My World 33 by Rondeli Foundation

2021 33

didi adamianebi riCard niqsoni aSS-is 37-e prezidenti

ernest heminguei da misi dro

garemo

lado gudiaSvilis parizuli dResaswauli

literatura

imperiebis sasaflao aziis SuagulSi – avRaneTi

mxatvroba

diplomatia diplomatiuri samarTali

konfliqti da politika

regioni

istoria osTa SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebi 1918-1920 wlebis saqarTveloSi

politika

saqarTvelo 10 Zveli evropuli ruka da saqarTvelo

ratomaa garemos dacva saWiro da ra kavSiri aqvs Cvens qmedebebs bunebis keTildReobasTan

Jurnali gamoicema SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagentos (Sida) finansuri mxardaWeriT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvniT avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saagentos Tvalsazriss.

33 2021

lad saWiro miTiTeba an miTiTebebisa da wesebis krebuli. 60. Tqmuleba, legenda. 61. dawesebulebis ganyofileba, romelic ganagebs saqmis warmoebas. 62. navsadguri. 67. iranis saxelwodeba 1935 wlamde. 68. mwkrivad mimavali tvirTis gadamzidi cxovelebi an meqanikuri satvirTo satransporto saSualebani. 69. sxvadasxva saxeobis ori organizmis Tanacxovreba, rac sasargebloa TiToeuli maTganisaTvis. 70. raimes gamokvleva misi Semadgenel nawilebad daSlis gziT. 75. daSinebis mcdeloba, avis gakeTebis dapireba. 76. saberZneTis umaRlesi mwvervali, Zveli berZnebis warmodgeniT, RmerTebis samyofeli. 77. sofeli qvemo qarTlSi, sadac sulxan-saba orbeliani daibada. 78. tropikuli qari, romelic qris subtropikuli sartylebidan ekvatorisaken. 79. stumroba, Cveulebriv, oficialuri. 81. qalaqze patara dasaxlebuli punqti. 84. kunZulovani saxelmwifo karibis zRvis CrdloeT nawilSi.

TinaTin evdoSvili

sulxan salaZe daviT darCiaSvili vasil kaWarava oTar janeliZe revaz gaCeCilaZe arCil qiqoZe daviT dondua nino qavTaraZe TinaTin ugrexeliZe

2. Teoriuli codnis gamoyeneba cxovrebaSi, konkretul saqmeSi. 8. ciuri sxeulis samoZrao gza. 13. gvami, cxedari. 14. duqani, sadac umTavresad magari sasmelebiT vaWrobdnen. 15. saxelmwifo organo, romelic zedamxedvelobas uwevs qveyanaSi kanonierebis dacvas. 16. saidumlo danaSaulebrivi organizacia, romelic akontrolebs ukanono ekonomikur saqmianobas da cdilobs gavlena moaxdinos politikur procesebze. 18. saxelmwifo aziis samxreT nawilSi. 19. espaneli wvrili aznauri. 20. oficialuri cnoba saerTaSoriso molaparakebis mimdinareobisa da Sedegebis Sesaxeb. 21. msoflio sainformacio kompiuteruli qseli, Seiqmna 1969 wels aSS-is Tavdacvis saministros mier. 24. monarqiuli saxelmwifos tipi. 25. koleqtivi adamianebisa, romlebic erTad cxovroben, erTad Sromoben da qonebac saerTo aqvT. 27. urCxuli. 28. Zalian Zlieri, damangreveli qari. 34. raime moqmedebis, risame keTebis, ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. 35. ama Tu im RonisZiebis, zeimis Catarebis winaswar gansazRvruli forma. 36. xmeleTze, zRvaSi an haerSi gadaadgilebis saSualebaTa saerTo saxelwodeba. 38. gansxvavebuli azrebis gamoTqma, xmamaRla msjeloba, raime sakiTxis gansja-ganxilva. 40. samxedro wodebuleba rigiT jariskacsa da serJants Soris. 42. umaRlesi samxedro wodebis piri. 43. sxvadasxvagvari saWmeli; sursaTi, xoragi. 44. samefo xelisuflebis an sasuliero wodebis pirveli piris dasajdomi savarZeli, xelisuflebis simbolo. 48. saxelmwifo samxreT-dasavleT aziaSi. 49. saqmis formaluri mxarisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba. 50. rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvelaze sastiki forma, romelic rasobrivi niSniT gamorCeuli garkveuli jgufebisaTvis samoqalaqo, politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis aRkveTaSi gamoixateba. 51. sxvadasxva xomaldebis, gemebis da mcuravi saSualebebis krebiTi saxelwodeba. 55. raime mizniT organizebuli TavSeyra. 56. garkveuli Sefardeba, Tanafardoba nawilebs Soris. 57. sasuliero piri marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi, romelic asrulebs RvTismsaxurebas. 60. poligrafiuli sawarmo, romelic uSvebs nabeWd produqcias. 63. Sroma, energiis daxarjva raimes gasakeTeblad. 64. raime SemTxvevis damswre, mnaxveli. 65. samarTlianoba, kanoniereba, samarTali, iusticia. 66. saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, SeTanxmeba. 71. qimiuri elementi; mowiTalo feris rbili liToni. 72. xarisxi, kategoria, Tanrigi, specialuri wodebuleba. 73. konusuri mTa, romlis wiaRidanac periodulad cecxli, gavarvarebuli lava da ferfli haerSi amoifrqveva. 74. maxvili sityvaSi; xazgasma. 80. mzis irgvliv moZravi sxeulebi, romelTa zomebi mzis sistemis planetebTan SedarebiT mcirea. 82. savaWro saxli, sadac gamarTuli iyo saqonlis sawyobebi da maRaziebi. 83. mogzaurebis, jarisa da misT. droebiTi sadgomi Ria cis qveS. 84. piri, romelic dasaxelebuli an navaraudevia sadme misaRebad/dasaniSnad. 85. maRali wodebis warmomadgeneli feodalur saqarTveloSi. 86. kamaTis dros sawinaaRmdego azris mqone adamiani. 87. sabrZolo saSualebebis saerTo saxelwodeba. 88. mtkice piroba, aRTqma.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

garekanze: kolaJi statiisTvis `imperiebis sasaflao aziis SuagulSi – avRaneTi~

1. Sairi 2. kadri 3. situacia 4. beri 5. feria 6. mnaTobi 8. mwiri 9. qirurgi 10. atestati 13. konfesia 14. samaryandi 15. suliskveTeba 16. ciliswameba 17. statia 19. inventari 21. katorRa 24. galerea 25. absurdi 29. mitingi 30. temperamenti 31. kenWisyra 35. neologizmi 37. saministro 39. meditacia 40. barbarosi 41. kankeli 43. winapari 46. ultimatumi 47. kongresi 49. egzarqosi 52. enTuziazmi 54. Sezlongi 56. butaforia 57. TviTizolacia 58. sarkmeli 59. marCili 60. Saravandedi 61. disertacia 62. simbolo 65. flagmani 66. piri 68. sababi 69. diakvani 76. boni 77. piki 78. tomi 79. dafi 80. roli 81. oSki

5. falsifikacia 6. mrwamsi 7. heroizmi 11. universiteti 12. dekori 14. sinTezi 18. luvri 20. groteski 22. fasi 23. kandidatura 26. msxverpli 27. ideologia 28. sagalobeli 32. elva 33. SeTqmuleba 34. andamati 36. orkestri 38. alersi 40. banki 42. pwkaredi 44. debuleba 45. ritmi 47. kultura 48. zepirsityviereba 50. represia 51. sapyrobile 53. olimpiada 55. iubile 58. sistema 59. marSruti 62. solo 63. pasporti 64. stimuli 67. Ralati 70. mileniumi 71. revolucia 72. cinizmi 73. incidenti 74. farTobi 75. kabare 79. dRiuri 81. opozicia 82. monazoni 83. demokratia 84. jvari 85. mizani 86. sia 87. instiqti

33 / 2021

saqarTvelo

sulxan salaZe 10 Zveli evropuli ruka da saqarTvelo

politika

daviT darCiaSvili konfliqti da politika

didi adamianebi vasil kaWarava riCard niqsoni aSS-is 37-e prezidenti istoria oTar janeliZe osTa SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebi 1918-1920 wlebis saqarTveloSi

regioni

revaz gaCeCilaZe imperiebis sasaflao aziis SuagulSi – avRaneTi (nawili I)

literatura

arCil qiqoZe ernest heminguei da misi dro

diplomatia daviT dondua diplomatiuri samarTali mxatvroba nino qavTaraZe lado gudiaSvilis parizuli dResaswauli garemo TinaTin ugrexeliZe ratomaa garemos dacva saWiro da ra kavSiri aqvs Cvens qmedebebs bunebis keTildReobasTan

saqarTvelo

10 Zveli evropuli ruka da saqarTvelo sulxan salaZe

Zvel rukebze saubari dausruleblad SeiZleba. bevri maTgani jer kidev amoucnobia, idumal adgilebs da minawerebs aerTianebs. saerTodac, Tu Zvelma rukebma CagiTria, Tavis daRweva Zalian Znelia. yovel jerze raRac axals da sainteresos poulob da ase grZeldeba dausruleblad. meti gulwrfelobisTvis, Zveli rukebi Cemi gatacebaa. ufro sworad, Zveli evropuli rukebi da iq SemorCenili saqarTvelo. es ambavic Zvel evropul rukebs da saqarTvelos ukavSirdeba. romeli aTi ruka? es kiTxva am ambisTvis centraluri mniSvnelobisaa. pasuxic bevrnairi SeiZleba iyos, gaaCnia risi Tqma gvinda! Cemi saTqmeli martivia, minda aTi iseTi Zveli evropuli rukis Sesaxeb mogiTxroT, romlebzec mosayoli erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli aTi ambavia. Tumca dasawyisSive minda vTqva, rom rukebs, romlebzec qvemoT visaubreb, maT nawilze sazRvrebis da dasaxlebuli adgilebis arazusti gamosaxvis gamo nu daiwunebT, nurc sxva Secdomebis gamo dagwydebaT guli. sxva Tu araferi, XIII-XVIII saukuneebis Zvel evropul rukebze, bevrgan, sazRvrebi saerTod ar aris datanili da bevr kartografs TvaliT arasdros unaxavs saqarTvelo. maS ase, daviwyoT!

evropuli rukebi da saqarTvelo

ambavi pirveli – oqros sawmisi Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, enciklopediuri tipis rukebi, anu mappa mundi-ebi (mappa mundi laTinuri sityvaa da qarTulad msoflios rukas niSnavs) didi popularobiT sargeblobda. rogorc wesi, mappa mundi-ebi evropul monastrebSi iqmneboda da ZiriTadad bibliur siuJetebze iyo oriherfordis kaTedralis mappa mundi entirebuli. am tipis rukebze samyaros centrSi ierusalims gamosaxavdnen, fonad ki – xSirad qristes sxeuls. aq ramdenime mappa mundi-ze SemeZlo arCevanis gakeTeba, magram me herfordis mappa mundi avirCie, romelic daaxloebiT 1285-1295 wlebSi Seiqmna herfordis kaTedralSi, inglisSi. ratom herfordis ruka? imitom, rom aq, bibliuri scenebis gverdiT, saqarTvelos adgilas oqros sawmisia gamosaxuli. herfordis kaTedrali

saqarTvelo ambavi meore – GEORGIA Sua saukuneebis evropaSi mappa mundi-ebi ar yofila erTaderTi, risi naxvac kartografiis istoriis moyvarulebs SeuZliaT. enciklopediuri Sinaarsis rukebis gverdiT iyo kidev erTi, sruliad gansxvavebuli da unikaluri rukebis mTeli seria – portolanebi, romelTa umTavres daniSnulebasac sazRvao gzebis Cveneba da zRvebze gadaadgilebaSi daxmareba warmoadgenda. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi portolanebis namdvili didostatebi espaneTSi, portugaliasa da italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi cxovrobdnen.

pietro veskontes ruka

pirvelad evropuli kartografiis istoriaSi saqarTvelos aRmniSvnel sityvas GEORGIA swored portolanze vxvdebiT da is genuel kartografs – pietro veskontes ekuTvnis, romelic 1321 wliT TariRdeba. ruka, romelic britaneTis biblioTekaSi inaxeba, portolanis da mappa mundi-is erTgvari nazavia da epoqis erT-erT saukeTeso kartografiul namuSevrad miiCneva.

ambavi mesame – droSa Tu pietro veskontes ruka portolanis da mappa mundi-is erTgvari nazavia, Cemi momdevno arCevani srulad portolanis tipis rukas ekuTvnis. es aris anjelo dulcertis 1339 wlis portolani, romelic safrangeTis nacionalur biblioTekaSi inaxeba. SemiZlia vTqva, rom dulcertis portolani kartografiis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze saukeTeso da daxvewilia. am rukis masStabi rom iolad gaviazroT, unda iTqvas, rom portolani moicavs teritorias, dawyebuli irlandiis sanapirodan, mTeli xmelTaSua zRvis da Savi zRvis sanapiroebis CaTvliT. irlandiis napirebidan dawyebuli portolani saqarTveloSi mTavrdeba. Tumca, Cemi arCevani arc rukis zomas da arc mis daxvewilobas ar ukavSirdeba, amjerad mizezi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisis da soxumis Tavze xuTjvriani droSebia, romelic dRes saqarTvelos saxelmwifo droSas warmoadgens.

evropuli rukebi da saqarTvelo

anjelo dulcertis 1339 wlis portolani

pala strozi (1372-1462)

ambavi meoTxe – gemebi kartografiis istoriaSi XV saukunis dasawyisSi, zustad 1400 wels, erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo, magram, rogorc mere aRmoCnda, revoluciuri mniSvnelobis ambavi moxda. florencielma pala strozim konstantinopolidan italiaSi geografiis mamad wodebuli klavdius ptolemaiosis „geografia“ Caitana. im dRidan moyolebuli kartografia Tavidan daibada da italiaSi erTmaneTze ukeTesi rukebi Seiqmna. saukeTeso kartografad miiCneva veneciaSi moRvawe jakomo gastaldi, vinc araerTi ruka Seqmna. 1561 wliT TariRdeba gastaldis aziis ruka, romlis marcxena, zeda nawilSi, Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris, saqarTveloa moqceuli. ufro adreul, gastaldis 1548 wlis rukazec SeiZleba saqarTvelos naxva, magram 1561 wlis namuSevari imiT aris gamorCeuli, rom Sav zRvaSi, saqarTvelos napirebisken, eqvsi gemi mocuravs, maTgan erT-erTi ki sadacaa baTumSi (LONATI) CauSvebs Ruzas.

saqarTvelo miuxedavad imisa, rom osmalebma 1453 wels jer konstantinopoli aiRes da Semdeg, 1475 wels – yirimSi kafa, riTac, faqtobrivad, Savi zRva Caketes, jakomo gastaldis rukaze saqarTvelos napirebisken momavali gemebi imis vizualuri dadasturebaa, rom evropelebisaTvis saqarTvelos sazRvao qalaqebi umniSvnelovanes punqtebad rCeboda.

jakomo gastaldis ruka

gasataldis amave rukaze, saqarTvelos napirebisken mcuravi gemebis garda, saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semdegi minawerebis garCeva SeZleba: samegrelo, anu MENGRELI,A romelic aq mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos niSnavs iseve, rogorc iberia – IBERI da qarTvelebi – GIORGIANI – mTel aRmosavleT saqarTvelos. rukaze kargad ikiTxeba gonio – GONCA,A baTumi – LONATI, fazisi – FASSO, soxumi – SANATOPOLI, biWvinTa – PEZONDA, gori – CORI da Tbilisi – TIFLIS. samwuxarod, rogorc gastaldisTan, ise sxva evropel kartografebTan rukebze datanili yvela dasaxlebuli punqtis wakiTxva da identificireba Zalian rTuli saqmea. ambavi mexuTe – TiTqmis srulad GEORGIE zemoT, meore ambavSi, vwerdiT, rom pietro veskonte pirveli iyo, vinc 1321 wels evropuli kartografiis istoriaSi termini GEORGIA rukaze daitana. mas Semdeg didi xnis ganmavlobaSi evropeli kartografebi praqtikulad uwyvetad werdnen rukebze „GEORGIA”, „GEORGIE”, „GEORGIEN“ da a.S., Tumca 1652 wlamde evropaSi ar arsebobda ruka, romlis saxelwodebaSic (da ara uSualod rukaze) saqarTvelo gamoCndeboda. am sakiTxSi pirveli franguli kartografiis mamad wodebuli nikola sansoni gamodga, vinc 1652 wels cnobili ruka – „TURCOMANIE, GEORGIE, COMANIE“ gamosca parizSi. ruka mogvianebiT araerTxel gamoica evropaSi. maT Soris iohan david cunerma gamosca 1679 wels germaniis qalaq frankfurtSi (qvemoT swored sansonis rukis cuneriseuli gamocemaa warmodgenili).

nikola sansoni (1600 -1667)

evropuli rukebi da saqarTvelo

rukis saxelwodebaSi „GEORGIE“ – saqarTvelos, „TURCOMANIE“ – somxeTs, xolo „COMANIE“ yivCaRebs aRniSnavs. sansonis rukis cuneriseul versiaze saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semdegi adgilebis identificireba SeiZleba: MINGRELIA – samegrelo (aerTianebs dasavleT saqarTvelos did nawils), AVOGASIA – afxazeTi, GURGISTAN – igulisxmeba aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo. sansonis rukaze dasaxlebuli punqtebi ori formiT aris datanili – wertilebi da cixesimagreebi. wertilebiT aris aRniSnuli: LONATI – baTumi, CACARI – gagra, PEZONDA – biWvinTa, TAMAFI – tamiSi, CARACALAH – yarajala, cixesimagris niSnebiT ki – S.SOFIA – santa-sofia, SAVATOPOLI – soxumi, FAZZE – fazisi, BASSACHIUCH – quTaisi, CORI – gori da TEFUS – Tbilisi. ambavi meeqve – mxolod „GEORGIE~ nikola sansonis rukis pirveli gamocemidan sul male, 1670 wels, sansonis siZem da moswavlem, cnobilma frangma kartografma pier diuvalma evropuli katrografiis istoriaSi pirvelma gamosca ruka, romlis saxelwodebaSi mxolod erTaderTi sityva – GEORGIE – weria. diuvalis ruka saqarTvelosTvis miZRvnili da epoqis Sesabaiohan david cuneris ruka misi pirveli damoukidebeli rukaa. marTalia, rukaze araerTi Secdomaa (iseve, rogorc sansonis rukaze), magaliTad, didi tba Tbilissa da gors Soris, romelic savaraudod, sevanis tba unda iyos; an svaneTis (SUANES) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTian nawilSi aRniSvna da ara – dasavleTSi, sadac misi adgilia. magram yvelafris miuxedavad, es ar ukargavs Rirsebas pier diuvalis GEORGIE-Es.

iohan david cuneri (1641 -1704)

pier diuvali (1618–1683)

saqarTvelo

pier diuvalis ruka

Jan Sardeni (1643-1713)

ambavi meSvide – Tbilisis pirveli graviura evropuli kartografiis istoriaSi ramdenime gamosarCevi TariRia. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTgan erT-erTia 1572 weli, rodesac germaniis qalaq kelnSi georg braunis da frans hogenbergis „Civitates orbis terrarum“ – qalaqebis pirveli atlasi daibeWda. am ambidan zustad asi wlis Semdeg, 1672 wels, frangma mogzaurma Jan Sardenma pirvelad dadga fexi saqarTvelos miwaze. Sardenis saxels ukavSirdeba 1673 wliT daTariRebuli Tbilisis pirveli grafikuli Canaxati, graviura, romelic, savaraudod, giom grelos Sesrulebuli unda iyos da 1686 wels londonSi ingliselma gamomcemelma mozes pitma dabeWda. dabeWda da gamocemis Tanadroulad gaaferada. Sardenis `Tbilisi~1686 wlis Semdegac araerTxel daibeWda evropaSi, Tumca mozes pitis londonuri gamocema dRemde rCeba Tbilisis grafikuli Canaxatis pirvel gamocemad, romelic Sesrulebis doniT arafriT Camouvardeba braunis da hogenbergis atlasSi Tavmoyril qalaqebs. Tbilisis pirvel grafikul Canaxatze, graviuraze, uamravi samefo, sasuliero da saero Senoba-nagebobis naxva SeiZleba. me mxolod CamovTvli: metexis eklesia da galavani, nariyalas cixe, meCeTi, jaris adgili, sioni, mefis sasaxle, didi bazari, kaTolikosis sasaxle, anCisxati, kaxeTis mefis saxli, sajaro maRazia, moRnisis eklesia, beTlemis taZari, samefo baRebi, kapucinTa misioni, jvris mama da vanqis taZari.

evropuli rukebi da saqarTvelo

ambavi merve – miniaturuli saqarTvelo rogor fiqrobT, saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli romeli evropuli ruka SeiZleba imsaxurebdes statuss – miniaturuli? es wodeba germaneli kartografis iohan ulrix miuleris 1692 wliT daTariRebul saqarTvelos rukas ekuTvnis, romelic pirvelad germaniis qalaq ulmSi gamoica, xolo mogvianebiT, 1702 wels – frankfurtSi. qvemoT swored miuleris rukis frankfurtuli gamocemaa warmodgenili. miuleris GEORGIEN-NEis zomebi mxolod rukis nawilSi 8X6 sm.-s Seadgens, rac mas saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT evropaSi Seqmnili yvelaze patara, miniaturuli rukis statuss aniWebs. rukaze arsebuli aRniSvnebi, ZiriTadad, pier diuvalis „GEORGIE“-is aRniSvnebs imeorebs, rasac rukis qvemoT darTuli Semdegi teqsti emateba:

1. samegrelo (Mingrelien) quTaisiT (Coatis), fazisiT (Fazo) da sevastopoliT (Savastopoli). 2. uSualod saqarTvelo (Georgien), romelic Sedgeba Semdegi regionebisgan: kaxeTi (Zacheti) ZegamiT (Zagan); qarTli (Carduel) TbilisiT (Teﬂis); „baraTralu“/aBratralu (savaraudod, aq sabaraTiano igulisxmeba) goriT (Cori). 3. zurie (igulisxmeba aRmosavleTi kavkasia) tarkiT (mdebareobs daRestanSi mahaCyalasTan axlos). 4. CerqezeTi (Circassien) termokiT (Temrok), tamaniT (Taman) da azakiT (Azak) (samive azovis zRvis sanapiroze). 5. afxazeTi (Abascia). 6. daRestani (Daghestan).

iohan ulrix miuleris ruka

saqarTvelo ambavi mecxre – pirveli qarTveli evropuli kartografia da pirveli qarTveli. es statusi, ukonkurentod, cnobil diplomats, mwerals da mogzaurs – suxlan-saba orbelians ekuTvnis. evropaSi sulxan-sabas diplomatiuri misiis Sesaxeb aq ar SevCerdebiT (amis Sesaxeb detalurad ix.: „Cemi samyaro“, N32, 2021). mxolod imas vityviT, rom 1723 wels parizSi giom delilis „kaspiis zRvis mezobeli qveynebis rukis“ sruliad unikalur gamocemaSi sulxan-sabas didi wvlili miuZRvis. es rom asea, rukis minaweridanac kargad Cans, sadac vkiTxulobT: „Sofkam-Sabbas Prince de Georgie“. giom delilis ruka

1723 wels giom delilis rukam daasrula evropaSi saqarTvelos da mTlianad kavkasiis regionis Sesaxeb arsebuli mcdari kartografiuli warmodgenebi. pirvelad am rukaze gamoCnda gzebis, xidebis, samonastro kompleqsebis, dasaxlebuli adgilebis, saqarTvelos mxareebis, xeobebis da mdinareebis zusti aRniSvna. es ruka ar hgavda regionis Sesaxeb arcerT manamde gamocemul rukas da sruliad axali sityva iyo evropul kartografiaSi.

sulxan-saba orbeliani (1658-1725)

giom delili (1675-1726)

Jozef nikola delili (1688-1768)

evropuli rukebi da saqarTvelo

ambavi meaTe – vaxuSti batoniSvili meaTe ambavi rom ar yofiliyo, misi gamogoneba damWirdeboda. qronologiurad meaTe adgilze yvelaze tkbili lukma Semovinaxe da es aris ambavi cnobili qarTveli geografis, kartografisa da istorikosis – vaxuSti batoniSvilis Sesaxeb. vaxuSti batoniSvilis da rukis erTad xsenebisas yvelaze xSirad vaxuStis cnobili qarTuli rukebi axsendebaT, maTgan gamorCeulad – saqarTvelos samefos ruka. Tumca arc ase iolad aris vaxuSti batoniSvilis da Jozef nikola delilis ruka vaxuSti batoniSvili (1696-1757)

saqme, rogorc es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Candes. mTavari kiTxva aq is aris, Tu ra saerTo aqvT evropul kartografias da vaxuSti batoniSvils. kiTxvaze pasuxi 1737 wels peterburgSi vaxuSti batoniSvilis da frangi kartografis da astronomis Jozef nikola delilis Sexvedridan iwyeba, rodesac maT Soris saqmiani urTierToba Camoyalibda. sabolood, vaxuStis ruka Jozef nikolam frangulad Targmna da 1766 wels parizSi gamosca. Jozef nikolas Zalian unda moendomebina, rom misi Zmis – giom delilis mier sulxan-saba orbelianis daxmarebiT Seqmnili „kaspiis zRvis mezobeli qveynebis rukis“ Semdeg ukeTesi ruka gamoeca. moindoma da vaxuSti batoniSvilis daxmarebiT moaxerxa kidec. arsebobs am rukis ori sxvadasxva gamocema: pirveli – 1766 wlis parizuli da meore – 1775 wlis veneciuri. mniSvnelovania, rom orive gamocemis SemTxvevaSi, rukaze toponimebi qarTulia, magaliTad, afxazeTis aRsaniSnavad weria APKAZETI da ara – ABASSA an AVOGASIA, rogorc adre werdnen evropeli kartografebi. toponimebTan dakavSirebuli es procesi giom delilis 1723 wlis rukiT daiwyo da sruli saxiT Jozef nikola delilis rukaze gamoCnda. sxva yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, es CvenTvis cnobili erTaderTi rukaa, romelzec evropul kartografiaSi gavrcelebuli Savi zRvis uamravi saxelis gverdiT am zRvis qarTuli saxelwodeba – CHAVI ZGUA ikiTxeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom XVI saukunis 80-iani wlebidan XVII saukunis 70-iani wlebis CaTvliT drois monakveTi niderlanduri da flandriuli kartografiis „oqros saukuned“ miiCneva. es aris dro, roca niderlandebi evropuli kartografiis saTaveSi moeqca. am periodis evropuli kartografiis da sagamomcemlo saqmis centrebs antverpeni da amsterdami warmoadgenda. 1640 wlisaTvis niderlandebis savaWro gemebis raodenoba 2000-mde gems iTvlida da es bevrad meti iyo, vidre nebismieri sxva sazRvao qveynis gemebis raodenoba. im droisaTvis niderladnebis aRmosavleT indoeTis savaWro kompaniaSi daaxloebiT 30000 mezRvauri iricxeboda. amsterdamSi, antverpenSi, leidenSi, briugesa da sxva qalaqebSi erTmaneTze ukeTesi rukebi, atlasebi da globusebi iqmneboda.

politika

konfliqti da politika

daviT darCiaSvili

vebsteris leqsikonis Tanaxmad, konfliqti poziciaTa SeuTavseblobaa. igi xan Zaladobrivia da xan – ara. metic, konfliqti zogjer sasargeblocaa, radgan kamaTTan asocirdeba, kamaTSi ki WeSmariteba ibadebao, naTqvamia. konfliqtis eqspertebi (konfliqtebis gadawyveta, regulireba, mSvidobis kvleva-Zieba erT-erTi yvelaze mravalferovani sagania socialur mecnierebebSi) miiCneven, rom konfliqtebi, erTi mxriv, Sinaarsobrivia, anu raRacis gamo ganviTarebul Sexeduleba-damokidebulebaTa jaxs exeba, meore mxriv ki – qceviTi. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs uTanxmoebas konkretul situaciebSi moqmedebis/umoqmedobis gamo. magram, rogorc wesi, konfliqti kompleqsuria da erTdroulad sami waxnagi aqvs: Sinaarsobrivi, qceviTi da damokidebulebiTi. am faqtorebisagan iohan galtungma dauviwyari „konfliqtis samkuTxedi aago“, Semdeg ki dagvibara, rom Tu saqme Zaladobamdea misuli, masac sami saxe aqvs – pirdapiri (muSti, maTraxi, iaraRi), struqturuli (usamarTlo normebi, Cveulebebi, kanonebi) da kulturuli (agdebuli damokidebuleba, zizRi an sxva ram stereotipuli – ucxoTa mimarT). yvelam viciT da yvelas gamogvicdia, Tu ra aris konfliqti. masSi Cven dabadebidan SevdivarT, raxan raRac gvindeba, magram ar gveZleva. konfliqti konkurenciasTanacaa dakavSirebuli an/da situaciis gakontrolebis survilTan. esec, minimum, sabavSvo baRidan iwyeba. sociolog harison uaiTs mTeli Cveni socialuri yofa identobasa da kontrolze dahyavs: vacnobierebT, rom varT gansxvavebulebi, avtonomiurebi (identoba) da viswrafiT TviTdamkvidrebisaken (kontroli). politikac aqvea. igi, erTgvarad, konfliqtebis regulirebis forma da meqanizmia. masSi xan Zalazea aqcenti, xan molaparakebebze. warmatebuli politikis (konfliqtebis regulirebis) gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia, rom gaRiaron, anu legitimuri iyo. amis miRwevis saSualebebi ki nairferia.

konfliqti da politika

iohan galtungi

ra Tqma unda, politikis mkvlevrebic da Cveulebrivi adamianebic politikas, rogorc sferos, calke gamoyofen xolme. e.w. politologia da konfliqtologia mainc sxvadasxva disciplinebia. rogorc wesi, sityva „politika“ saxelmwifoTa Seqmna-moqmedeba-ngrevis Temas ukavSirdeba. aq konfliqtebsac politikasTan dakavSirebiT ganvixilav – didi jgufebis (erebis Tu socialuri klasebis) dapirispirebebs vexebi. magram konfliqtis Sesaxeb Sesavali damWirda, radgan mindoda xazi gamesva Semdegi garemoebisTvis: igi Cveni, adamianebis, mudmivi Tanamgzavria, miuxedavad imisa, gvainteresebs „maRali“, saxelmwifoebrivi ambebi Tu ara.

harison uaiTi

cotac imis Sesaxeb, Tu mainc ra aris politika: am sityvis Semoqmedad Tu aristoteles gamovacxadebT, Zalianac ar SevcdebiT, radgan qristes dabadebamde oTxasiode wliT adre man Seqmna da dagvitova traqtati politikis Sesaxeb. Tumca rogorc am fenomenis, ise konfliqtis arsze didi memkvidreoba gvianderZa erTi TaobiT adre moRvawe platonmac. da mainc, politikis asaxsnelad me aristoteles cnobil frazas aviRebdi – politika umaRlesi siqvele, saTnoebaa. aristotelesaTvis igi polisis, anu Tavisufal moqalaqeTa koleqtiuri sacxovrisis samsaxuria. polisi iyo berZnebis qalaqic da saxelmwifoc, radgan im gardasul droSi es ori cneba berZenTaTvis ar gansxvavdeboda. rogorc ki mosaxleobis simWidroviT Sewuxebuli an axali savaWro gzebis gakvalvis surviliT aRtyinebuli aTenelebi, korinTelebi da sxvani sadme zRvis gadaRma daaarsebdnen kolonias, es ukanaskneli met-naklebi damoukideblobisaTvis zrunvas iwyebda. ase xdeboda finikielebTanac.

politika mas mere bevrma wyalma Caiara da dRevandeli gageba moqalaqisa ki modis qalaqis cnebidan, magram Cveni piradobis mowmobebi ukve mravali qalaqisa da soflis politikur erTobas asaxavs. arsebiTad, politikis aristoteleseuli gageba Tanamedrove samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gagebas uaxlovdeba. Cvenma poetma gamoTqva misi arsi:

„არც კაცი ვარგა, რომ ცოცხალი მკვდარსა ემსგავსოს, იყოს სოფელში და სოფლისთვის არა იზრუნოს“.

Tumca politikis Tanamedrove gageba marto aristotelesgan momdinare am ganmartebas ar gulisxmobs da mTeli rigi aspeqtebiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da politikosebis wre sxvadasxvaa. Tanamedrove politikis mecnierTa TqmiT, politika sazogadoebaSi ufleba-movaleobebis ganawilebas gulisxmobs da visac es xelewifeba, mas amis gansakuTrebuli, ZalauflebiT gasxivosnebuli privilegia umagrebs zurgs. anu politika xSirad gamorCeulTa – imave politikuri klasis Tu elitis saufloa. misi wevrebi adgenen, Tu rogor gadawydes sakiTxebi saxelmwifoSi, ra proeqtebi dafinansdes da ganxorcieldes; risi Tu visi SezRudvis fasad moxdes es da aq Cndeba politikis mesame ganmartebac. igi yvelaze axloa konfliqtis cnebasTan. gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis „saWesTan“ miRweva ubrZolvelad ar xdeba. amdenad, politika konfliqtia, brZolaa privilegiebisaTvis, kontrolisaTvis, sakuTari identobisa da xedvebis damkvid-

rebisaTvis, ganxorcielebisaTvis. amasTan, politika konfliqtebis mogvareba/regulirebacaa. isev qarTul poezias rom davubrundeT da vaJas ukvdavi sityvebis perifrazi gavakeToT, vgoneb, Zalianac ar SevcdebiT:

პოლიტიკა „მბრძანებელია, იგივ მონაა თავისა“

platoni da aristotele

konfliqti da politika

samoqalaqo omebis ganxilva Sors wagviyvans da msgavsi movlenebis niSanTa dasanaxad SegviZlia mxolod 1991-1993 wlebis saqarTvelo gavixsenoT. dRemde araa Tanxmoba, Tu ra Zala daupirispirda damoukidebeli qveynis pirvel, sayovelTao kenWisyriT arCeul prezident zviad gamsaxurdias gaprezidentebidan ramdenime TveSi. es uTanxmoeba egeb imasac moaswavebdes, rom maSindeli konfliqti dRemde araa aRmofxvrili. magram cxadi isaa, rom erTi da imave qveynis, metic, saerTo eTnikuri warmomavlobis da religiuri kuTvnilebis adamianTa nawili erTmaneTs iaraRs esroda, ufro meti ki an erT mxares gulSematkivrobda, an – meores.

zviad gamsaxurdia (1939-1993)

gamosavali erTaderTia – politika daeqvemdebaros samarTals, gamWvirvalobisa da sazogadoebis winaSe angariSgebis principebs. rac Seexeba uSualod konfliqtebis politikur regulirebasa Tu gadawyvetas, am SemTxvevaSi Tavi unda davaneboT ojaxur Tu sxva yofiT an biznes konfliqtebs (Tu ojaxi an raime sawarmo mTlad mmarTvelTa araa da mis SigniT ganviTarebuli drama mosaxleobis farTo fenebze ar airekleba) da yuradReba mivapyroT samoqalaqo, eTnikur Tu saerTaSoriso ganzomilebas. am sityvebis miRma did socialur masaTa dapirispireba igulisxmeba. rogorc wesi, maT liderebi iwyeben, magram isec xdeba, rom liderebs mSvidoba da garigeba moenatrebaT, masebSi ki isev urTierTsiZulvili boboqrobs da politikur klass Tavis mZevlad aqcevs. samoqalaqo konfliqtebi SeiZleba socialur klasTa Tu sxvadasxva msoflmxedvelobis matarebelTa Soris mimdinareobdes. amis amsaxveli Zveli revoluciebisa Tu

Cvenive magaliTiT SegviZlia politikuri xasiaTis konfliqtTa or darCenil saxeobazec vimsjeloT: qarTul-afxazur-osuri dapirispirebebi eTnikuri omis saxes atarebda, qarTul-rusuli konfliqti da omi ki saerTaSoriso xasiaTisa iyo. Cveni SemTxveva im mxrivacaa aRsaniSnavi, rom es sami gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis mqone konfliqti erTmaneTSi ireoda. esec araa siaxle: klasikas Tu mivubrundebiT, vnaxavT, rom, magaliTad, XVIII saukunis safrangeTSi revoluciaSi gadazrdil Sida socialur konfliqts ucxo saxelmwifoTa intervenciac axlda. frangul konfliqtTa kaleidoskopSi praqtikulad ar iyo eTnikuri Semadgeneli, magram religiuri ganxeTqileba, rac sxvagan eTnosebisa Tu erebis gaxleCis niadagic gamxdara, aseve TamaSobda mniSvnelovan rols. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, aseTi konfliqtebi politikuria, anu did socialur jgufebSi Zalauflebis sakiTxs exeba. aseve politikuri procesia am konfliqtTa gadawyveta/regulireba/transformacia. Tanamedrove samyaroSi msgavsi konfliqtebis mimarT SeiZleba ori midgoma davinaxoT: tradiciul-politikuri da akademiurkonfliqtologiuri. Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi dayofa pirobiTia, radgan pirvelSic aris akademiuri wvlili da meoreSic – politikuri. saerTod, socialur sferoSi (politikac da kvleva-Ziebis akademiuri saqmec socialuri procesebia) yvelaferi gadajaWvulia martivi mizezis gamo: isini adamianTa Zalisxmevas exeba da sadac adamianuri Zalisxmevaa, iq koleqtiurobac da politikac gardauvalia. magram SemoTavazebuli dayofa mainc logikuria, ris axsnasac qvemoT Sevecdebi.

politika a) tradiciul-politikuri midgoma saukuneebis Tu ara, aTaswleulebis manZilze mmarTvelebi msgavs konfliqtebs an ZaliT wyvetdnen, an kompromisebiT. erTi mxare an srulad marcxdeboda, an survilebis mxolod mcire nawils Tu ikmayofilebda, radgan kompromisis monawileni iSviaTad floben Tanabar Zalas. aq sainteresoa, rom politikosTa Careva, romelTac profesionali diplomatebi da samxedroebi umagreben xolme zurgs, aseve orad unda gaiyos: konfliqtis regulireba uSualod masSi monawileTa pasuxismgeblobaa, magram, rogorc ukve vaxseneT, TiTqmis arasodesaa eTnikur-religiuri, samoqalaqo Tu saxelmwifoTaSorisi jaxi mxolod monawileTa nebaze mindobili. Cveulebisamebr, saqmeSi erevian gare Zalebi. Tu oms gamovricxavT, viTarebis tradiciuli daregulirebisaTvis, rasac iZulebiT diplomatias eZaxian, Semdegi qmedebebia saWiro: metoqes naTlad unda auxsna, Tu ra gsurs; gaagebino, rom uaris SemTxvevaSi sasjeli gardauvalia; SesTavazo daTmobis sanacvlo kompensacia; daajero, rom Tuki dagijera da dagemorCila, mere kidev ufro mets ar mosTxov.

rogorc vxedavT, aq mTavari darwmunebaa, rom konfliqtis gagrZeleba saSiSia da rom rig pirobebze wasvlis SemTxvevaSi, misi dasruleba namdvilad moxdeba. imisaTvis, rom Sedegi dadges, mxareebi kargad unda aanalizebdnen konfliqtis saerTo konteqsts, erTmaneTis realur SesaZleblobebs. sasurvelia, rom rac ar unda uTanasworo iyos dapirispireba, molaparakebebma ormxrivi daTmobebic moitanos. tradiciul-politikuri midgomis mimdevrebsac esmiT, rom konfliqtebis srulfasovani gadawyveta maTi mizezebis aRmofxvras iTxovs. magram, rogorc wesi, politikosebi sakuTari erovnuli Tu saxelmwifoebrivi interesebiT xelmZRvaneloben, mizezebis xedva ki yvela aseT mxares Tavisi aqvs. saboloo Rirebuleba, rac dapirispirebas asrulebs, Zalaa. igi gamoixateba momxreTa ricxovnobaSi, maT suliskveTebaSi, materialur SesaZleblobebSi. magram Tu mTavari aris Zala da samarTlianoba sadRac qreba, kacobriobis istoria SurisZiebis, sustTa TandaTanobiTi gaZlierebis nairferi magaliTebiTaa savse. maS sadaa samudamo an xangrZlivvadiani gamosavali?

konfliqti da politika

b) akademiur-konfliqtologiuri midgoma visac tradiciuli midgomis ucvlelobis sjera, misi gamomyenebeli Tu mimdevaria, is imedovnebs, rom adre Tu gvian damarcxebuli metoqe daiRleba, beds Seegueba da aRar izrunebs Sida Tu gare resursebis gamravlebaze. zogjer asec xdeba, magram es rom sando da universaluri gza iyos, dRes saqarTvelo isev ruseTis imperiis nawili iqneboda. Tanamedroveobam moitana axali meTodebi, romelTa efeqturobac SeiZleba eWvs aRZravdes, magram Rirs maTze dafiqreba. rogorc akademiuri dargi da praqtikuli midgoma, konfliqtologia/konfliqtebis gadawyveta daaxloebiT 100 wlisaa. praqtikos politikosebs igi TandaTanobiT izidavs, Tumca, ZiriTadad, demokratiul evropasa da amerikaSi. isev Cveni koleqtiuri gamocdileba rom gavixsenoT, saamisod evropis kavSiris erT-erTi lideris, evropuli sabWos prezidentis Sarl miSelis 2021 wlis Tebervlis viziti da xelisufleba/opoziciis konfliqtis daregulirebaSi monawileoba iqneboda kargi magaliTi. konfliqtebis regulirebis meTodika evropelebma jer kidev 90-ian wlebSi scades qarTul-afxazuri da qarTul-osuri sisxliani dapirispirebebis dasasruleblad. jerjerobiT yvela es mcdeloba imedgacruebis niadags ufro aRrmavebs. magram es SeiZleba ara imdenad meTodis, ramdenadac sxva gauTvaliswinebeli Tu verdamorCilebuli garemoebebis brali iyos. Tanac, konfliqtologiur midgomas dro da moTmineba sWirdeba. rTuli saxelmwifoTaSorisi konfliqtebis regulirebis erT-erT TvalsaCino magaliTad kvlav rCeba egviptisa da israelis SeTanxmeba omebis mTeli seriis Semdgom, 1979 wels. aseTivea omis dasruleba ekvadorsa da perus Soris an rasobrivi mSvidobis damyareba samxreT afrikis respublikaSi. am samive SemTxvevas erTi ram aerTianebs – cnobili momlaparakeblis, konfliqtebis regulirebis specialistis – rojer fiSerisa da misi gundis monawileoba. moxda ise, rom am konfliqtebis monawileebi da saerTaSoriso dainteresebuli Zalebi usmendnen da ujerebdnen akademiur-konfliqtologiuri samyaros am metrs, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, TbilisSic iyo namyofi. fiSeri Tavis meTods interesebze bazirebul molaparakebas uwodebda. misi arsia molaparakebis magidaze warmodgenili poziciebidan mxareTa pragmatul interesebze gadasvla. Tqven, rogorc qarTvels, gsurT, rom ruseTis saokupacio jari gavides afxazeTidan da cxinvalis regionidan, aRdges centraluri xelisuflebis kontroli sasazRvro-gamSveb punqtebze, rokis gvirabTan da mdinare fsouze, aRdges teritoriuli mTlianoba. es poziciebia, interesi ki suverenitetis pativiscemaa, radgan igi saerTaSoriso prestiJis qvakuTxedia. aseve interesia usafrTxoeba, gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba. arsebobs ekonomikuri interesebic. afxazebs, osebs, rusebs aqvT sruliad sapirispiro poziciebi, magram ra aris maTi interesi? iqneb SeiZlebodes interesTa morgeba?

egviptis prezidenti anvar sadaTi, aSS prezidenti jimi karteri da israelis premier-ministri menaxem begini

rojer fiSeri (1922-2012)

politika mraval konfliqtologs Soris aucileblad unda vaxsenoT Jan pol lederaxi. galtungTan erTad igic aTwleulebi qadagebda transcedencias, anu gadalaxvas. „Cven unda viswavloT paradoqsebSi cxovreba“, – ambobs lederaxi. misi midgoma Zaladobis ciklidan gasvlisa da konfliqtis transformirebisaTvis artistizmis, inovaciuri azrovnebis, axali realobis konstruirebis fsiqologiuri procesebis waxalisebaa. mTavaria mivatovoT diqotomia „Cven da isini“, maSin SeiZleba vipovoT formula, romelic, qarTul-afxazur dapirispirebas Tu aviRebT, arc teritoriuli mTlianoba iqneba da arc separacia.

jon pol lederaxi dab. 1955

ra Tqma unda, es urTulesia da kidev ufro metad saWiroebs konfliqtis saerTo konteqstis Seswavlas, misi e.w. rukis Seqmnas, romelzec ara marto mxareebi aRiniSneba, aramed maTi qvejgufebad Tu institutebad CaSlac moxdeba: Tqven SeiZleba giWirdeT mowinaaRmdegeTa A warmomadgenelTan urTierToba, magram iqvea B, C. aqvT maT saTanado gavlena? SesaZlebelia maTSi potenciuri mokavSiris povna? ra Tqma unda, amgvar analitikur operaciebs tradiciul-politikuri meTodebis momxreebic axorcieleben. magram molaparakebebisas poziciebidan interesebze, miT umetes ki, ufro Rrma, fundamentur saWiroebebze gadasvla araa maTi Zlieri mxare. es midgoma konfliqtologiam, anu saeqsperto-akademiurma wreebma gaxades aqtualuri. Tumca, maTi wvlili da orientacia kidev ufro TvalsaCino samoqalaqo, eTno da saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis mizezebis kvlevaSia. dasawyisSi galtungis samkuTxedi vaxsene. es aris erT-erTi CempionTagani struqturuli da kulturuli Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. konfliqtologiuri midgomaa, rom arc erTi dapirispireba ar xdeba raime mkafio mizezSedegobrivi jaWvis gamo. konfliqti ara marto „samkuTxedia“, aramed „spiralic“ (konfliqtologTa kidev erTi metafora) – sityvas sityva mosdevs, qmedebas – qmedeba, gadawyvetilebas – gadawyvetileba da mere Znelia gaigo, riT iwyeboda es yovelive. metic, dasawyiss mniSvnelobac ar aqvs.

SesaZlebelia aseTi ram? adamianebs yvelaferi SeuZliaT, Tu amis sakmarisi neba gaCnda. problema isaa, rom an neba igvianebs, an is marto erT mxares uviTardeba, andac aris kidev viRac mesame, romelic konfliqtis mogvarebas uSlis xels. saboloo jamSi, konfliqtologebi ar arian politikosebi. maT ar aqvT Zalaufleba, garda moraluri avtoritetisa. amis wyalobiT, politikos-

benito musolini (1883-1945)

konfliqti da politika

Ta nawili maT gavlenas ganicdis, rogorc aSS-is prezidenti jimi karteri usmenda da ujerebda rojer fiSers. magram aseTi politikosebi umciresobaa. arada, saboloo gadawyvetilebebi maTi misaRebi da gasatarebelia. rogorc vTqvi, samoqalaqo, eTnikuri (iseve, rogorc religiuri) Tu saerTaSoriso konfliqtebi politikuri fenomenebia. Sesabamisad, gadamwyveti xdeba ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis Jini Tu misi dakargvis SiSi. es orive xels uSlis inovacias, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac rigiT moqalaqeTa Taobebia gazrdili nacionaluri ideis umTavresobis suliskveTebiT. duCe, anu meore msoflio omis droindeli italiis diqtatori benito musolini, nacionalur politikas „wminda egoizms“ uwodebda. mjera, rom imJamindeli sisastike evropaSi mainc aRarasodes ganmeordeba, magram egoizmi, rogorc nacionaluri, ise nebismieri, Znelad Tmobs politikis asparezs. Sesabamisad, uaxloes TvalsawierSi Cveni garemoc konfliqturi darCeba. erTia mxolod – Wkvianuri politikiT, masSi konfliqtologiuri arsenalis realisturi CarTviT konfliqtebis umetesobis gadawyveta Tu ara, regulireba mainc SeiZleba. P. S. iqneba konfliqti politikuri Tu yofiTi, Tu „mtris“ ganadgureba ki ara, situaciis daregulireba gvinda, pirvel rigSi, konfliqtologTa Semdegi rCevebi unda gaviTvaliswinoT: procesSi saWiroa aqtiuri mosmena da e.w. kongruentuli SetyobinebebiT saubari. amiT meore mxares ganawyob keTilad – ramdenadac amis saSualebas situacia iZleva. oriveSi varjiSia saWiro. ori sityviT: pirveli gulisxmobs, rom adamians daanaxo, rom mas usmen da misi gesmis, meore – gulwrfelobas, sityvebis, gamometyvelebis, Jestebis Tanxvedras da rac mTavaria – problemis da adamianis dacilebas. anu fokusi gadadis problemaze da ara meore mxares mdgomTa braleulobaze. garwmunebT, Tu msgavsi meTodika saswauls ar moaxdens, sazianoc ar iqneba. oRond aq molaparakebis procesze vsaubrobT da ara metoqesTan Sejaxebis iseT wamze, rodesac sityvebi an dagvianebulia, an naadrevi.

didi adamianebi

aSS-is 37-e prezidenti vasil kaWarava niqsonis administraciis TiTqmis zepartiuli socialur-ekonomikuri politika riCard niqsoni, albaT, amerikis erT-erTi gamorCeuli prezidenti iyo – didi nebisyofis, niWisa da politikuri gamocdilebis adamiani, romelmac gamoiyvana amerikuli jari vietnamidan, iyo saerTaSoriso ganmuxtvis politikis iniciatori, daaregulira urTierToba iseT totalitarul saxelmwifoebTan, rogorc iyo komunisturi CineTi da sabWoTa kavSiri. miuxedavad uotergeitis skandalisa, mas Wkuas Semdgomi prezidentebi xSirad ekiTxebodnen da, rogorc amboben, Tu jonsons istoria misi saSinao miRwevebis gadafasebis gamo gaamarTlebs, niqsonis reabilitacia misi sagareo warmatebebis gamo moxdeba. niqsonis sagareo politika – vietnamizacia da sadRegrZeloebi pekinsa da moskovSi marTalia, niqsonma bevri ram gaakeTa amerikis saSinao politikaSi, magram istorias ufro misi sagareo politika axsovs. pirvel rigSi, man gadawyvita aSS-is mosaxleoba e.w. vietnamizaciis politikiT daemSvidebina, rac vietnamidan amerikuli jaris etapobrivi gamoyvaniT unda gamoxatuliyo da vietkongTan brZola samxreT vietnamis armias unda etvirTa. amerika gaagrZelebda samxreT vietnamis fuliT da iaraRiT daxmarebas da samxreT vietnamis jaris wvrTnasac ikisrebda, raTa Tavad vietnamelebs ebrZolaT sakuTar omSi. niqsoni omis dasrulebas ki ar gegmavda, aramed masSi gamarjveba surda, oRond – sxva gzebiTa da naklebi amerikuli sisxliT.

riCard niqsoni

vietkongeli mebrZoli qalebi

ngo dinh diemi (1901-1963)

„vietkongs“ amerikelebi Tavdapirvelad eZaxdnen samxreT vietnamis prezidentis ngo dinh diemis politikur mowinaaRmdegeebs, romelTa Soris umravlesoba komunisti iyo. mogvianebiT, vietnamis omis dros, amerikelebi am saxeliT moixseniebdnen erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli frontis da vietnamis saxalxo-ganmaTavisuflebeli armiis mebrZolebs. TviTon vietnameli komunistebi TavianT Tavs am saxels arasdros uwodebdnen. saxeli „vietkongi“ gavrcelda mxolod aSSsa da dasavleT evropaSi.

1970 wlisTvis amerikas ukve 40 aTasi daRupuli da 250 aTasi daWrili hyavda da es gaxda amerikis istoriaSi uxangrZlivesi da ucxoeTSi warmoebuli uZviresi omi. mravalaTasian antisaomar demonstraciebs emateboda antisaomari ganwyobilebebis zrda Tavad amerikul jarSic, sul ufro izrdeboda sabotaJi, narkotikebis moxmareba, daumorCilebloba. iseTi xmebic ki dadioda, rom TiTqos jariskacebi sakuTar oficrebsac ki xocavdnen.

1971 wels miiRes konstituciis 26-e Sesworeba, romelic 18 wlamde amcirebda arCevnebSi monawileTa asaks. amis erT-erTi argumenti isic iyo, rom Tu axalgazrdebs omSi wasvlis da sikvdilis ufleba hqondaT, arCevnebSi xmis micemis uflebac unda hqonodaT. 1973 wels, vietnamis omis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, amerikaSi gauqmda sayovelTao samxedro samsaxuri da qveyana kvlav daqiravebuli jaris princips daubrunda. saerTaSoriso politikaSi niqsonis miRwevebidan gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs urTierTobis gaumjobeseba CineTsa da sabWoTa kavSirTan, rac istoriaSi cnobilia terminiT ganmuxtva (Detant). niqsonma gadawyvita esargebla ssrk-sa da CineTs Soris dawyebuli dapirispirebiT, romelic 1969 wels ssrk-CineTis sazRvarze samxedro SetakebaSic ki gadaizarda. man ifiqra, rom am konkurenciis fonze orive qveyanas TavisT-

vietnamis omis sawinaaRmdego demonstracia

didi adamianebi Setakeba ssrk-CineTis sazRvarze

vis sasurvel daTmobebs dastyuebda, maT Soris – vietnamze zewolasac, raTa igi amerikasTan dazavebaze wasuliyo da niqsons Rirseulad daesrulebina omi. prezidentis mrCeveli erovnuli usafrTxoebis dargSi, henri kisinjeri, 1971 wels saidumlod Cavida CineTSi, raTa niqsonis viziti moemzadebina. marTlac, 1972 wlis TebervalSi niqsoni pekins ewvia, sadac CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi Casul pirvel amerikel prezidents sakmaod Tbili Sexvedra gaumarTes, arc sadRegrZeloebi moakles da CineTis kedelic daaTvalierebines. niqsoni erTxel Sexvda CineTis mbrZanebels – mao Zeduns da ramdenimejer – uaRresad moqnil da pragmatul premier-ministr jou en lais, romelic CineTis dasavleTTan TanamSromlobis sulisCamdgmeli iyo. amis Sedegad gamoqveynda e.w. Sanxais komunike, romelSic gancxadebu-

henri kisinjeri CineTSi jou en laisTan Sexvedrisas, 1971

li iyo or qveyanas Soris urTierTobis normalizaciis Sesaxeb. sul cota xniT adre dapirispirebul qveynebs Soris damyarda diplomatiuri urTierTobebic. amave dros, amerikam garkveulwilad aRiara erTi CineTis politika, rac taivanis nakleb mxardaWeras niSnavda, Tumca amerikas es Zveli mokavSire ar miutovebia da mas dRemde exmareba. wyalbadis iaraRis mflobeli da udidesi SesaZleblobebis mqone am ori uzarmaza-

mao Zeduni (1893-1976) – CineTis politikuri da saxelmwifo moRvawe 1945-1976 wlebSi

riCard niqsoni

CineTis did kedelTan

niqsoni da jou en lai

ri qveynis urTierTobis mowesrigebis dasawyisi ukve TavisTavad udidesi movlena iyo. niqsonma es viziti kargad gamoiyena sabWoTa kavSirTan da CrdiloeT vietnamTan diplomatiuri molaparakebis dros, vietnamSi omis dasrulebis mizniT. Tavad niqsoni imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebda am 8-dRian vizits, rom uwoda „kvira, romelmac Secvala msoflio“. 1987 wels amerikaSi operac ki daidga – „niqsoni CineTSi“. SeiZleba „msoflios cvlileba“ CineTSi daiwyo, magram gagrZelebiT sabWoTa kavSirSi gagrZelda da sul male, 1972 wlis maisSi, niqsoni moskovSi Cavida. rogorc CineTSi, aqac amerikis prezidentis pirveli oficialuri viziti iyo (franklin ruzvelti ki iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi, ialtaSi, 1945 wels, magram konferenciaSi monawileobis misaRebad). banketebi da sadRegrZeloebi arc amerikuli xorbleuliT dainteresebulma da amerika-CineTis daaxloebiT aRelvebulma sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobam moaklo niqsons. niqsoni breJnevs Semdeg ixsenebda, rogorc didi SeZlebis, Tbil da megobrul kacs. breJnevi da niqsoni sxva drosac araerTxel Sexvedrian erTmaneTs da maT bolomde kargi da lamis megobruli urTierToba hqondaT, ramdenadac es SesaZlebeli iyo ori aseTi gansxvavebuli da dapirispirebuli zesaxelmwifos liderebs Soris.

opera `niqsoni CineTSi~

didi adamianebi riCard niqsonis viziti moskovSi, 1972

sxvaTa Soris, CineTSi vizitiT niqsonma sabWoeTs isic Seaxsena, rom misi evropaSi gansakuTrebuli gaaqtiurebis dros CineTs SeeZlo damuqreboda sabWoeTis Zalebs Soreul aRmosavleTSi. sabolood, am Sexvedrebis da konsultaciebis Sedegad, amerikam sabWoeTs, romelsac araefeqturi ekonomikis wyalobiT xorbleulis deficiti hqonda, 750 milioni dolaris Rirebulebis xorbleuli, simindi da msgavsi produqcia mihyida, rac amerikeli fermerebisTvisac Zalian xelsayreli iyo. rac mTavaria, daiwyo seriozuli molaparakebebi antibalistikuri raketebis xelSekrulebaze (ABMA Anti-Balistic Missle Treaty), romelic am sferoSi orive qveyanas uwesebda SezRudvebs. kerZod, TiToeul maTgans mxolod ori, raketebiT garSemortymuli, usafrTxoebis zonis Seqmnis uflebas aZlevda. amave vizitis dros xelmowerili strategiuli iaraRis SezRudvis SeTanxmeba (SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) ki iTvaliswinebda Sori manZilis raketebis raodenobis gayinvas, anu maTi warmoebis SeCerebas 5 wliT. asea Tu ise, niqsonma moaxerxa is, rac ver moaxerxa verc trumenma, verc eizenhauerma da verc kenedim – man amerikis udides mtrebTan gamarTa nayofieri molaparakebebi da maTTan sakmaod keTilganwyobili urTierTobebi Camoayaliba. am vizitebis wyalobiT niqsonma, rogorc gegmavda, niadagi moamzada vietnamis konfliqtidan amerikis metnaklebad Rirseuli gamosvlisTvisac.

Sexvedra leonid breJnevTan

riCard niqsoni

riCard niqsoni da jorj makgoverni (1922-2012)

1972 wels aSS-Si axali saprezidento arCevnebis droc dadga. vietnamSi omi ki ar dasrulebula, aramed kidev ufro gaZlierda da CrdiloeT vietnamis armia ukve mZime teqnikiT utevda samxreT vietnamis qalaqebs. sapasuxod, niqsonma CrdiloeT vietnamis qalaqebis dabobmva daiwyo. Tumca Tavisi dapireba Seasrula da, vietnamizaciis politikis farglebSi, 540 aTasi jariskacidan vietnamSi mxolod 30 aTasiRa datova. arCevnebamde 12 dRiT adre kisinjerma ganacxada, rom amerikas mSvidoba ukve xelSi eWira da samSvidobo SeTanxmebas ramdenime dReSi miaRwevdnen. marTlac, arCevnebis Semdeg niqsonma iseTi masirebuli sahaero dartymebi ganaxorciela CrdiloeT vietnamze (e.w. saSobao dabombva), rom mxareebi molaparakebebis magidas daubrundnen da 1973 wlis 23 ianvars parizSi samSvidobo SeTanxmebas moaweres xeli. aq, rasakvirvelia, Tavisi roli moskovsa da pekinSi niqsonis Catarebulma saxelmwifo vizitebmac Seasrula. magram manamde, 7 noembers, saprezidento arCevnebSi niqsonma amerikis istoriaSi uprecedentod didi gansxvavebiT daamarcxa Tavisi oponenti jorj makgoverni. niqsonma yvela Stati moigo, garda masaCusetsisa da kolumbiis olqisa (romelmac saarCevno ufleba miiRo konstituciis 23-e SesworebiT 1961 wels). niqsonma miiRo 47 169 911 xma, makgovernma – 29 170 383. makgoverns mxolod axalgazrda amomrCevlebSi hqonda upiratesoba. rogorc Cans, amerikelebi marTlac enden niqsonis gancxadebas, rom momavali oTxi weliwadi saukeTeso iqneboda amerikis istoriaSi.

saSobao dabombva

didi adamianebi

iom qifuris omi

aseTi grandiozuli ndobis votumis gamyareba CrdiloeT vietnamTan parizis xelSekrulebis xelmoweriTac dadasturda, romlis Tanaxmad, amerikas vietnamidan darCenili 27 aTasamde jariskacic unda gaeyvana, mas ki 560 amerikel tyves daubrunebdnen. es myife mSvidoba sinamdvileSi araferi iyo, Tu ara amerikis cudad SeniRbuli ukan daxeva. magram mTavari is iyo, rom amerikam vietnamSi omi daasrula da met-naklebad sakuTari saxec SeinarCuna. amerikis yvelaze xangrZlivi omi dasrulda, Tumca amerikas hyavda 58,245 daRupuli da 300 aTasi daWrili. omi daaxloebiT 165 miliardi dolari dajda. Tumca vietnamizaciis Sedegad veRarc samxreT vietnamis mTavrobam daicva Tavi. formalurad, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am omis dros amerikam yvela gadamwyveti brZola moigo da jaric sakuTari nebiT gamoiyvana, SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom SeerTebulma Statebma es omi moigo, magram rogorc maSindeli presa da SemdgomSi istorikosebic Tvlidnen, realurad es omis wagebas ufro hgavda. aRsaniSnavia, rom omi marto indoCineTSi ar mZvinvarebda. 1972 wlis oqtomberSi axali sabWoTa iaraRiT aRWurvilma egviptis armiam mZlavrad Seutia israels da e.w. iom qifuris omi daiwyo. kritikul mdgomareobaSi myof israels amerikam didi daxmareba gauwia, rogorc iaraRiT, aseve politikuri TanadgomiT da ara marto gadaarCina, aramed gaamarjvebina kidec. damarcxebulma arabebma Suri imiT iZies, rom opekis qveynebma erTbaSad embargo daaweses amerikaSi da israelis mxardamWer qveynebSi navTobis gayidvaze. aman udidesi krizisi gamoiwvia da amerika aiZula didi xnis win gadadebuli alaskis sakmaod Zviri navTobsadenis Seneba daewyo, manqanebis siCqaris Semcirebac mouwiaT saaTSi 55 milamde, xolo amerikis manqanaTmwarmoebelma kompaniebma ki ufro ekonomiuri Zravebis gamoSveba daiwyes. miuxedavad aseTi problemebisa, qveyana win miiwevda, omic dasrulda da TiTqos niqsonis mmarTvelobac triumfalurad unda dasrulebuliyo, magram, rogorc amboben, kaci bWobda da RmerTi icinodao. opeki – navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (ingl. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC), karteli, romelSic Sedian navTobmwarmoebeli qveynebi: alJiri, angola, indonezia, irani, erayi, quveiTi, libia, nigeria, katari, saudis arabeTi, arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi, ekvadori da venesuela. 1965 wlidan opekis saerTaSoriso Stab-bina aris venaSi. organizaciis mTavari mizania gansazRvros Tavisi wevrebis individualuri da koleqtiuri interesebis optimalurad dacvis saSualebebi, rac iTvaliswinebs gzebisa da saSualebebis gamonaxvas saerTaSoriso navTobis bazrebze fasebis stabilizaciis uzrunvelsayofad, zianis momtani cvalebadobis Tavidan asacileblad. opekis gavlena bazarze yovelTvis stabilizaciisken ar yofila mimarTuli. amis magaliTia swored 1973 wlis navTobis krizisis dros navTobis embargos gamoyenebis mcdeloba, rac maRali inflaciis mizezi gaxda ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi. opekis gavlena navTobis fasebze mas Semdeg SedarebiT dabalia, meqsikis yuris, CrdiloeTis zRvis WaburRilebis ganviTarebisa da bazris moqnilobis zrdis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, opeki dRemde mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens navTobis miwodebaze da, Sesabamisad, mis fasebze msoflio bazarze.

riCard niqsoni

uqcevadi da niqsonisTvis uaRresad saxifaTo saxe miiRo. jon dini

uotergeiti – `diadidan sasacilomde mxolod naxevari nabijia~ sruliad moulodnelad, rogorc Tavad niqsoni, ise mTeli amerikuli sazogadoeba seriozuli konstituciuri krizisis winaSe aRmoCndnen, romelic istoriaSi avadsaxsenebeli `uotergeitis skandalis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. es daiwyo 1972 wlis 17 ivniss vaSingtonSi, uotergeitis sastumro kompleqsSi, sadac daakaves 5 kaci, romelic demokratiuli partiis Stab-binaSi mosasmeni aparaturis dayenebas cdilobda. arsebobs versiac, rom am ofisSi SeWra niqsonis erTerTma TanamSromelma, jon dinma, Tavisi piradi iniciativiT dagegma da prezidents uTxra, rom SeWra erovnuli usafrTxoebis interesebSi Catarda, Sesabamisad, ubiZga prezidents, rom SemdgomSi ar eTanamSromla gamoZiebasTan. ufro metic, niqsonma gamoZiebis miCqmalvac scada, riTac saqmem Se-

gazeTma „vaSington postma“ uotergeitis ambis gamoZieba or axalgazrda Jurnalists – bob vudvards da karl bernsteins – miando. Tu 1972 wlis arCevnebamde maT statiebs uotergeitis Sesaxeb nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen, 1973 wlis gazafxulidan – ukve mTeli amerika kiTxulobda. informacias arsebul darRvevebze isini gasaidumloebuli informatorisgan iRebdnen da aqtiurad iyenebdnen niqsonis samxileblad. rogorc SemdgomSi gairkva, es iyo federaluri gamoZiebis biuros direqtoris moadgile uiliam felti, Sesabamisad, informacia marTlac utyuari iyo. niqsonis administraciis diskreditacias isic daemata, rom vice-prezidenti spiro agniu amxiles korufciaSi merilendis gubernatorobis periodSi, ris gamoc igi gadadga vice-prezidentis postidan. konstituciis 25-e Sesworebis mixedviT, romelic pirvelad gamoiyenes, warmomadgenelTa palataSi respublikuri umciresobis lideri jerald fordi gaxda vice-prezidenti. niqsonisadmi undoblobis zrdas kambojis ukanono da maluli dabombvis faqtmac Seuwyo xeli. am arasasiamovno faqtebis fonze, uotergeitis skandali kidev ufro izrdeboda da 1973-1974 wlebSi televiziaSi sul ufro xSirad aCvenebdnen kongresSi warmoebul bob vudvardi da karl bernsteini

embargo – es aris qveyanaSi gansazRvruli saxis saqonlis Setana-gamotanaze saxelmwifos an saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier dawesebuli akrZalva, ekonomikuri sanqciebis erT-erTi saxeoba. gulisxmobs konkretuli saxelmwifos mimarT gatarebul sadamsjelo RonisZiebas, romlis mixedviTac ikrZaleba garkveuli nawarmiT vaWroba. misi mizania qveyana datovos calkeuli produqciisa da nedleulis gareSe (ZiriTadad, strategiuli daniSnulebis saqoneli), raTa ar misces saSualeba awarmoos is, rac garkveul safrTxes uqmnis calkeuli qveynebis uSiSroebasa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas. zogjer embargo miznad isaxavs Seacvlevinos qveyanas ama Tu im sakiTxis mimarT damokidebuleba.

didi adamianebi mosmenebs. niqsoni jiutad uaryofda, rom rame icoda uotergeitSi Sesuli xalxis Sesaxeb da aseve uaryofda am faqtis dafarvis mcdelobas. magram ukve naxsenebma jon dinma ganacxada, rom prezidentma da misma garemocvam yvelaferi icodnen amis Sesaxeb. TeTri saxlis erT-erTma yofilma TanamSromelma gaixsena, rom ovalur kabinetSi yvela saubari iwereboda da aqedan gamomdinare, arsebuli firebis mosmenis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda dinis sensaciuri gancxadebis gadamowmeba. magram niqsoni xazs usvamda ra Tavis „aRmasrulebel privilegiebs“, gamoZiebas am firebs ar aZlevda. 1973 wlis 20 oqtombers, RamiT, gamwarebulma niqsonma gaaTavisufla uotergeitis skandalis gamomZiebeli, iusticiis ministri da misi moadgile, romelTac uari Tqves am proceduris mxardaWeraze. es movlena presam „SabaT Ramis sisxlisRvrad“ monaTla. prezidentma televiziiT mimarTa amerikel xalxs da me ar var TaRliTio – isic ki aRmoxda. magram sxvadasxva gamokiTxvam daadastura, rom amerikelTa 60 procents ukve aRar sjeroda prezidentis. bolos, kongresis daJinebuli moTxovnebis Sedegad, 1974 wlis gazafxulze man gadasca kasetebis gadarCeuli, misi azriT – relevanturi, nawili, magram 1974 wlis 24 ivliss umaRlesma sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom prezidents ar hqonda ufleba, miuxedavad e.w. aRmasrulebeli privilegiebisa, daemala informacia. amrigad, niqsoni iZulebuli iyo srulad mieca garkveuli dReebis Canawerebis firebi. iq ki, 1972 wlis 23 ivnisis saubarSi Tavis erT-erT TanamSromelTan aSkarad gamoCnda, rom prezidentma icoda uotergeitis ambis Sesaxeb da uotergeitSi SeWridan meeqvse dRes sTxovda centralur sadazvervo saagentos daxmareboda gamoZiebis federalur biuros am saqmis CafarcxvaSi. yvelaferi naTeli gaxda. kongresmac ar daayovna da daiwyo mzadeba impiCmentisTvis. am uaRre-

riCard niqsoni meuRle petTan erTad

sad negatiuri da iSviaTi proceduris amoqmedebisTvis sami mizezi dasaxelda: 1. dabrkolebis Seqmna samarTlis aRsrulebisTvis; 2. xelisuflebis borotad gamoyeneba; 3. kongresis Seuracxyofa, ugulebelyofa. respublikuri partiis liderebic xedavdnen, rom brZola wagebuli iyo, niqsons ukve aRaraferi uSvelida da igi dakarguli iyo partiisTvis. amitomac mividnen masTan da gadadgoma urCies. amis Semdeg, 1974 wlis 8 agvistos, riCard niqsoni televiziiT gamoemSvidoba amerikas da sakuTari gadadgoma gamoacxada. man aRiara, rom misi zogi gadawyvetileba mcdari iyo. „magram me yovelTvis imiT vxelmZRvanelobdi, rac im momentSi erovnul interesebSi Sedioda“, – ganacxada man. ase dramatulad dasrulda riCard niqsonis brwyinvaled dawyebuli mmarTveloba. miuxedavad uotergeitis aCrdilisa, mogvianebiT niqsons, misi gansakuTrebuli saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gamo, TiTqmis yvela amerikeli prezidenti ekiTxeboda

1973 wels farTo sazogadoebisTvis cnobili gaxda, rom amerika 1969 wlidan bombavda vietnamelTa poziciebs kambojaSi (jamSi - 350 dabombva). amerika kambojas imitom bobavda, rom vietkongelebi ukan daxevisas vietnamis teritoriaze ki ar moZraobdnen, aramed ucxo qveynis – amjerad kambojis teritoriaze, sadac hqondaT kidec sayrdeni bazebi. amerikelebis mizani swored am bazebis ganadgureba iyo, Tumca amis Sesaxeb ar cxaddeboda da amerikis mTavroba da prezidenti ambobdnen, rom mtkiced scemdnen pativs kambojis neitralitets. am ambis gaxmaurebam Zalze Searyia mTavrobis mimarT ndoba, romelic wlebis manZilze awarmoebda Turme oms sxva saxelmwifosTan da amas Tavis moqalaqeebs umalavda. Sesabamisad, 1973 wlis noemberSi, niqsonis vetos miuxedavad, kongresma miiRo „kanoni saomari uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb“ (War Powers Act), rac momavalSi Tavidan aacilebda prezidentebis mxridan sakuTari uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyenebas saomar viTarebaSi, rogorc es jonsonisa da niqsonis dros moxda.

riCard niqsoni

zviad gamsaxurdia da riCard niqsoni

Wkuas. niqsonma araerTi saintereso wigni gamosca saerTaSoriso politikis Sesaxeb. 1978 wels gamoqveynebuli misi memuarebi ki namdvil bestselerad iqca. eqsprezidenti bevrs mogzaurobda msoflioSi da xSirad amerikis araoficialuri warmomadgenlis funqciebsac iTavsebda. swored aseTi statusiT ewvia igi saqarTvelos 1991 wlis maisSi da zviad gamsaxurdias Sexvda, mniSvnelovani rCevebic misca da misgan saCuqrad xmalic ki miiRo. rodesac gamsaxurdia niqsons ruseTis sisusteze esaubreboda, niqsonma aRniSna: „arseboben ori kategoriis adamianebi vaSingtonSi, romlebsac unda SexvdeT. pirvelni getyvian imas, risi gagonebac gsurT, meoreni imas, rac Tqven gWirdebaT, rom gaigoT. Tqven ki imis gageba gWirdebaT, rom miuxedavad imisa, Tu ras getyvian Tqveni megobrebi an Tayvanismcemlebi SeerTebul StatebSi, simarTle isaa, rom amerika ar daiwyebs oms ruseTTan saqarTvelos gamo“.

amerikis prezidentebi niqsonis dakrZalvaze

niqsons ori ram uyvarda TavdaviwyebiT – politika da Tavisi meuRle. albaT, niSandoblivia, rom meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg eqsprezidentma mxolod 10 Tve icocxla da gulis SeteviT gardaicvala 1994 wlis 22 aprils. is faqti, rom mis dasaflavebas, miuxedavad uotergeitis skandalisa, moqmed prezident bil klintonTan erTad oTxive cocxali yofili prezidenti – jerald fordi, jimi karteri, ronald reigani, jorj buSi ufrosi – daeswro da pativi miago mis xsovnas, albaT, bevris mTqmelia.

riCard niqsonis 1978 wels gamocemuli memuarebi

riCard niqsonis 1974 wlis 8 agvistos satelevizio mimarTva

istoria

osTa SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebi 1918-1920 wlebis saqarTveloSi oTar janeliZe

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobisa da ganviTarebis erT-erT xelSemSlel faqtors sadReisod ruseTis federacia warmoadgens. ruseTis xelisufleba sxvadasxva meTodiT cdilobs SeinarCunos gavlena Cvens qveyanaze, risi mkafio gamoxatulebac iyo 2008 wlis agvistos samxedro agresia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da afxazeTisa da e. w. samxreT oseTis damoukideblobis ukanono aRiareba. Tanamedrove ruseTi agrZelebs Zvel politikas, romelsac atarebda carizmi da bolSevikuri reJimi. savsebiT marTldeba jer kidev 1920 wels gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi, rom: „ranairi Sinaarsic ar unda miiRon ferebma ruseTSi (wiTeli, TeTri Tu mwvane), cxadia erTi ram: ruseTi ar Seicvlis Tavis imperiul damokidebulebas saqarTvelosadmi“ (gazeTi „saqarTvelo~, 1920 w., 16 Tebervali). mniSvnelovanwilad saqarTvelos mimarT sabWoTa ruseTis arakeTilmezobluri damokidebulebis Sedegi iyo osTa amboxebebi 1918-1920 wlebSic, romelzec qvemoT mogiTxrobT. rodesac 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika warmoiSva, osebi kompaqturad mxolod goris mazrasa (liaxvisa da qsnis xeobebi) da duSeTis mazris CrdiloeT nawilSi cxovrobdnen. ramdenime osuri Temi arsebobda aseve raWis mazris teritoriazec. danarCeni osi mosaxleoba gafantulad iyo gansaxlebuli saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. arazusti monacemebiT, saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi binadari osebis raodenoba 100 aTass aRwevda, romelTagan javis sazogadoebaSi mxolod 16 aTasi kaci cxovrobda. rac Seexeba cxinvals, ruseTis saimperio xelisuflebis mier Catarebuli yvela aRweriT, iq arc erTi eTnikuri osi ar aRricxula. osebs am qalaqSi arc 1918 wlisaTvis ucxovriaT. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi miRebuli kanoniT moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, ise, rogorc qveynis sxva mcxovrebni, osebic, yovelgvari dabrkolebis gareSe, axlad Seqmnili saxelmwifos sruluflebian moqalaqeebad gamocxaddnen.

osTa ajanyebebi

agvistos omi

qarTvelebsa da osebs erTmaneTTan xangrZlivi Tanacxovreba da eTnokulturuli kontaqtebi akavSirebdaT. osebis absoluturi umravlesoba flobda qarTul enas, magram qarTul sazogadoebaSi osTa integraciis procesi problemuri rCeboda. osebis gaucxoebas isic ganapirobebda, rom romanovTa imperiis samxedro, administraciul da sxva asparezze dasaqmebuli, rusul kulturul Tu enobriv sivrceSi moqceuli maTi garkveuli nawili rusdeboda. Tbilissa da qveynis im adgilebSi, sadac osebi kompaqturad ar mkvidrobdnen, eTnikuri zRvari os da qarTvel mosaxleobas Soris TiTqmis waSlili iyo. sameurneo-ekonomikuri kavSirebi, Sereuli ojaxebi, danaTesaveba, naTelmironoba da sxva osebsa da qarTvelebs erTmaneTTan mWidrod aaxloebda. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom qarTvelebis eTnikuri dapirispireba saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxva eTnosebTan, maT Soris osebTan, istoriam ar icis. TiToeuli maTganis identobis ganmsazRvreli mSobliuri ena, tradicia Tu wes-Cveulebani qarTul garemoSi yovelgvari wnexisgan Tavisufali iyo. metic, SeZlebisdagvarad xelic ewyoboda maT SenarCunebasa da ganviTarebas. yovelive amis miuxedavad, osTa koleqtiur mexsierebas qarTul saxelmwifoSi cxovrebis xsovna aRar gaaCnda. qarTuli suverenuli saxelmwifoebrioba ruseTis imperiis mier qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis same-

foebis gauqmebiT (XIX saukunis pirveli dekada) moiSala. saukuneze meti xnis Semdgom, 1918 wlis maisSi warmoSobili saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika osTa garkveuli nawilisaTvis ucxo da miuRebeli aRmoCnda. arada, savsebiT kanonzomieri iyo, rom saqarTvelos suverenuli saxelmwifoebrioba aRdga winaT ruseTis mflobelobaSi arsebul erTian qarTul miwa-wyalze, maT Soris, osebiT dasaxlebul Sida qarTlis teritoriazec, romelic saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis iurisdiqciaSi bunebrivad moeqca. saqarTvelos teritoriaze gafantulad mcxovreb osebs eTnikuri niSniT raime pretenzia ar wamouyenebiaT, maT saxelmwifos mimarT sruli loialoba SeinarCunes da arc qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikur process gandgomian ganze – monawileobdnen rogorc adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis, ise saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi da sxv. rac Seexeba Sida qarTlSi binadar osebs, maTi moTxovna iyo jer samxreT oseTis calke saerobo administraciul-teritoriul erTeulad gamoyofa, centriT cxinvalSi, bolos ki – politikuri avtonomiuri olqis daarseba. rusul da osur istoriografiaSi 19181921 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi erT mTlian, konsolidirebul procesadaa warmoCenili da

istoria igi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolad, „qarTuli diqtatisagan osTa gaTavisuflebis“ mcdelobadaa saxeldebuli, romelic TiTqos „sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis revoluciur brZolas gadaexlarTa“. sinamdvileSi, am moZraobis xelmZRvanelTa mtkicebiT, maTi gamosvlebi iyo „samoqalaqo omis, amierkavkasiasa da samxreT oseTSi klasobrivi partiuli brZolis – sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis brZolis dasawyisi“. maTive sityvebiT, „am movlenaSi ar yofila „qarTveli“ da „osi“. aq iyvnen mxolod revolucioneri amboxebuli bolSevikebi da muSaTa revoluciis kontrrevoluciuri moRalate menSevikebi“. carizmis damxobis Semdgom saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul movlenebSi osTa mxridan sxvadasxva interesis mqone ramdenime politikuri aqtori gamoikveTa: 1. osTa erovnuli sabWo, 2. saqarTvelos teritoriaze Sereulad mcxovrebi osebi da 3. adgilobrivi bolSevikebi. es ukanasknelni ideurad, organizaciulad da finansurad damokidebuli iyvnen sabWoTa ruseTze da moskovidanve imarTebodnen bolSevikebis kavkasiis samxareo komitetis mier. Tu osTa erovnuli sabWo ZiriTadad politikuri moTxovnebiT ifargleboda, ufro radikalurad ganwyobili bolSevikebi gacilebiT agresiul miznebs isaxavdnen da maT ganxorcielebas Zaladobrivi saSualebebiT cdilobdnen. separatizmisaken midrekili osi bolSevikebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli meamboxeTa jgufebi, qarTveli komunisti liderebis monawileobiT, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dasamxobad ibrZodnen. maT mizans saqarTvelosagan „samxreT oseTis“ mowyveta da sabWoTa ruseTTan SeerTeba warmoadgenda. cxadia, saxelmwifo Tavis mimarT mtrulad ganw-

osi bolSevikebi

yobil, miT ufro, amgvari pretenziebis mqone Zalas ver Seurigdeboda da amitom bolSevikebi idevnebodnen. termin „samxreT oseTis“ warmoSoba saqarTveloSi ruseTis batonobis xanas ukavSirdeba, magram igi ar asaxavda raime eTnopolitikur an eTnoistoriul erTeuls da gamoiyeneboda mxolod kavkasionis qedis samxreT kalTebze mdebare osuri Temebis aRsaniSnavad. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisufleba, qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri am xelovnuri cnebis winaaRmdegi iyo da igi arc daumkvidrebiaT. 1919 wlis zafxulSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam Sida qarTlSi mcxovreb osTaTvis saerobo TviTmmarTvelobis SemoRebis sakiTxi ganixila. warmodgenili dekretis proeqti – „osi mcxovreblebiT dasaxlebuli soflis sazogadoebebis calke mazrad gamoyofis Taobaze“ – iTvaliswinebda Sorapnis, raWisa da goris mazraTa osuri soflebis SeerTebas da axali administraciuli erTeulis – „javis mazris“ Seqmnas, centriT sofel javaSi.

osTa ajanyebebi

ivane javaxiSvili (1876-1940) eqvTime TayaiSvili (1862-1953)

osTa erovnuli sabWo am SeTavazebas ar daeTanxma, politikuri avtonomiis moTxovna wamoayena da mTavrobisagan „samxreT oseTis olqis“ Camoyalibeba moiTxova. administraciul centrad dasaxelebuli iyo q. cxinvali, xolo olqis farglebSi duSeTis mazris nawilic unda CaerToT. sagangebod Seqmnilma sauwyebaTaSoriso komisiam, romelSic mTavrobis warmomadgenlebTan erTad Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesorebi ivane javaxiSvili, eqvTime TayaiSvili da andria benaSvilic miiwvies, miuReblad miiCnia araTu politikuri avtonomia, aramed eTnikur safuZvelze saerobo TviTmmarTvelobis SemoRebac ki. profesor ivane javaxiSvilis gancxadebiT, „bunebrivad SeukavSirebeli nawilebis SekavSireba erT administraciul, ekonomikur centrad SeuZlebelicaa da gaumarTlebelic“. osTa pretenziebi ararealuri iyo da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebam maT moTxovnas uariT upasuxa. im dros jer kidev ar arsebobda erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis ganmsazRvreli saerTaSoriso konvenciebi, deklaraciebi Tu garantiebi. marTalia, erTa ligas ukve 1919 wlidan miRebuli hqonda am Sinaarsis pirveli dokumentebi, magram maTi praqti-

diskriminacia – calkeuli adamianis an jgufis uflebaTa SezRudva raime mizeziTa Tu niSniT. segregacia – garkveuli eTnikuri an rasobrivi jgufis izolacia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisagan.

andria benaSvili (1868-1941)

kaSi danergva gacilebiT gvian daiwyo da amasTan, isini ar Seicavdnen muxlebs umciresobaTa politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb. amdenad, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gadawyvetileba ar iyo diskriminaciuli da arc segregaciuli. osebs aravin devnida saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebidan, qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri, sazogadoebrivi Tu kulturuli prosecebidan. mTavroba ganixilavda yvela SesaZlebel variants, rom erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebic daecvaT da arc saxelmwifos interesebi Selaxuliyo. xangrZlivi debatebis Semdeg mividnen daskvnamde, rom araqarTveli mosaxleobisTvis da, maT Soris, demokratiuli respublikisadmi loialurad ganwyobili osebisTvis, rogorc eTnikuri umciresobisaTvis, mieniWebinaT kulturuli avtonomia. osTa erovnuli sabWo am SeTavazebas ar sjerdeboda. osebis nacionaluri proeqti (politikuri avtonomia) qarTul saxelmwifoebriv proeqts (suverenuli, unitaruli saxelmwifo) ar Seesabama. am winaaRmdegobis garda, arsebobda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikisagan osTa nawilis gaucxoebis sxva mizezebic, maT Soris, agraruli sakiTxis social-demokratiuli gadawyveta da gareSe Zalis – sabWoTa ruseTis faqtori. kulturuli avtonomia – ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi erovnuli umciresobisaTvis mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebisa da kulturuli ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba.

istoria memamuleebisaTvis CamorTmeuli saxnavsaTesi miwebi glexobas kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadaeca, magram agraruli reforma gaWianurda da vidre miwis sakiTxi gadawydeboda, qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi glexTa mRelvarebebi da amboxebebi aRiniSna. bevrs arc qarTuli saxelmwifos socialur-ekonomikuri wyoba moswonda, romelic saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partiis ideologiuri doqtrinis Sesabamisad, burJuaziuli saxelmwifos transformaciis gziT „sruli demokratizmidan socializmisaken“ miemarTeboda. os glexebSi arsebuli ukmayofilebis gamoyeneba araerTxel scades bolSevikebma, magram Sida qarTlSi agrarul niadagze mdgomareoba radikalurad ar gamwvavebula. 1918-1920 wlebSi aq sami SeiaraRebuli gamosvla aRiniSna da yvela maTgans ara socialur-ekonomikuri, aramed politikuri sarCuli edo. SeiaraRebul ajanyebad iaraRiT xelSi xalxis masobrivi daumorCileblobisa da winaaRmdegobis radikaluri gamovlineba iwodeba. Cveulebriv, igi dampyroblis batonobisagan erovnuli Tavisuflebis an saxelmwifos SigniT xelisuflebasTan (reJimTan) dapirispirebis, protestisa da brZolis ukiduresi formaa. kacobriobis istorias warmatebiT dasrulebuli cota ajanyeba axsovs, gacilebiT meti likvidirebuli, CaxSobili amboxeba moiTvleba. ra miznebs isaxavda da rogor dasrulda osTa ajanyebebi?

osi bolSevikebis mier organizebuli pirveli ajanyeba 1918 wlis martiT TariRdeba. amboxebulebma cxinvali daarbies, gaZarcves da adgilobrivi administraciis warmomadgenlebi daxoces. maSindel gazeTebSi („erToba“, „saqarTvelo“, „saxalxo saqme“ da sxv.) detaluradaa aRwerili es umZimesi ambebi. osi separatistebis xsenebuli gamosvla win uswrebda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis warmoSobas. osebi ara saqarTvelos, aramed amierkavkasiis mmarTvelobas aumxedrdnen. amierkavkasiis mTavrobis – komisariatis – gadawyvetilebiT, amboxebulTa winaaRmdeg samxedro Zala gaigzavna, magram ajanyeba ar CauxSiaT, igi ramdenime dReSi likvidirebul iqna molaparakebis gziT. 1919 wlis zafxulSi saqarTvelos sazRvrebs denikinis moxaliseTa TeTrgvardiuli armia mouaxlovda. osi mosaxleobis separatistulad ganwyobilma nawilma isargebla Seqmnili mdgomareobiT da kvlav amboxeba wamoiwyo. SeiaraRebuli gamosvlis sakiTxi, jer kidev ivnisSi, adgilobrivi bolSevikuri organizaciebis aralegalur konferenciaze daisva. imave wlis agvistos dasawyisSi ruseTis komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) kavkasiis samxareo komitetma ganzraxva moiwona da ajanyebis epicentrad rokis raioni gamoacxada. ajanyebis organizebis xarjebi sabWoTa ruseTma gaiRo.

ajanyebuli osebi

osTa ajanyebebi

ajanyeba oqtombris TveSi saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic igegmeboda. Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom dawyebuli samzadisis Sesaxeb Seityo da misi ramdenime xelmZRvaneli daapatimra. amis miuxedavad, SeiaraRebuli gamosvla javisa da rokis xeobebSi mainc daiwyo. ajanyeba osebiT dasaxlebul sxva soflebsac moedo, magram warmateba ar mohyolia. demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebam igi advilad aRkveTa. mesame ajanyeba, romelic 1920 wlis mais-ivnisSi moewyo, gasabWoebuli azerbaijanis mxridan saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi ruseTis wiTeli jaris nawilebis SemoWriT iyo STagonebuli. rkp(b) kavkasiis samxareo komitetis mowodebiT wamowyebul ajanyebasTan mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebuli qarTveli bolSevikebi – a. gegeWkori, m. cxakaia, f. maxaraZe, s. orjonikiZe da sxvebi, romlebic mtrad eqcnen sakuTar samSoblos. ajanyebulebs rokis xeobis, kudaros, qemertisa da yornisis osuri Temebic SeuerTdnen. isini SeiaraRebas vladikavkazSi mdgari wiTeli armiisagan iRebdnen. meamboxeTa dasaxmareblad CrdiloeT kavkasiidan daiZrnen osTa partizanuli razmebi, v. sanakoevis xelmZRvanelobiT. maT gadmoiares rokisa da mamisonis uReltexilebi da brZoliT daikaves cxinvali. Zalauflebas „samxreT oseTis revkomi“ daeufla, romelmac „onidan duSeTamde“ sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba gamoacxada da miRweuli warmateba kremls udepeSa. ajanyebis mesveurebi goris aRebas, suramis uReltexilis Caketvas, saqarTvelosa da mTel samxreT kavkasiaSi „komunizmis wiTeli droSis“ aRmarTvasac gegmavdnen. moskovSi, v. leninisa da sabWoTa ruseTis politikuri xelmZRvanelobisaTvis gagzavnil „mSromeli samxreT oseTis memorandumSi“, romelsac xels osi bolSevikebi – s. gagloevi, a. jaTievi, v. sanakoevi da sxvebi awerdnen, aRniSnulia, rom samxreT oseTi uerTdeba sabWoTa ruseTs, rogorc misi ganuyofeli nawili. imis gamo, rom swored imxanad (1920 wlis 7 maiss) sabWoTa ruseTma samSvidobo xelSekruleba gaaforma saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikasTan, kremli ajanyebaSi uSualod ver Caereoda, magram dokumenturi wyaroebi mowmobs, rom SeiaraRebuli gamosvlis ukan moskovi idga. sabWoTa ruseTi axalisebda separatistul moZraobas da eTnikuri umciresobebis gamoyenebiT cdilobda suverenuli qarTuli saxelmwifos dasustebas.

filipe maxaraZe (1868-1941)

sergo orjonikiZe (1886-1937)

aleqsi gegeWkori (1887-1928)

istoria ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma g. CiCerinma sagangebo notiT mimarTa saqarTvelos mTavrobas, dagmo misi moqmedeba da mouwoda miecaT osebisaTvis saSualeba, aerCiaT iseTi xelisufleba, rogoric TviTonve surdaT. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris e. gegeWkoris sapasuxo notaSi xazgasmulia, rom saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi ar aris samxreT oseTi. saqarTveloSi arsebuli osuri dasaxlebebi mdebareobs yofili Tbilisis guberniis im sasazRvro xazis samxreTiT, romelic dadgenilia saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi arsebobda Sinagan saqmeTa saministros daqvemdebarebuli sagangebo razmi, romelsac anarqiis winaaRmdeg brZola evaleboda, magram igi mravalricxovani ar yofila. amitom Sida qarTlSi mdgomareobis stabilizeba saxalxo gvardiisa da regularuli jaris nawilebs daevalaT. operacias generali giorgi kvinitaZe xelmZRvanelobda. ajanyeba CaaxSes. datyvevebas gadarCenil amboxebulebTan erTad SeSinebuli mosaxleobis nawili CrdiloeT oseTSi gaixizna, nawilma Tavi gors Seafara. regionSi srulad aRdga saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia. qarTuli samxedro SenaerTebis meTauri, generali giorgi kvinitaZe miiCnevda, rom raki mTavari Sedegi miRweuli iyo – liaxvis xeoba SeiaraRebuli meamboxeebisagan gaiwminda, raime sadamsjelo RonisZiebebisaTvis aRar unda miemarTaT. wyaroebi mowmobs, rom saxalxo gvardiis Stabi sxvanairad fiqrobda. gvardielebma ajanyebulTa saxlebs cecxli waukides da osebis ramdenime sofeli gadawves (maT Soris: frisi, eredvi, dmenisi da sxv.). es iyo sapasuxo reaqcia saqarTvelos mimarT ajanyebulTa mtrul moqmedebaze da amas araferi aqvs saerTo osi xalxis genocidTan, rogorc cdiloben dRes warmoaCinon kremlsa da cxinvalSi politikuri mosazrebebiT. Tavis dRiurSi, romelic 1920 wels wignad gamoica, saxelwodebiT „mZime jvari“, valiko juReli werda:

„osi nacionalistebi yovelTvis sargebloben Cveni sisusteebiT da gviwyoben ajanyebas. Cven ukve daviRaleT am dausrulebeli ajanyebebiT. ...ukve orjer moviqeciT rbilad, humanurad da keTilSobilurad. Cven Zalian gulmowyaleni viyaviT da maSin ar iyo sisastike, TiTqmis arcerTi daxvreta ar yofila“.

juReli imasac dasZens, rom osuri soflebis gadawva – es iyo cudi gadawyveta, magram sxva gza ar arsebobda.

„an unda CagvexSo ajanyeba da gadagverCina Cveni demokratia, an dagveRupa demokratia da migveca zeimis saSualeba sisxliani vandeisaTvis. Cven uyoymanod miviReT arCevani!“

valiko juReli (1887-1924)

giorgi kvinitaZe (1874-1970)

osTa ajanyebebi

marTlac, xelisuflebas wina wlebSi ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg ar miumarTavs mkacri zomebisaTvis, amjobinebda problema mSvidobiani gziT moegvarebina da Tu moixelTebda, sjida mxolod gamosvlebis meTaurebs. 1920 wels, rodesac xelyves qveynis suvereniteti da teritoriuli mTlianoba, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika movale iyo daecva qarTveli xalxis xangrZlivi brZoliT mopovebuli Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba. amboxebulebi dasajes maTi antisaxelmwifoebrivi, danaSaulebrivi qmedebisaTvis da ara – eTnikuri niSniT. ajanyebisagan ganze mdgomi, saxelmwifosadmi loialurad ganwyobili arc erTi osisTvis mTavrobas xeli ar uxlia. isini kvlav rCebodnen saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sruluflebian moqalaqeebad.

xsenebuli ajanyebebis gamo osTaTvis kulturuli avtonomiis miniWebis sakiTxi dRis wesrigidan moixsna, Sida qarTlSi osebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionSi verc erobis Camoyalibeba moeswro. osebs darCaT gancda, rom isini saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi usamarTlod iCagrebodnen da msxverplad iqcnen TavianTi eTnikuri vinaobis gamo. am mcdari Tvalsazrisis ganmtkicebas 1921 wlidan xels didad uwyobda sabWouri istoriografiac.

unda iTqvas, rom amboxebulTa da maT ideologTa suliskveTebas osTa didi nawili ar iziarebda. magaliTad, 1920 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis saxelze gagzavnil osTa erTerT gancxadebaSi naTqvamia:

evgeni gegeWkori (1881-1954)

vandea – kontrrevoluciis kera; administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli – departamenti dasavleT safrangeTSi, sadac XVIII saukuneSi, didi revoluciis dros daiwyo monarqiis mxardamWeri kontrrevoluciuri amboxi. eroba – adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis forma saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi.

regioni

imperiebis sasaflao

aziis SuagulSi (nawili I)

avRaneTi revaz gaCeCilaZe

2021 wlis ganmavlobaSi da, gansakuTrebiT, agvistos TveSi msoflio mediis yuradReba mipyrobili iyo avRaneTisken, saidanac modioda dramatuli cnobebi amerikuli da britanuli samxedro nawilebis iqidan gasvlis, Talibebis elviseburi warmatebebis da 15 agvistos maT mierve qveynis dedaqalaqis aRebis, dasavleTis saelCoebis saswrafo evakuaciis, ltolvilTa uzarmazari nakadis, Zaladobis, sisxlisRvrisa da sxva usiamovno ambebis Sesaxeb. presasa da televiziaSi ixsenebdnen 42 wlis win avRaneTSi sabWoTa jarebis Sesvlas da 32 wlis win iqidanve maT gamosvlas, zogierTi publikacia ufro Soreul analogiebs ixsenebda – XIX saukuneSi qabulSi britanuli jarebis ramdenjerme Sesvlisa da gamosvlis Sesaxeb. SeSfoTebasTan erTad bevrs, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, uCndeboda kiTxvebi avRaneTis problemebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTac Tanamimdevruli pasuxebi esaWiroeba. sad aris avRaneTi? Tanamedrove avRaneTi aris aziis Sua nawilSi ganlagebuli, zRvisgan daSorebuli sakmaod didi zomis saxelmwifo, farTobiT 652,9 aTasi kv. km., rac safrangeTze metia, xolo saqarTvelos teritorias cxrajer sWarbobs. qveyana, ZiriTadad, mTiania. mas araTanabari zomis da Znelad dasakavSirebel nawilebad yofs hinduyuSis seismurad aqtiuri mTebi. avRaneTs aRwevs himalais dasavleTi ganStoeba, pamiris mTebi. avRaneTis umaRlesi mwvervalia noSaki, zRvis donidan 7492 m simaRlis mTa. mdinareebi sakmaod bevria, maT Soris tajikeTTan da uzbekeTTan sasazRvroa mdinare amu-daria da misi Senakadi fianji. md. qabulis garda, romelic md. induss (inds) uerTdeba da misi wyali, sabolood, indoeTis okeaneSi Caedineba, sakuTriv avRaneTis yvela sxva mdinare zRvas verc aRwevs da naxevarudabnoebSi ikargeba, aseTebia, magaliTad, helmandi (hilmendi) da herirudi. mdinareTa nayofieri xeobebis gareT miwa, ZiriTadad, xriokia – degradire-

avRaneTi

amerikeli jariskacebi toveben avRaneTs

avRaneli ltolvilebi amerikul samgzavro TviTmfrinavTan

bulia pirutyvis Warbi Zovisgan. qveynis samxreTi nawili meCxradaa dasaxlebuli: iq mdebareobs rigesTanis qviSiani udabno da Tixnar-qviani udabno daST-i margo. dablob raionebSi hava subtropikulia, simaRlis matebasTan erTad is ufro mkacri xdeba. avRaneTis wiaRi saocrad mdidaria. amu-dariis auzSi aris navTobisa da gazis budobebi; qveyanas aqvs qvanaxSiri, rkinis, spilenZis, qromitebis sagrZnobi moculobis madnebi, oqro, kobalti, iSviaTmiwa elementebi; Zvirfasi Tvlebi moipoveba badaxSanSi (rodesac rusTaveli „brolbadaxSs“ axsenebs, is gulisxmobs badaxSanSi mopovebul lalsa da, albaT, iqaur mTis brols; badaxSani mdebareobs Tanamedrove avRaneTsa da tajikeTSi). eleqtronul mrewvelobas mTel msoflioSi Zalian esaWiroeba liTiumi, romlis udidesi maragi aqvs avRaneTs. aqve unda iTqvas, rom dasavleTis kompaniebma avRaneTis mineraluri simdidris mimarT didi interesi ar gamoavlines, maT aTvisebaSi ufro metad CaerTo Cinuri da induri kapitali, isic didi sifrTxiliT: usafrTxoeba daculi ar aris! avRaneTis sazogadoeba mosaxleobis srulfasovani aRwera avRaneTSi ar Catarebula da mxolod Sefasebaze dayrdnobiT varaudoben, rom 2021 wlisaTvis iq 34-39 milioni mcxovrebi iyo. aseve savaraudoa, rom mosaxleobis 70 procenti cxovrobs soflad, 4 procenti – momTabareobs. mxolod 26 procentia qalaqeli, maTgan 4-5 milioni dedaqalaq qabulSia Tavmoyrili. zomiT momdevno qalaqebi qabuls mkveTrad CamorCebian: yandaharSi, heraTSi, mazar-i SarifSi 450-700 aTasi mcxovrebia. sxva qalaqebi ufro mcirea. soflidan qalaqSi migracia ar niSnavs, rom qalaqad dasaxlebuli adamiani kulturulad gansxvavebuli xdeba: bevr maTgans soflis mcxovrebis fsiqologia rCeba. avRaneTSi es xSirad niSnavs loialobas mxolod Tavisi religiuri rwmenis an „Tavisi tomis“ mimarT.

Talibi mebrZolebi akontroleben avRaneTis prezidentis sasaxles mas Semdeg, rac prezidenti aSraf Rani qveynidan gaiqca, qabuli, avRaneTi, 2021 wlis 15 agvisto

regioni

md.fianji

CineTi

uzbekeTi

md .a mu -d ar ia

tajikeTi i ir am .p md i

TurqmeneTi

r do ri ko s ni xa va

faizabadi

balxi

qunduzi

mazar-i Sarifi baRlani

irani

noSaki (7492m)

samangani

sar-e foli maimana

is r Si a j ob n e a f x

md. murRabi Sah-foladi (5048m) bamiani

quh-e bandaqa (6812m)

indoeTi

Carikari

md. qabuli heraTi

qabuli CaRCarani

md. herirudi

Sindandi

i i nd d ma qe l s e i .h uS 8m) Razni md uy 0 d (77 n i h

jalalabadi

xaiberis uReltexili xosTi

pakistani

avRaneTi yalaTi

md. indusi laSqar-gahi

yandahari

udabno daST-i margo

mTavari saavtomobilo gzebi

zaranji

diurandis xazi rigesTanis udabno

aerodromebi

avRaneTisaTvis jerac dauZleveli movlenaa traibalizmi: sazogadoebis organizaciaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba adamianis kuTvnilebas konkretuli tomisaTvis da mis statuss tomis wevrebs Soris (es naklebad exeba avRaneTis tajikebs). avRaneTis teritorias antikuri xanis kulturis erT-erT centrad miiCneven. erTi versiiT, warsulSi didi religiis, mazdaizmis (imave zoroastrizmis), fuZemdebeli zaraTuSTra (zoroastri) daaxloebiT 2800-3000 wlis win daibada da moRvaweobda q. balxSi, CrdiloeT avRaneTSi. magram Zveli kulturis mqone qveynebi TanamedroveobaSi avtomaturad ar gadadian xolme. Tanamedrove saxelmwifos ganmsazRvreli niSnebia sazogadoebis ganviTarebis done, adamianTa jgufebis motivacia, maTi kulturuli moTxovnilebebi. bolo asiode wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo avRaneTis modernizaciis (gaTanamedrovebis), misi sazogadoebis dasavlur an socialistur yaidazec ki, gardaqmnis ramdenime, sabolood warumatebeli, mcdeloba (amaze qvemoT gvaqvs saubari). upiratesad sasoflo qveyana dRemde Sinaganad ewinaaRmdegeba cvlilebebs da mkacrad konservatiuli rCeba. amis erT-erTi mizezia religia, romelsac mosaxleobis umravlesoba fanatikurad misdevs: esaa hanafituri mazhabis (saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi skolis) sunituri islami. marTalia, sunitobis sxva kanonikur mazhabebTan SedarebiT, hanafitoba, Cveulebriv, ufro moqnilia siaxleebis danergvis mimarT, magram avRaneli molebi advilad arwmuneben glexebs, rom urjuloebisa araferi daijeron. termini traibalizmi (tribalism) nawarmoebia inglisuri sityvidan – tribe, rac qarTulad toms niSnavs. vaxanis koridori

avRaneTi

pamiris mTebi, avRaneTi

islamuri aRmosavleTis konservatiul sazogadoebaSi dasavluri demokratiis danergvis, liberalizmis elementebis Setanis mcdeloba, ZiriTadad, fuWia. am SemTxvevaSi, verc dasavlur kulturas da iqauri qcevis wesebs miviCnevT mTlad uzadod. erT dokumentur filmSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor warudgenda 2010-ian wlebSi avRanel axalgazrdebs amerikeli maswavlebeli qali marsel diuSamis mier 1917 wels muzeumSi gamofenil pisuars (bunebrivia, fotos meSveobiT). avRanelebs aseTi xelovneba ar moewonaT! maT kidev ufro metad ar moewonaT imave maswavleblis mier erTsqesianTa qorwinebis gamarTleba, ris mimarTac loialuri damokidebuleba bolo samiode aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi wesad iqca liberaluri demokratiis qveynebSi.

*** avRaneTi mravaleTnikuri qveyanaa. mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari aris eTnikuri fuSTuni (arsebobs sxva gamoTqmebic – faSTon an faxTun). saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi fuSTunebs avRanebadac (Afghan) icnobdnen. am eTnonimma misca dasabami qveynis saxels – Afghanistan-s. istoriulad fuSTunTa tomebi binadrobdnen an momTabareobdnen qabulis samxreTiT da aRmosavleTiT, ufro metad – dRevandeli pakistanis teritoriaze. isini

islamis sxva ganStoebas, Siitobas, avRaneTis mosaxleobis 10-15 procenti misdevs da am saxelmwifoSi Siitebi Cagruli umciresobaa (gansxvavebiT mezobeli iranisgan, sadac Siitoba saxelmwifo religiaa). kidev ufro miuRebelia suniti fundamentalistebisaTvis Siitobis ukiduresi ganStoeba – ismailizmi, romelsac avRaneTis badaxSanSi hyavs sakmaod bevri mimdevari. aqve unda iTqvas, rom TiTqmis naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi avRaneTSi ar Sewyvetila revoluciebi, samoqalaqo omebi, ucxo saxelmwifoTa intervencia... konfliqtebSi monawile yvela mxare moCvenebiT iRvwoda „xalxis ukeTesi momavlisaTvis“, magram, sinamdvileSi, avRanuri sazogadoebis normalur ganviTarebas xels uSlida. lurji meCeTi mazar-i SarifSi

regioni axlac cxovroben pakistanis xaiber faxTunxvas provinciaSi da am saxelmwifos mosaxleobis 15 procentze mets Seadgenen.

noSakis mwvervali

fuSTus (sxva gamoTqmiT – faSTos/faxTus) ena indoevropuli enobrivi ojaxis iranul enobriv jgufs ganekuTvneba. amave jgufs ekuTvnis tajikuri, romelic, realurad, sparsuli enis dialeqtia. ZiriTadad CrdiloeT vilaiaTebSi (guberniebSi; avRaneTSi 34 vilaiaTia) mcxovrebi binadari tajikebi, sxvadasxva monacemebiT, Seadgenen mosaxleobis 25-dan 40 procentamde. daaxloebiT 9-10 procenti uzbekia, qveynis Sua nawilSi cxovroben sparsulenovani, sarwmunoebiT ki Siiti, hazarelebi. ufro mcire jgufebia (mosaxleobis 1-dan 3 procentamde) Turqmenebi, nuristanelebi, aimakebi; ukidures samxreTSi cxovroben baloCebi (belujebi). qveyanaSi lingua franca-d, anu eTnosTaSorisi urTierTobis enad gamoiyeneba dari (tajikuri), romelsac „farsi qabuli“-sac (qabulur sparsuls) uwodeben da mas avRanelebis umetesoba flobs. sparsulad `sTan~ (stan) aRniSnavs „mxares/qveyanas“. qarTulad is „eTi“ bolosarTiT gadmogvaqvs. amitomac gvaqvs avRaneTi (TviTsaxeli afganisTan), TurqmeneTi (TurqmenisTan), uzbekeTi (uzbekisTon), tajikeTi (TojiqisTon), yazaxeTi (kazaksTan) da a. S. igive iTqmis somxeTze (TviTsaxeli haiastan), oseTze (irisTon). erTaderTi saxeli, romelsac „eTi“ daboloebiT ver gadmovaqarTulebT, aris pakistani (am saxelmwifos mTavar, urdus, enaze iwereba faqsTan), radgan is akronimia. saxeli Seiqmna 1933 wels da Sedgeboda imdroindeli britanuli indoeTis oTxi provinciis saxelis pirveli asoebisgan, sadac „f“ aRniSnavda fenjabs, „a“ – avRanias (Crdilo-dasavleTis sasazRvro provincias, sadac avRanelebi dRemde sWarboben), „q“ – qaSmirs, „s“ – sinds, xolo „Tan“ aRebuli iyo provincia baluGisTan-is daboloebidan.

avRaneTis sazRvrebis Camoyalibeba Tanamedrove avRaneTi emezobleba aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT pakistans, dasavleTiT – irans, CrdiloeTiT – tajikeTs, uzbekeTsa da TurqmeneTs. magram avRaneTs yovelTvis ar hqonda is konfiguracia, romelic Tanamedrove rukaze Cans. saerTodac, Sua saukuneebSi da ufro adrec saxelmwifo iqamde vrceldeboda, sadamdec swvdeboda xelmwifis (mefis, sultnis, Sahis, amiras/emiris, maharajas da sxv.) Zalaufleba. mosaxleobis eTnikur Sedgenilobas xelmwifisaTvis didi mniSvneloba ar hqonda: mTavari iyo qveSevrdomebs gadasaxadi exadaT! XVIII saukuneSi fuSTunTa erT-erTi tomis, duranis (tomis adrindeli saxeli iyo abdali), beladi ahmad Sah durani (marTavda1747-1772) brZoliT daeufla dRevandeli avRaneTis teritorias da agreTve Tanamedrove pakistanis, iranis, TurqmeneTis, taji-

marsel diuSamis `pisuari~

avRaneTi

hazarelebi

baloCebi

keTis, uzbekeTis teritoriis mimdebare nawilebs da Seqmna „duranis imperia“ (1747-1823). misi moxarke delis sultanic ki iyo. ahmad Sah duranis avRaneTis saxelmwifos „mama-damaarseblad“ miiCneven. misma memkvidrem Timur Sah duranim 1776 wels Tavisi taxti gadaitana yandaharidan qabulSi, romelic mas Semdeg asrulebs avRaneTis dedaqalaqis funqcias. mezobeli sparseTis (iranis) Sahebs yovelTvis undodaT fuSTunTa meomari tomebis gakontroleba, romlebic erTmaneTTanac qiSpobdnen da sparseTsac azianebdnen TavianTi TavdasxmebiT. XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi sparseTis Sahis ganzraxvas, daemorCilebina fuSTunebi, mZime Sedegi mohyva. erT-erTi udidesi tomis, Rilzais, beladma mirvais hotakma 1709 wels gaanadgura sparseTis imdroindeli dedaqalaqidan, isfahanidan, gagzavnili razmi, misma SviliSvilma mahmudma ki 1722 wels isfahani aiRo da Tavi sparseTis Sahad gamoacxada. amiT bolo moeRo orasze meti wlis sefianTa dinastiis mmarTvelobas sparseTSi. SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom es iyo pirveli imperia, romelic avRaneTma sasaflaoze gaistumra! britanelebi, romlebic XIX saukuneSi mTel indostanis naxevarkunZuls ganagebdnen, maT Soris md. indusis (indis) xeobas, misi saTavidan okeanemde, didi eWviT uyurebdnen ruseTis impe-

avRaneli bavSvebi

regioni riis eqspansias samxreTisaken. 1820-iani wlebis bolos, sparseTisa da osmaleTis damarcxebis Semdeg, ruseTi myarad damkvidrda kavkasiis qedis samxreTiT da kaspiis zRvis dasavleTiT. peterburgi TandaTan avrcelebda Tavis gavlenas kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTiTac, udabnoebis oazisebSi ganlagebul saxanoebsa da saamiroebSi. iqidan ki axlos iyo avRaneTi da mis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT – inglisis umdidresi kolonia, indoeTi. marTalia, imdroindel peterburgSi indoeTis okeaneze gasvlas jer oficialur miznad ar acxadebdnen, magram londonSi winmswrebi nabijebi dagegmes. didi britaneTisa da ruseTis imperiebs Soris daiwyo is, rasac cota mogvianebiT ewoda „didi TamaSi“ (The Great Game). es sityvebi iqca axlo aRmosavleTsa da centralur aziaSi am imperiebis diplomatiuri dapirispirebis (uSualo samxedro Sexlis gareSe)

giorgi XI (1651-1709)

ahmad Sah durani (1722-1772)

aRmniSvnel geopolitikur terminad. XIX saukunis bolodan am terminis popularizacias xeli Seuwyo saqveynod cnobilma ingliselma mweralma rediard kiplingma. avRaneTi „didi TamaSis“ epicentrSi aRmoCnda. 1838 wels qabulSi pirvelad Sevida indoeTidan gagzavnili britanuli saeqspedicio korpusi. tyved aiyvanes dosT mohamed xani, qveynis mmarTveli, romlis tituli iyo emiri. qabulis taxtze dasves indoeTidan moyvanili marioneti, duranis dinastiis STamomavali. mmarTvelis Secvlis meTodi britanelebs kargad hqondaT gamocdili indoeli rajebisa da maharajebis SemTxvevaSi. magram qabulSi am praqtikam ar gaamarTla. 1841 wels avRanelebi ajanydnen da okupantebs jihadi, anu saRvTo omi, gamoucxades.

XVIII saukunis dasawyisis avRaneTTan iribad aris dakavSirebuli saqarTvelo. sparseTTan xangrZlivi brZolis Semdeg qarTlis mefe giorgi XI Seurigda Sahs da mis samsaxurSi Cadga. gurgin xanis saxeliT, qarTvel meomrebze dayrdnobiT, is mkacri xeliT marTavda avRaneTis samxreT nawils q. yandaharidan, sadac 1709 wels mirvais hotakma RalatiT mokla. rogorc xandaxan xdeba xolme istoriaSi, mZime xvedrs iribad SeiZleba raRac moulodneli, sxva Sedegic mohyves. giorgi XI-is sparseTsa da avRaneTSi yofnisa da daRupvis iribi Sedegi saqarTvelosaTvis aRmoCnda is, rom qarTlis janiSinad (anu mmarTvelis movaleobis amsruleblad) 1703 wels sparseTis Sahma daniSna giorgis XI-is Zmiswuli vaxtangi. 1716 wlidan is „gurjistanis vali“ (menapire amira) gaxda, qarTvelebisTvis ki mefe vaxtang VI iyo. sparseTTan da 1722 wlamde osmaleTTanac mSvidoba sufevda. vaxtangis mmarTvelobis wlebze modis udidesi kulturuli aRmavlobis xana XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi. TbilisSi daarsda stamba, pirvelad daibeWda „vefxistyaosani“, Seivso saqarTvelos matiane „qarTlis cxovreba“, sulxan-saba orbelianma Seadgina Tavisi „sityvis kona“ – pirveli qarTuli leqsikoni, xolo batoniSvili vaxuSti (vaxtang VI-is vaJiSvili arakanonieri colisagan) mogzaurobda saqarTveloSi da agrovebda informacias Tavisi ubadlo „aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosaTvis“, romelic man ufro mogvianebiT dawera, ruseTSi emigraciaSi yofnisas.

avRaneTi

mirvais hotaki (1673-1715)

mahmud hotaki (1697-1725)

Timur Sah durani (1748-1793)

1842 wlis ianvarSi, Tovlsa da yinvaSi, qabulis datoveba mouxdaT britanel oficrebs TavianT ojaxebTan erTad, oTxi aTas jariskacs (ZiriTadad indoelebs) da 12 aTasze met momsaxure personals. Rilzais tomis meomrebi viwro xeobaSi Causafrdnen xalxis am masas da yvela amoxoces, maT Soris, qalebi da bavSvebi. samSvidobos sul oriode britanelma gaaRwia da ramdenime aTeuli tyved Cavarda. aseTi marcxi did britaneTs iqamde arasodes ganucdia, miT umetes – aziaSi. imave 1842 wels sadamsjelo mizniT qabulSi Sevida axali indo-britanuli armia, romelmac sastikad iZia Suri daxocili amxanagebis gamo. magram britanulma sardlobam qabulSi jaris datovebas amjobina taxtze dosT mohamedis dabruneba, romelmac sityvierad cno Tavis proteqtorad didi britaneTis dedofali viqtoria. armia indoeTSi dabrunda. dosT mohamedi ekuTvnoda fuSTunTa baraqzais toms da mis Semdeg baraqzais dinastia mefobda avRaneTSi monarqiis gauqmebamde, rac1973 wels moxda. „didi TamaSis“ Tanamdevi Sedegi iyo is, rom orive zesaxelmwifom – didma britaneTma da ruseTma – amjobina, rom sakuTar imperiebs Soris buferad daetovebinaT avRaneTi. londonma izruna, rom mravaleTnikurobis miuxedavad, am saxelmwifos erTianoba SenarCunebuliyo, radgan aseTi avRaneTis gakontroleba ufro advilad iqna miCneuli. ruseT-osmaleTis 1853-1856 wlebis omis dros, romelic ufro cnobilia „yirimis omis“ saxeliT, osmaleTis mxares ibrZoles didma britaneTma, safrangeTis imperiam da sardiniis samefom. ruseTi damarcxda, magram londonSi gamoTvales, rom omSi damarcxebuli mxare Seecdeboda revanSis aRebas da gafarToebas centraluri aziis xarjze. rusuli gavlenis potenciur obieqtad londonSi sparseTi (irani) miiCnies. Tavis mxriv, sparseTi cdilobda daepyro q. heraTi da md. herirudis nayofieri xeoba, romelsac istoriuli iranuli provinciis, xorasnis, nawilad miiCnevda. faqtobrivad, sparsulenovani tajikebi dResac mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgenen heraTsa da mis midamoebSi. 1856-1857 wlebis omis Semdeg, romelSic britaneTma daamarcxa sparseTi, nominalurad damoukidebeli heraTi sparseTis gareT darCa. 1863 wels ki heraTi daipyro avRaneTis emirma dosT mohamedma. dRemde arsebuli iran-avRaneTis sazRvari londonSi dadginda.

1722 wlis brZola isfahanisTvis

XIX saukuneSi avRaneTis danarCeni sazRvrebi dadginda indoeTSi didi britaneTis mefisnacvlis (Viceroy and governor-general of

regioni qestanis mxaris general-gubernatoris administracia. 1868 wels rusebis xelSi iyo buxara, xojenTi da samaryandi, 1873 wels – xiva, 1876 wels – kokandi; 1881 wels maT damorCilda ahalTeqes Turqmenuli tomi, 1882 wels rusebma aiRes mervi (q. mari dRevandel TurqmeneTSi), 1884 wels – aSxabadi. rusuli armia gavida md. amu-dariaze, romlis samxreTiT iyo miwa, romelsac nominalurad ganagebda qabulSi mjdomi emiri, britaneTis proteJe. diplomatiuri gziT miRweul iqna kompromisi: 1885-1887 wlebSi britanelma da rusma specialistebma moaxdines sazRvris delimitacia ruseTis imperiasa da avRaneTs Soris.

dosT mohamed xani (1793-1863)

pirveli anglo-avRanuri omi

India) administraciaSi, romelic 1911 wlamde ganlagebuli iyo q. kalkutaSi, sanam mas q. niu-deliSi gadaitandnen. 1838-1842 wlebis „pirveli anglo-avRanuri omis“ Semdeg iyo „meore anglo-avRanuri omi“ (1878-1880), romlis drosac britanuli diplomatiuri misia qabulSi fanatikosTa brbom amowyvita. magram avRaneTis emirma omi waago da 1879 wels oficialurad aRiara britanuli proteqtorati, rac niSnavda sagareo politikis gatarebaze uaris Tqmas. avRaneTis Sida saqmeebSi ki londoni ar ereoda. ruseTis imperia ki Sua aziaSi marTlac gafarTovda. 1865 wels rusebma aiRes taSkenti, sadac ganlagda axalSeqmnili Tur-

avRaneTis aRmosavleTi da samxreTi sazRvrebi dadginda 1893 wels, rodesac indoeTis mefisnacvlis samsaxurSi myofma diplomatma ser mortimer diurandma da avRaneTis emirma xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas, romliTac rukaze moixaza 2670 kilometris sigrZis sazRvari britaneTis indoeTsa da avRaneTs Soris. mas „diurandis xazad“ icnoben da is dRemde aris sazRvari avRaneTsa da 1947 wels indoeTis gayofis Sedegad warmoqmnil pakistans Soris. xelSekrulebis dadebisas mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba mxedvelobaSi ar miuRiaT da „diurandis xazma“ fuSTunebis didi nawili britaneTis indoeTSi (amJamad – pakistanSi) datova. saxelmwifo sazRvris ugulebelyofiT fuSTunTa momTabare tomebi dResac aZoveben Tavis cxvarsa da sxva pirutyvs dRevandel avRaneTsa da pakistanSi. imave 1893 wlis xelSekrulebiT, imisaTvis, rom rusul Sua aziasa da britaneTis indoeTs saerTo sazRvari ar hqonodaT, britanelebma Seqmnes damatebiTi „buferi“. avRaneTi gafarTovda Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT: mas indoeTidan gadaeca vaxanis xeoba, teritoriis viwro zoli pamiris mTebis samxreTiT, sadac sazRvari md. pamirs miuyveba. iq odesRac gadioda „abreSumis gzis“ erT-erTi rTuli marSruti. 74 kilometris sigrZis sazRvriT „vaxanis koridori“ ebjineba CineTis sinZianis provincias. 1895 wels am sasazRvro cvlilebas ruseTis imperiac daeTanxma, romelic CrdiloeTidan miadga md. pamirs da avRaneTma sabolood SeiZina sazRvrebis is konfiguracia, romelic dRemde aqvs. imperiebis „didi TamaSi“ damTavrda mas Semdeg, rac londonma da peterburgma dainaxes saerTo safrTxe germaniis imperiis sagareo-politikur aqtivobaSi, maT Soris – axlo aRmosavleTSi. 1907 wlis 31 agvistos

avRaneTi

meore anglo-avRanuri omi

peterburgSi xeli moewera anglo-rusul SeTanxmebas, romliTac orma imdroindelma msoflio zesaxelmwifom gavlenis zonebad gaiyo sparseTi, xolo avRaneTi cno buferul qveynad ruseTis Sua aziasa da britaneTis indoeTs Soris. didma britaneTma sabolood aRiara ruseTis imperiis sazRvari Sua aziaSi, romelic dResac arsebobs, oRond – rogorc damoukidebeli TurqmeneTis, uzbekeTisa da tajikeTis sazRvrebi iranTan da avRaneTTan. I msoflio omSi avRaneTma neitraliteti SeinarCuna, xolo 1919 wels TviTon wamoiwyo „mesame anglo-avRanuri omi“. maSindelma mmarTvelma amanulam moiTxova sruli damoukidebloba Tavisi qveynisaTvis da, rodesac britanelebisagan uari miiRo, avRanuri armiiT SeiWra Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTSi, sadac adgilobriv fuSTunTa tomebic ajanydnen. ukeT SeiaraRebulma indo-britanulma armiam, romelsac aviaciac hqonda, daamarcxa avRaneTi, romlisTvisac es taqtikuri marcxi aRmoCnda. strategiulad avRaneTma gaimarjva, radgan 1919 welsve londonma cno misi damoukidebloba, oRond „diurandis xazis“ urRvevobis pirobiT.

wlebis dasawyisSive scada avRaneTSi gavlenis mopoveba. magram didma britaneTma, romelmac axaldamTavrebul I msoflio omSi gamarjvebis miuxedavad, didi adamianuri danakargi ganicada, aRar isurva avRaneTSi samxedro intervencia, Tundac indoeli jariskacebis gamoyenebiT. londoni sakuTari gamocdilebiT darwmunda, rom avRaneTis damorCileba SeuZlebelia. samwuxarod, britanuli gamocdileba ar gaiziares mogvianebiT avRaneTSi mosulma msoflios sxva zesaxelmwifoebma. avRaneTis damoukideblobis cnobidan ar gasula sami aTeuli welic ki, rom britaneTis imperiam daSla daiwyo. 1947 wels pirveli ganTavisuflda indoeTi, romlis sazRvrebis ruseTisagan dasacavad saukuneze met xans zrunavda londoni da swored amisTvis Seqmna buferuli saxelmwifo – avRaneTi...

im droisaTvis ruseTSi samoqalaqo omi mZvinvarebda da londonSi miiCnies, rom CrdiloeTidan safrTxe Semcirda. es varaudi ar gamarTlda: sabWoTa kavSirma 1920-iani

avRaneli mebrZolebi mesame anglo-avRanur omSi

literatura

ernest heminguei da misi dro arCil qiqoZe arian mwerlebi, romlebic Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT da uCveulo TavgadasavlebiT sicocxleSive iqcevian xolme legendad. aseTi iyo amerikeli ernest heminguei, nobelis premiis laureati mwerali, romlis popularobas erT dros ar hqonda sazRvari, romlis wignebze Taobebi izrdebodnen da mSoblebs SvilebisTvis aucilebel sakiTxavad miaCndaT. hemingueis popularoba mTel msoflioze vrceldeboda, xolo misi gavlena sxvadasxva qveynis kulturebze uzarmazari iyo. saqarTveloSi da mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, 1960-1970-ian wlebSi, Zalian popularuli iyo ukve asakovani mwerlis fotoportreti, romelsac mraval ojaxSi naxavdiT. fotodan TeTrwvera, garujuli mamakaci iyureboda, odnav moWutuli TvalebiT. mamakacs uxeSi naqsovi puloveri ecva da, yvelas Tu ara, Zalian bevrs undoda mas hgvaneboda – xifaTisTvis Tvalis gamsworebels, dabrkolebebis gadamlaxavs. kacebi mas baZavdnen, qalebi gverdiT aseT mamakacs natrobdnen. marTlac, iSviaTad hqonia vinmes iseTi sisxlsavse da dramatuli cxovreba, rogoric am mwerals – mravali omis monawiles, monadires, meTevzes, meqalTanes. yoveli axali omi da axali qali misTvis axali wigni iyo da isic werda yvelasagan gansxvavebuli Tavisi gamogonili stiliT, xan – Sedevrebs da xanac – ufro sust nawarmoebebs, romlebsac mTel msoflioSi milionobiT mkiTxveli hyavda.

ernest heminguei

momavali mwerali 1899 wlis 21 ivliss Cikagos gareubanSi daibada, eqim klarens hemingueis ojaxSi. pirquSi da Zlevamosili ieris mama, misi damyoli da misgan daCagruli deda da babua, romelmac TerTmeti wlis ernests pirveli erTluliani sanadiro Tofi aCuqa, – swored isini gaxdebian hemingueis pirveli moTxrobebis gmirebi, mamis TviTmkvleloba ki mTeli cxovrebis safiqrals da Tavsatexs gauCens mwerals. heminguei omis Svilia. mas da mis Taobas pirvelma msoflio omma daasva daRi. 1918 wels is evropisken moxalised gaemarTa, rogorc `wiTeli jvris~ saswrafo daxmarebis mZRoli da maSinve italiis frontze moxvda, sadac sakuTari TvaliT ixila omis saSineleba, daiWra da daWrilmac gaagrZela italieli jariskacebis daxmareba, ris gamoc mamacobisTvis jildoc miiRo. maSin mxolod 18 wlis iyo da mogvianebiT am incidents ase aRwerda: „rodesac omSi patara biWi midixar, gaqvs iluzia, rom ukvdavi xar. sxvebi SeiZleba daixocon, magram Sen – ara“. omis mere heminguei parizSi dafuZnda, qalaqSi, romelmac is mwerlad Camoayaliba. imdroindeli parizi, Tavis bohemuri kafeebiT da artistuli galereebiT, iyo adgili, saiTac mTeli msoflios xelovanebi iltvodnen. maSindel parizSi ormocdaaTi aTasi amerikeli cxovrobda. aqauri cxovreba sruliad gansxvavdeboda amerikuli cxovrebisgan, romelic iyo da aris biznessa da

h E emingueis deda greis holi da babua ernest holi

warmatebaze orientirebuli. Tuki amerikaSi aravis sWirdeboda Raribi xelovani, parizi swored Raribi xelovanebis qalaqi iyo, sadac cxovrebac bevrad iafad SeiZleboda da, rac mTavaria, sadac SesaZlebeli iyo moSveba, dasveneba da sulis moTqma didi omis Semdeg. parizSi hemingueim gaicno ara marto iq mcxovrebi amerikeli mwerlebi, aramed gaecno frangul da msoflio literaturas, daumegobrda adamianebs, romlebmac, faqtobrivad, XX saukunis kultura Seqmnes – espanel mxatvar pablo pikasos, irlandiel mweral jeims joiss da mraval sxvas. gava mravali weli da sibereSeparuli mwerali parizSi gatarebul wlebs nostalgiur wigns miuZRvnis, romelsac daarqmevs „dResaswauli, romelic mudam SenTanaa“.

hemingueis ojaxi. marcxnidan: marsela, sani, klarens heminguei (mama), greis heminguei (deda), ursula da ernesti

literatura

pirvel ms of daWrili he lio omSi minguei

heminguei wiTeli jvris manqanasTan

swored parizSi SeimuSava hemingueim sakuTari mwerluri stili, romelsac momavalSi bevri mimbaZveli gamouCnda. es stili TiTqos gawurulia, mas mokle da mZafri dialogebi axasiaTebs, advili sakiTxavia, inteleqtualuri wiaRsvlebidan daclili. heminguei mkiTxvels sakuTar samyaroSi epatiJeba da uflebas aZlevs warmosaxva gaSalos. masTan ver naxavT bunebis an personaJebis vrcel aRweras. es yvelaferi mkiTxvel-

ma Tavad unda moaxerxos, magram rac yvelaze mTavaria, misi nawarmoebebis centrSi mudam dgas momxibvleli da martosuli gmiri da dgas xifaTis pirispir. heminguei sakuTar personaJebs mudam eqstremalur pirobebSi agdebda, isini iyvnen monadireebi, mokriveebi, matadorebi, mebrZolebi, partizanebi, alkoholiT ukanonod movaWreebi. mwerali maT saSineli gansacdelis wuTebSi gvaCvenebda, pirvelyofili SiSiT Sepyrobilebs da am SiSis dammarcxeblebs. es ucnauri, uCveulo moTxrobebi da romanebi iyo, romlebic ubralod ganwiruli aRmoCnda popularobisTvis. da kidev, heminguei yveboda omgamovlil adamianebze – „dakargul Taobaze“, rogorc maT mwerlis erT-erTma maswavlebelma, aseve parizSi dafuZnebulma amerikelma – gertrud stainma uwoda. hemingueis orive pirveli didi romani – „fiesta“ da „mSvidobiT iaraRo“ – dakargul Taobazea. Tuki pirveli omis Semdgom travmebs aRwers, meore uSualod pirveli msoflio omis frontis xazze xdeba. mwerlis gmirebi bevrs svamen, Tuki ar svamen, nabaxusevebi arian da dasalevs eZeben, radgan fxizlebi Tvals veRar usworeben realobas, radgan didma omma yvela is ideali dausamara, romlebzec gaizardnen. albaT, es aris hemingueis wignebis mTavari idea – adamiani, romelsac aRar sjera idealebis, magram mainc adamianad rCeba, rac gmirobis tolfasia da misi personaJebi Cadian kidevac gmirobebs, xSirad iRupebian, magram mainc gamarjvebulebi rCebian.

ernest heminguei

heminguei bevrs mogzaurobda. safrangeTis mere pirveli qveyana, romelic safuZvlianad Seiswavla da Seiyvara, espaneTi iyo. mwerali gansakuTrebiT moxibluli iyo koridiT – xarebTan brZoliT, romelzec profesiulad SeeZlo emsjela, xandaxan matadorebs TanaSemweobasac ki uwevda. espaneTi da misi xalxi xSirad STaagonebda mwerals da rodesac ocdaaTian wlebSi iq samoqalaqo omi daiwyo da erTmaneTs respublikelebi da frankos faSisturi reJimi daupirispirda, heminguei daufiqreblad gaemarTa am axal omSi da madridSi samxedro Jurnalistad daiwyo muSaoba. faSizmi ukve aRar iyo aCrdili, es iyo realuri safrTxe, romelic walekviT emuqreboda maSindel evropas da mTel msoflios. sxvadasxva qveynidan Casuli moxaliseebi espaneli respublikelebis mxardamxar ebrZodnen frankos, magram bnelma Zalam mainc moaxerxa gamarjveba da frankos reJimi espaneTSi 1970-ian wlebamde damyarda. amerikel mwerals rac Seexeba, man okupirebuli madrididan araerTi brwyinvale moTxroba da reportaJi wamoiRo, mogvianebiT ki espaneTis samoqalaqo omis STabeWdilebebi aqcia kidev erT brwyinvale romanad, romelsac „visTvis reks zari“ daarqva. mwerlis cxovrebaSi iyo kidev erTi didi mizidulobis wertili – afrika, romelsac pirvelad sanadirod 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ewvia da mere iq araerTxel dabrunda. es kontinenti Tavisi eqstremalurobiT da piruTvneli bunebiT mwerlis kidev erTi STagonebis wyaro gaxda. afrikaSi xdeba misi moTxrobili araerTi ambavi. Savi kontinenti idealuri foni aRmoCnda mwerlisTvis, raTa sakuTari personaJebi kidev erTxel Caeyenebina kritikul mdgomareobaSi, roca Senken daWrili lomi an kameCi, andac ganrisxebuli spilo morbis da yvelaferi, rac manamde moixveWe, Seni socialuri mdgomareoba, ganaTleba da sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba, aRarafers niSnavs. xar mxolod Sen da Seni pirvelyofili instinqtebi, romlebic an gadagarCens, an dagRupavs, xifaTi, romlidanac an gamarjvebuli gamoxval, an samudamod daimkvidreb laCris saxels.

pablo pikasos daxatuli gertrud staini

hemingueis arc meore msoflio omisTvis auvlia gverdi. arsebobs legenda, romlis avtori SeiZleba Tavad heminguei iyos, rom mwerali karibis zRvaSi sakuTari saTevzao gemiT dasdevda germanelTa wyalqveSa navebs, magram rac danamdvilebiT viciT, 1944 wels heminguei namdvilad imyofeboda samxedro TviTmfrinavebSi, romlebic germanias da mis mier okupirebul safrangeTs bombavdnen, xolo mogvianebiT parizisTvis brZolaSi monawileobda.

literatura 1949 wels heminguei kubaze dasaxlda, kunZulze, romelic mudam xiblavda da STaagonebda. mraval Tavgadasavalgamovlili da saxelganTqmuli mwerali kubelebs uyvardaT da misi mezobloba eamayebodaT. masTan ar moiwyendi, mas uyvarda romis sma, xelis gadaweva, Cxubi da ayalmayali. swored kubazea gadaRebuli is cnobili fotosuraTi, romelsac Cems bavSvobaSi mraval Tbilisur ojaxSi vxedavdi kedelze da axla ukve didi xania aRar Semxvedria. droeba icvleba, icvlebian gmirebi da mwerlebze modac. Tavad heminguei Zalian ganicdida, rom is, rogorc mwerali, TiTqos gaiyina, Tavisive gamogonili stilis tyve gaxda da TiTqos veRar ganviTarda. miT umetes, rom amas xSirad axsenebda kidev erTi amerikeli bumberazi mwerali uiliam folkneri, romelTanac hemingueis Zalian cudi urTierToba hqonda, erT-erT kritikul werilSi folknerma mas mSiSara uwoda, ris pasuxadac hemingueim sakuTari sabrZolo jildoebi da im adamianTa werilebi moiSvelia, vis mxardamxarac sxvadasxva omSi ibrZoda. folknerma ki, romelic arcerT omSi ar iyo namyofi, cinikurad upasuxa, rom sulac ar gulisxmobda mis samxedro miRwevebs, rom heminguei mSiSara mwerali iyo, romelic erTxel Seqmnil mwerlur stilSi gaiyina da imaze Sors veRar wavida, magram, ai, 1952 wels daibeWda hemingueis absoluturi Sedevri, vrceli moTxroba „moxuci da zRva“, romelic mweralma kubaze dawera, romelSic puliceris premia miiRo da romelmac didi gavlena iqonia misTvis 1954 wels nobelis premiis miniWebaze. amaze didi jildo ubralod ar arsebobs.

uiliam folkneri (1897-1962)

Tuki am statiis wakiTxvis mere romelime mkiTxveli hemingueis Semoqmedebis gacnobas gadawyvets, me Zalian vurCevdi misi patara moTxrobebiT daiwyos, SeeCvios mis ganumeorebel enas da mere aucileblad waikiTxos „moxuci da zRva“ – moxuci santiagos da uzarmazari Tevzis Widilis ambavi, damarcxeba, romelic am dros gamarjvebac aris. msoflio literaturaSi cota ram dawerila am moTxrobis dari, romlis wakiTxvis mere misi avtoris maradiulma mowinaaRmdegem, uiliam folknerma, daaxloebiT aseTi ram Tqva: `man (hemingueim) moaxerxa is, rac vercerTma Cvenganma ver SeZlo. is RmerTs miuaxlovda, radgan is didi Tevzi, romelsac santiago iWers, Tavad RmerTia, romelsac hemingueim xeli Seavlo... ~

meore msoflio omSi

ernest heminguei

me mgoni, es genialuri da Zalian Rirebuli Sefasebaa. aqve davamateb: „moxuci da zRvac“ da hemingueis mravali sxva moTxroba Tu romani jer kidev mis sicocxleSi iyo ekranizebuli da arc erTi es filmi arafrad varga, rac sul ar mikvirs. araferia imaze Zneli, vidre literaturuli Sedevris mixedviT kinos gadaReba, magram TviTon mwerals, romelic komerciuli miznebiT yidda ekranizaciis uflebebs, es filmebi saSinlad ar moswonda da xSirad guls uklavda. 1960 wels hemingueim kuba datova da amerikaSi, aidahos StatSi gadasaxlda. am droisTvis mwerali ukve mZimed iyo avad. hqonda saSineli depresia da fsiqikuri aSliloba. kaci, romelsac oTxi coli da uamravi sayvareli hyavda, romelic Tavis drois erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli adamiani iyo da materialuradac ulxinda, ar iyo bednieri. yvelaze metad ki is aSinebda, rom sicocxlis bolos veRar werda, ar gamosdioda, „moxuci da zRva“ misi bolo gamonaTeba iyo, romelsac veRar ajoba, sakuTari Tavis ganmmeorebeli gaxda.

pirvel colTan hedli riCardsonTan

meore colTan paulin faiferTan

mesame colTan marTa gelxornTan

meoTxe colTan meri velSTan

diplomatia

diplomatiuri samarTali

daviT dondua

diplomatiuri samarTali saerTaSoriso samarTlis sferoa, romelic aregulirebs diplomatebisa da diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebis saqmianobas ucxo qveynis teritoriaze. diplomatiuri urTierTobebis praqtika uxsovari droidan iRebs saTaves da regulaciebisa da samarTlis pirveli elementebic maSin Cndeba. es regulaciebi droTa ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda da ixveweboda, magram umeteswilad CveulebiT samarTals efuZneboda. mxolod XX saukunis meore naxevarSi moxerxda diplomatiuri samarTlis yovlismomcveli sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna, romliTac dRes msoflio xelmZRvanelobs. *** rogorc ki pirvelyofilma adamianma momTabareobas Tavi daaneba da samosaxlo adgilebi SearCia, maSinve daiwyo dapirispireba mezobel tomebs Soris. davis sagani, ZiriTadad, sabinadro da sanadiro teritoriebi Tu moparuli saqoneli iyo. dapirispirebas gauTavebeli brZola mohyveboda. omiT daRlili adamianebi maleve mixvdnen, rom mudmiv qiSpobas jobda problemebi mSvidobianad moegvarebinaT. ase gaCnda ukve pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi molaparakebis praqtika, romelic dRes diplomatiis mTavari iaraRia. molaparakebis aucileblobam imasac miaxvedra adamiani, rom ambis momtanis mokvlaze ukeTesi misi mosmena iqneboda. imisaTvis, rom molaparakebaze wasuli Soridanve gaerCiaT, mas uCveulod Semosavdnen, Tavze Wrel Tavsaburavs daadgamdnen da ise gauSvebdnen mezobel tomSi. aq ukve momlaparakeblis xelSeuxeblobis, anu imunitetisa da privilegiebis Canasaxi Cans. im droidan moyolebuli, imuniteti da privilegiebi diplomatiuri praqtikis ganuyofeli elementebia. CveulebiTi samarTali aris samarTlis uZvelesi wyaro. istoriulad samarTali yalibdeboda, rogorc qcevis dauwereli wesebis erToblioba, romelic Taobidan Taobas zepirad gadaecemoda. adreul epoqaSi Cveuleba imavdroulad samarTalic iyo. ganviTarebis sawyis etapze adamianTa Soris urTierTobas swored Cveuleba awesrigebda. droTa ganmavlobaSi Cveuleba pozitiurma samarTalma Caanacvla.

diplomatiuri samarTali

*** istoriuli wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom saxelmwifoebs Soris kavSirebi sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo uZveles civilizaciebSi – CineTSi, indoeTSi, egvipteSi. amasTan yvelgan erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad mixvdnen, rom am procesSi CarTul pirebs saqmis saTanadod warmarTvisTvis xelSeuxeblobis garantia sWirdebodaT. wyaroebidan Cans, rom im epoqis diplomatebi gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom aziur da afrikul civilizaciebSi diplomatiuri praqtika sakmaod iyo daxvewili, Tanamedrove diplomatiis formirebaze maTi gavlena ar Cans. diplomatiuri praqtikis ganviTarebis uwyveti evoluciuri cikli, romelic dRevandelobamde modis, iwyeba antikuri berZnuli qalaqi-saxelmwifoebidan. antikur saberZneTSi diplomatiur saqmianobaSi CarTuli pirebis saqme saRvTod iTvleboda da isini xelSeuxeblobiT sargeblobdnen. diplomatebs ar ekisrebodaT samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba. mimRebi qveynis mmarTvelis movaleoba iyo uzrunveleyo maTi usafrTxoeba. diplomati ver daisjeboda iseTi danaSaulisTvisac ki, rogoricaa adgilobrivi mmarTvelis winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba. maspinZel mmarTvels mxolod is SeeZlo, rom aseTi adamiani arasasurvel pirovnebad gamoecxadebina da qveynidan gaeZevebina. antikuri saberZneTidan diplomatiuri praqtikis tradiciebi evoluciurad gavrcelda Zvel romSi, romidan bizantiaSi, iqidan ki – italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi.

andrei matveevi (1666-1728) ruseTis elCi did britaneTSi

*** gviani Sua saukuneebis italiis qalaqisaxelmwifoebis diplomatiuri sistema iTvleba Tanamedrove organizebuli diplomatiis sawyisad. am dros gaCnda pirveli mudmivi saelCoebi. 1626 wels safrangeTSi daarsda pirveli sagareo saqmeTa saministro. XVII saukunis bolodan ki evropaSi mudmivi saelCoebi Cveulebriv praqtikad iqca. Seiqmna diplomatiis instituciuri safuZveli. ganisazRvra diplomatiuri misiebis, iq dasaqmebuli adamianebis da maTi ojaxis wevrebis muSaobisa da cxovrebis pirobebi, rac gulisxmobda maspinZel saxelmwifoSi maT xelSeuxeblobas da gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebas. maSin es yvelaferi CveulebiTi samarTliT wesrigdeboda. vinaidan amas ufro tradiciis saxe hqonda, maTi darRvevac xSiri iyo. 1708 wels britaneTSi ruseTis elCi, kreditorebis Civilis safuZvelze, saxelmwifo Cinovnikebma daapatimres, Tan ise, rom dakavebisas iZalades. am incidentis kvaldakval britaneTis parlamentma gamosca „diplomatiuri privilegiebis aqti“. es iyo diplomatiuri imunitetis kanonad qcevis pirveli mcdeloba. am aqtiT aikrZala britaneTSi diplomatis, misi ojaxis wevrebis da masTan dasaqmebuli adamianebis samarTlebrivi devna.

kadeSis zavi (aseve ewodeba maradiuli zavi an vercxlis zavi) – zavi egviptis faraon ramses II-sa da xeTebis mefe xaTusili III-s Soris. zavi miCneulia msoflioSi pirvel samSvidobo xelSekrulebad.

diplomatia 1815 wels napoleonis omebisgan daRlili evropis saxelmwifoebis mesveurebi venis kongresze Seikribnen. bevr mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebasTan erTad, venis kongresma CveulebiT samarTalze dafuZnebul zogierT regulacias diplomatiuri kodeqsis saxe misca. kerZod, ganisazRvra diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebisa da maTi xelmZRvanelebis statusi. dadginda rigiTobis principi – sxvadasxva oficialuri ceremoniis dros diplomatebi rogori TanmimdevrobiT unda gamocxadebuliyvnen, vin sad unda damjdariyo oficialur ceremoniebze da sxva. SeTanxmdnen, rom rigiToba ganisazRvreboda elCebis mier rwmunebaTa sigelebis gadacemis TariRidan gamomdinare; anu is elCi iqneboda upiratesi, vinc ufro adre Seudga muSaobas maspinZel qveyanaSi. maSinve dawesda duaienis – yvelaze adre Casuli elCis statusi, romelic dRemde moqmedebs. rodesac diplomatiuri korpusis saxeliT raime gancxadeba, milocva an demarSia gasakeTebeli, amas duaieni asrulebs. venis kongresis Semdeg iyo mcdelobebi gagrZelebuliyo muSaoba diplomatiuri samarTlis daxvewaze, magram didi Sedegis gareSe. ratomRac mTavrobebi am sakiTxisadmi saTanado interess ar amJRavnebdnen. mxolod axalSeqmnilma gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam mianiWa diplomatiuri samarTlis kodifikacias prioritetuli statusi da samarTlis saerTaSoriso komisias daavala saqmis bolomde miyvana. ram ganapiroba diplomatiuri samarTlis konvenciis SemuSaveba? Tanamedrove diplomatiuri wes-Cveulebebi XVI saukunidan iRebs saTaves. diplomatiuri protokolis fuZemdeblebad ki frangebi, kerZod, mefe lui XIV iTvleba. maSin Camoyalibda standartebi da erTiani moTxovnebi diplomatebisadmi. es standartebi, faqtobrivad, aRar Secvlila pirveli msoflio omis damTavrebamde. swored im periodze gadis erTgvari zRvari Zvel da axal diplomatias Soris. Zveli diplomatia, ZiriTadad, evropuli qristiani monarqebis urTierToba iyo, romelTagan bevri erTmaneTs enaTesaveboda. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi bevri axali saxelmwifo Seiqmna. dekolonizaciis kvaldakval aziasa da afrikaSic aRmocenda axali qveynebi. transportis ganviTarebam gaamartiva mgzavroba da diplomatiur ferxulSi aqtiurad Caebnen araevropuli saxelmwifoebi, gansxvavebuli tradiciebiT, wes-CveulebebiT, xSirad – ucxo religiiTa da msoflmxedvelobiT. maT siaxleebi Semoitanes diplomatiaSi damkvidrebul standartebSi. XX saukuneSi swrafma teqnologiurma ganviTarebam ki dro ise daaCqara, rom CveulebiTi samarTali veRar aswrebda axal realobebTan adaptirebas.

1815 wlis venis kongresi

diplomatiuri samarTali

diplomatiis globalizaciasTan erTad gaizarda saelCoebis raodenoba, momravldnen diplomatebi da gaxSirda maTze Tavdasxmebic. aucilebeli gaxda mkacri regulaciebis SemoReba. CveulebiT samarTals ki sakmarisi Zala ar hqonda. kanoniT dadgenili regulaciebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, arc saelCoebi iqceodnen yovelTvis patiosnad. sargeblobdnen ra privilegiebisa da imunitetis naklebad mkafio gansazRvrebebiT, xSirad uxeSad ereodnen adgilsamyofeli qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi. amasTan, diplomatiur praqtikaSi damkvidrebul evropul normebs naklebad iziarebdnen azia-afrikis axalgaTavisuflebuli saxelmwifoebi; yvelafers, rac ki kolonizators ukavSirdeboda, eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen. amitom, rodesac gaerom diplomatiuri samarTlis dokumentze daiwyo muSaoba, meti sandoobisTvis molaparakebebis gaZRola ara evropel, aramed or indoel iurists miandes. lamis aTwliani nayofieri muSaobis Semdeg, 1961 wlis mart-aprilSi, msoflios TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi avstriis dedaqalaq venaSi Seikribnen specialur konferenciaze, sadac oficialurad daamtkices dokumenti, romlis saxelwodebaa „venis konvencia diplomatiuri urTierTobebis Taobaze“. venis konvencia diplomatiuri urTierTobebis Taobaze venis konvencia, rogorc mas mokled uwodeben, aris diplomatiuri samarTlis yovlismomcveli dokumenti. is warmoadgens fundaments saxelmwifoebs Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobebis warmarTvisTvis. konvenciaSi detaluradaa gawerili, Tu rogor unda daamyaron da warmarTon saxelmwifoebma erTmaneTTan diplomatiuri urTierToba; rogor unda daafuZnon diplomatiuri misia da daniSnon iq TanamSromlebi. konvenciaSi ganisazRvra saelCoebis funqciebi, elCebs Soris rigiToba, romelic iseTivea, rogorzec 1815 wels SeTanxmdnen. konvencia iTvaliswinebs saelCos droebiT an mudmivad daxurvas, rac SeiZleba moxdes finansuri krizisis an qveynebs Soris urTierTobebis mkveTri gauaresebis dros. am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi mesame qveyanas sTxoven Seasrulos Suamavlis funqcia. am dros saelCo iketeba, elCi da diplomatebis umravlesoba toveben qveyanas. mxolod ramdenime TanamSromeli rCeba, aucilebeli sakonsulo procedurebis gasagrZeleblad, romlebic Suamavali qveynis saelCos SenobaSi ganTavsdebian. magaliTisaTvis, 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg saqarTvelom ruseTTan gawyvita diplomatiuri urTierToba da Suamavlis funqciis Sesruleba Sveicarias vTxoveT.

venis konvenciis miReba, 1961

lui XIV (1638-1715)

diplomatia

venis konvenciis mTavari debulebebi venis konvencia iwyeba saelCos funqciebis gansazRvriT. pirvelad swored iq gaiwera diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobis funqciebi da iqidan gamomdinare ganisazRvra saelCoebis daubrkolebeli muSaobisTvis aucilebeli sakiTxebi. venis konvenciis mixedviT saelCos xuTi funqcia aqvs: warmomadgenloba adgilsamyofel saxelmwifoSi; warmgzavni saxelmwifosa da misi moqalaqeebis kanonieri interesebis dacva adgilsamyofel saxelmwifoSi; molaparakeba adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos mTavrobasTan; adgilsamyofel saxelmwifoSi mimdinare procesebze informaciis kanonieri saSualebebiT mopoveba da warmgzavni saxelmwifos mTavrobisaTvis miwodeba; warmgzavn da adgilsamyofel saxelmwifoebs Soris megobruli urTierTobis waxaliseba, ekonomikis, kulturisa da mecnierebis dargSi urTierTobis ganviTareba. venis konvenciis mTavari postulati aris diplomatiuri imuniteti da privilegiebi; maTi mizani mxolod erTia – saelCoebma da diplomatebma daubrkoleblad Seasrulon sakuTari mTavrobis davalebebi ucxo qveyanaSi.

zogjer saelCoebi arcTu keTilmosurne an sulac mtrulad ganwyobil qveynebSi saqmianoben. Sesabamisad, diplomatebsa da maTi ojaxis wevrebs ucxo aRmsareblobis, sxva Rirebulebebis, gansxvavebuli saxelmwifo ideologiis mqone garemoSi uwevT cxovreba da muSaoba. swored imisaTvis, rom diplomati politikuri, religiuri, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, ideologiuri an sxva raime ganmasxvavebeli niSnis gamo ar Seaviwroon, venis konvenciiT garantirebulia misi xelSeuxebloba.

diplomatiuri samarTali

diplomatiuri misiis xelSeuxebloba saelCos kar-midamo xelSeuxebelia, iseve, rogorc mis teritoriaze ganTavsebuli nebismieri aRWurviloba. igive regulacia vrceldeba saelCos kuTvnil satransporto saSualebebze. dauSvebelia yvelaferi zemoCamoTvlilis gaCxreka, rekvizicia, dayadaReba da maTze saaRmsruleblo moqmedeba. adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli ver Seva saelCos SenobebSi, Tu ar eqneba elCis nebarTva. saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobaa saelCoebis usafrTxoebisa da simSvidis dacva. es valdebuleba maSinac grZeldeba, roca diplomatiuri urTierToba gawyvetilia da saelCo daxurulia. komunikaciis konfidencialuroba xelSeuxebelia saelCos oficialuri mimowera. mimoweraSi igulisxmeba saelCosTan da mis funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri korespondencia. akrZalulia diplomatiuri CanTis Semowmeba da dayovneba, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arsebobs safuZvliani eWvi, rom mas aradaniSnulebisamebr iyeneben.

saelCos TanamSromlebis pirovnuli xelSeuxebloba venis konvenciis Tanaxmad, diplomati da misi ojaxis wevrebi gaTavisuflebuli arian samoqalaqo, administraciuli da sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan. ar SeiZleba maTi dakaveba, dapatimreba, gasamarTleba. maT Cvenebis micemazec ki SeuZliaT uari Tqvan. aseve gaTavisuflebuli arian adgilobrivi mosakreblebisa da gadasaxadebisgan. rogorc saelCos Senobaa xelSeuxebeli, aseve xelSeuxebelia diplomatis sacxovrebeli bina da qoneba. diplomatis imuniteti vrceldeba mxolod im qveynis teritoriaze, romelSic igi akreditebulia. Tu diplomatma akreditaciis qveyanaSi Caidina iseTi danaSauli, romelic misi saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiTac isjeba, SeiZleba sakuTar qveyanaSi gaasamarTlon. aqedanac Cans, rom

diplomatia

diplomats privilegiebi da imuniteti ucxo qveyanaSi daubrkolebeli muSaobisTvis aqvs miniWebuli da ara raime piradi damsaxurebisTvis. saxelmwifoebs Soris omis dawyebisa da diplomatiuri urTierTobebis gawyvetis SemTxvevaSic ki, im diplomatebs, romlebic moqiSpe qveynis teritoriaze darCebian, imuniteti SeunarCundebaT. diplomatisTvis imunitetis moxsna mxolod mis warmgzavn qveyanas SeuZlia. aseTi ram iSviaTad, magram mainc xdeba. 1997 wels vaSingtonSi avtosagzao SemTxvevisas, romelic saqarTvelos saelCos TanamSromlis braliT moxda, daiRupa axalgazrda qali. aSS-is xelisuflebis daJinebuli zewolis Sedegad, saqarTvelos prezidentma qarTvel diplomats imuniteti mouxsna da is amerikaSi gaasamarTles. samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom zogjer imunitets borotadac iyeneben. diplomatebi yvelaze xSirad sagzao moZraobis da parkirebis wesebs arRveven da arc jarimebis gadaxda uyvarT. aseve xSiria ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebic. aqac adgilobriv samarTaldamcavebs, venis konvenciidan gamomdinare, xel-fexi aqvT Sekruli. Tumca, arc is ifiqroT, rom diplomats yvelafris ufleba aqvs. venis konvencia avaldebulebs mas pativi sces maspinZeli saxelmwifos kanonebs da am saxelmwifosac aqvs berketi, romelsac diplomatis persona non gratad (laT. persona non grata), anu arasasurvel pirad gamoc-

jorj kenani (1904-2005)

diplomatiuri samarTali

xadeba hqvia. aseT pirovnebas eZleva garkveuli vada, rogorc wesi, Zalian mokle, qveynis dasatoveblad. am dros warmgzavni saxelmwifo valdebulia diplomati gaiwvios da Tu is qveyanas miTiTebul vadaSi ar datovebs, imuniteti gauuqmdeba. persona non gratad ara marto diplomati, aramed nebismieri adamiani SeiZleba gamoacxadon, romelic gamokveTilad mtrul damokidebulebas iCens ama Tu im qveynisadmi. 1952 wels sabWoTa kavSirma qveynidan aSS-is elCi jorj kenani gaaZeva, mas Semdeg, rac man preskonferenciaze moskovSi cxovreba nacistur berlinSi cxovrebas Seadara. 1987 wels aSS-m persona non gratad gaeros imxanad ukve yofili generaluri mdivani, avstrieli politikosi, diplomati da sazogado moRvawe kurt valdhaimi gamoacxada. mas brali nacistur jarSi msaxurobasa da ebraeli xalxis devnaSi dasdes, rac mas arasdros uRiarebia. gagikvirdebaT da popularuli kinovarskvlavi bred pitic arasasurveli piri aRmoCnda CineTisTvis, radgan man mTavari gmiri ganasaxiera filmSi „Svidi weli tibetSi“. CineTis xelisufalT ar moewonaT es filmi dalai lamasadmi keTilganwyobisa da Cinelebis agresorebad warmoCenis gamo. Tumca, mogvianebiT CineTis mmarTvelebs guli moulbaT da bred pits ojaxTan erTad qveyanaSi Sesvlis ufleba misces. albaT, ufro misi meuRlisadmi simpaTiis gamo.

kurt valdhaimi (1918-2007)

kurt valdhaimi nacistur jarSi

diplomatia ratom aris venis konvencia warmatebuli? dRes venis konvencias 193 qveyanaa mierTebuli, dedamiwaze arsebuli TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo. ver naxavT sxva saerTaSoriso dokuments, romelsac amdeni xelmomweri hyavs. konvenciis popularoba iman ganapiroba, rom is aregulirebs qveynebs Soris diplomatiur urTierTobebs, rac yvelasTvis mniSvnelovania. amasTan, yvela dainteresebulia, rom misi diplomatebi ucxo qveynebSi Tavs daculad grZnobdnen da daubrkoleblad asrulebdnen movaleobebs. imasac acnobiereben, rom maT mier konvenciis romelime muxlis darRvevas msgavsi qmedebiT upasuxeben da amjerad ukve misi diplomatebi dazaraldebian. aradiplomatiuri eniT rom vTqvaT: „Tvali Tvalis wil, kbili kbilis wil“. konvencia warmatebiT kidev imitom muSaobs, rom masSi aisaxa debulebebi, romlebsac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iyenebdnen qveynebs Soris urTierTobebSi da myarad iyo damkvidrebuli CveulebiT samarTalSi. is ki, rac sakamaTo iyo, konvenciis miRma darCa. konvenciaze muSaobisas saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiam msgavs Temebs Segnebulad aarida Tavi, rom ar Seferxebuliyo dokumentze muSaoba da qveynebs ar gasWirvebodaT misi ratifikacia. maSin moilaparakes, rom aseT sakiTxebs momavalSic CveulebiTi saerTaSoriso samarTlis wesebiT daaregulirebdnen. erT-erTi aseTi sakiTxia diplomatiuri TavSesafari. venis konvenciaSi masze araferi weria. erTaderTi dokumenti, sadac diplomatiur TavSesafarzea laparaki, 1954 wels havanaSi miRebuli amerikis qveynebis organizaciis konvenciaa. saqme isaa, rom im periodSi samxedro gadatrialeba laTinuri amerikis qveynebisTvis Cveuli movlena iyo. rogorc wesi, im regionis liderebi ver Zlebdnen konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli vadis bolomde da Tavs mezobel saxelmwifoebs afarebdnen. amitom maT interesSi iyo, usafrTxoebis garantia samarTlebrivad hqonodaT gamyarebuli.

diplomatiuri samarTali

kritika miuxedavad imisa, rom venis konvencias TiTqmis mTeli msoflio uWers mxars, kritikosebi masac hyavs. adamianis uflebaTa damcvelebi miiCneven, rom diplomatebisTvis aseTi xelSeuxeblobis boZeba zedmeti fufunebaa. isini iTxoven konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli imunitetis nawilobriv Sesustebas maSin mainc, roca saqme mZime danaSauls an terorizmis safrTxes exeba. aprotesteben imunitetis gavrcelebas diplomatis ojaxis wevrebze da saelCos aradiplomatiur personalze. periodulad, roca rame gansakuTrebuli xdeba, kritika kidev ufro aqtiurdeba. ase iyo 2019 wels, roca did britaneTSi aSS-is saelCos TanamSromlis coli avtomanqaniT daejaxa motocikletiT mimaval 19 wlis gogos da mokla. imunitets amofarebulma amerikelma daubrkoleblad datova britaneTi da samSoblos Seafara Tavi. miuxedavad kritikisa, Znelad warmosadgenia Tvalsawier momavalSi vinmem gariskos da gaxsnas venis konvencia ganaxlebisTvis. amas imitom ver izamen, rom dRes SeuZlebeli iqneba iseTive produqtiuli muSaoba, rogoric Tavis droze saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiam gaswia da konsensusis miRweva sakamaTo sakiTxebze. miT umetes, rom rogorc praqtika cxadyofs, miuxedavad imunitetis borotad gamoyenebis calkeuli SemTxvevebisa, konvencia kargad asrulebs Tavis funqcias da arc diplomatebi angreven realurad qveyanas – amitom aravin aiRebs pasuxismgeblobas imTaviTve ganwiruli procesis dawyebaze. *** venis konvenciam diplomatiuri urTierTobebis Taobaze dasabami misca diplomatiuri samarTlis sxva dokumentebis SemuSavebas, romlebic aregulireben qveynebs Soris sakonsulo urTierTobebs, urTierTobebs saxelmwifoebsa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Soris, TviTon saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Soris TanamSromlobas da sxva. man Seqmna soliduri samarTlebrivi baza da yvela momdevno konvencia mniSvnelovanwilad mis debulebebs eyrdnoba.

mxatvroba

lado gudiaSvilis parizuli dResaswauli

nino qavTaraZe

lado gudiaSvilis „parizuli dResaswauli“ maSin daiwyo, rodesac saqarTvelos respublikam ramdenime axalgazrda Semoqmedi saswavleblad safrangeTSi gagzavna. maT Soris lado gudiaSvilic iyo. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier SemuSavebuli programiT parizSi gudiaSvilTan erTad gaemgzavrnen elene axvlediani, Salva qiqoZe, qeTevan maRalaSvili, daviT kakabaZe. Tavis mogonebebSi lado gudiaSvili wers, rom parizSi „patara qarTuli kunZuli“ Seiqmna. gudiaSvilis SemoqmedebiT biografias Tvals Tu gadavavlebT, unda vaRiaroT, rom safrangeTSi gamgzavrebamde igi ukve Camoyalibebuli mxatvari gaxldaT – TviTmyofadi xelovani, gamorCeuli xedviT. saqarTveloSi gudiaSvils icnobdnen, rogorc cisferyanwelTa wevrs, restoran „qimerionis“ interieris avtors. misma originalurma Semoqmedebam maleve parizic aalaparaka; Tumca manamde ucxo da amavdroulad nacnobi garemo unda gaeTavisebina: „Cemi yvelaze didi siyvaruli, Cemi samSoblos Semdeg, ekuTvnis parizs! udidesi magiuri Zala aqvs mas CemTvis! vgrZnob mis suls, parizi Cemi sulis nawilicaa... madloba mas!“ – mogvianebiT dawers Tavis mogonebebSi qarTveli mxatvari.

lado gudiaSvili

li (1896-1980) lado gudiaSvi iani (1901-1975) da elene axvled

Salva qiqoZe (1894-1921)

daviT kakabaZe (1889-1952)

im faqts, rom XX saukunis ociani wlebis parizi msoflio kulturis centrad iqca, ramdenime winapiroba hqonda. XIX saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, safrangeTis respublika ekonomikur aRmavlobas ganicdida da parizs ukve mopovebuli hqonda msoflios inteleqtualuri dedaqalaqis tituli. progresis simbolos 1889 da 1900 wlebSi parizSi Catarebuli msoflio gamofenebic warmoadgenda: ukanasknels ormocdaaTi milioni mnaxveli hyavda.

SenTanaa, „parizi – ganuyreli dResaswauli“ – ase monaTla safrangeTis dedaqalaqi cnobilma amerikelma mweralma ernest hemingueim. rogorc misi Taobis Semoqmedebs, gertrud stainis saxelSerqmeuli „dakarguli Taobis“ warmomadgenlebs – frensis skot ficjeralds, don los pasos, ezra paunds... – or oms Sua periodis imeddakargul da imedgacruebul axalgazrdebs parizuli rampebis Suqi sanatrel eldoradod eCvenebodaT.

pirveli msoflio omi did saSinelebad daatyda Tavs kacobriobas. es iyo omi, sadac adamians pirvelad mouwia rkinis tankebTan, sahaero manqanebTan da qimiur iaraRTan Serkineba. „did omad“ wodebuli pirveli msoflio omis Semdegac safrangeTs ar gasWirvebia omisSemdgom krizisTan gamklaveba, xolo msoflio kulturis centris saxelis damkvidreba erovnul saqmed iqca. omis saSinelebebs daemata migracia, ramac gamoiwvia sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul kulturaTa Sexvedra parizis gzajvaredinze.

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi parizi bomondis meqa iyo da qalaqis marjvena sanapiros maRlobi – monmartri – artistuli cxovrebis simbolo. XX saukunis dasawyisSi marcxena sanapiroze, monparnasis quCaze, erTi meoris miyolebiT, msoflio gamo-

axali STagonebis da mxatvruli xerxebis ZiebaSi, safrangeTSi sxvadasxva qveynis Semoqmedebma moiyares Tavi. parizi babilonis godolad gadaiqca, magram bibliuri koSkisgan gansxvavebiT, eifels TavSefarebulT saerTo ena – xelovnebis ena akavSirebdaT. parizi iqca „sakvirvel samoTxed“. misi xibli im mwerlebma da mxatvrebmac ganadides, romlebic evropaSi Camovidnen. safrangeTis dedaqalaqi xelgaSlili Seegeba mxatvrebs, musikosebs, mocekvaveebs, mwerlebs. dResaswauli, romelic yovelTvis

qeTevan maRalaSvili da lado gudiaSvili

mxatvroba

lado gudiaSvilis naxati kafe `qimerionis~ kedelze

kafe `rotonda~

fenidan darCenili da xelmisawvdomi masaliT, gaSenda quCis kafeebi – `le selekti~ (monparnasis 99), `la rotondi~ (monparnasis 105), `le domi~ (monparnasis 108), `klozeri de lila~ (monparnasis 171), romlebic artistul Tavyrilobebs maspinZlobdnen. parizuli artistuli cxovreba Cqefda sagamofeno darbazebsa Tu mxatvarTa saxelosnoebSi, kafeebsa da saswavleblebSi... XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis parizSi ramdenime samxatvro dawesebuleba arsebobda: akademizmiT gamorCeuli parizis xelovnebis skola, romelic 1817 wels daarsda; Julienis akademia, sadac swavlobdnen iseTi saxelovani mxatvrebi, rogorebic iyvnen leon baqsti, anri matisi, marsel duSami, gaerTianeba `nabis~ warmomadgenlebi, maT Soris pol ransoni, moris deni, pier bonari... 1904 wels daarsebuli gran Somieris (kolarosis) akademia, sadac xelovnebas euflebod-

frensis skot ficjeraldi (1896-1940)

nen osip catkini, amadeo modiliani, fernan leJe, andre loti... bevr maTganTan gudiaSvils nacnoboba da megobrobac akavSirebda. lado gudiaSvilma 1908 wels daarsebuli ransonis akademia airCia, Tumca akademiaSi swavlaze metad artistuli garemo, mxatvruli mimdinareobebis Tvalyuris devneba, gamofenebSi monawileoba gaxda axali gamomsaxvelobiTi mxatvruli xerxebis Ziebis wyaro. gudiaSvili parizSi iugensis quCis 14 nomerSi dasaxlda. igi „xelovanTa qalaqs“ – la ruSs (la ruche frangulad skas niSnavs) xSirad stumrobda. XX saukunis dasawyisSi iq saxlobdnen mwerlebi: blez sandrari, maqs Jakobi, apolineri, romelmac mark Sagalis naxatebs surnaturel uwoda, rac zebunebrivs niSnavs. mxatvrebi da moqandakeebi iq ojaxebiTac cxovrobdnen. la ruSs dResac artistTa saerTo sacxovreblis funqcia aqvs SenarCunebuli. pirveli msoflio gamofenidan darCenili gustav eifelis mier daproeqtebuli

ernest heminguei (1899-1961)

ezra paundi (1885-1972)

lado gudiaSvili

gudiaSvilma bevri namuSevari dautova. dRes es namuSevrebi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis kerZo koleqciebSi inaxeba.

eifelis koSkis mSenebloba

lado gudiaSvili monawileobas iRebda mxatvarTa yovelwliur saSemodgomo da zamTris gamofenebSi. 1921 wels gudiaSvilma Tavisi tiloebi gamofina damoukidebel mxatvarTa gamofenaze serJ fotinskisTan erTad, romelmac lados portreti waradgina. presa ara marto aSuqebda lado gudiaSvilis Semoqmedebas, aramed karg recenziebsac werda mis namuSevrebze. kleman moro JurnalSi „Tanamedrove xelovnebis da cxovrebis Sesaxeb“ 1921 wlis 15 marts wers:

metalis konstruqcia osip catkinis, miSel kikoinis, moiSe kislingis, mari loransenis, amadeo modilianis, fernan leJes, aleqsandr arxipenkos, haim sutinis da sxva xelovanTaTvis navsayudlad iqca. qarTvel mxatvrebs gaumarTlaT: maTi namuSevrebiT saxviTi xelovnebis kritikosebi da koleqcionerebi dainteresdnen, ramac gudiaSvils finansuri gaWirveba Tavidan aarida. did mxatvars gamoarCevs ara marto niWiereba da gamarTleba, aramed mizanswrafva da didi garja. gudiaSvili bevrs xatavda. Sedegmac ar daayovna: mxatvris namuSevrebi bevr sagamofeno sivrceSi gamoifina: Sanz-elizes did sasaxleSi, la likornis, luvris momavali direqtoris – Jozef bies sagamofeno darbazSi, romelsac

amadeo modiliani (1884-1920)

A propos de l'art contemporain et de la vie „bunebis TviTmyofadi xedvis unari, romelic gamoarCevs gudiaSvilis naxatebs (xarebi, mdinaris gadacurvisas, menaxireebi, nadimi ganTiadze)... es mxatvari kidev gagvaocebs Tavisi individualurobiT“. kleman moro (1903-1988)

fernan leJe (1881-1955)

haim sutini (1893-1943)

mxatvroba 1922 wlis 3 ivniss la likornis sagamofeno darbazi maspinZlobda gudiaSvilis namuSevrebs. amis Sesaxeb gazeTi mkiTxvels auwyebs: „sagamofeno darbazSi „la likorni“ gamofenilia qarTveli mxatvris, lado gudiaSvilis, gasaocari naxatebi. mxatvari mayurebels aocebs natifi da amavdroulad mkafio moxazulobiTa da WeSmaritad aRmosavluri xelweriT, mklavebis, torsis arabeskebis harmoniuli xazebiT“. gudiaSvilisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani gaxda espaneli, ukve klasikosad aRiarebuli mxatvris ignasio suloagas interesi misi namuSevrebisadmi. maestro piradad ewvia qarTvel mxatvars da sakuTari koleqciisTvis ramdenime tiloc SeiZina, romlebsac momavalSi madridis muzeumSi upirebda ganTavsebas. qarTveli mxatvris namuSevrebiT cnobili amerikeli koleqcioneri jeims rozenbergi dainteresda da gudiaSvilis tiloebi niu-iorkis gamofenisTvis aarCia. lado gudiaSvilis Sesaxeb vrceli monografiis avtori, kubizmis mexotbe, xelovnebis kritikosi moris reinali, romelsac aseve Seswavlili aqvs pablo pikasos, xuan gris, adolf federis Semoqmedeba, jer kidev 1925 wlis 12 noembers gazeT „komoediaSi“ werda gudiaSvilis namuSevrebis aRmosavlur xiblze, nuSisTvaleba figurebis sinarnareze.

lado gudiaSvilis naxati – amadeo modiliani kafe `rotondaSi~ ignasio suloaga (1870-1945)

1924 wlis 21 seqtembers bernar diupeiram gamoaqveyna statia saqarTveloze, saxelwodebiT „omi miwier samoTxeSi“, sadac mokled mimoixilavda saqarTvelos istorias. avtori saqarTvelos „ocnebis da xelovnebis“ qveyanas uwodebs, romelic Tavisi bunebrivi simdidris msxverpli gaxda. sailustraciod diupeiras ori foto aqvs gamoyenebuli, romelic, misi azriT, yvelaze ukeT warmoaCens ulamazes, stumarTmoyvare, patara qveyanas: XV saukunis ananuris xuroTmoZRvruli kompleqsi da lado gudiaSvilis „mefandure qalebi“. XX saukunis 20-ian wlebs SeSlil wlebs uwodeben, radgan am periodSi xelovnebis yvela dargis ganviTareba saocari dinamikurobiT da mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda: urbanuli cxovrebis wesi da modernuli arqiteqtura, amerikuli jazi da klasikuri musika, klasikuri dramaturgia da absurdis Teatris pirveli nabijebi, kinematografiuli eqsperimentebi, salonuri mxatvroba da uamravi „izmi“: avangardizmi, modernizmi, dadaizmi, siurrealizmi, eqspresionizmi, futurizmi, fovizmi, suprematizmi...

lado gudiaSvili

parizSi serJ diagilevis balets daedo bina. masTan TanamSromlobda lado gudiaSvilis megobari ilia zdaneviCi. lado gudiaSvilma avangardist poet ilia zdaneviCs (iliazds) miswera da parizSi Casvlaze daiyolia: futuristuli poeziis mexotbeebi aq mravladaao da iliamac safrangeTs miaSura. lado gudiaSvili ilias da mis Zmas, kirils, jer kidev Tbilisidan icnobda, sadac ilias kubifuturistuli gaerTianeba hqonda Camoyalibebuli – „universiteti 41 gradusi“. Zmebi zdaneviCebis, miSel le-dantius, lado gudiaSvilis, daviT kakabaZis, dimitri SevardnaZis saxels ukavSirdeba niko firosmanis xelovnebis aRmoCena da popularizacia. swored zdaneviCebis ZalisxmeviT, 1913 wels moskovSi moewyo niko firosmanis pirveli gamofena, sadac qarTveli primitivistis naxatebi avangardisti mxatvrebis, luCizmis damaarsebeli mixail larionovis da natalia gonCarovas tiloebis gverdiT ifineboda.

`firosmani parizSi~

parizSi ilia aqtiurad Caeba artistul cxovrebaSi. yvela wamowyebaSi mas lado gudiaSvilic gverdSi edga. „universiteti 41 gradusma“ bina kafe qameleonSi daido (monparnasis 106), romlis Weri gudiaSvilma moxata, xolo kedlebi futuristi poetebis leqsebiT iyo galamazebuli. jgufis wevrebi iyvnen: sofia delone, osip cadkini, natalia gonCarova, mixeil larionovi, lado gu-

Jan koqto (1889-1963)

`pikaso modelTan~

mxatvroba si mwerlebi: marsel prusti, avtori romanisa „dakarguli drois ZiebaSi“; parizSi sacxovreblad irlandieli jeims joisi gadavida, romelic, ana axmatovas azriT, marsel prustTan erTad XX saukunis literaturis simboloa.

lado gudiaSvili da vladimer maiakovski

diaSvili, daviT kakabaZe... amas mohyva kidev erTi gaerTianeba – `Cerez~, romlis TaosnobiT moxda poeti avangardistis vladimir maiakovskis parizSi sazeimo daxvedra kafe `por-ruaialSi~.

bevri saxelganTqmuli Semoqmedis Tu msofliosTvis maSin ucnobi xelovanis da lado gudiaSvilis gzebi gadaikveTa: gudiaSvilis da iaponeli leonardo fuJitas megobroba wlebis manZilze gagrZelda. lado cnobil belgiel mxatvar-eqspresionist franc mazerels, peizaJist moris utrilos, mxatvrebsa da moqandakeebs – fernan leJes da moris derens dauaxlovda. `la rotondSi~ gudiaSvili Sexvda pablo pikasos, Carli Caplins... kafe-ludxana `la rotondis~ mepatrone da xelovanTa guluxvi maspinZeli viqtor libioni Tavis momsaxure personals mkacrad afrTxilebda: aravis hqonda ufleba, mxolod erTi finjani yavis SemkveTisTvis momsaxurebaze uari eTqva da samuSao dRis bolomde gaciebul sasmelTan mjdari klientisTvis magidis ganTavisufleba eTxova. bevri xumrobda, rom mamilo libions luvrze naklebi koleqcia rodi aqvso. am kafeSi cnobili avangardisti mxatvari ama-

kafe-ludxanebi mxolod Sexvedris adgilebi ar yofila. gaerTianeba `Cerez~ iq awyobda gamofenebs, poeziis saRamoebs, sajaro leqciebs xelovnebis Tanamedrove mimdinareobebis Sesaxeb, frangi poetis, giom apolineris da pablo pikasos Semoqmedebaze, konstruqtivizmze... mosagonaria frangi dadaistebis saRamo kafe miSelSi, sadac vladimir maiakovski, frangi mwerali lui aragoni, siurrealizmis manifestis avtori andre bretoni, poeti pol eluari gamodiodnen. jgufi xSirad marTavda gamofenebs. 1923-1924 wlebSi sagamofeno darbazSi `la likorni~, kafe `la klozeri de lilaSi~ da `por-ruaialSi~ moewyo mxatvarTa gamofenebi, sadac lado gudiaSvilis naxatebi ifineboda. `Cerezi~ mxatvarTa kavSirTan erTad saqvelmoqmedo saRamoebsac awyobda da gamomuSavebuli TanxiT gaWirvebaSi myof mxatvrebs exmareboda. parizi mxolod Tanamedrove da avangardistuli xelovnebis dedaqalaqi rodi iyo. masSi ori, Zveli da axali, droeba iyrida Tavs, romlebic erTmaneTs ki ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen, aramed avsebdnen. ocian wlebSi parizis quCebSi dadiodnen msoflios udide-

`Carli Caplini da impresario~

lado gudiaSvili

deo modiliani, mwerali, reJisori da mxatvari, safrangeTis akademiis momavali wevri Jan koqto iviwyebdnen omSi gadatanils da yofis siduxWires emalebodnen. la rotondSi lado gudiaSvili xSirad xvdeboda amadeo modilianis, romelic gaWirvebaSi, axalgazrda asakSi gardaicvala. qarTveli mxatvrebis parizSi Casvlamde, espanuri gripis pandemiis dros gardaicvala XX saukunis udidesi frangi poeti giom apolineri. omgamovlili apolineri yvela kulturuli saqmianobis centrSi iyo: qmnida ara marto eqsperimentul poezias – kaligramebs, sadac poeturi teqsti vizualizebulia naxatis saxiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, teqstis ilustracias warmoadgens, aramed werda sxvadasxva saxelovnebo gamocemisTvis. apoliners miewereba monparna-

sis artistul kuTxed gardaqmnis iniciativa, termini siurrealizmis Seqmna da bevri mxatvris axleburad warmoCenis siTamame: magaliTad, sofia da serJ deloneebis xelovnebas orfizmi uwoda. apolineris da gudiaSvilis Sexvedra gardauvali iqneboda – poeti andre salmoni apolineris axlo megobari gaxldaT da gudiaSvilis gulSematkivari. 1926 wels damTavrda gudiaSvilis cxovrebis erTi mniSvnelovani da ganumeorebeli nawili. odisevsi Tavis iTakaze dabrunda, daubrunda Tavis fesvebs. lado gudiaSvilic dabrunda saqarTveloSi, oRond – ara damoukidebel qveyanaSi, romelic datova, aramed gasabWoebul, sabWoTa kavSiris erTerT respublikaSi.... axladwarmoqmnil sabWoTa saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebis fonze, gudiaSvilis gadawyvetilebas didi sulieri Zala sWirdeboda. am Zalam lado gudiaSvils arc maSin uRalata, rodesac 1947 wels, RmerTis uarmyofeli totalitarizmis dros, qaSveTis taZris kedlebi freskebiT moxata enkaustikis urTulesi mxatvruli teqnikiT – cxeli, aduRebuli ferebiT, ganumeorebeli, yvelasgan gamorCeuli xelweriT Seamko erovnuli saganZuri da samudamod daimkvidra adgili qarTvelTa gulebSi.

lado gudiaSvili parizSi

garemo

ratomaa garemos dacva saWiro da ra kavSiri aqvs Cvens qmedebebs bunebis keTildReobasTan TinaTin ugrexeliZe kacobriobis ganviTarebis procesi Zalian did da mravalferovan periods moicavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom evoluciis etapebi adamians mniSvnelovnad cvlida, erTi ram yovelTvis cxadi iyo: adamiani bunebis wiaRSi warmoiSva da ganviTarebis yvela etapze mWidro kavSiri hqonda bunebasTan. aqedan gamomdinare, adamiani bunebis Svilad da mis ganuyofel nawilad moiazreba. dResac ki, rodesac xalxis didi nawili bunebisgan moSorebiT, qalaqebSi cxovrobs, maTTvis mudmivad sanatrelia simwvaniT da jansaRi haeriT savse garemo. Sesabamisad, bunebasTan es mijaWvuloba SemTxveviTi sulac ar aris. miuxedavad imisa, rom adamians bunebis Svilis statusi namdvilad aqvs, ukve karga xania, rac is garemos dazianebaSi sakmaod did rols asrulebs. dResdReobiT xSirad gvesmis iseTi terminebi, rogorebicaa: „garemos dabinZureba“, „globaluri daTboba“, „biomravalferovnebis Semcireba“, „gadaumuSavebeli narCenebi“ da a.S. yvela aseTi termini gulisxmobs, rom dedamiwa uamravi seriozuli safrTxis winaSe dgas. es riskebi amcirebs planetis resursebs, cocxali organizmebis nairgvarobas, cvlis klimats da, saboloo jamSi, dedamiwaze cxovrebisTvis Seuferebel garemos ayalibebs.

garemos dacva

adamianis qceva marTlac Zalian did gavlenas axdens Cveni planetis momavalze. miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad uneblieT vxdebiT garemos damzianeblebi, nebismier Cvengans SegviZlia wvlili SevitanoT mis dacvaSi da aqtiurad vizrunoT planetis keTildReobaze. saamisod ki saWiroa vicodeT, Tu ratomaa garemos dacva TiToeuli Cvenganis valdebuleba. Tumca, sanam am sakiTxze gadavalT, unda gaverkveT, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs bunebas. buneba adamians misTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis resursebiT uzrunvelyofs, is gvawvdis mravalferovan da jansaR sakvebs, sufTa wyalsa da haers – es yvelaferi ki Cveni janmrTelobisa da keTildReobisTvis aucilebeli faqtorebia. umeteswilad, swored bunebaSi mopovebuli resursebiT mzaddeba sasicocxlod saWiro medikamentebic. buneba gamonabolqviT dabinZurebul adgilebs xeebidan gamoyofili JangbadiT wmends. simwvane adamianis fsiqikazec kargad moqmedebs, is erTgvari Svebaa Cveni gonebisTvis. swored amitom vatarebT dasvenebis dReebs bunebaSi. Tumca, bunebis saWiroeba xSirad gvaviwydeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom 50 wlis win dedamiwa jer kidev ar idga globaluri gamowvevebis winaSe. dResdReobiT ki erTi orad aris gazrdili iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa haeris, wylisa da xmeleTis dabinZureba. es aris logikuri Sedegi, radgan wlidan wlamde izrdeba avtomobilebis raodenoba dedamiwaze. xSirad avtomobilebi, uxarisxo sawvavis moxmarebis gamo, gamoyofen mavne Txevad da myar nawilakebs, aseve airebs. aseTive

problemas qmnis zogi qarxanac, romelic muSaobis procesSi filtrebs ar iyenebs. airebis gafrqveva atmosferoSi ki ara mxolod adamianebis janmrTelobisTvisaa saziano, aramed is gavlenas axdens temperaturazec. es airebi iwvevs dedamiwaze dagrovili siTbos kosmosur sivrceSi gasvlis Seferxebas da aqve dagrovebas, ris Sedegadac izrdeba temperatura. swored am process ewodeba globaluri daTboba. globaluri daTbobis gamo dedamiwis yvela nawilSi icvleba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli klimati. Sesabamisad, konkretuli cocxali organizmebisTvis saWiro saarsebo garemoc icvleba, Seuferebeli xdeba da xSirad swored es iwvevs maT ganadgurebas. magaliTad, antarqtidaze yinulis dnobam SesaZloa polaruli daTvebis gadaSeneba gamoiwvios. aqve aRsaniSnavia wylisa da xmeleTis dabinZureba, rac narCenebis zrdiTaa gamowveuli. adamianebi yoveldRiurad vawarmoebT Zalian didi raodenobiT narCens. yvelaze samwuxaro ki is aris, rom am narCenebis udidesi nawili plastikuria. xSirad Cven ar vambobT uars erTjeradi moxmarebis WurWelze, polieTilenis parkebze, rasac maRaziis konsultantebi gamudmebiT gvTavazoben. SesafuTad ara qaRaldis, aramed polieTilenis masalebs viyenebT. polieTileni ki im narCenTa kategoriaSi gadis, romlebic ar ixrwneba da dedamiwaze mudmivad rCeba. SeiZleba gagikvirdeT kidec, Tu gaigebT, rom morCenili da gadayrili sakvebic narCenia – swored amitomaa, rom bevri maRazia xSirad dRisiT morCenil sakvebs arigebs da ar yris. saboloo jamSi, adamianebi erT adgilas vagrovebT narCenebs – nagavsayreleb-

garemo

ze, romlebic ara mxolod xmeleTze, aramed wyalSicaa mowyobili. wylis dabinZurebis erT-erTi mizezi swored rom iq narCenebis Cayraa. am gziT nadgurdeba wylis cxovelebis didi nawili. xmeleTze dagrovebul narCenebs ki wvaven, ris Sedegadac gamoyofili toqsikuri airebi haers abinZurebs da adamianebis janmrTelobas uqmnis safrTxes. wylis dabinZurebis garda, didi problemaa misi Warbi moxmarebac. xSirad adamianebs gvgonia, rom wyali mudmivi resursia da masze xeli yovelTvis, momavalSic, migviwvdeba. swored am damokidebulebis gamo xdeba, rom wyals saWiroebis gareSec vxarjavT xolme (mag.: vuSvebT onkans da ase vtovebT didxans, vsvamT Wiqis 1/3-s da danarCens vRvriT da a.S.). saqarTvelosgan gansxvavebiT, arsebobs qveynebi, romlebsac wylis simciris didi problema aqvT. amrigad, xSirad unda vifiqroT imaze, rom es, erTi SexedviT mudmivi, resursi mudmivi namdvilad ar aris. dedamiwa kidev erTi didi problemis winaSe dgas, romelSic aseve urevia adamianis xeli – es biomravalferovnebis Semcirebaa. biomravalferovneba moiazrebs bunebaSi arsebul yvela tipis cocxal organizms: rogorc faunas, ise floras. am problemis winaSe xeebis xSiri gaCexviTa da bunebis urbanul sivrced gadaqceviT davdeqiT. gamodis, rom Cven vanadgurebT CvenTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan sivrces, anu bunebas. es xom swored is adgilia, romelic kacobriobas sufTa wyliT, haeriT, jansaRi sakvebiT da arsebobisTvis saWiro uamravi resursiT uzrunvelyofs. garda CamoTvlilisa, dedamiwaze kidev mravali globaluri riski arsebobs, magaliTad: mJava wvimebi, populaciis zrda, genuri inJineria da a.S. maTi umravlesoba swored adamianis nebas da socialur pasuxismgeblobas ukavSirdeba. socialuri pasuxismgeblobis mqone adamianebi am sakiTxebze fiqroben da cdiloben maqsimalurad Seamciron TavianTi uaryofiTi gavlena garemoze. garemoze zrunva kargad avlens pirovnebis raobas, kargad Cans, gvaqvs Tu ara pasuxismgeb-

garemos dacva

loba rogorc sakuTari Tavis, ise sxva adamianebis mimarT. metic, es pasuxismgebloba vrceldeba ara mxolod adamianebze, aramed im cocxal organizmebze, romlebic bunebaSi gvxvdeba da amdenad, yvela mcdeloba, nebismieri piradi magaliTi bunebasTan pasuxismgeblobiT mopyrobisa gavlenas axdens viwro wrezec da mTel sazogadoebazec. dedamiwa da adamiani cal-calke ar arsebobs, radgan es planeta Cveni saxlia da Cven bunebis Svilebi varT. yoveldRiuroba xSirad gvaviwyebs imas, Tu ramden sargebels gvaZlevs Cveni garemo. Cven vsunTqavT haers, vsvamT wyals, vikvebebiT CvenTvis sasurveli sakvebiT da, rac mTavaria, gvaqvs arCevani! sayofacxovrebo miznebis gamo yoveldRiurad movixmarT sxvadasxva tipis energias. es resursebi SeuzRudavad gvaqvs, rac Cvens keTildReobas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs. samosic ki, romelic yoveldRiurad gvacvia, swored rom bunebis damsaxurebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, cxovrebaSi erTi nawilakic ki ar iqmneba dedamiwis resursebis gamoyenebis gareSe. Cveni qceva, uyuradRebod viyoT am resursebis mimarT da vxarjoT isini upasuxismgeblod, upirvelesad dedamiwaze, Semdeg ki Cvensa da momaval Taobebze imoqmedebs. amitomac mniSvnelovania, kargad davfiqrdeT maSin, roca: vsargeblobT ara sazogadoebrivi, aramed kerZo transportiT; ar vaqcevT yuradRebas imas, Tu ra doziT movixmarT wyalsa da eleqtroenergias; ar vaqcevT yuradRebas, Tu ra raodenobis qaRalds viyenebT; viyenebT erTjeradi moxmarebis WurWels; viyenebT polieTilenis parkebs; sanagve urnaSi vuSvebT nivTebs, romelTa mravaljer gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli; Txovebis magivrad vyidulobT nivTs, romelic mxolod erTxel gvWirdeba; vyriT gamosadeg sakvebs. samwuxarod, am siis gagrZeleba dausruleblad SeiZleba, Tumca, aseve SeiZleba Cveni mavne Cvevebis aRmofxvrac, Tuki sakuTar Tavze vimuSavebT. amisaTvis ki saWiroa yoveldRe SevaxsenoT sakuTar Tavs, rom dedamiwa Cveni saxlia, Cven ki – bunebis Svilebi varT.

krosvordi

1 2

11 13

17 18

21 22

33 38

39 40

42 45

43 46

52 55

56 61

62 64

66 68

70 74

75 76 80

77 83

87 88

Sveulad 1. miwis farTobis sazomi erTeuli inglissa da Crd. amerikaSi. 2. gamofenisTvis agebuli droebiTi an mudmivi Senoba, sadac eqsponatebia gamofenili. 3. garkveuli saqmisTvis, saWiroebisaTvis gaweuli uangaro daxmareba, sikeTis keTeba. 4. skandinavieli sazRvao meomari. 5. saxviTi xelovnebis gamosaxuleba, romelsac aqvs moculobiTi forma da srul-deba magari an plastikuri masalebisgan. 6. VIII-XV saukuneebSi pirenes naxevarkunZulis xalxebis mier arabebisagan dapyrobili teritoriebis brZoliT ukan dabruneba. 7. parlamentSi ama Tu im partiis deputatTa organizebuli jgufi, romelic iqmneba partiis mier SemuSavebuli xazis gasatareblad. 9. piri, romelsac oficialurad miniWebuli aqvs garkveuli uflebamosilebani organizaciis an kerZo piris mier da icavs maT interesebs. 10. Tavgadasavlebis, faTerakebis maZiebeli. 11. adgili, sadac sasargeblo namarxi, kerZod madneuli, moipoveba. 12. xmeleTis or masivs Soris arsebuli wylis sivrce, romelic akavSirebs wylis auzebs. 15. saxelmwifo samxreT amerikis dasavleT nawilSi. 17. erT-erTi im sam afrian gems Soris, romliTac qristefore kolumbma 1492 wlis 3 agvistos daiwyo pirveli mogzauroba. 22. arCeviTi organo, romelic xelmZRvanelobs raime sazogadoebrivi organizaciis saqmianobas. 23. mogonili, SeTxzuli ram. 26. zRvis yaCaRi. 29. gabatonebuli klasi kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi, romlis xelSic aris samuSao iaraRi da sawarmoo saSualebani da romelic eweva daqiravebuli Sromis eqspluatacias. 30. evropel aznaurTa memkvidreobiTi tituli. 31. samxedro nawilSi arsebuli samkurnalo dawesebuleba avadmyofTa stacionaruli momsaxurebisaTvis. 32. mizezTa erToblioba, romelic gansazRvravs individis an koleqtivis ama Tu im moqmedebas an gadawyvetilebas. 33. naxazze, rukaze an gegmaze gamosaxuli obieqtis zomebis Sefardeba realur zomebTan. 37. piri, romelsac raime saqmeSi siaxle Semoaqvs. 38. zedamxedveloba, meTvalyureoba, Semowmeba. 39. qalaqi TurqeTSi (yofili konstantinopoli). 41. raioni, olqi, mxare. 45.samomsaxurebo kompania, romelic uzrunvelyofs sainformacio sistemebTan (internetTan) mosargeblis daSvebas. 46. samomavlo moqmedebis gegma. 47. Sor manZilze informaciis gadacemis sxvadasxva saSualebis (fostis, telegrafis, telefonisa da misT.) erToblioba. 52. Tbilisis erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli ubani qalaqis samxreT-aRmosavleT ganapira mxares. 53. nivTiereba, qsovili an elementi, romelic damontaJebulia organizmSi, sxeulis esTetikis an funqcionirebis gaumjobesebis mizniT. 54. mecnierebis, warmoebis damoukidebeli sfero. 55. (Zv.) gadasaxadi miwiT sargeblobisaTvis. 57. raime ambavi, SemTxveva. 58. kamaTi, dapirispireba, Cxubi. 59. raimes Sesasruleb-