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Blazor Server • 5
Advantages of Blazor Server • 5
Disadvantages of Blazor Server • 6
Blazor Hybrid • 6
Advantages of Blazor Hybrid • 7
Disadvantages of Blazor Hybrid • 7
Blazor WebAssembly • 7
Advantages of Blazor WebAssembly • 9
Disadvantages of Blazor WebAssembly • 9
Hosting model differences • 10
Project overview • 39
Getting started with the project • 39
Running the Demo project • 41
Examining the Demo project’s structure • 43
The Properties folder • 44
The wwwroot folder • 45
The App component • 47
The Shared folder • 48
The Pages folder • 48
The Client folder • 49
The _Imports.razor file • 49
Examining the shared Razor components • 50
The MainLayout component • 50
The NavMenu component • 52
The SurveyPrompt component • 53
Examining the routable Razor components • 53
The Index component • 53
The Counter component • 54
The FetchData component • 55
Using a component • 57
Modifying a component • 58
Adding a parameter to a component • 60
Using a parameter with an attribute • 61
Getting
Adding
Adding a style sheet • 97
Setting up and playing the game • 98
Adding logging • 99
Debugging in Visual Studio • 100
Updating the code • 101
Debugging in the browser • 102
Adding an ErrorBoundary component • 104
Project overview • 117
Getting started with the project • 117
Adding the Dialog component • 120
Add a CSS file • 121
Test the Dialog component • 122
Add EventCallback parameters • 124
Add RenderFragment parameters • 125
Create a Razor class library • 128
Test the Razor class library • 129
Add a component to the Razor class library • 130
Manifest files • 163
Service workers • 164
with service workers ........................................................................................
Service worker life cycle • 166
Install • 167
Activate • 167
Fetch • 167
Updating a service worker • 167
Types of service workers • 169
Offline page • 169
Offline copy of pages • 169
Offline copy with offline page • 169
Cache-first network • 170
Advanced caching • 170
Background
Project overview • 176
Getting started with the project • 176
Add JavaScript to determine our location • 179
Invoke the JavaScript function • 180
Add an OpenWeather class • 183
Install Bootstrap • 184
Add a DailyForecast component • 186
Fetch the forecast • 187
Display the forecast • 189
Add the logo • 190
Add a manifest file • 190
Add a simple service worker • 192
Test the service worker • 195
Install the PWA • 198
Uninstall the PWA • 200
DI containers • 205
Service lifetimes • 205
Singleton • 206
Scoped • 206
Transient • 206
Creating the shopping cart project ..................................................................................
Project overview • 208
Creating the shopping cart project • 208
Installing Bootstrap • 210
Adding a Store component • 213
Adding a Product class • 214
Finishing the Store component • 216
Demonstrating that the application state has been lost • 219
Creating the the ICartService interface • 220
Creating the CartService class • 221
Registering CartService in the DI container • 222
Injecting CartService into the Store component • 222
Project
Create
Install Bootstrap • 242
Add the classes • 244
Create the Dropzone component • 245
Add a stylesheet • 247
Add
Read
Create the claims viewer project • 299
Add the application to Azure AD • 301
Add a user and a group to Azure AD • 304
Add the required NuGet packages • 307
Enable authentication • 308
Add an Authentication component • 310
Add a LoginDisplay component • 311
Add a Secure component • 313
Add a WhoAmI component • 316
View the JSON Web Token (JWT) • 318
Add an
policy • 319
Adding
Setting
Install
Create the expense tracker project • 364
Install Bootstrap • 367
Add the classes • 369
Add the API controllers • 370
Create the SQL Server database • 372
View the expenses • 374
Add the edit expense component • 377
Add the input components • 381
Test the edit expense component • 384
Lock navigation • 385
Preface
Blazor WebAssembly is a framework that enables you to build single-page web applications that use C# on the client instead of JavaScript. It is built on the popular and robust ASP.NET framework. Blazor WebAssembly does not rely on plugins or add-ons for you to use C# in the browser. It only requires that the browser support WebAssembly, which all modern browsers do.
In this book, you will complete practical projects that will teach you the fundamentals of the Blazor WebAssembly framework. Each chapter includes a stand-alone project with detailed step-by-step instructions. Each project is designed to highlight one or more important concepts concerning Blazor WebAssembly.
By the end of the book, you will have experience with building both simple stand-alone web applications and hosted web applications with SQL Server backends.
This is the second edition of this book. In this edition, we have added chapters on debugging, deploying to Microsoft Azure, and securing your application using Microsoft Azure Active Directory. Also, all the projects in the book have been updated to use the latest version of the Blazor WebAssembly framework.
Who this book is for
This book is for experienced web developers who are tired of the constant parade of new JavaScript frameworks and want to leverage their experience with .NET and C# to build web applications that can run anywhere.
This book is for anyone who wants to learn Blazor WebAssembly quickly by emphasizing the practical over the theoretical. It uses complete, step-by-step sample projects that are easy to follow to teach you the concepts required to develop web apps using the Blazor WebAssembly framework. You do not need to be a professional developer to benefit from the projects in this book, but you do need some experience with C# and HTML.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, Introduction to Blazor WebAssembly, introduces the Blazor WebAssembly framework. It explains the benefits of using the Blazor framework and describes the differences between the three hosting models: Blazor Server, Blazor Hybrid, and Blazor WebAssembly. After highlighting the advantages of using the Blazor WebAssembly framework, the goals and support options for WebAssembly are discussed. Finally, it guides you through the process of setting up your computer to complete the projects in this book. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to proceed to any of the other chapters in this book.
Chapter 2, Building Your First Blazor WebAssembly Application, introduces Razor components through the creation of a simple project. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section explains Razor components, routing, Razor syntax, and how to use Hot Reload while developing an application. The second section walks you step by step through the process of creating your first Blazor WebAssembly application by using the Blazor WebAssembly App project template provided by Microsoft. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to create a demo Blazor WebAssembly project.
Chapter 3, Debugging and Deploying a Blazor WebAssembly App, teaches you how to debug and deploy a Blazor WebAssembly app through the creation of a simple project. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section explains debugging, logging, handling exceptions, using ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation, and deploying an app to Microsoft Azure. The second section walks you step by step through the process of debugging and deploying a Blazor WebAssembly application. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to debug a simple Blazor WebAssembly app and deploy it to Microsoft Azure.
Chapter 4, Building a Modal Dialog Using Templated Components, provides you with an introduction to templated components through the creation of a modal dialog component. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section explains RenderFragment parameters, EventCallback parameters, and CSS isolation. The second section walks you step by step through the process of creating a modal dialog component and moving it to your own custom Razor class library. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to create a modal dialog component and share it with multiple projects through a Razor class library.
Chapter 5, Building a Local Storage Service Using JavaScript Interoperability (JS Interop), teaches you how to use JavaScript with Blazor WebAssembly through the creation of a local storage service. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section explains the reasons that you still need to occasionally use JavaScript and how to invoke a JavaScript function from .NET. For completeness, it also covers how to invoke a .NET method from JavaScript. Finally, it introduces the Web Storage API that is used by the project. In the second section, it walks you step by step through the process of creating and testing a service that writes and reads to the local storage of the browser. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to create a local storage service by using JS Interop to invoke JavaScript functions from a Blazor WebAssembly application.
Chapter 6, Building a Weather App as a Progressive Web App (PWA), provides you with an introduction to progressive web apps through the creation of a simple weather web app. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section explains what a PWA is and how to create one. It covers both manifest files and the various types of service workers. Also, it describes how to use the CacheStorage API, the Geolocation API, and the OpenWeather One Call API that are required by the project in this chapter. The second section walks you step by step through the process of creating a 5-day weather forecast app and converting it into a PWA by adding a logo, a manifest file, and a service worker. Finally, it shows you how to install and uninstall the PWA. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to convert a Blazor WebAssembly app into a PWA by adding a logo, a manifest file, and a service worker.
Chapter 7, Building a Shopping Cart Using Application State, explains how to use application state through the creation of a shopping cart web app. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section explains application state and dependency injection. The second section walks you step by step through the process of creating a shopping cart application. To maintain state in your application, you will create a service that you will register in the DI container and inject into your components. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to use dependency injection to maintain application state within a Blazor WebAssembly app.
Chapter 8, Building a Kanban Board Using Events, provides you with an introduction to event handling through the creation of a Kanban board web app. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section discusses event handling, attribute splatting, and arbitrary parameters. The second section walks you step by step through the process of creating a Kanban board application that uses the DragEventArgs class to enable you to drag and drop tasks between the drop zones. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to handle events in your Blazor WebAssembly app and will be comfortable using both attribute splatting and arbitrary parameters.
Chapter 9, Uploading and Reading an Excel file, explains how to upload various types of files and how to use the Open XML SDK to read an Excel file. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section explains uploading one or more files and resizing images. It also explains how to use virtualization to render data and how to read data from Excel files. The second section walks you step by step through the process of creating an application that can upload and read an Excel file and then use virtualization to render the data from the Excel file. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to upload a file into a Blazor WebAssembly app, use the Open XML SDK to read an Excel file, and render data using virtualization.
Chapter 10, Using Azure Active Directory to Secure a Blazor WebAssembly Application, teaches you how to secure a Blazor WebAssembly App through the creation of a simple application that displays the contents of a claim. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section explains the difference between authentication and authorization. It also teaches you how to work with authentication and how to use both the Authorize attribute and the AuthorizeView component. The second section walks you step by step through the process of adding an application to Azure AD and using it for both authentication and authorization. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to secure a Blazor WebAssembly app using Azure AD.
Chapter 11, Building a Task Manager Using ASP.NET Web API, provides you with an introduction to hosted Blazor WebAssembly applications through the creation of a task manager web app. This is the first chapter to use SQL Server. It is divided into two sections. The first section describes the components of a hosted Blazor WebAssembly application. It also explains how to use the HttpClient service and the various JSON helper methods to manipulate data. The last section walks you step by step through the process of creating a task manager application that stores its data in a SQL Server database. You will create an API controller with actions, using Entity Framework. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to create a hosted Blazor WebAssembly app that uses ASP.NET Web API to update data in a SQL Server database.
Chapter 12, Building an Expense Tracker Using the EditForm Component, teaches you how to use the EditForm component through the creation of an expense tracker web app. This chapter uses SQL Server. It is divided into two sections. The first section introduces the EditForm component, the built-in input components, and the built-in validation components. It also explains how to use navigation locking to prevent the user from navigating to another page before they have saved their edits. The last section walks you step by step through the process of creating an expense tracker application that uses the EditForm component and some of the built-in components to add and edit expenses that are stored in a SQL Server database. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to use the EditForm component in conjunction with the built-in components to input and validate data that is stored in a SQL Server database.
To get the most out of this book
We recommend that you read the first two chapters of the book to understand how to set up your computer and how to use a Blazor WebAssembly project template. After that, you can complete the remaining chapters in any order. The projects in each chapter become more complex as you proceed through the book. The final two chapters require a SQL Server database to complete the projects. Chapter 3 and Chapter 10 require a Microsoft Azure subscription.
You will require the following software/hardware covered in the book:
• Visual Studio 2022 Community Edition
• SQL Server 2022 Express Edition
• Microsoft Azure
If you are using the digital version of this book, we advise you to type the code yourself or access the code via the GitHub repository (link available in the next section). Doing so will help you avoid any potential errors related to the copying and pasting of code.
This book assumes that you are an experienced web developer. You should have some experience with C# and HTML.
There are some projects that use JavaScript and CSS, but all the code is provided. Also, there are two projects that use Entity Framework, but once again, all the code is provided.
Download the example code files
You can download the example code files for this book from GitHub at https://github.com/ PacktPublishing/Blazor-WebAssembly-by-Example-Second-Edition. In case there’s an update to the code, it will be updated on the existing GitHub repository.
We also have other code bundles from our rich catalog of books and videos available at https:// github.com/PacktPublishing/. Check them out!
Code in Action
Code in Action videos for this book can be viewed at (https://packt.link/CodeinAction).
Download the color images
We also provide a PDF file that has color images of the screenshots/diagrams used in this book. You can download it here: https://packt.link/Q27px.
Conventions used
There are several text conventions used throughout this book.
CodeInText: Indicates code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles. Here is an example: “Add the DeleteProduct method to the @code block.”
A block of code is set as follows:
private void DeleteProduct(Product product) { cart.Remove(product); total -= product.Price; }
When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines or items are set in bold:
public class CartService : ICartService { public IList<Product> Cart { get; private set; } public int Total { get; set; }
public event Action OnChange; }
Any command-line input or output is written as follows: Add-Migration Init Update-Database
Bold: Indicates a new term, an important word, or words that you see onscreen. For example, words in menus or dialog boxes appear in the text like this. For example: “From the Build menu, select the Build Solution option.”
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
Seth Low, The Trend of the Century (Atlantic Monthly, August, 1898).
NINETEENTH CENTURY:
Dominant lines in the intellectual development of the Century.
"The future historian of thought will no doubt regard the promulgation and the rapid triumph of evolutionist doctrines as the most remarkable phenomenon in the intellectual development of the nineteenth century."
Leslie Stephen, Evolution and Religious Conceptions
(Review of the Nineteenth Century, in New York Evening Post, January 12, 1901).
"In the briefest sketch of what the nineteenth century has done in literature, it is absolutely imperative to mention the publication of 'The Origin of Species' [Darwin, 1859] and 'Principles of Psychology' [Spencer, 1855], because, although neither work is written with an attractive elegance, each is the starting point of an intellectual and moral revolution so vast that every branch of life is affected by it, and literature itself in its lightest forms can no longer ignore the germinal forces with which evolution has quickened all our emotions."
Edmund Gosse, A Century of English Literature
(Review of the Nineteenth Century, in New York Evening Post, January 12, 1901).
"To an earlier age knowledge was power, merely that and nothing more; to us it is life and the 'summum bonum.' Emancipation from the bonds of self, of one's own
prepossessions, importunately sought at the hands of that rational power before which all must ultimately bow this is the characteristic that distinguishes all the great figures of nineteenth century science from those of former periods."
Professor Charles S. Peirce,
The Century's Great Men in Science
(Review of the Nineteenth Century, in New York Evening Post, January 12, 1901).
"The mark of the century has been a continuous attempt at a comprehensive understanding of nature, after the manner of Newton, but not limited or governed solely by his dynamical ideas. … The Newtonian laws of dynamics as applied to matter still hold, and will always hold, but they may no longer be fundamental or ultimate, they may be derivatives from a still deeper scheme; and it is towards this deeper scheme that physicists at present are groping. The realization of a need for some such scheme constitutes the chief philosophic feature of the latter part of the century."
Oliver J. Lodge.
The Scope and Tendencies of Physics (Review of the Nineteenth Century, in New York Evening Post, January 12, 1901).
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY:
The failures of the Century. Its sinful mismanagement of the powers which Science has given it.
"The Nineteenth Century … has been characterised by a marvellous and altogether unprecedented progress in knowledge of the universe and of its complex forces; and also in the application of that knowledge to an infinite variety of purposes, calculated, if properly utilized, to supply all the wants of every human being, and to add greatly to the
comforts, the enjoyments, and the refinements of life. The bounds of human knowledge have been so far extended that new vistas have opened to us in directions where it had been thought that we could never penetrate, and the more we learn the more we seem capable of learning in the ever-widening expanse of the universe. …
"But the more we realize the vast possibilities of human welfare which science has given us, the more we must recognise our total failure to make any adequate rational use of them. With ample power to supply to the fullest extent necessaries, comforts, and even luxuries for all, and at the same time allow ample leisure for intellectual pleasures and æsthetic enjoyments, we have yet so sinfully mismanaged our social economy as to give unprecedented and injurious luxury to the few, while millions are compelled to suffer a lifelong deficiency of the barest necessaries for a healthy existence. Instead of devoting the highest powers of our greatest men to remedy these evils, we see the governments of the most advanced nations arming their people to the teeth, and expending much of their wealth and all the resources of their science, in preparation for the destruction of life, of property, and of happiness.
"With ample knowledge of the sources of health, we allow, and even compel, the bulk of our population to live and work under conditions which greatly shorten life; while every year we see from 50,000 to 100,000 infants done to death by our criminal neglect. In our mad race for wealth, we have made gold more sacred than human life; we have made life so hard for the many, that suicide and insanity and crime are alike increasing. With all our labour-saving machinery and all our command over the forces of nature, the struggle for existence has become more fierce than ever before; and year by year an ever-increasing proportion of our people sink into paupers' graves.
"Even more degrading, and more terrible in its consequences, is the unblushing selfishness of the greatest civilized nations. While boasting of their military power, and loudly proclaiming their Christianity, not one of them has raised a finger to save a Christian people, the remnant of an ancient civilization, from the most barbarous persecution, torture, and wholesale massacre. A hundred thousand Armenians murdered or starved to death while the representatives of the great powers coldly looked on and prided themselves on their unanimity in all making the same useless protests will surely be referred to by the historian of the future, as the most detestable combination of hypocrisy and inhumanity that the world has yet produced, and as the crowning proof of the utter rottenness of the boasted civilization of the Nineteenth Century.
{341}
When the brightness of future ages shall have dimmed the glamour of our material progress, the judgment of history will surely be, that the ethical standard of our rulers was a deplorably low one, and that we were unworthy to possess the great and beneficent powers that science had placed in our hands.
"But although this century has given us so many examples of failure, it has also given us hope for the future. True humanity, the determination that the crying social evils of our time shall not continue; the certainty that they can be abolished; an unwavering faith in human nature, have never been so strong, so vigorous, so rapidly growing as they are to-day."
A. R. Wallace, The Wonderful Century, chapter 21
(copyright, Dodd, Mead &; Company, New York, quoted with permission).
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY:
Expansion of the European races during the Century. Changes in the distribution of political power. Dominance of the Anglo-American peoples.
Rise of the United States of America to the highest rank.
At a dinner given by the Manchester Statistical Society, October 17, 1900, Sir Robert Giffen, the eminent statistician, made a notable speech on the political ideas which the statistics of the Nineteenth Century suggest. "The first of these was the prodigious rate at which the civilized world the community of European nations and nations of European origin was growing. The population of Europe and of nations of European origin like the United States might now be put at something over 500,000,000. The United States themselves might be put at nearly 80 millions; Russia in its recent census showed a population which must already have grown to about 135 millions; Germany about 55 millions; the United Kingdom, with the self-governing colonies of Canada and Australasia and the white population of South Africa, 55 millions; Austria-Hungary, 45 millions; France, 40 millions; Italy, 32 millions; Spain and Portugal, 25 millions; Scandinavian countries, ten millions; Holland and Belgium, ten millions; and other European countries, 20 millions. A century ago the corresponding figure to this 500,000,000 would not have been more than about 170,000,000. The economic development of the people had been even more marvellous. The wealth of the people all told, which would probably not have been reckoned at more than £5,000,000,000 at the beginning of the century, must be reckoned now by tens of thousands of millions.
"Again the development was for the most part not uniform among the European populations. It was most marked in the Anglo-American section. The increase here was from a population of not more than about 20 millions, which was the population of the United States and the United Kingdom together 100 years ago, to a population of not less than 130
millions at the present time. Russia and Germany also showed remarkable increases, but nothing like this. This astonishing growth of population meant a great change in the relative position of the European nations in the world their relative weight in international politics. Practically the non-European races of the world had all the time been stationary, except in India, where the 'pax Britannica' had permitted the native population to expand. The result was that the forces of civilization, as against those of the black and yellow races, had become practically irresistible. The numbers were relatively far greater than ever they were before, and the economic force was indefinitely greater. A great change in the distribution of political power among European nations themselves was also indicated. The existence alone of the United States implied an immense change. If we considered that an empire like that of Britain had its strength rather diminished than increased by the possession of territories like India, then the United States having a larger European population than that of the British Empire might be considered the most powerful State in the world as far as population and resources were concerned. No doubt Russia had a much larger population, but the inferiority of the units was so great that the preeminence of the United States was not in question. Germany, Russia, and the United Kingdom had all grown, while France and Austria had by comparison remained stationary, so that now the great world Powers were four only the United States, Britain, Russia, and Germany, with France a doubtful fifth. The extent of the revolution that had taken place in a century was evident, and obviously accounted for much that was going on in international politics.
"If the forces now in existence continue to operate as they had done in the past century for only a few more generations, the close of the coming century must witness a further transformation, whose beginnings would be apparent in the lifetime of some amongst us. It was a reasonable probability that unless some great internal change should take place in
the ideas and conduct of the European races themselves, the population of 500 millions would in another century become one of 1,500 to 2,000 millions. The black and yellow races still remaining, as far as one could see, comparatively stationary, this would make a greatly changed world. The yellow peril, for instance, of which we heard so much, would have vanished, because the yellow races themselves would be so much outnumbered. What would be the 400 millions of China compared with 1,500 to 2,000 millions of European race? Further progress must also be made in the redistribution of power among European nations. International politics would be more and more limited to the affairs of what were already the four great Powers the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia. The most serious problem would of course be whether the dilemma stated by Malthus and hitherto put aside by the occupation of new lands, would at length become an urgently practical question. It was impossible not to wonder which of the two forces the growth of population and the increase of the needs of the growing population on the one side, and the growth of invention and mechanical power in supplying human wants on the other side would gain as time went on. Referring to the desire to secure new markets abroad, Sir Robert Giffen said that the figures with which he had been dealing pointed to quite another source of new markets. Surely there could be no lack of new customers if the 500 millions of the advanced races themselves were to be doubled in from 30 to 50 years and trebled or quadrupled in a century."
London Times, October 18, 1900.
{342}
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY:
The lengthened average of human life.
"What has been the chief characteristic of the nineteenth century? No two critics agree, nor can they, because each
prefers a different quality. One singles out science, another, invention, as the dominant trait. A third, who looks mainly at the political aspect of life, says democracy. Others, again, say pessimism, philanthropy, doubt, or toleration. So many features, so much diversity, argue at least for many-sidedness.
"There is one characteristic, however, which distinguishes the nineteenth century from all previous centuries a characteristic which has become too common to attract the attention it deserves, although it really measures all the rest: this is longevity. During the past one hundred years the length of life of the average man in the United States and in the more civilized parts of Europe has increased from a little over 30 to about 40 years. A multitude of causes, mostly physical, have contributed to this result. Foremost among these should be placed (1) whatever may be included under the general term sanitation; (2) improved methods in medicine; and (3) the more regular habits of living which are the direct outcome of industrial life on a large scale.
"These are some of the evident means by which life has been lengthened. Inventions, which have made production cheap and the transportation of all products both cheap and easy, have had an influence too great to be computed. And no doubt much has been due to a general improvement in methods of government; although, in the main, there has been much less progress in practical government than is commonly supposed. No great railroad company or banking house or manufacturing corporation could prosper if its officers and employees were chosen and kept in office according to the system by which political offices, almost everywhere, are filled. 'None hut experts wanted,' is the sign written over the entrance to every profession, trade, and occupation except government.
"But, whatever governments have done or left undone, the fact
to be insisted on here is, that the average man to-day lives almost ten years longer than his grandfather lived."
W. R. Thayer, Longevity and Degeneration (Forum, February, 1900).
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY:
The Musical Century.
"Music is the only one of the fine arts of which it can be said that it reached its highest development in the nineteenth century. It is the modern art par excellence; and while everybody has been told that it is the youngest of the arts, few realize how much is implied in that assertion."
Henry T. Finck, The Musical Century (New York Evening Post, January 12, 1901).
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY:
The Woman's Century.
"Victor Hugo predicted that the nineteenth century would be known as Woman's Century. The comparison of the woman of 1800 and the woman of 1900 offers abundant proof of the correctness of the prophecy."
Mrs. Carrie C. Catt, Women in the Industries and Professions (New York Evening Post, January 12, 1901).
"In 1900 a third of all the college students in the United States are women. Sixty per cent. of the pupils in the secondary schools, both public and private, are girls i. e., more girls are preparing for college than boys. Women having in general more leisure than men, there is reason to expect
that there will soon be more women than men in our colleges and graduate schools. The time, too, has passed when girls went to college to prepare themselves solely for teaching or for other bread-winning occupations. In considerable numbers they now seek intellectual resources and the enrichment of their private lives. Thus far between 50 and 60 per cent. of women college graduates have at some time taught. In the country at large more than 70 per cent. of the teaching is done by women, in the North Atlantic portion over 80 per cent. Even in the secondary schools, public and private, more women than men are teaching, though in all other countries the advanced instruction of boys is exclusively in the hands of men. Never before has a nation intrusted all the school training of the vast majority of its future population, men as well as women, to women alone."
Mrs. Alice F. Palmer, The Higher Education of Women (New York Evening Post, January 12, 1901).
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY:
The Age of Steel succeeding the Age of Iron.
"The age of iron, which passed away during the last century, was succeeded by the age of Bessemer steel, which enjoyed a reign of only thirty-six years, beginning, as it did, in 1864, and is in turn now passing away to be succeeded by the age of Siemens open-hearth steel. Already the product of open-hearth is far beyond that of Bessemer in Britain, and such the writer ventures to predict will soon be the case in the United States."
Andrew Carnegie,
The Development of Steel Manufacture (New York Evening Post, January 12, 1901).
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY:
As the "Age of Steam."
See (in volume 4)
STEAM ENGINE, STEAM LOCOMOTION, etc.; and (in this volume)
SCIENCE, RECENT: MECHANICAL.
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY:
As the "Electric Age."
See (in volume 2)
ELECTRICAL, DISCOVERY; and (in this volume)
SCIENCE, RECENT: ELECTRICAL.
----------THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: End--------
NIPPUR, Explorations of the ruins of.
See (in this volume)
ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: BABYLONIA: AMERICAN EXPLORATION.
NIUCHWANG:
"Niuchwang, while a comparatively small city of but 60,000 population, is of especial importance to the United States as a treaty port. It is located at the extreme north of the Gulf of Pechili, considerably farther north than Tientsin, and is of especial importance to the United States because of the demand for goods from this country in that section. … The proposed Russian railway line, which is projected through Manchuria and the province of Shingking to the port of Port Arthur, passes near Niuchwang and is to be connected by a short line. Another line, to be built by British capital, will connect Niuchwang with Shanhaikwan, which is already in railway connection with Peking, the capital of the Empire."
United States, Bureau of Statistics, Monthly Summary, March, 1899, page 2196.
NIUCHWANG: Russian occupation.
See (in this volume)
MANCHURIA: A. D. 1900.
NORFOLK ISLAND: Change of government.
(in this volume)
AUSTRALIA (NEW SOUTH WALES): A. D. 1896.
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NORTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1897-1899. Local Dispensary Laws.
An Act applying the South Carolina "dispensary" system of regulation for the liquor traffic (see, in this volume, SOUTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1892-1899) to Fayetteville was passed by the Legislature in 1897, and several smaller towns secured local legislation to the same effect in 1899; but attempts to carry a general dispensary law for the State were defeated.
NORTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1898. Race war in Wilmington.
Wilmington, North Carolina, was the scene, in November, of what can only be called a fierce revolution, whereby the city government, dominated by the colored population, which outnumbered the white, was violently overturned by the latter. The race conflict was precipitated by an article in a Republican newspaper, edited by a negro, which reflected on the honor of some of the white women, and caused wild excitement among the
white men. The offending newspaper office was destroyed and its editor fled. Resistance being offered, furious fighting occurred, in which a considerable number of negroes was killed, many were wounded, and hundreds were driven by terror from the town. White Republican officials were also expelled or took to flight, and their opponents secured control of city affairs.
NORTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1900.
Constitutional amendment for the qualification of the suffrage.
By a constitutional amendment, adopted in August, 1900, the following qualification of the suffrage was established:
"SECTION 4.
Every person presenting himself for registration shall be able to read and write any section of the constitution in the English language: and, before he shall be entitled to vote, he shall have paid, on or before the 1st day of May of the year in which he proposes to vote, his poll tax for the previous year as prescribed by Article V, section 1, of the constitution. But no male person who was, on January 1, 1867, or at any time prior thereto, entitled to vote under the laws of any State in the United States wherein he then resided, and no lineal descendant of any such person, shall be denied the right to register and vote at any election in this State by reason of his failure to possess the educational qualification herein prescribed, provided he shall have registered in accordance with the terms of this section prior to December, 1908. The general assembly shall provide for the registration of all persons entitled to vote without the educational qualifications herein prescribed, and shall, on or before November 1, 1908, provide for the making of a permanent record of such registration, and all persons so registered shall forever thereafter have the right to vote in all elections by the people in this State, unless disqualified under section 2 of this article: Provided, Such person shall have paid his
poll tax as above required."
NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, Canadian: Self-government granted.
See (in this volume) CANADA: A. D. 1897 (OCTOBER).
NORWAY.
See (in this volume) SWEDEN AND NORWAY.
NOVA SCOTIA.
See (in this volume) CANADA.
NOVA ZEMBLA, Recent exploration of.
See (in this volume) POLAR EXPLORATION, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1900.
NUFFAR, NIFFER, Explorations at.
See (in this volume) ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: BABYLONIA: AMERICAN EXPLORATION.
NUPÉ, British subjugation of.
See (in this volume) AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (NIGERIA).
NUREMBERG: A. D. 1900. Remarkable growth in five years.
See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (DECEMBER).
NYASSALAND.
See (in this volume)
BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA PROTECTORATE.
O.
OIL RIVERS PROTECTORATE, The.
See (in this volume) NIGERIA: A. D. 1882-1899.
OLD-AGE INSURANCE: In Germany.
See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1897-1900.
OLD-AGE PENSIONS: In New South Wales.
See (in this volume)
AUSTRALIA (NEW SOUTH WALES): A. D. 1900.
OLD-AGE PENSIONS: In New Zealand.
See (in this volume)
NEW ZEALAND: A. D. 1899; and AUSTRALIA: RECENT EXTENSIONS OF DEMOCRACY.
OLD-AGE PENSIONS: The question in England.
See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1896; and 1899-1900.
OLNEY, Richard: Correspondence with Lord Salisbury on the Venezuela boundary question.
See (in this volume)
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1895 (JULY), and (NOVEMBER).
OLYMPIC GAMES, Revival of.
See (in this volume)
ATHENS: A. D. 1896.
OMAHA: A. D. 1898. The Trans-Mississippi Exposition.
A highly successful Trans-Mississippi Exposition was opened on the 1st of June and closed on the last day of October, having been attended by 2,600,000 people. Buildings and grounds were prepared with beautiful effect, at a cost of $2,500,000.
OMDURMAN: Capital of the Khalifa. Capture by the Anglo-Egyptian Army.
See (in this volume)
EGYPT: A. D. 1885-1896; and 1897-1898.
ONTARIO.
See (in this volume) CANADA.
"OPEN DOOR," The commercial policy of the.
See (in this volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1899-1900 (SEPTEMBER-FEBRUARY).
OPIUM COMMISSION, Report of the.
See (in this volume)
INDIA: A. D. 1895 (APRIL).
ORANGE FREE STATE: A. D. 1895. Proposed federal union with the Transvaal.
See (in this volume)
AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (ORANGE FREE STATE).
ORANGE FREE STATE: A. D. 1897. Treaty with the South African Republic.
See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (ORANGE FREE STATE AND TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1897 (APRIL).
ORANGE FREE STATE: A. D. 1899-1900. Making common cause with the South African Republic. War with Great Britain.
See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (ORANGE FREE STATE): A. D. 1899 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER), and after.
ORANGE FREE STATE: A. D. 1900 (May.) Proclamation of annexation to the British dominions.
See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (ORANGE FREE STATE): A. D. 1900 (MAY).
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OSMAN DIGNA.
See (in this volume)
EGYPT: A. D. 1885-1896; 1897-1898; and 1899-1900.
OTIS, General: Reports as Military Governor of the Philippines.
See (in this volume)
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1898 (AUGUST-DECEMBER).
OTTAWA: A. D. 1900. Great fire.
The city of Ottawa, capital of the Dominion of Canada, and the lumber manufacturing town of Hull, on the opposite side of the Ottawa River, were both devastated, on the 26th of April, by one of the most destructive fires of the century. It originated in the upsetting of a lamp in a dwelling in Hull. This was at half-past ten o'clock in the morning. A big gale blowing from the northeast made quick work of the inflammable houses in Hull, and by twelve o'clock the flames had reached the river-bank and leaped across to the Ottawa side. The fire then retraced its steps in Hull, and destroyed a group of factories. It "blazed a crescent-shaped path five miles long and a mile wide, destroying in its journey the public buildings and the residential part of Hull, the industrial area of the Chaudiere, and the suburbs of the Ottawa laboring classes at Mechanicsburg, Rochesterville, and Hintonburg. Fully 15,000 people were rendered homeless, and $15,000,000 worth of property was annihilated."
Canadian Magazine, July, 1900.
OTTOMAN BANK:
Attack of Armenian revolutionists at Constantinople.
See (in this volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1896 (AUGUST).
P. PAARDEBERG, Battle of.
See (in this volume)
SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR): A. D. 1900 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY).
PACT OF HALEPA, The.
See (in this volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1896.
PAGO PAGO: Acquisition by the United States.
See (in this volume) SAMOAN ISLANDS.
PALESTINE: A. D. 1897-1901. The Zionist movement for Jewish colonization.
See (in this volume)
JEWS: A. D. 1897-1901.
PALESTINE: A. D. 1898. Visit of the German Emperor.
See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1898 (OCTOBER-NOVEMBER).
PALESTINE: A. D. 1901. Turkish restriction on Jewish visits.
See (in this volume) JEWS: A. D. 1901.
PALMER, General John M.: Candidacy for the American Presidency in 1896.
See (in this volume)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER).
PAMIR REGION, The: Anglo-Russian agreement concerning.
See (in this volume)
AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1895.
PAMPANGAS, The.
See (in this volume)
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: THE NATIVE INHABITANTS.
PANA, Riotous coal-mining strike at.
See (in this volume) INDUSTRIAL DISTURBANCES: A. D. 1898.
PANAMA CANAL, The: A. D. 1900.
See (in this volume) PANAMA CANAL; and (in this volume) CANAL, INTEROCEANIC: A. D. 1900 (NOVEMBER).
PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION, The.
See (in this volume) BUFFALO: A. D. 1901.
