:AustralianPsychological Society(www.psychology.org.au/)
Chile:CollegeofPsychologistsofChile(http://colegiopsicologos.cl/)
Colombia:ColombianCollegeofPsychologists(COLPSIC)(www.colpsic.org.co)
EFPA:EuropeanFederationofPsychologists’ Associations(www.efpa.eu/)
Guatemala:CollegeofPsychologistsofGuatemala(www.colegiodepsicologos. org.gt/)
Hungary:HungarianPsychologicalAssociation(www.mpt.hu)
Indonesia:IndonesianPsychologicalAssociation(HIMPSI):https://himpsi.or.id/)
IUPsyS:InternationalUnionofPsychologicalScience(www.iupsys.net/)
NewZealand:NewZealandPsychologicalSociety(www.psychology.org.nz/)
Nigeria:NigerianPsychologicalAssociation(www.npa.com.ng)
Singapore:SingaporePsychologicalSociety(https://singaporepsychologicalsoci ety.org/)
Slovenia:SlovenianPsychologists’ Association(www.dps.si/o-drustvu/)
UK:BritishPsychologicalSociety(www.bps.org.uk/)
Venezuela:FederationofPsychologistsofVenezuela(www.fpv.org.ve/)
Zambia:PsychologyAssociationofZambia(https://paz.co.zm/)
CONTRIBUTORS GboyegaEmmanuelAbikoye isaClinicalPsychologistandAssociateProfessorat theUniversityofUyo,Nigeria,wherehewastheimmediatepastHeadofDepartmentofPsychologyandViceDeanoftheFacultyofSocialSciences.Withresearch interestsinaddictivebehavior,health-relatedqualityoflife,psychopathologyand psychologicalunderpinningofsocialissues,Dr.Abikoyehasmorethan90scientific publicationstohiscredit.HeisamemberoftheBoardofTrusteesandtheGeneral SecretaryoftheNigerianSocietyofSubstanceUsePreventionandTreatmentProfessionals(ISSUPNigeriaChapter).Heisamember(Fellow)ofboththeNigerian PsychologicalAssociation(NPA)andNigerianAssociationofClinicalPsychologists (NACP).HeistheEditor-in-ChiefofNigerianJournalofClinicalPsychologyand RegionalEditor(WestAfrica)ofAfricanJournalofDrugandAlcoholStudies.
MariaG.Adiyanti isapracticingDevelopmentalandChildClinicalPsychologist, andteachesatUniversitasGadjahMada.SheholdsthepositionofChairIIIof HIMPSI(IndonesianPsychologicalAssociation)inchargeofcoordinatingthe developmentofthepsychologicalprofessionandthecodeofethics.
AlfredAllan practicedasalawyerbeforehebecameafull-timeacademicandcommencedhisstudiesinpsychology,qualifyingas aclinicalandlaterforensicpsychologist. Hehastaughtlaw,psychologyandprofessionalethicsinLaw,MedicalandPsychology SchoolsinSouthAfricaandAustralia.HewasamemberoftheinauguralPsychologists BoardofAustraliaandisthechairoftheStandingCommitteeonEthicsoftheInternationalAssociationforAppliedPsychology(IAAP)andaFellowoftheAustralian PsychologicalSociety(APS).Hehasservedontheboardsofnationalprofessional organisationsandisapastpresidentofthePsychologyandLawDivisionoftheIAAP, AustralianandNewZealandAssociationofPsychiatry,PsychologyandLawandapast chairoftheAPSCollegeofForensicPsychologists,theEthicsCommitteeoftheAPS, theEthicsCommitteeofthePsychologyAssociationofSouthAfrica;andofthe
WorkingGroupthatreviewedtheAPS’ CodeofEthics.Heisanassociateeditorof Psychiatry,PsychologyandLawandamemberoftheeditorialboardsofPhilosophy, Ethics,andHumanitiesinMedicineandEthicsandBehaviorandhasservedonvarious stategovernmentcommittees, suchastheDangerousSexualOffenderReviewCommittee.Hefrequentlypresentscontinuing professionaldevelopmentworkshopsand publisheswidelyinpsychology,legalandmedicaljournals.
RubénArdila isaColombianPsychologist.HereceivedaBachelor'sDegreein PsychologyfromtheNationalUniversityofColombiaandlateraDoctoratein ExperimentalPsychologyfromNebraskaUniversity,Lincoln,UnitedStates.His main fieldsofworkandresearchhavebeenexperimentalpsychology,historyof psychologyandsocialissues.In2003Ardilareceivedthedegreeof “Doctorhonoris causa ”,grantedbytheUniversityRicardoPalma(Peru).RubenArdilawasgranted theNationalScienceAward-LifeandWorkin2004.ThisisthemainAwardgranted inColombiatoascientistforalifetimedevotedtoscience.In2007,Ardilareceived theAPAAwardforDistinguishedContributionstotheInternationalAdvancement ofPsychology.In2014,Ardilareceivedthedegreeof “Doctorhonoriscausa” , grantedbytheUniversityIncaGarcilasodelaVega(Peru).In2016,hereceivedthe degreeof “Doctorhonoriscausa”,grantedbytheNationalUniversityofRosario (Argentina).Hehaspublished34booksintotal,severalofthemtranslatedintoother languages.Withmorethan300scientificpapersandbookchapters,thetopicsof theseareexperimentalpsychology,behavioranalysis,professionalissues,socialproblems,conceptualproblems,historyofpsychology,psychologyinColombiaand LatinAmérica,internationalpsychologyandothers.Oneofhismostrecentresearch publicationsisonthesocialperceptionofscienceandthepsychologyofscientists: ScienceandtheScientists:APsychologicalPerspective.
JuanCarlosCanga isanOrganizationalDevelopmentSpecialistfromtheAndres BelloCatholicUniversity(UCAB).Degree inPsychologyfromtheCentralUniversity ofVenezuela(UCV).FullprofessorintheDepartmentofIndustrialPsychologyofthe UCV,ProfessorattheUCABSchoolofPsychology.PresidentoftheFederationof PsychologistsofVenezuela(FPV).CoordinatorforVenezuelaoftheProjectofReasoningandEthicalJudgmentofProfessionalofPsychologyinIberoamerica.OrganizationalConsultantintheareaofChangeManagementandhumanresourcesprocesses. FacilitatorofworkshopsontheImpactofNewTechnologiesinpsychologyandespeciallyinhumanresourcesprocesses.Extensiveexperienceindata-basedhumanresourcesmanagement(BigData),processdesignin digitalenvironmentsanddevelopmentof self-serviceportalsinhumanresources.LeaderofdifferentprojectsinOrganizational Climate,JobSatisfaction,RecruitmentandSelectionofPersonnel,CareerDevelopment,bothinthepublicandprivatesectors.ModeratoroftheVirtualCommunityof VenezuelanPsychologists(Psique-I),withmorethan3,000members.Hehasorganized andparticipatedintrainingeventsandcongresses,nationallyandinternationally,andhas beenatutorforundergraduateandgraduatework.Participationsandpresentationof researchworksinvariousCongressesofPsychologyin:Colombia,Brazil,Chile,Guatemala,MexicoandArgentina.
SergioLuceroConus isaClinicalPsychologistandAccreditedClinical Supervisor,FamilyandCouplesThera pist,PsychodramatistandDramatherapist.PresidentoftheCollegeofPsychologistsofChileAG.1993 – 1995.PresidentoftheProfessional EthicsCommissionoftheCollegeofPsychologists from1996to2008andfrom2011to2018.PsychologistoftheCommittee forPeaceinChileandtheHealthTeamoftheVicaríadelaSolidaridad (1974 – 1992),ecumenicalinstitutionsandrespectivelyoftheCatholicChurch, supportingvictimsandtheirfamiliesduringthePinochetdictatorship.Teachingatdi ff erentuniversitiesinthecountryinCriminology,SocialPathology, ProfessionalEthics,FamilyandSociety.CurrentlyteachingattheSchoolof PsychodramaandDramatherapyofSantiago(EdrasChile).Hewasapolitical prisonerofthedictatorship(Octo ber1973toFebruary1974)intheChacabucoconcentrationcamp,whereheexe rcisedtherapeuticgroupworkwith fellowinmatesandcreatedthebasisforthemethodologicalmodel “ PsychodramaWithoutWords ” .HeisaspeakerandworkshopleaderinIberoAmericanandEuropeanpsychodramacongresses.Heisco-editorandauthor ofchapters “DramaterapiayPsicodrama.AnencounterbetweenTheaterand Therapy” (UniversityofChile,2013)and “ TeatroSalud.Medicine-TheaterTherapy” (UniversidaddeChile,2018).HeisamemberoftheCollegeof PsychologistsofChile,theChileanSocietyofClinicalPsychology,andthe SpanishAssociationofPsychodrama.
MichaelOnyekaEzenwa isProfessorofClinicalPsychology,DepartmentofPsychology,NnamdiAzikiweUniversity.HehaschairedmanySenateCommitteesfor hisuniversity,wastwice-electedontotheManagementCommitteeoftheSchoolof PostgraduateStudies,andcurrentlyservesasAssociateDean.AFellowofNigerian PsychologicalAssociationandNigerianAssociationofClinicalPsychologists,hehas heldnumerouspostsintheseorganizations.HeisfoundingNationalPresidentof GestaltEducationNetworkInternationalAlumniAssociation,NigeriaChapter, memberNationalExecutiveCouncilofISSUPNigeriaandHead,SouthEastZone ofISSUPNigeria,nationalvice-chairmanofInternationalConsortiumofUniversitiesonDrugDemandReduction,NigeriachapteraswellasUNIZIKResearch EthicsCommittee.In2017,ProfessorEzenwabecamethe10thsubstantivePresident oftheNigerianPsychologicalAssociation,whichcontinuestotoday.Professor EzenwacompletedtraininginGestaltTherapyfromTheGestaltEducationNetwork InternationalinFrankfurt,alsooneoffewNigerianswhoreceivedformaltrainingin EricBerns’ TransactionalAnalysisinJohannesburg.Morerecently,hisworkhas focusedonareasofhypertension,traumaandbereavementmanagement,drug demandreduction,stressandPTSD.Hehasdiverseworkexperiencefrommany organisationsinmultiplecapacities.Theseincludeglobal,international,continentwideandnationalorganizations,aswellasPresidentialCommittees.Hehaspublished widelynationallyandinternationally,manyarticlesinScopus-indexedjournals,with someworkswidelycited.HeeditedafoundationalbookonGestaltTherapyin Nigeria,entitledOpeningupGestaltTherapyinAfrica.Inaddition,heisafounding memberofEmployeeAssistanceProfessionalsAssociationNigeria.
JohnFitzgerald leadstheteamatWorkSafefocusedonMentallyHealthyWork. HeisaNZRegisteredPsychologistwithintheClinicalScopeofPractice,who hasworkedinadultmentalhealth;alcohol/drugservices;andchild&family psychologicalhealth.Hehasparticularresearchinterestsinsuicidepreventionand non-suicidalself-injury,andprofessionalethicsandpractice.Priortojoining WorkSafe,JohnwasaSeniorLecturerinClinicalPsychologyatMasseyUniversity(Wellington).HeisaFellowandImmediatePast-PresidentoftheNew ZealandPsychologicalSociety,amemberoftheSociety’sInstituteofClinical PsychologyandoftheNZCollegeofClinicalPsychologists,andamemberofthe PsychologyPaneloftheHealthPractitionersDisciplinaryTribunal.
JuditSzimethnéGalaczi graduatedasapsychologistfromKossuthLajosUniversityinDebrecenin1984,andthenasapedagogicalpsychologistatEötvös LórándUniversityinBudapest,Hungary.Shehasbeenworkingasapsychologist foralmost40years, firstinthe fieldofworkpsychology,thenasaneducational counselor,laterasaschoolpsychologist,andinthelastdecadeasakindergarten psychologist.SheisamemberoftheboardoftheHungarianAssociationProtectionofPsychologists’ InterestsandamemberoftheboardoftheKindergarten andSchoolPsychologySectionoftheHungarianPsychologicalAssociation.As chairmanoftheEthicsCommitteejointlyrunbythesetwoorganizations,shehas beenorganizinganddirectingitsworkforthreeyears.
ClaireJackson hasbeentheArchivistandManageroftheBritishPsychological SocietyHistoryofPsychologyCentresince2017.Herbackgroundisinthehistoryof scienceandwithaparticularinterestinthedevelopmentofspecialistprofessions,she haspreviouslyworkedwithcollectionsattheWellcomeLibrary,ScienceMuseum, NaturalHistoryMuseum,RoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEngland,RoyalSocietyof MedicineandtheRoyalCollegeofGeneralPractitionersamongstothers.
ZoltánJakab hashisMAinpsychologyfromEötvösLorándUniveristy,Budapest,1990,andhisPhDincognitivesciencefromCarletonUniverity,Ottawa, 2001(supervisor:AndrewBrook).Between2001–2003hewasapostdoctoral fellowattheDepartmentofPhilosophy,RutgersUniversity.Currentlyheisan associateprofessorattheFacultyofSpecialNeedsEducation,EötvösLoránd University,Budapest.Hisareasofresearcharephilosophyofmind,andcognitive development.HeisamemberoftheEthicsCommitteeoftheHungarianPsychologicalAssociationrepresentingspecialneedseducation.
LohsnahJeevanandam isaClinicalPsychologistwhotrainedattheUniversity ofQueensland,Australia.LohsnahiscurrentlyaSeniorLecturerattheNational UniversityofSingapore,wheresheisalsotheDirectoroftheClinicalPsychologyProgramme.SheisaSeniorConsultantClinicalPsychologistwiththe CognitiveHealthConsultan cyInternationalclinic,aswellas,anexperttrainer forarangeoftopicsformainstreamandspecialneedseducators.Lohsnahhasa stronginterestinEthicsandhastaughtonthistopicatJamesCookUniversity
(Singapore),SingaporeSocialSciencesUn iversity,andcurrently,attheNational UniversityofSingapore.Lohsnahwasthe Chairpersonofthesecondrevisionof theSingaporePsychologicalSociety ’ CodeofEthicsandledaworkingteamof Psychologistsfromboththeprivatean dpublicsectors.Whennotworking, Lohsnahenjoysmovienightswithhertwolovelydaughters,exercising,and catchingupwithfriends.
JacquelineP.Jere-Folotiya isanEducationalandDevelopmentalPsychologist. SheisaTraumaFocusedCognitiveBehaviouralTherapy(TF-CBT)and CommonElementsTreatmentApproach(CETA)therapistforchildrenand adolescents.JacquelineworksasalecturerandresearcherintheDepartmentof PsychologyattheUniversityofZambia.SheistheCoordinatorfortheCentre forthePromotionofLiteracyisSub-SaharanAfrica(CAPOLSA)locatedin theDepartmentofPsychologyattheUniversityofZambia.Sheconducted researchineducationandearlychildho oddevelopmentwithvariousorganisations.JacquelineisthePresidentofthePsychologyAssociationofZambia. SheservesasanExecutivememberofth eInternationalSocietyfortheStudy ofBehaviouralDevelopment(ISSBD).Jacquelinehaspublishedresearchin variouslocalandinternationaljournals.Herresearchinterestsincludeearly childhooddevelopment,speciallyEarlyChildhoodEducation(ECE),early gradeliteracyacquisition,teachertrai ningandassessmentsinearlychildhood.
AnaMaríaJurado graduatedasaPsychologistfromtheRafaelLandívar UniversitywithaMastersinClinical andMedicalPsychologyfromtheFranciscoMarroquínUniversity,bothinG uatemalaCity.Formorethan40years shehasworkedasaclinicalpsychologist.Atthesametimeshehasdeveloped extensiveworkasauniversityteacher,aswellasintheunion fi eld.Shewas thefounderand fi rstpresidentoftheGuatemalanPsychologyAssociation.She waspartofthefoundingoftheCollegeofPsychologistsofGuatemalaand presidentofthe fi rstCourtofHonorofthecollegeanddrewupthe fi rst CodeofEthicsinthecountry.
RichardKwiatkowski isafullProfessorofOrganizationalPsychologyatCranfield, theUK’sonlywhollypostgraduateUniversity.HeisaChartered(BPS)andRegistered(HCPC)OccupationalPsychologistandCounsellingPsychologist,formerChair oftheBritishPsychologicalSociety'sDivisionofOccupationalPsychology,BPS Council,andBoardofDirectors.HeisaMemberoftheDivisionofOccupational Psychology,FounderMemberoftheDivisionofCounsellingPsychology,Founder memberofSpecialGroupinCoachingPsychology.HisPhDwasonthecontribution ofethicstoappliedpsychology,andhehasservedonnumerousacademicandprofessionalethicscommitteesandboardsforover25years;asFormerChairoftheBritish PsychologicalSociety’sEthicsCommittee,isproudtohavebeeninvolvedinhelping todrawupthemoderncode.Hisresearchcentresaroundtheapplicationofpsychologytoindividualsandorganisationsincludingchange,stress,andlatterlyonapplying psychologytopolitics(alongitudinalstudyrunningforover20years).Hehas
publishedandpresentedoverahundredpapersandcontributedtoseveralbooks.Heis aCharteredScientistandSeniorFellowoftheHigherEducationAcademy.In2011 theprestigiousawardofAcademicianoftheAcademyofSocialSciences(nowFellowship)wasconferredforsignificantcontributiontoSocialScienceintheUK.He hasbeenquotedextensivelyintheMedia.Heactsasaconsultanttomanycompanies, partnershipsandconsultanciesacrosstheworld.Heismarriedtoapsychologistandhas threechildren,andtwocats,andisactiveinhislocalcommunity.
Geoff Lindsay hasextensiveexperienceasapractitionereducationalpsychologist (EP)andasaresearcher.HisPsychologydegreewasfromtheUniversityofDurham (1969)andhequalifiedasanEPattheUniversityofBirmingham(MEd(Ed.Psych), 1973)wherehealsoundertookhisPhDparttimewhileworkingasanEP(1979).
Geoff wasanEPforSheffieldLAfor(1972–95),including13yearspart-timetutorto theUniversityofSheffieldeducationalpsychologyprofessionaltrainingprogramme (1978–91);andasPrincipalEducationalPsychologistandheadoftheservice(1991–95).Geoff wasappointedasinauguralProfessorofEducationalPsychologyandSpecialEducationalNeedsattheUniversityofWarwickin1995,wherehehasalsobeen DirectorofCEDAR(CentreforEducationalDevelopment,AppraisalandResearch) since1999.Geoff’smainresearchareasarespecialeducationalneeds,particularly speech,languageandcommunicationneeds,parentingsupport,earlyintervention, theevaluationofgovernmenteducationalinitiatives,andprofessionalethics,primarilyofpsychologists.Hehasundertakenmorethan100researchprojectsand programmes,over80asdirector,andhaspublishedover170peerreviewedpapersas wellasalargenumberofresearchreports,chaptersandbooks,includingaslead authorofEthicsforEuropeanPsychologistsandco-editorofTheOxfordHandbook ofInternationalPsychologicalEthics.Geoff isapastPresidentoftheBritishPsychologicalSociety(BPS)andaFellowandHonoraryLifeMemberoftheBPS,aFellow oftheAcademyofSocialSciences,andFellowoftheRoyalSocietyofArts.
J.AnithaMenon isProfessorofHealthPsychologyintheDepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofZambiaandChairpersonforUniversityofZambiaCommitteeon HIV/AIDS.SheisalsoFoundingPresidentofthePsychologyAssociationofZambia. Prof.MenonholdsPhDinPsychiatry/HealthPsychologyfromUniversityofNottingham,UK.Formorethan24years,shehasbeeninvolvedinresearchandservicerelatedprojectsofpublicinterest,withmajorresearchinterestontheissueofHIV andoverallwell-beingofadolescents,NeuropsychologicalChallengesofHIV, SexualHarassmentandCommunicationSkillsofHealthPractitioners.Shehas numerousotherresearchinterests,aswell.Prof.Menonspearheadedtheformulation ofUniversityofZambiaHIVandAIDSpolicyandasChairpersonofUniversityof ZambiaHIVandAIDSresponse,coordinatesallHIVrelatedserviceandresearchat theUniversitythroughtheHIVandAIDSResponseProgramme.Sheteachesand supervisesundergraduate,MastersandPhDstudentresearchwhilebeinginvolvedin variousnationalandinternationalresearchprojects,includingteamleaderforseveral includingDFIDfundedDevelopmentforHigherEducation(DelPHE)partnership andNORADfundedNoradMaster’sprogram(NOMA).ThroughNOMA,shehas
successfullyintroducedamultidisciplinaryMaster’sprograminClinicalNeuropsychologyandresearchonneuropsychologicaleffectsofHIVinZambia.Sheis ontheeditorialteamfornumerousjournals,servesasreviewerforvariousnational andinternationalscientificjournals,andhasmorethan100peer-reviewedpublicationstohercredit.Shehaswonnumerousnationalandglobal/internationalawards forherteaching,leadership,innovation,andprofessionalachievement.
DabieNabuzoka isAssociateProfessorofPsychologyattheUniversityof Zambia(UNZA),andcurrentlychairpersonoftheEthicsCommitteeofthe PsychologyAssociationofZambia.Hehastaughtonethicalissuesinpsychologicalresearchandpracticeatbothundergraduateandpostgraduatelevelsat UNZAandpreviouslyasPrincipalLecturerinPsychologyatLeedsMetropolitan University(UK)andSeniorLectureratSheffieldHallamUniversity(UK).Hehas alsobeenamemberandCharteredPsychologistoftheBritishPsychological Society(BPS).ProfessorNabuzokaisadevelopmentalpsychologistwithparticular interestinresearchondevelopmentaldisabilitiesandpsychopathology,andthe developmentofassessmenttoolsforscreeningandinformingeffortsatameliorationofdevelopmentaldifficultiesinchildren,especiallyintheZambiancontext. WorkintheseareasbothintheUKandZambiahashighlightedtheimportance ofadherencetoethicalconsiderationsinpsychologyresearchandpractice.ProfessorNabuzokaisauthorofChildrenwithlearningdisabilities:Socialfunctioning andadjustment(2000,BPSBlackwell)andeditor(withJanetEmpson)ofCulture andpsychologicaldevelopment(2010,PalgraveMacMillan)andAtypicalchild developmentincontext(2004,PalgraveMacMillan).
IbolyaOláh graduatedasapsychologistfromEötvösLorándUniversity,Budapest,withaMastersinClinicalandDevelopmentalPsychology.Sheistrained professionallyasachild-andadolescentclinicalpsychologistandasapsychotherapist.Formorethan20yearsshehasworkedasapsychologistinahospital andaneducationalcouncellingcenter.Atthesametimesheworkedasapractical coursetutorinKároliGáspárUniversity.Sheisanactivememberandinstructor ofHungarianAssosiationofIndividualPsychology.Sheisthefounderand instructorofWorldTestTrainingatPolczAllaineFoundation.Sheisamember oftheEthicscommitteeofHungarianPsychologicalAssociation.
VitaPostuvan isanAssociateProfessorofPsychologyandtheDeputyHeadof theSloveneCentreforSuicideResearch(UPIAM).Hermainprofessionalfocus isframedaroundtheresearch,preventionandpostventionofsuicidalbehaviour, fromtheperspectiveofpublic-healthinterventionsaswellasthesupporttothe individualsinneed.Vitaisanactivememberofseveralinternationalandnational associationsinthe fieldsofsuicidology,psychologyandethics,suchastheBoard ofEthicsofSlovenePsychologists'AssociationandBoardofEthicsofEFPA. BesidesheractivitiesinhomecountrySloveniashehasworkedprofessionallyin Austria,Japan,China,andIndia.
YustiProbowati isaprofessorinforensicpsychologyattheUniversityofSurabaya,ChairIIofHIMPSI(IndonesianPsychologicalAssociation)inchargeof developingHIMPSImembers’ competence,alsomemberofthePsychology PracticeBilldraftingteam.
PauloDanielAceroRodríguez isaPsychologistattheNationalUniversityof Colombia,SpecialistinConflictResolutionfromthePontificiaUniversidadJaveriana,MasterofIntegrationofPeoplewithDisabilitiesfromthePontificiaUniversidad deSalamanca,CertifiedThanatologistfromtheHigherInstituteofPastoralTheology ofPuertoRico,traininginTraumaandHebrewresilienceattheUniversityofJerusalemanddoctoralstudentattheNationalUniversityofCordobainArgentina.He hasbeenateacherattheUniversitiesManuelaBeltran,SanBuenaventura,ElBosque andJaverianaandvisitingprofessorattheUniversityofManizales.Hehasauthored andco-authored11booksongrief,traumaandresilienceandvariousarticlesonthese sametopics.Fornineyearshewasamagistrateofthedeontologicalandbioethical CourtsofPsychologyandpresidentfortwoperiodsoftheNationaldeontological andbioethicalCourtsofPsychology.HeiscurrentlyExecutiveDirectorofthe deontologicalandbioethicalCourtsofPsychology.
AdrianToh isthecurrentChairpersonoftheSingaporeRegisterofPsychologists (SRP),whooverseestheregistration,professionaldevelopmentandethicalpractice ofpsychologists.Hewasinvolvedintherecentrevisionofthecodeofethicsforthe SingaporePsychologicalSociety(SPS)andcontributedtotheresearch-drivenEthical Decision-MakingModeltoguidepsychologiststoarriveatadecisionthatis “moreright” .ThisresearchwasalsopresentedattheASEANRegionalUnionof PsychologicalSocieties(ARUPS)Congressin2018.AdrianisaRegistered ClinicalPsychologistwhohadworkedinthepublichospitalforthelastdecade andcurrentlyprovidestherapyforadolescentsandadultsinaprivateclinicsetting.
ÉvaKovácsnéVajger graduatedasapsychologistatEötvösLorándUniversity, Budapest.Sheworksasaworkandorganizationalpsychologist(graduatedat BudapestUniversityofTechnologyandEconomics,wheresheisapractical coursetutornow).SheisamemberofthejointEthicsCommitteeofHungarian PsychologicalAssociationandHungarianAssociationProtectionofPsychologists’ Interests,representingtheDefenseandLawEnforcementDivisionandtheWork andorganizationalPsychologySectionofHungarianPsychologicalAssociation.
AndrewE.Zamani isProfessorofClinicalPsychology,formerDeanofFacultyof SocialSciences,andcurrentDirectorofInstituteofGovernance&Development Studies,NasarawaStateUniversity,Keffi.HeholdsaDoctoratefromtheUniversity ofJos,Nigeria,andhasvariedworkexperiences – schoolteacherandschoolcounselor;BehavioralScienceLecturer;HonoraryConsultantPsychologistwithJosUniversityTeachingHospital.HetaughtatDepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofJos, thentransferredtoUniversityofAbujaTeachingHospital,Gwagwalada,founding the firstmentalhealthserviceprograminAbuja.There,hewasHeadofClinical
PsychologicalServices,CoordinatedtheHospital’sHIV/AIDSServices,servingas memberofbothMedicalAdvisoryandMedicalResearchEthicsCommittees.Hehas servedasconsultanttomanynationalandinternationalorganizations.In2009,he wasappointedtomultipleECOWAStechnicalworkinggroups.HeisanIsraeli government’sMASHAVScholar,specializinginPsychosocialCareofAIDS Orphans,aForgartyScholar,andBehavioralScienceMentorforSocialScientists DeliveringCareinNigerianHealthSettings.HeconvenedtheAssociationofPracticingPsychologistsofNigeriain2015asavoiceforPsychologyinNigerianpublic service.HeisEditor-in-Chiefand/orservesonEditorialBoardsofnumerous Nigerianandcontinent-widejournals.Prof.Zamanihasprovidedmuchcommunity servicetomultiplesocialdevelopmentorganizations.Heisco-FounderandBoardof DirectorsmemberofWaterBirdsInternational – anIsraeli-basedTraumaInterventionTrainingOrganization – wasImmediatepast-PresidentofNigerianPsychologicalAssociationandExecutiveCouncilMemberofPan-AfricanPsychologyUnion. Hehasmanyandvariedresearchinterests.
1 UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY’SETHICS CODESFROMAN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE TheImportanceofNon-Ethnocentric AppreciationandComparisons KarenL.Parsonson
Introduction
Tobeginwith,IamindebtedtothemanyPsychologyprofessionalsaroundthe worldwhohavecontributedtothiswork.Theirbeliefinmyvision,topresent theirethicscodesintheirownwords,istheessenceofnotonlycollegiality,but idiographicstudy.Whattheyhaveprovidedistheultimateineverycross-cultural psychologist’sdream:theirknowledgeandexperience,intheirownwords.
Inkeepingwiththethemeofthisbook,wewillbeginbyexplainingthepurpose andimportanceofethicscodesforthepracticeofpsychology.Forthoseofuswho haveorarepracticing,itisamootpoint,butbearsexplication.Itisthebasisofethical practice,whichisacornerstoneoftheprofession.Thisisfollowedbyabriefhistory ofPsychologyethicscodesacrosstheworldinordertoprovideaframeofreference. Next,wewillexplorehowPsychologyethicscodesareculturallybased,anassertion thathasbecomewell-acceptedamongresearchersandtheorists,alike.Furthertothis, wewillexamineearlierresearchcomparingandcontrastinginternationalPsychology ethicscodes,followedbynon-ethnocentricresearchthatcomparesthecodestaking anidiographicapproachwithnovaluejudgments.Finally,wewillpresenttheintent andaccomplishmentsofthisbook,presentingarepresentativesampleofethicscodes
K.L.Parsonson
fromeachcontinentaroundtheworldasdescribedbythosewhodeveloped them.Theparticipationoftheseindividualsandtheworkithasentailedisindescribable.Theyhavecontributedimmenselytotheknowledgeandunderstanding ofinternationalethicscodesfarbeyondwhathasbeenavailableeverbefore.
Furthertotheaimofnon-ethnocentriccomparison,thisbookrepresentsthe firstattempttonotonlyaddresstheculturalcontributiontothedevelopmentand writingofethicscodes,butitisexplainedbytheactualprofessionalswhohave contributedtothedevelopmentandwritingoftheircountry’sethicscodesor theirsubsequentrevisions.Eachcountry’srepresentativenotonlyaddressesthe contributionofculturetotheirethicscode,butalsoexplainsthehistoryand developmentoftheirrespectivecode,aswellaswhatitmeanstothemasmental healthprofessionalsandtheirfellowcitizens.
Allcontinentsarerepresented,alongwithaccess/linkstotheirethicscodesthatare bothtranslatedintoEnglish(ifnecessary)bythemselves(notsimplyindividualswho happentoknowtheirlanguage),aswellaspresentedintheirnativelanguageifitis notEnglish.Whatfollowsisthedevelopers’ storiesoftheirowncountries’ ethics codes(orrevisions),intheirownwords.ThebookwillalsodiscusstheEFPA’sMetaCode,thetemplateforallEuropeancountries’ ethicscodes,aswellastheUniversal DeclarationofEthicalPrinciplesforPsychologistsandculminatesinaqualitative, non-ethnocentricdiscussionandcomparisonoftheethicscodesaspresented.
Ofparticularnote,anumberofcountrieshaveanecdotallyreportedthat thisprocesshashelpedthemimmenselyinunderstandingtheirownhistoryof theirpsychologicalsocieties,theoriginaldevelopmentoftheircodes,aswellas re-connectedthemtoimportantindividualsintheircountries’ historyofthe practiceofPsychology.That,inandofitself,isnoteworthy,asitensuresthe recognitionandcontributionofgenerationspastandthecontinuityofconsistent professionalgrowth.
ThePurposeandImportanceofEthicsCodestotheEthical PracticeofPsychology The firstrecognizableethicscodeistheHippocraticOath(betweenthe5th and3rd centuriesBCE).Itappliestomedicalethicsbutisstillinuseinvariousformsfor physicianstoday.Ethicscodesareprevalentinjustabouteveryprofessioninexistence today.Theyareofparamountimportancetoethicalpracticewithinthe fieldof Psychology.Theiraimistoprotectclients,researchsubjects,clinicalpractitioners, andthepublicingeneral.
Withoutgettingtoomuchintothehistoryandtheoryofethics(whichdates backthousandsofyearsandisanareaofstudyuntoitselfindependentofpsychology),onequestionbegsanswering.Shouldfollowingethicscodesbesimplywhat one “oughttodo”,orshoulditbewhata “virtuousperson” does?Thistakesus backtoAristotelianethics(whichisfaroutsidethepurviewofthisbook),but shoulditbesomethingprofessionalswanttodoorhavetodo?Thisisanimportant pointtoconsider,notonlyintheteachingofethicstoPsychologygraduatestudents butinhowethicscodesarebothframedandappliedinpractice.
Toputitsimply,deontologicalethicsfocusesonwhethertheactionisrightor wrong,basedonasetofrulesormoralobligation.Conversely,virtues-basedethics focusontheconsequencesofactions,withavirtuouspersonchoosingtodowhatis right,notwhatthey “oughttodo”.AndersonandHandelsman(2010,2013)elegantlytransposethisissueintothediscussionofvirtueethicsasappliedtothemental healthprofessions.Theydefineethicalvirtuesasencompassingthe “theirownpersonalandprofessionalqualitiesortraitsthatguidetheirchoices” (p.5),whicharea partofprofessionalidentity.Further,theysuggestedthatthese “internalaspects” area partofthedecisionscliniciansmakeeveryday.Evenmorespecifically,toKitchener andAnderson(2011)virtueethics(or “moralcharacter”) “ismoreimportantthan conformitytorulesbecauseavirtuouspersonismorelikelytounderstandtheprinciplesandrulesonwhichheorsheacts” (p.58).
ReturningmorespecificallytoethicscodesinPsychology,Pettifor(2004)clarified thattheobjectiveofPsychologyethicscodeswastofocusonpromotingidealprofessionalbehaviorusingaspirationalprinciplesthatencouragereflectionandethical decision-makingwithinamoralframework,andregulationofprofessionalbehavior practicingmonitoringanddisciplinaryactionagainstthosewhoviolateestablished standardsofconduct.Thisdefinitionincludesbothanaspirational(non-enforceable butguidance-based)componentandstandardsofpractice(enforceableandsubjectto disciplinaryaction).
Further,Oaklandetal.(2012)clarifiedfourspecificpurposesofPsychology ethicscodes.Theseincluded:
1toeducatebothprofessionalsandthepublicaboutbehaviorstoexpectfrom psychologists;
2topromotethepublictrust;
3toexemplifylegislative,judicial,andadministrativepolicyasitappliesto actualpractice;and
4toprovideforprofessionalswhodonotworkininstitutionswithethicscodes theframeworkwithinwhichtoadvocateforhigherstandards.
Additionally,theyexplainedthatethicscodesexpressvirtuesofmoralexcellence, principlesthatareaspirationalbutadvocateaspirationalbroadrulesofconduct,as wellasstandardsthatspecifybehaviorsthatareenforceablebylaw.
Intermsofsocialscience/psychological research,WassenaarandMamotte(2012) tracedbacktheethicalguidelinestoprotectthewelfareofresearchsubjectsfollowing the “research” thatoccurredafterWorldWarIIwithatrocitiessufferedatthehandsof Naziscientists.FollowingtheNurembergCodeofEthicsinMedicalResearch(1947), theauthorsnotedthecriticalimportanceof informedconsent,whichwasthenfollowed bytheDeclarationofHelsinkibytheWorldMedicalAssociation(1964),requiringan ethicsreviewprocessbyresearchethicscommittees.TheBelmontReportfollowedin 1979,writtenbetheNationalCommissionfortheProtectionofHumanSubjectsof BiomedicalandBehavioralResearch.Thisreportprovidedanethicalframeworkto helpwithresolvingethicaldilemmaswhenitcametoresearchwithhumansubjects. Theintentwastoemphasize “thebasicethicalprinciplesthatshouldunderliethe
K.L.Parsonson
conductofbiomedicalandbehavioralresearchinvolvinghumansubjectsand developingguidelinestoassurethatsuch researchisconductedinaccordancewith thoseprinciples ”.Towardsthisend,threebasicprincipleswerepresented.These includedrespectforpersons,bene fi cence,andjusticeviaconsent(takinginto considerationrisk/bene fi tassessmentandfairselectionofsubjects).Inafollow-up tothis,in2010theAPAdevelopedaCodeof EthicalConductfo rresearchersthat emphasized:
1thattheendsofresearchdonotjustifythemeans;and 2thatresearchethicscommitteeswererequiredtoensuresubjects’ dignityand welfare,topreventharm,andtodefendsubjects’ rights.
Morerecently,RangiandSto ff el(2015)explainedthatlikeanydiscipline, Psychologysharesaframeworkofitsownethicalstandardsthatarebased speci fi callyonthefoundationalvaluesofhumandignity,caringaboutpeople ’ s well-being,integrityinrelationships ,andresponsibility.Theauthorsnoted thatthesevaluesmatchedexceptionallywellwiththefourprinciplesofthe UniversalDeclarationofEthicalPrinciplesforPsychologists(tobediscussedin greaterlengthlater).Fromaprocesspers pective,theysuggestedthatvaluesor beliefssharedbymembersofaculturewouldbeexpressedasprinciples.For example,thevalueofhumandignitywouldbeexpressedasRespectforpersonsandtheirrights.Morespecifi callywithrespecttoPsychology,theauthors proposedthatethicalissuesmosthighlyrelevantwouldbeinformedandfree consent(sincebothclientsandresearc hsubjectsarevulnerablepopulations), privacy,thedegreeofharm(asinminimalrisk,foreitherclientorresearch subject),deception,anddebriefi ng.
AVeryBriefHistoryofPsychologyEthicsCodes WeclearlyseethatboththepurposeandobjectivesofPsychologyethicscodesare criticallyimportanttotheethicalpracticeofPsychology,whetherasaclinicianor researcher.Theyprovideasetofvaluesandprinciples,aswellasguidelines,rules, direction,coursesofactiontoaddressethicaldilemmas,andexplicitparametersthat delineatewhatisethical/acceptablebehaviorandwhatisnotforprofessionalsinthe fieldofPsychology.Withoutthem,judgmentaboutconductconsidered “professional” oracceptableisentrustedtothepractitioner,whichishighlysubjective.
TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationhasfrequentlybeencreditedwith producingthe firstPsychologyethicscode(1953),yetAustraliahadalreadypublishedits firstethicscodein1949.Granted,theAustralianOverseasBranchofthe BritishPsychologicalSociety(theregulatorybodyforAustralianpsychologistsat thetime)creditshavingusedtheMinnesotaSocietyofAppliedPsychology’ s ethicscodefrom1947asatemplate,butsuchistheWestern-centricfocusof Psychologyingeneral.Nevertheless,theAPA’sCommitteeonEthicalStandards forPsychologistswasestablishedin1947.Aprovisionaldraftofethicalstandards cameoutin1953.TheCanadianPsychologicalAssociationadoptedtheAPA’ s
ethicalstandardsassetoutin1953(latertopublishitsowncodein1986),but followingpublicationoftheAPA’sethicscode,FranceandNorwaywentonto developtheirownethicscodes.TheBritishPsychologicalSocietypresentedits firstethicscodein1954.Fromthesamplediscussedinthisbook,Colombia developedits firstethicscodein1965,Hungaryin1975,andChilein1976.
InEurope,theEuropeanFederationofPsychologicalAssociations(EFPA) developedtheMeta-Code(1995),witharevisionin2005.Itspurposewasto serveasaframeworkfromwhichEuropeancountriescoulddeveloptheirown ethicscodes.Fouraspirationalprincipleswereagreedupon:RespectforPerson’ s RightsandDignity,ProfessionalCompetence,Responsibility,andIntegrity.
MeanwhileinSouthAmerica,sixcountries(Argentina,Brazil,Chile,Paraguay, Uruguay,andVenezuela),whoaremembersoftheeconomicandpoliticalblocknown astheMercosur,developedanethicalprotocolsimilarinintenttotheMeta-Codein 1997.Theyagreedupon fiveethicalprinciplesintheir template:RespectforPeople’ s RightsandDignity,ProfessionalCompetence,Professional&ScientificCommitment, Integrity,andSocialResponsibility.ThiswasdevelopedoutofthePsychologists’ CommitteeofMercosurandAssociatedCountries(1997).Itisimportantalsotonote thattwoofthesecountries(ChileandVenezuela)arerepresentedinthisbook.
Inanotherexampleofaninternationaleff orttoensurethepre-eminenceof ethicsinthepracticeofPsychology,theUniversalDeclarationofEthical PrinciplesforPsychologists(UD)wasadoptedbytheInternationalUnionof PsychologicalScience(IUPsyS)andthe InternationalAssociationofApplied Psychology(IAAP)in2008.AsParsonsonandAlquicira(2018)notedintheir analysisofinternationalPsychologyethicscodes,IUPsyS(withamembership of85countries)andIAAP(withamembershipof60countries)activelyenjoined countriesworldwidetoprovideconsultationontheUD’sdevelopmentwith focusgroupsoneverycontinent.
Anumberoftheseethicscodeshavefrequentlybeencitedasreferences/templates forthedevelopmentofethicscodesforinternationalPsychologicalAssociations,as weshallseelateron.TheseincludetheAPA’s,theCanadianPsychologicalAssociation’ s firstethicscodein1986,theEuropeanFederationofPsychologicalAssociation’sMeta-Codeof1995andtheInternationalUnionofPsychologicalScience’ s UniversalDeclarationofEthicalPrinciplesforPsychologistsin2008.
PsychologyEthicsCodesareCulturally-based/Culturecentered Increasingly,overtime,ithasbeenassertedthatethicscodes(whetherthoseinpsychologyorotherprofessions)mirrorthebeliefsandvaluesofacountry,itsculture andsociety.Forinstance,Stevens(2012)assertedthatethicsinpsychologyrelateto socialchangesinthelargersociety.Morespecifically,hedescribedpsychologyas beingconstructedbythesocialfabricofasociety,witheconomicandpoliticalevents andforceshelpingtoshapecountries’ ethicscodes.Further,hearguedthatethics codesnotonlymirrorchangingsocietalvaluesovertime,butalsothatthewelfareof psychologyasaprofessionrelatestotheeconomicandpoliticalwelfareofacountry.
K.L.Parsonson
Morespecifically,LeachandGauthier(2011)arguedthatethicscodesareculture-centeredastheyreflectasociety’svalues.Ethicscodestheydescribeasbased onsharedhumanvaluesacrossculturesbutattheinterfacebetweenculturesand values,basedonsharedhumanvaluesacrosscultures.Similarly,Oaklandetal. (2012)emphasizedthatethicscodesreflectacountry’sculture,withculture inclusiveofitsuniquehistory,customs,andpractices.
Takingitastepfurther,PettiforandFerrero(2012)assertedthat “culturallysensitiverulescannotberesolvedbycodifiedrules ” (p.28).Morespecifically, theynotedtheimportanceofethicscodesnotpromotinganydiscriminatory practicesthat fitonlywiththevaluesandbeliefsofthemajorityculture,suchthat theydemonstraterespectforall.Inotherwords,evenwithinacountry,itsmulticulturalnaturecanimpactupontheapplicabilityofitsethicscodetoindividuals outsidethemajoritycultureforwhichitwaswritten.
Inasimilarvein,applyingethicscodestoresearch,Hyderetal.(2004)asked researchersindevelopingcountrieswhethertheapplicationofinstitutionalreview boardregulationsfromtheUSweresensitivetolocalcultures.Over80%of respondentsindicatedthattheyfoundthemnotonlyinsensitivetolocalcultures butmostlikelyeitherinadequateormisunderstood.Thissuggeststhatapotential biasmayoccurwhenappliedtoaresearchperspective.
Asarelevantexampleofhowculturalfactorsimpactonthedevelopmentofa country’sethicscodes,Canadaadoptedits firstCodeofEthicsin1986,inresponseto changesmadeintheAPA’sCodeofEthics.AccordingtoSinclair(2020),theCPA hadoriginally “adoptedthe1959ethicscodeoftheAPAforathree-yeartrial,followedbyadoption(withoutrestrictions)oftheAPAcode’ s firsttworevisions(APA, 1963,1977)” (p.249).SinclairnotedthattheCPAbegantodevelopitsownethics codeinthelate1970’sinresponsetoanumberofissues.Theseincludedobservations thattheAPA’scodehadbeencreatedwithinanAmericancultural,legalandsocial context,andothercountrieshadalreadydevelopedtheirownethicscodes.Itwasfelt thattherewasaneedforanationalcodeofethics,astheAPA’shadbeguntoreflecta moreculturallydistinctandlegallyspecifictoneascomparedtoCanada(Parsonson& Alquicira,2019;Sinclair,2020).BycomparisontotheAPA’scode,Canada’sethics codeexpresseditselfasasocialcontractwithsociety,lessinlegalistic/enforcement terms,focusedmoreonethicalreasoninganddecision-making,andorganizedits standardsencompassingethicalprinciples.Theresultant firstCanadianCodeof1986 representedbothauniquelydifferentfundamentalperspectiveandintent. Similarly,indevelopingtheEFPA’sMeta-Code,Lindsay(2011)notedthatthe Scandinaviancountrieshadestablishedacommoncode,andSouthernEuropean countrieshaddevelopeda “CartaEtica”,whichwaseventuallyappendedtothe resultantMeta-Code.OneconcernthatwasnotedindevelopingtheMeta-Code wasthattherearepotential “problemsingeneralizabilityacrossdifferentcountries,” aswellastheconcernof “borrowing” onefromanothercountry/continent(asin thatoftheAPA).FurtherexaminationnotedthevariationwithinEurope,itself. AnotherinitiativecameaboutasaresultofthedevelopmentoftheMeta-Code, whichwas EthicsforEuropeanPsychologists (Lindsayetal.2008),whichpresented ethicaldilemmasandhowtoaddressthem.Morerecently,(Lindsay,inthisvolume)
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in neurasthenia,
360 in neuritis, 1194 in painless facial spasm, 462 in paralysis agitans, 438 of intracranial hemorrhage,
978 in progressive unilateral facial atrophy, 702 in sciatica, 1238
in spinal sclerosis, 901 , 905 in symmetrical gangrene, 1262 in torticollis, 464 in vaso-motor neuroses, 1256 in writers' cramp, 534
Emboli, source of, in occlusion of cerebral arteries,
Embolic origin of abscess of the brain, 799
theory of origin of chorea, 452
Embolism, capillary, 979 and thrombosis of cerebral arteries, 946 of spinal cord, 808 , 810
Emetics, use of, in alcoholism,
in hysteria,
Emotional attitudes in hystero-epilepsy,
causes of hystero-epilepsy,
state, in general paralysis of the insane,
states, abnormal, in nervous diseases,
strain, influence on causation of insanity, 118
Emprosthotonos in tetanus, 551
Encephalitis, acute, of Strümpell, 791
Encephalic mass, localization of lesions in, 81
Endocarditis, ulcerative, as a cause of abscess of the brain, 799
980
as a cause of capillary embolism,
Encephalopathy, the, of chronic lead-poisoning,
688
Enchondromatous brain tumors,
1070
Enophthalmos in progressive unilateral facial atrophy,
698
Entero-colitis of infancy, relation to thermic fever, 390
PILEPSY , 467
Definition and history, 467
Diagnosis, 493 from syncope, 495 from vertigo, 495 from uræmic convulsions, 495
malingerers,
Age and sex, influence on causation, 470
Exanthemata, relation of, to, 473
Excentric irritating causes, 471
Exciting causes, 471
Gastric causes, 474
Peripheral origin, 474
Preputial irritation as a cause, 473
Reflex causes, 472
Sexual causes, 473 , 474
Syphilis, influence on causation, 470
Traumatic causes,
Morbid anatomy and pathology,
Alterations of cerebral tissue in,
Hughlings-Jackson's cortical theory,
Medullary theory of origin, 489
Theory of epileptic zones, 489
Prodromata,
475
475 , 476
Aural, characters of,
Cerebral disturbances, 475
Cutaneous disorders, 476
Hearing and vision, disorders of,
Saliva, increase of,
Prognosis,
Age, influence on recovery,
Menstruation, marriage, and pregnancy, influence on recovery,
Symptoms, 477
Frequency of attacks,
482 of immediate and remote effects of paroxysms, 481
Physical,
481
Post-epileptic aphasia, 481
Psychical, 481
Tendency to mania in,
482 of irregular forms, 483 of light attacks, or petit mal, 477 of major attacks, 477-479
Convulsions, characters, 477-479
Cutaneous state, in, 480
Duration of attacks, 478
Eyes, state of, in,
480
Pulse and temperature in,
480
Tendon reflexes in,
481
Tongue-biting, significance,
481
Urine, state of,
480 of psychical or masked forms,
483-486 of sensory epilepsy,
Hallucinations
Blisters, use,
502
Bromide, use of,
499-501
501
Bromate of potassium, use,
501
Cod-liver oil and hypophosphites, use,
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503
Digitalis, use,
500
Galvanism, use, 502
502
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Nitro-glycerin, use,
500 ,
502 of status epilepticus,
502
Strychnia, use,
500
502
Surgical measures,
Epilepsy, alcoholic,
influence on causation of migraine, 407
Epileptic attacks in cerebral syphilis, 1010 following hemiplegia, 955
Epileptic insanity, 149
Epileptiform facial neuralgia, 1233
Epistaxis in tumors of the brain, 1044
Ergot, use of, in acute myelitis, 822 in acute spinal meningitis, 721 in cerebral hyperæmia, 773 in epilepsy, 501 in migraine, 413 ,
