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0RQWSHOLHU As our first presidential house visit, going into the former house of James Madison was both an open opportunity to learn about the complexity of our 4th president, as well as explore 18th century history on the grounds where it occurred. A vast estate, one finds themselves very quickly drawn into not only the beauty of the land, but also the history behind the people who lived, worked, and grew on this land.

A frail yet highly intelligent man, Madison’s roots as an academic and a leader are clear throughout his house, especially in his study, stocked full of readings and specimens. Great focus is given to the 4th president’s wife, Dolly Madison, and her role as a beloved public figure and the lady of the house.

Something I found shockingly wonderful about Montpelier in particular, that I have found to be somewhat of a fault at other presidential homes and institutions, was it’s willingness to talk about slavery on the Montpelier estate and how it impacted the lives of the enslaved individuals even past James Madison’s death. This tends to be something some historical sites brush aside, but more so than other sites I’ve seen, especially for those of presidents, the Montpelier guides don’t shy away from the darker sides of the history, shining a spotlight on the individuals who have been forgotten.

Text by Elias McEaneney, Photos by Ms. Trenkle

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+DUSHUV )HUU\ 1DWLRQDO +LVWRULF 3DUN With informational signs lining the roads, historical buildings down the sides of the road, and a wonderful tour guide, Dennis Frye, we learned not only about John Brown’s raid with his army of 22 men, but also about the impacts slavery had on the the southern economy, the lives of enslaved individuals, and our modern society.

Right next to the Shenandoah and Potomac rivers, one can look out through the trees or over the railing to tree-covered mountains.

However, natural beauty is not all that the Ferry has in store; its history reaches far earlier than 1859, with men such as Meriwether Lewis (of the Lewis and Clark expeditions) and Thomas Jefferson having walked the trails. If one is willing to walk, not far from the main plot of the Ferry, one can find Jefferson’s rock.

Dennis Frye, National History Academy’s tour guide through Harpers Ferry, shows not only an interest in the history he speaks about, but true and genuine passion in his voice and the way he speaks about the topic, clearly moved by the history while still understanding the nuances between how different individuals may view the legacy of Mr. Brown. Whether you view the man as a martyr or a terrorist; a hero or a villain, there is no doubt that this history of the ground you walk on in Harpers Ferry is moving for any individual.

Text by: Elias McEaneney, Photos by Ms. Trenkle

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National Museum of African American History and Culture "Powerful bass, intent in words, joyful light and the challenges overcome to reach it. Images portray defiance, hope, past present pain and if I were to describe…It seems I lost the words. A country is stitched together from history; fibers and threads pull themselves from culture, mimic over and over again that which brings identity, and what separates from it is to say here is a place… We are here and whole and new and old."

There is something so completely overwhelming about seeing history laid out in a way in which memories are overlaid with sounds, with new thoughts and ideasflipping through records; Stevie Wonder, Miles Davis, Queen Latifah, Jackson Five, Ray Charles, so many more…

Not only this, but walking through the halls of the National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC), I was overwhelmed with the recollection of so many moments of struggle, of overcoming, of fight and speech and determination. I admit I was near drawn to tears at the simple presence of a vision of so many people living every day to change standards, to reach goals in the face of discriminatory and vast obstacles. I walked into rooms of art with visions of hope and confidence.

It was so powerful to walk floor to floor through diverse galleries that shared a cohesive story of culture.

Many would argue it was even more so to see the historical exhibits; which demonstrated the implications of slavery, of the Jim Crow era, of the quest for civil rights. We have this ability to create sensory experiences that don’t just share facts but even more so tell stories, which can move a heart. A bus of discrimination, a mask of hatred, a shield of honor and words of truth… A museum links moments in time that represent humility, courage, anger, strength, and people just fighting to reach the next day. Each of these are powerful and worthy of recognition.

Opened in 2016, the NMAAHC has yet to have been seen by enough of the world. And yet, for people like myself who have immersed themselves in its account, we have been left with memories we had not known we could ever hold. I have asked my fellow classmates what they would use to describe the incredible place, and over and over I heard the word “impactful”. A simple yet powerful term, it insinuates a larger picture of what the exploration of the past attempts to display.

It stands determined to impact any who would listen and seek, who would knock on a door to find wisdom.

Howard University

NHA students visited Howard University after the NMAAHC and had the chance to tour the campus and learn about its history and significance.

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Students had a private tour of the Washington National Cathedral and were able to have the discussion about the Light in the Darkness windows replacement project after seeing the window itself in the NMAAHC. After the tour, students listened to guest speaker Eric Motley, the Deputy Director of the National Gallery of Art.

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Our final college visit of the summer was at the University of Virginia. NHA students broke into groups lead by different UVA students to tour the campus and learn about the university's history, admissions processes, and what to expect out of college life.

Michie Tavern Our last stop of the summer was at the historic Michie Tavern for a buffet dinner. We had the restaurant all to ourselves and were able to share our favorite memories of the summer over a delicious meal.

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Ernest Green

Ernest Green being interviewed by Maya Hastings and Joaquin McCloud For around three quarters of a century between the 1870’s and the early 1960’s, Jim Crow laws would turn the United States into a divided nation separated by race. As a result, African Americans would be forced to use “separate but equal services” which were oftentimes worse than those used by the white populace. However, resistance against Jim Crow was mounting, with the Supreme Court unanimously voting in favour of school desegregation through the Brown v. Board of Education case. As a result, many African American students around the country prepared to enroll in white schools, including Ernest Green in 1957, only to be confronted with immense resistance. The National History Academy (NHA) was pleased to have Green speak to the students of the Summer Residential Programme on July 26th as context for the programme’s MLK Case Study. His talk about Little Rock Central High School during his time of attendance was stellar, although there was clearly even more to his story. Therefore, after the camera flashes had died down, I sat down with Green to speak more about his personal history. What he told me would be an emotional albeit sobering recount of his experiences at Little Rock.

The stories of Ernest Green and the remaining members of the Little Rock Nine have become ingrained into the minds of most Americans, given that the Nine’s attendance at Little Rock Central High School forms part of the History curriculum in most states. Oftentimes the violence directed towards them is portrayed to only be happening outside the campus, so after the school doors closed behind their police escorts many forget the cold hard reality of life in a segregated school system. I therefore asked Green what the environment in the school itself was like. Immediately from the onset, the mood would be described by Green as “hostile” with students handing out cards and pamphlets decrying the school’s acceptance of the Nine. Harassment was constant outside the classroom, with students often physically challenging the Nine. This would grow to include an incident with Minnijean Brown, another one of the Nine who responded to what was being directed towards her, only to be confronted with expulsion from the school. Fortunately Green explained that “she was able to continue her education in New York”. Interestingly enough, in the classroom, a large proportion of animosity faded away, which according to Green wasn’t due to any change of heart but due to “how hard the courses were for everybody”. In fact, the hardness of the courses offered was one of the main reasons Green moved to Little Rock Central High School, notably because “more science and technology courses were offered”. These aforementioned courses would prove to be extremely helpful as it would give him the foundations required to pursue Business and Finance courses at Michigan University. His University diplomas would in themselves then set him up for his role as Assistant Secretary of Labour under the Carter Administration, showing how his ambition in pursuing a good high school foundation allowed him to reach “far further than he ever would imagine”.

Green himself explained the importance of this as he views education as a means of further knitting people closer together. In fact he stated that education institutions should strive to be as diverse as possible because “multiethnic schools are not a liability, but an asset”.

Whilst the students, in many ways, faced off against discrimination on their own, it is also important to remember that the students also had the assistance of armed guards. When I asked Green if the presence of guards gave reassurance, he gave a resounding “yes”. Interestingly enough, Incumbent President Dwight D. Eisenhower had chosen the paratrooping regiment who had freed the first Nazi concentration camps as the student’s escorts. As Eisenhower’s Attorney General, William Rogers would later recall, he felt the decision was necessary due to “concern for 9 teenagers’ safety from a group of people who could sympathize based on what they had previously seen”. Of course, the African American community also had a significant role in convincing President Eisenhower to keep the students safe. Green recounts that this includes a woman by the name of Daisy Bates who rallied in front of the confrontational crowd outside to show solidarity. Bates also convinced Louis Armstrong to delay his goodwill trip to the USSR so that he could watch Green go to school.

Bates’s legacy is still visible today, with the road in front of the school being named Daisy Bates Boulevard. The decision to use the specific group of parachutists also was a political tactic on Eisenhower’s behalf, which sent a subtle albeit powerful message to the Southern politicians such as Woodrow Wilson Mann, Little Rock’s mayor. President Eisenhower’s boldness to assert federal power over local state pressures would mean that the protests against the Nine’s attendance eventually diminished. Even today, the story of the President’s involvement in the safety of the Nine is still a golden standard in the history of the United States. In fact, Green made it clear that the later attempts by President John F. Kennedy to enroll African American student James Meredith at Ole Miss were less successful as Kennedy had tried to make “both sides look as good as possible”. That was a decision that would fate September 30th 1962 as Ole Miss’s bloodiest day. As Meredith was being enrolled, the crowd opened fire which resulted in the deaths of two people. Green used Meredith’s enrollment as an example of how ineffective Federal power could be detrimental, which ties into the Summer Residential Programme’s earliest case study on The Federal Negative which explored the moral and practical implications of increased control from DC. Regardless of where people stand on Federal Power, what is absolutely true is that Ernest Green showed both courage and resolve, and will forever be ingrained in the story of America’s struggle for Civil Rights.

The dance committee did a fantastic job throwing the first NHA end of summer dance!

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It is always so hard to say goodbye at the end of the summer. During our closing ceremony, family and friends gather to watch final project presentations, listen to key speakers, celebrate each other through awards and recognitions, and get the chance to say goodbye.

Thank you all for an unforgettable summer!

ÿĀ óñôõýùó ćñĂô͝ Sofia Cabrera Barroso & Joaquin McCloud ĂñĆõĂ þ÷õüă ćñĂô͝ Eliana Gubbay

NHA Awards

ÿąĂþõĉ øĂÿą÷ø ñüüÿćõô Ăÿąþô ćñĂô͝ Chase Dubovy ñĄùÿþñü ùăĄÿĂĉ óñôõýĉ ćñĂô͝ DeVaughn Henry

Ăÿöùüõă ùþ ÿąĂñ÷õ ćñĂô͝ Cate Boyette ĀùĂùĄ ćñĂô͝ Henessis Umacata, Kinlea Barnhill, Trey Jennings, Sophie Pillars ĂõăùôõþĄùñü ćñĂô͝ Alex Albright Mel Baker Lucy Brumfiel

Ăþõ㥠Ăõõþ þăąþ÷ õĂÿ ćñĂô͝ Marquis Taylor

ùýýĉ ñĂĄõĂ ąùüôùþ÷ ÿýýąþùĄĉ ćñĂô͝ Saxon Hernandez

øõ ÿĂĄø ĄñĂ ćñĂô͝ Mikail Martinez

ĂõþĄ üñăă ùĆùþ÷ ùăĄÿĂĉ ćñĂô͝ Elias McEaneney

Ă͞ Ăùó ÿĄüõĉ ąòüùó Āõñûùþ÷ ćñĂô͝ Lizzie Orswell

üñĂñ ñĂĄÿþ õôùóñĄùÿþ ćñĂô͝ Sarah Panzer

Noor Emara Ivy Kay Maria Kim

Mukilan Muthukumar Paola Perez Madeline Shirk

Class Awards Ă͞ ôõüăÿþͰă üñăă

õ㥠ñăõ ñĂĄùóùĀñþĄ͝ Christina Pappas & Juliet Cisneros õ㥠ùăóąăăùÿþ õñôõĂ͝ Trevor Mangus þāąùĂĉ ćñĂô͝ Emery Nurse & Sunil Desha

ă͞ ĂõõþͰă üñăă

õ㥠ñăõ ñĂĄùóùĀñþĄ͝ Achilles Turner & Ike Simonds õ㥠ùăóąăăùÿþ õñôõĂ͝ GerardoVega Diaz þāąùĂĉ ćñĂô͝ Gracie Lamb

Ă͞ ñăĄõĂͰă üñăă

õ㥠ñăõ ñĂĄùóùĀñþĄ͝ Maya Hastings & Ainsley Sievers õ㥠ùăóąăăùÿþ õñôõĂ͝ Sam Ritter þāąùĂĉ ćñĂô͝ Andrew Gordon

ă͞ ĂõþûüõͰă üñăă õ㥠ñăõ ñĂĄùóùĀñþĄ͝ Marquis Taylor õ㥠ùăóąăăùÿþ õñôõĂ͝ Alida Perri þāąùĂĉ ćñĂô͝ Saxon Hernandez

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