Positive Psychology
The Science of Wellbeing and Human Strengths
Third edition
Alan Carr
Cover image: © Getty Images
Third edition published 2022 by Routledge
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First published by Routledge 2004
Second edition published by Routledge 2011
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ISBN: 978-0-367-53685-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-53682-4 (pbk)
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DOI: 10.4324/9781003082866
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Access the Support Material: www.routledge.com/ 9780367536824
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6.1
7.4
9.1
9.2
1.1 The distribution of 75 most common positive psychology key terms in psychology and related disciplines from 2007 to 2011 in more than 1.7 million documents in 700 PsycINFO journals
1.2 Barbara Fredrickson’s broaden and build theory of positive emotions
1.3 Sonja Lyubomirsky’s theory of sustainable happiness
1.4 Adaptation to positive and negative life events
1.5 Neural circuits for wanting and liking
2.1 Position of VIA strengths on factors that indicate a concern with the head or heart, and a focus on self or others
3.1 Gratitude and the brain: gratitude ratings correlated with activity in a region of the medial prefrontal cortex that encompassed the peri-genual anterior cingulate cortex and the ventral and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex
3.2 Hope theory
3.3 Optimism and the brain: trait optimism mediated the protective role of the orbitofrontal cortex grey matter volume against anxiety
4.1 Savouring, flow, and mindfulness
4.2
4.3
4.4
5.1 Mayer–Salovey–Caruso ability model of
5.2 Examples of Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) style items
5.3 Bar-On model of trait emotional intelligence used in the EQ-i 2.0
5.4 Joseph and Newman’s cascading model of emotional intelligence and job performance
6.1 Csíkszentmihályi’s systems model of
6.2
6.3 Baltes’s predictors of wisdom-related performance in
6.4
7.1 Development of self-esteem over the
7.2 Self-esteem, worthiness, and competence
7.3 Bandura’s self-efficacy theory
7.4 Adaptive defences
7.5
8.2 Five
8.3 Sound relationship house
9.1 Effect sizes for positive psychology interventions compared with waiting list or alternative intervention control groups after treatment from a meta-analysis of 347 studies containing 72,356 participants
9.2 Positive psychological coaching model
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge with thanks permission from the following sources to reproduce or adapt the following material:
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Guilford for points 2–7, pp. 130–131 of Williams M., Teasdale, J., Segal, Z. & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2007). The mindful way through depression. New York: Guilford. Copyright © 2007 Guilford. Permission conveyed through PLSclear. Reproduced in 4.14. Mindfulness of the breath and body.
Guilford for pp. 183–184 of Williams M., Teasdale, J., Segal, Z. & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2007). The mindful way through depression. New York: Guilford. Copyright © 2007 Guilford. Permission conveyed through PLSclear. Reproduced in 4.16. Three-minute breathing space.
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Wiley for Table 2, p. 183 in Antoine, P., Andreotti, E., & Congard, A. (2020). Positive psychology intervention for couples: A pilot study. Stress and Health, 36(2), 179–190. https://doi. org/10.1002/smi.2925. Copyright © 2020 Wiley. Permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Reproduced in 8.13. Couple+ multicomponent positive psychology intervention programme.
Taylor & Francis for 4, p. 217 of Rusk, R. D., & Waters, L. E. (2013). Tracing the size, reach, impact, and breadth of positive psychology. Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(3), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.777766. Copyright © 2013 Taylor & Francis. Permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Reproduced in 1.1. The distribution of 75 most common positive psychology key terms in psychology and related disciplines from 2007–2011 in over 1.7 million documents in 700 PsycINFO journals.
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Sage for 1, p. 116 of Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111. Copyright © 2005 Sage. Permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Reproduced in 1.3. Sonja Lyubomirsky’s theory of sustainable happiness.
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The authors for Figure 1, p. 10 in Berridge, K. C. (2018). Evolving concepts of emotion and motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1647. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01647. Copyright © 2015 Berridge. This is an open access publication. Reproduced in 1.5. Neural circuits for wanting and liking.
Oxford University Press for Figure 6.3, Tradeoffs among character strengths, p. 158 in Peterson, C. (2006). A primer in positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Copyright © 2006 Oxford University Press. Permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Reproduced in 2.1. Position of VIA strengths on factors that indicate a concern with the head or heart, and a focus on self or others.
The authors for Figure 5, Medial prefrontal activity correlating with participants’ gratitude ratings in Fox, G. R., Kaplan, J., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. (2015). Neural correlates of gratitude. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01491. Copyright © 2015 Fox, Kaplan, Damasio and Damasio. This is an open access publication. Reproduced in 3.1. Gratitude and the brain: Gratitude ratings correlated with activity in a region of the medial prefrontal cortex that encompassed the peri-genual anterior cingulate cortex and the ventral and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex
American Psychological Association for Figure 6.1, Hope theory model, p. 81 in Gallagher, M. W., Teramoto Pedrotti, J., Lopez, S. J., & Snyder, C. R. (2019). Hope. In M. W. Gallagher, & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (2nd ed., pp. 77–95).Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, https://doi. org/10.1037/0000138-006. Copyright © 1994 American Psychological Association. Permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Reproduced in 3.2. Hope theory.
The authors for Figure 2, Trait optimism mediates the relationship between the OFC volume and anxiety, p. 267, in Dolcos, S., Hu, Y., Iordan, A. D., Moore, M., & Dolcos, F. (2016). Optimism and the brain: Trait optimism mediates the protective role of the orbitofrontal cortex gray matter volume against anxiety. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(2), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv106. Copyright © 2015 The Author. Permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Reproduced in 3.3. Optimism and the brain: Trait optimism mediated the protective role of the orbitofrontal cortex grey matter volume against anxiety. Springer Nature for 1 on p. 217 in Tang, Y., Hölzel, B., & Posner, M. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 16, 213–225, https://doi.org/10.1038/ nrn3916. Copyright © 2015, Springer Nature. Permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Reproduced in 4.4. Brain regions involved in mindfulness meditation.
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Cambridge University Press for the on p. 315 in Csíkszentmihályi, M. (1999). Implications of a systems perspective for the study of creativity. In R. Sternberg, R. (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 313–335) Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Copyright © 1999 Cambridge University Press. Permission conveyed through PLSclear. Reproduced in 6.1. Csíkszentmihályi’s systems model of creativity.
Cambridge University Press for 4.1, p. 78 in Lee, E. E., & Jeste, D. V. (2019). Neurobiology of wisdom. In R. J. Sternberg, & J. Glück (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of wisdom (pp. 69–93). New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108568272.005. Copyright © 2019 Cambridge University Press. Permission conveyed through PLSclear. Reproduced in 6.2. Neurobiology of wisdom.
Sage for 1 on p. 354 of Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.4.347. Copyright © 1998 Sage. Permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Reproduced in 6.4. Sternberg’s balance theory of wisdom.
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The authors for Figure 2 in van Zyl, L. E., Roll, L. C., Stander, M. W., & Richter, S. (2020). Positive Psychological Coaching Definitions and models: a systematic literature review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 793. Copyright © 2020 van Zyl, Roll, Stander and Richter. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00793, This is an open access publication. Reproduced in 9.2. Positive psychology coaching
