kavkasielebi promeTeistul moZraobaSi
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos qalebi (nawili II) nacionalizmi ukrainuli nacionalizmi nawili )
germaniis `ekonomikuri saswauli~
xelSekruleba romelic ver Sesrulda –sevris aCrdili dreifusis saqme
tite margvelaSvili sariyamiSis operacia samuzeumo saqmis saTaveebTan
38 2022 2022 3 8 istoria qalebi ekonomika r e g i o n i sazogadoeba q a r T v e l e b i u c x o e T S i qarTvelebi k u l t u r a
TinaTin evdoSvili
giorgi mamulia zurab daviTaSvili qeTevan qanTaria merab kakulia
revaz gaCeCilaZe
arCil qiqoZe ana margvelaSvili arCil CaCxiani mixeil wereTeli
garekanze: kolaJi statiisTvis `kavkasielebi promeTeistul moZraobaSi~
Jurnali gamoicema SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagentos (Sida) finansuri mxardaWeriT gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvniT avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saagentos Tvalsazriss
buli furceli an firfita, romelzedac aRniSnulia saqonlis fasi, xarisxi, raodenoba da sxv. 62. msoflaRqma, fundamentur SexedulebaTa erToblioba, romelic gansazRvravs individis an koleqtivis qcevas cxovrebiseuli problemebis gadawyvetisas an sxva adamianebTan urTierTobaSi. 65. Segueba, Sewyoba. 66. sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT mowyobili didi oTaxi raime dawesebulebaSi. 67. saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis mravalpartiuli sistema. 68. Taosnoba raime saqmeSi. 69. epoqa, rodesac ayvavebuli iyo Sereuli berZnul-aRmosavluri kultura. 76. ama Tu im moqmedebis xelSemwyobi, biZgis mimcemi faqtori, gamomwvevi mizezi. 79. zogi qveynis parlamentis zeda palata. 80. gaTlili Zeli, romelsac gamwev pirutyvs qedze adgamen uremSi an guTanSi Sesabmelad. 81. istoriulad Camoyalibebuli wes-Cveulebebis, yofa-cxovrebis normebis erToblioba, romelic Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. 82. xelovnebis nimuSi, romelic maRali ostatobiTaa Sesrulebuli. 84. uZvelesi da udidesi qristianuli dResaswauli. aRiniSneba gazafxulis buniobis Semdeg, savse mTvaris momdevno kvira dRes. 86. gamouwvavi, mzeze gamomSrali aguri. 87. gadamwyveti ieriSi mowinaaRmdegis simagris asaRebad. 90. (kuTxuri) igivea, rac sasiminde. 92. mTidan an ferdobebidan grovad wamosuli da didi ZaliT daqanebuli Tovli. 94. mwerali, romelic leqsebs Txzavs. 96. saerTo mdgomareobis, interesebis mqone adamianTa jgufi, garemo, sazogadoeba.
2. vaziri, XV saukunidan ki samcxis mmarTvelTa tituli. 4. dawesebulebis TanamSromelTa erToblioba, garkveuli profesiis adamianTa erToblioba. 6. xis an qvis sayrdenebze dadgmuli xis patara saxli. 8.ufero da gamWvirvale Zvirfasi qva, gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli simkvriviT. 16. dawesebuleba, romelic gascems sesxs moZravi qonebis dagiravebiT. 18. umaRlesi saswavleblis ganyofileba, sadac aswavlian garkveul momijnave samecniero disciplinebs. 19. mamakacisadmi zrdilobiani mimarTvis forma TurqeTSi („batono!“). 20. wvrilad damtvreuli feradi qvebiT, miniT, keramikuli filebiT Sesrulebuli gamosaxuleba an ornamenti. 21. ama Tu im adgilis meteorologiur pirobaTa erToblioba. 23. saintereso adgilebis, RirSesaniSnaobis jgufurad monaxuleba. 24. adamianis mier Seqmnili, damzadebuli sagnebi, nivTierebebi. 26. politikuri reJimis an xelisuflebis cvlileba Zaladobrivi an mSvidobiani gziT. 28. egviptis sulTani 1171 wlidan, aiubidebis dinastiis damaarsebeli; warmoSobiT qurTi. 30. sawarmos, saswavleblis, saqmianobis mimarTuleba, sfero. 31. gamorCenis survili, wvrilmani angariSianoba. 32 xis didi jami. 35. marTlmadideblur da kaTolikur eklesiaSi – ganxeTqileba, erTiani eklesiidan raime nawilis gamoyofa. 36. saomari moqmedebis Sewyveta da damarcxebis aRiareba. 37. erTgvarovani produqciis damoukidebel mwarmoebelTa gaerTianeba, romelic kisrulobs mTeli komerciuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebas. 39. mTebsa da qedebs Soris moqceuli vrceli teritoria, ZiriTadad romelime didi mdinaris napirebze. 42. nagebobis miwisqveSa sayrdeni nawili, romelsac Cveulebriv rkina-betoniT ageben. 43. damaluli, dafaruli ram, rasac yvelas ar umxelen. 45. mxare dasavleT saqarTveloSi, mdinareebis enguris, kodoris da cxeniswylis zemowelSi. 46. Zilis momgvreli siTxe. 50. raime gadamdebi senis farTod gavrceleba. 52. igivea, rac xelqveiTi. 54. calkeuli stadia, momenti raime movlenis, procesis da misT. ganviTarebaSi. 55. qveynis msxvili administraciul-politikuri erTeuli. 56. igivea, rac Wriloba. 59. adamianTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli myari erTianoba saerTo teritoriiT, eniT, ekonomikuri TanacxovrebiT da kulturul-fsiqologiuri niSnebiT. 61. uZvelesi qarTuli Casaberi sakravi, xis an lerwmis mili, romelsac sxvadasxva raodenobis naxvretebi aqvs. 63. saZirkveli, safuZveli. 64. sazomi, nimuSi, norma. 70. saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic SerCeviT aris Setanili literaturuli an mecnieruli Txzulebani an aseT TxzulebaTa nawyvetebi. 71. kaTolikuri eklesiis umaRlesi wodebis sasuliero piri. 72. wuni, defeqti, xarvezi. 73. dedamiwis zedapiris an misi romelime nawilis Semcirebuli, simboluri gamosaxuleba, naxazi. 74. cecxlmodebuli sagnis Tavze gaCenili mnaTi nawili. 75. saxelmwifos an kerZo pirTa mier Seqmnili gaerTianeba, romelic warmarTavs meurneobis, warmoebis, ganaTlebisa da sxv. garkveul sferos. 77. gansakuTrebuli niWi, gamorCeuli unari. 78. qveyana dasavleT aziaSi. 79. igivea, rac qandakeba. 83. qveynis cxovrebaSi saqalaqo dasaxlebis mniSvnelobis zrdis procesi, rac gamoixateba kulturuli da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis qalaqSi koncentraciiT, qalaqebis gamsxvilebiTa da SerwymiT. 85. monarqiuli saxelmwifos tipi. 88. raime sabuTis piri, kopio. 89. sxvadasxva kuTxisTvis damaxasiaTebeli metyvelebis manera. 91. ebraeli eris religia. 93. safexuri, stadia raime movlenis ganviTarebaSi. 95. Senobis qveda, bneli nawili, romelic gamoiyeneboda sapatimrod. 97. cecxlsasroli iaraRis lulis an Wurvis diametri. 98. qalaqi saudis arabeTSi; muslimTa erT-erTi wminda qalaqi. 99. saqonlis, momsaxurebis, samuSaos da sxv. sazRvargareTidan Semotana.100. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mniSvneloba, gavlena.
wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi
1. kinto 2. brbo 3. oda 4. informacia 5. solisti 6 karieri 7. nato 8. masa 9. miniatiura 10. CiraRdani 11. policia 13. popularoba 14. venaxi 17. sakiTxi 19. landSafti 20. meteorologia 21. kalapoti 22. olimpiada 27. sazogadoeba 32. metalurgia 33. tendencia 34. xelSekruleba 35. aridizacia 36. distancia 40. arena 42. filosofia 43. anomalia 44. premiera 47. sakurTxeveli 52. breqsiti 53. pankrationi 55. antarqtida 57. koeficienti 61. instrumenti 62. gvalva 63. marmarilo 64. improvizacia 66. lietuva 67. diriJori 69. sartyeli 75. jiriTi 79. magniti 80. himni 81. marcxi 82. ideali 84. Rone 85. media 86. Tema 87. mona 88. teni 89. Sto
4. iusticia 6. kairo 11. piesa 12. savana 13 podiumi 15. erozia 16. konsultacia 17. sxdoma 18. palitra 23. xrami 24. merqani 25. epicentri 26. placdarmi 28. roli 29. alegro 30. publikacia 31. winapiroba 37. egzemplari 38. delegati 39. braldeba 41. biusti 44. potenciali 45. Termodinamika 46. manufaqtura 48. mimika 49. eqspluatacia 50. cunami 51. principi 54. mijna 56. sklerozi 58. rbola 59. prognozi 60. Jini 65. ufliswuli 67. degradacia 68. departamenti 70. reliefi 71. turisti 72. ialta 73. bloki 74. koromi 76. teritoria 77. irani 78. plenumi 81. miTi 83. aRviri 86. TviTgamorkveva 87. myinvarwveri 90. aTleti 91. devizi 92. yorRani 93. starti 94. kievi 95. niWi
38 / 2022 4 nacionalizmi ukrainuli nacionalizmi (nawili I) qalebi 24 12 ekonomika 34 50 qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi 58 sazogadoeba ana margvelaSvili arCil CaCxiani 68 kultura 78 86 regioni giorgi mamulia kavkasielebi promeTeistul moZraobaSi merab kakulia
samuzeumo saqmis saTaveebTan qarTvelebi tite margvelaSvili sariyamiSis operacia istoria germaniis `ekonomikuri saswauli~ zurab daviTaSvili qeTevan qanTaria damoukidebeli saqarTvelos qalebi (nawili II) xelSekruleba, romelic ver Sesrulda – sevris aCrdili revaz gaCeCilaZe arCil qiqoZe dreifusis saqme 40
mixeil wereTeli
kavkasielebi promeTeistul moZraobaSi
(narkvevi polonur-kavkasiuri antiimperialisturi brZolis istoriidan)
XX saukunis dasawyisSi kavkasiis xalxTa suverenuli arsebobis momxreTa Soris dabadebulma erTiani da damoukidebeli kavkasiis ideam yvelaze sruli ganviTareba pova amave saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi, promeTeistul moZraobaSi gaerTianebul kavkasiel emigrantTa moRvaweobis Sedegad.
marSali iuzef pilsudski, 1918-1922 da 1926-1935 wlebSi poloneTis faqtobrivi xelmZRvaneli, rusul-bolSevikur saSiSroebas Tavisi qveynis mTavar safrTxed miiCnevda poloneTis lideri kargad xvdeboda, rom ruseTi, miuxedavad politikuri reJimisa, sakuTari tradiciuli sagareo-politikuri eqspansionizmis erTguli darCeboda da momavalSic Seecdeboda kontrolis aRdgenas romanovebis yofili imperiis geopolitikur sivrceze amis ar daSvebis mizniT pilsudski mxars uWerda aRmosavleT evropaSi saxelmwifoTa farTo federaciis Seqmnas, romelSic unda Sesuliyvnen litva, latvia, estoneTi, fineTi, belorusia da ukraina xsenebul federacias, romlis mTavar mizans kremlis eqspansionizmis Sekaveba warmoadgenda, mWidro kavSiri unda hqonoda ara mxolod ungreTTan, rumineTTan, iugoslaviasTan, bulgareTTan da TurqeTTan, aramed kavkasiis saxelmwifoebTanac, romelTa damoukideblobis aRdgena gasuli saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi pilsudskis aRmosavluri politikis araoficialur miznad iqca. varSavaSi samarTlianad miiCnevdnen, rom mxolod gaerTianebuli kavkasiuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi SeZlebdnen regionis xalxebi SeenarCunebinaT damoukidebloba rogorc wiTeli, ise TeTri ruseTis imperialisturi zraxvebis sawinaaRmdegod.
4
giorgi mamulia
istoria
kavkasiel emigrantebs, romlebsac 19201921 wlebSi wiTeli ruseTis mier kavkasiis saxelmwifoTa dapyroba-aneqsiis Sedegad samSoblos datoveba mouwiaT, imTaviTve hqondaT varSavis farTo mxardaWera pilsudskis miaCnda, rom poloneTma „unda gamoamJRavnos maqsimaluri simpaTia da gageba kavkasiis yvela respublikis mimarT, romlebic unda Camoyalibdnen TurqeTTan saerTo enis da kavSiris gamonaxvis safuZvelze“
miuxedavad imisa, rom 1922 wlis dekembridan 1926 wl s m s m p s s
ar idga xelis
Sin Camoyali
momavali pro
siel aqtivis
struqturebi
1924 wlis ag
loSi momxdar
belma ajanyeb
mateblobas r
kavkasielebi
qarTvel ajan
ris koordina
tibolSevikur
Tan 1924 wlis
gareo saqmeT
StabSi sapas
myofi pilsud
kavkasieli em
konfederaciis
mdgom organi
tis ganxorcie
rizi, im drois saerTaSoriso cxovrebis centri, unda gamxdariyo kavkasielTa politikuri moRvaweobis da propagandis asparezad amave dros, stambols, rogorc kavkasiasTan axlomdebare qalaqs, erTgvari operatiuli centris roli unda Seesrulebina, saidanac advili iqneboda rogorc sadazvervo operaciebis, ise kremlis uRlis qveS myof kavkasiis xalxebs Soris propagandistuli antibolSevikuri aqciebis Catareba. am mizniT, 1924 wlis bolos TurqeTSi poloneTis despanis, roman knolis, iniciativiT gadawyda stambolSi kavkasiel konfederatTa gaerTianebuli komitetis Seqmna. polonelTa azriT, am komitetis Seqmna iyo TurqeTis teritoriaze kavkasielTa ufro farTo organizaciis Camoyalibebis pirveli etapi. komitetis SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvanes sam-sami wevri kavkasiis sami xalxis (somxebi promeTeistuli moZraobis TiTqmis mTeli arsebobis ganmavlobaSi uars acxadebdnen masSi Sesvlaze) politikuri organizaciebidan. komitets saTaveSi edga prezidiumi qarTveli erovnul-demokratis – daviT vaCnaZis, azerbaijanis yofili samxedro ministris – xosrov-bei sulTan-zades da CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikis yofili sagareo saqmeTa ministris – vasan-girei jabagievis saxiT deklaraciaSi, romelic iuwyeboda kavkasiis konfederatTa komitetis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, pirdapir iyo aRniSnuli, rom „kavkasiis xalxTa gamarjvebis zari Camohkravs mxolod maSin, rodesac isini gamovlen ruseTis winaaRmdeg da mTeli msoflios winaSe, rogorc erTiani konfederaciuli saxelmwifo mxolod am SemTxvevaSi, maT garantirebuli eqnebaT evropis saxelmwifoTa daxmareba“.
promeTeistuli moZraoba
5
iuzef pilsudski (1867-1935)
roman knoli (1888-1946)
1926 wlis zafxulidan varSavis politikuri kursi kavkasieli mokavSireebis mimarT kidev ufro mkafio gaxda imave wlis maisSi poloneTSi xelisuflebas daubrunda i. pilsudski, ramac didi gavlena moaxdina promeTeistul moZraobaSi gawevrianebul kavkasiur organizaciebze maTi Semdgomi centralizaciisa da struqturuli daxvewis
TvalsazrisiT. 1926 wlis 15 ivliss TurqeTSi poloneTis samxedro ataSes, polkovnik
TadeuS Setcelis xelSewyobiT, stambolSi
Camoyalibda kavkasielTa axali gaerTianebuli centraluri organizacia – kavkasiis
damoukideblobis komiteti, romlis Seqmnasac safuZvlad edo ara calkeuli politikuri partiebis, aramed parizSi arsebuli kavkasiuri erovnuli centrebis (faqtobrivad, devnilobaSi myofi erovnuli mTavrobebis) moqmedeba.
wesdebiT, kavkasiis damoukideblobis komitetis mizans warmoadgenda „praqtikuli aqciebis ganxorcielebis saSualebiT kavkasieli xalxebis brZolis organizeba da momzadeba kavkasiis respublikebis damoukideblobis aRsadgenad da aseve maTi gaerTianeba konfederaciis safuZvelze“ komitets xelmZRvanelobda sami Tavmjdomare, arCeuli TiToeuli erovnuli seqciidan: noe ramiSvili, saqarTvelos yofili Sinagan saqmeTa ministri, azerbaijanis erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mTavari xelmZRvaneli da partia „musavatis“ lideri mamed-emin rasulzade da ganTqmuli Crdilokavkasieli imamis – Samilis SviliSvili, kavkasiis mTielTa saxalxo partiis Tavmjdomare seid-beg Samili
kavkasiis damoukideblobis komitetis daarsebasTan erTad, mTeli aqtualobiT dadga misi beWdviTi organos gamocemis aucileblobis sakiTxic Tavdapirvelad igegmeboda am organos gamocema stambolSi, sadac 1926-1928 wlebSi iyo Tavad komitetis rezidencia samwuxarod, maleve gamoirkva, rom rus bolSevikTa mxridan mudmivi zewolis pirobebSi, TurqeTis mTavroba ar daTanxmdeboda aseTi organos TurqeTis teritoriaze gamocemas amitom gadawyda, rom komitetis organo, yovelTviuri Jurnalis saxiT, frangul enaze parizSi gamoecaT, raTa amiT saerTaSoriso wreebisaTvis ukeT gaecnoT bolSevikuri ruseTis mier dapyrobil kavkasiel xalxTa umZimesi mdgomareoba amaSi, Tavis mxriv, garkveuli roli Seasrula imanac, rom 1921 wlis TebervalmartSi wiTeli ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobisa da aneqsiis miuxedavad, safrangeTis mTavroba 1932 wlamde aRiarebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas, misi safrangeTSi devnilobaSi myofi legitimuri mTavrobis saxiT am dros parizSi oficialurad funqcionirebda saqarTvelos legacia (diplomatiuri misia), xolo akaki Cxenkels, saqarTvelos despans safrangeTSi, saSualeba hqonda komitetis beWdviTi organo diplomatiur korpusSi gaevrcelebina amrigad, 1926 wlis noemberSi parizSi frangul enaze gamoica Jurnali „promeTe, kavkasiis da ukrainis xalxTa erovnuli Tavdacvis organo“.
rogorc vxedavT, damoukidebeli kavkasiis arseboba ukve am droidan moiazreboda damoukidebel ukrainasTan mWidro kavSirSi, xolo
6
daviT vaCnaZe (1884-1962)
xosrov-bei sulTan-zade (1879-1943 )
vasan-girei jabagievi (1882 - 1961)
istoria
Jurnali Tanabrad icavda rogorc kavkasiis, ise ukrainis xalxTa saxelmwifoebriobis uflebebs. promeTeistuli moZraobis qvakuTxedad swored damoukidebeli kavkasiis da ukrainis miCneva pirdapir ukavSirdeba am moZraobis erT-erTi wamyvani poloneli koordinatoris, pilsudskis uaxloesi TanamebrZolis da Tanamoazris – TadeuS holuvkos moqmedebas igi 1927 wlis dasawyisidan dainiSna poloneTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros aRmosavleTis departamentis xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze. swored misi moTxovniT, rasac srulad dauWires mxari qarTvelebma da Crdilokavkasielebma, Jurnali „promeTe“ kavkasiur-ukrainuli politikuri aliansis mZlavr ruporad gadaiqca. ukve 1927 wlis gazafxulidan Jurnalis saxelwodebaSi cvlileba Sevida – mis redaqciaSi Seiyvanes Turqestanis (gaerTianebuli centraluri aziis) warmomadgenelic da Jurnal „promeTes“ im droidan ukve „kavkasiis, ukrainis da Turqestanis xalxTa erovnuli Tavdacvis organo“ ewoda
Jurnalis daarsebiT formalurad daibada Tavad promeTeistuli moZraobac, romelic yvela ararusi emigrantuli antibolSevikuri organizaciis koordinaciis safuZvelze kremlis sagareo-politikuri eqspansiisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas isaxavda miznad. amis miRwevas moZraobis xelmZRvanelebi efeqturi sanitaruli kordonis SeqmnaSi xedavdnen, romelic sabWoTa imperiis damxobis Semdeg gaaerTianebda ararus xalxTa udides nawils vrcel konfederaciaSi, baltiis sanapiroebidan Sav da kaspiis zRvamde, „rac iqneboda maTi damoukidebeli arsebobis garantia da msoflios am nawilSi ZalTa balansis mZlavri safuZveli“. amasTan dakavSirebiT organizaciis erT-erTi dokumenti pirdapir miuTiTebda, rom „promeTeizmi aris, gamonaklisis gareSe, yvela im xalxis moZraoba, romlebic imyofebian ruseTis Cagvris qveS“
polonelTa mier srulad dafinansebul Jurnal „promeTes“ tiraJi aRwevda 1000 egzemplars da umetesad ufasod miewodeboda politikur moRvaweebs safrangeTSi da mis farglebs gareT Jurnalis politikuri programa dafiqsirebuli iyo am gamocemis reglamentSi, romlis Tanaxmad, „Jurnali „promeTe“ aris kavkasiis damoukideblobis komitetis organo, icavs kavkasiis xalxTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaTa interesebs da pirvel adgilze ayenebs damoukidebeli kavkasiis konfederaciis ideis popularizaciis saqmes“. amave dros „Jurnali icavs ruseTis imperializmis mier yvela daCagruli xalxis solidarobis ideas, romlebic saxelmwifo damoukideblobisken miiswrafian“.
7
mamed-emin rasulzade (1884-1955)
1926-1938 wlebSi parizSi gamomavaliJurnal `promeTes~garekani
noe ramiSvili (1881-1930)
promeTeistuli moZraoba
ufro dawvrilebiT Jurnalis programa da misi gamocemis miznebi gamoqveynda Tavad
Jurnalis pirvel nomerSi da moicavda Semdeg ZiriTad debulebebs:
uCvenon evropis sazogadoebriv azrs, rom ruseTis imperia, ukanasknelis sazogadoebriv-politikuri wyobis miuxedavad, misi Seqmnis procesisa da mosaxleobis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, istoriulad dasaSlelad aris ganwiruli;
rom mTlianobaSi ar dgas kiTxvis qveS kulturuli ganviTareba da politikuri simwife im xalxebisa, romlebic 1917 wlis oqtombris bolSevikuri gadatrialebis
Semdeg ruseTs gamoeyvnen, Tumca mere kvlav aRmoCndnen wiTeli imperiis uRlis qveS;
rom sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc rusuli
imperializmis axali formis arseboba safrTxes uqmnis rogorc saerTaSoriso mSvidobas, ise mTlianad evropul civilizacias;
rom kavkasiis ganTavisuflebas erTiani konfederaciuli saxelmwifos formiT SeuZlia bolo mouRos rusul imperializms
poloneTSi 1930 wels gamocemuli krebul `promeTes~ garekani, promeTeistul moZraobaSi Semaval xalxTa erovnuli gerbebiT
1932 wlidan Jurnal „promeTes“ furclebze gaimarTa diskusia kavkasiis konfederaciis paqtis Sesaxeb, romlis xelmowerac axlo momavalSi igegmeboda. diskusiaSi monawileoba miiRes kavkasiis xalxTa emigraciis saukeTeso inteleqtualuri Zalebis warmomadgenlebma. Tavis mxriv, polonelebi moiTxovdnen, rom kavkasielebi erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebuliyvnen iseT kardinalur sakiTxebze, rogoric „saerTo Tavdacvis, saerTo politikis, saerTo finansebis da saerTo sazRvris arseboba iyo “ , rogorc momavali damoukidebeli kavkasiis konfederaciis safuZveli
giorgi gvazava (1869-1941)
Jurnalis mTavar redaqtorad dainiSna
cnobili qarTveli emigranti moRvawe, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis erT-erTi
xelmZRvaneli giorgi gvazava, romelic
1926-1938 wlebSi ucvlelad xelmZRvanelobda mis gamocemas.
1934 wlis 14 ivliss varSavaSi kavkasiis damoukideblobis komitetSi Semavalma saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis da CrdiloeT kavkasiis erovnulma centrebma xeli moaweres kavkasiis konfederaciis paqts Tavad konfederaciis Seqmnas mxareebi gegmavdnen kavkasiis kremlis marwuxebisgan gaTavisuflebisTanave varSavis mimarT kremlis protestis Tavidan asacileblad paqtis xelmoweris adgilad oficialurad briuseli gamocxadda
8
istoria
paqtis teqstSi, romelsac SemdgomSi briuselis paqtsac uwodebdnen, aRiniSna, rom:
1) kavkasiis konfederacia, sruliad iZleva ra Sinagani TvalsazrisiT TiToeuli respublikis erovnuli xasiaTis da suverenitetis garantias, sagareo-politikur sferoSi imoqmedebs yvela respublikis saxeliT, rogorc umaRlesi rigis saerTaSoriso gaerTianeba. konfederacias eqneba saerTo politikuri da sabaJo sazRvari.
2) konfederaciis respublikebis sagareo politikas uxelmZRvaneleben konfederaciis kompetenturi organoebi
3) konfederaciis sazRvrebis dacva daevaleba konfederaciis armias, romelsac sakuTar SemadgenlobaSi eyoleba konfederaciis respublikebis armiebi, erTiani sardlobis qveS, romelic konfederaciis xelmZRvanel organoebs daemorCileba
4) yvela azrTa sxvaoba, romelic SeiZleba warmoiqmnas konfederaciis respublikebs Soris da romlebic ver gadawydeba pirdapiri molaparakebebiT, unda gadaeces savaldebulo arbitraJs an konfederaciis umaRles sasamarTlos konfederaciis respublikebi valdebuli arian miiRon SeuzRudavad da Seasrulon yvela maTi gadawyvetileba
5) maqsimalurad mcire vadaSi eqspertTa komisia Seudgeba kavkasiis konfederaciis konstituciis proeqtis gamomuSavebas, zemoT formulirebul principTa gaTvaliswinebiT. es proeqti safuZvlad daedeba TiToeuli respublikis pirveli damfuZnebeli krebis samuSaoebs.
6) am paqtSi gaTvaliswinebulia adgili somxeTis respublikisTvis.
paqts xeli moaweres qarTuli erovnuli centris imdroindelma Tavmjdomarem noe Jordaniam, akaki Cxenkelma – saqarTvelos yofilma despanma safrangeTSi, azerbaijanis erovnuli centris Tavmjdomarem mamed-emin rasulzadem, azerbaijanis diplomatiuri delegaciis Tavmjdomarem ali mardan-beg TofCibaSevma da CrdiloeT kavkasiis saxeliT – kavkasiis mTielTa saxalxo partiis samma xelmZRvanelma – mamed girei sunSma, ibragim Culikma da tausulTan Sakmanma
9
poloneTis armiis qarTveli da kavkasieli oficrebi, varSava, 1923
promeTeistuli moZraoba
1935 wlis 14-16 ianvars da 23 Tebervals briuselSi moiwvies promeTeistuli frontis kavkasiur organizaciaTa sagangebo konferencia, sadac Catarda mniSvnelovani reorganizacia kavkasiis damoukideblobis komiteti, romelsac Tavisi Seqmnis droidan mxolod sakoordinacio da saTaTbiro funqciebi hqonda, gardaiqmna kavkasiis konfederaciis sabWod, romelsac eniWeboda momavali kavkasiis konfederaciis droebiT devnilobaSi myofi mTavrobis funqciebi mas Semdeg mxolod am sabWos, da ara rogorc adre – calkeul erovnul centrebs, hqonda ufleba ganexorcielebina diplomatiuri, propagandistuli da sadazvervo saqmianoba
Tavad kavkasiis konfederaciis sabWo, romlis oficialuri statuti damtkicda 1935 wlis 20 ivliss, Sedgeboda 12 wevrisgan, romlebsac delegireba erovnuli centrebisgan hqondaT (oTx-oTxi kaci TiTo centridan) ori wlis vadiT sabWos aRmasrulebel da xelmZRvanel organos warmoadgenda prezidiumi, romelSic Sediodnen n. Jordania, m. e. rasulzade da m g sunSi
aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan erTad, kavkasiis konfederaciis sabWo did yuradRebas uTmobda promeTeistul moZraobaSi somex emigrantTa mimxrobas, ris gareSec kavkasiis xalxTa sruli erTobis miRweva saTuo Canda. amasTan dakavSirebiT molaparakebebi gaxSirda 1939 wlis Tebervlidan da saboloo stadiaSi Sevida imave wlis Semodgo-
10
noe Jordania (1868-1953)
ali mardan-beg TofCibaSevi (1862-1934)
akaki Cxenkeli (1874-1959)
promeTeistTa mier germaniaSi gamocemuli ruka, ssrk-Si ZaliT inkorporirebuli erebis miTiTebiT
istoria
masa da 1940 wlis gazafxulze am molaparakebebis Sedegad, somexi emigrantebi sabWos 1940 wlis 28 maiss SeuerTdnen, germanelTa mier safrangeTis samxedro damarcxebamde sul ramdenime dRiT adre, riTac faqtobrivad aRiares sabWoTa somxeTis arsebuli sazRvrebi TurqeTTan, rac adre promeTeistul moZraobasTan maTi armimxrobis mTavari mizezi iyo. Tavis mxriv, qarTvelebi da azerbaijanelebi dahpirdnen somxebs, rom somxur umciresobaTa uflebebi momaval kavkasiur konfederaciaSi srulad iqneboda daculi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom maSin promeTeistebis gegmebs, maTgan damoukidebel mizezTa gamo, ganxorcieleba ar ewera borotebis imperiam – sabWoTa kavSirma gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisamde iarseba, promeTeistuli moZraobis wiaRSi warmoqmnilma ideebma ki kavkasiis xalxTa umWidroesi regionaluri integraciis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb Cvens dromdec SeinarCunes aqtualoba ukrainaSi mimdinare sisxlianma movlenebma kidev erTxel dagvanaxa kavkasiis da ukrainis xalxTa TanamSromlobis da erTmaneTis
gverdiT dgomis kardinaluri mniSvneloba ruseTis eqspansionizmisgan sakuTari damoukideblobis dacvisa da SenarCunebis saqmeSi. savaraudod, 90-iani wlebis politikurad gamoucdel kavkasiel liderebs promeTeistuli memkvidreobis Sesabamisi codna rom hqonodaT, SesaZloa mniSvnelovanwilad agveridebina Tavidan im imperiuli manipulaciebis xafangi, romelmac, samwuxarod, mravali ubedureba moutana damoukideblobis eklian gzaze Semdgar kavkasiis erebs. am TvalsazrisiT, promeTeistuli moZraobis liderTa da aqtivistTa mier SemuSavebuli dokumentebis Seswavla mniSvnelovnad gaamdidrebda kavkasiis dRevandeli mmarTveli elitis politikur kulturas
bolos isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom gasuli saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi arcerT ucxo saxelmwifos ar gauwevia kavkasiis damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli emigrantebisTvis iseTi xangrZlivi, Tanamimdevruli da gulwrfeli daxmareba, rogoric or msoflio oms Soris arsebulma polonurma respublikam gaswia.
1934 wels parizSi gamarTuli kavkasiur-ukrainuli banketi, kavkasiis konfederaciis paqtis xelmoweris aRsaniSnavad
11
promeTeistuli moZraoba
ukrainuli nacionalizmi
nawili I
zurab daviTaSvili
erTi welia grZeldeba ruseTis farTomasStabiani omi ukrainis winaaRmdeg. ukraineli xalxis gmirulma winaaRmdegobam, gautexelma sulma da im sabrZolo warmatebebma, rac ukrainam msoflios meore armiasTan moipova, ukrainis saxelmwifosa da ukraineli xalxis mimarT mTeli msoflios aRfrTovaneba da simpaTia daimsaxura dRes progresuli kacobrioba ukraineli xalxis gverdiT dgas da Tavis movaleobad miiCnevs maqsimalurad daexmaros gmir ukrainel xalxs, romelic medgrad icavs Tavisi qveynis Tavisuflebasa da suverenitets usastikesi imperialisturi da faSisturi, birTvuli saxelmwifosagan.
am omis aseTma mimdinareobam (maSin, roca politikuri da samxedro eqspertebis absoluturi umravlesoba varaudobda, rom omis dawyebidan 72 saaTSi rusebi kievs aiRebdnen da mTel ukrainas daimorCilebdnen) Zalian gazarda interesi ukrainelebis mimarT msoflio svams kiTxvas: vin arian ukrainelebi? ra aris is mTavari mizezi, ramac maT SeuZlebeli SeaZlebina da ra ganapirobebs ukrainelebis gautexlobas da Tavganwirvas?
cxadia, omSi warmatebas mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs armiisa da xalxis moraluri suli, sakuTari samSoblos siyvaruli da misi dacvis valdebuleba, romelic Rirseba da pativia da ara – iZuleba da tvirTi es ganwyoba ki garkveul ideologiur safuZvels unda eyrdnobodes, romlis arsic sakuTari erisa da qveynis yvelaze did Rirebulebad miCnevaa. aseTi ideologia nacionalizmia.
ra aris nacionalizmi?
bevris warmodgenaSi nacionalizmi negatiuri movlenaa, romelic sakuTari eris gansakuTrebulobas, RvTisgan rCeulobas da sxva erebze mis upiratesobas qadagebs, rac araerTxel gamxdara eTnikuri dapirispirebisa da sisxliani konfliqtebis mizezi. aseTi gamovlinebebi namdvilad axasiaTebs nacionalizms da bevri magaliTis moyvanac SeiZleba, magram didi Secdoma iqneba nacionalizmis mxolod aseTnairad warmoCena nacionalizmi amave dros aris usazRvro siyvaruli sakuTari erisa da samSoblosi, misi TavisuflebisaTvis brZola, patriotizmis grZnoba da rwmena – erTgulad emsaxuro da daicva Seni qveyana da xalxi
12
nacionalizmi
amgvarad, nacionalizmi Taviseburi orsaxa ianusia. igi erTdroulad aris sikeTec da borotebac, Tavisuflebac da Cagvrac, keTildReobac da uuflebobac yvelafers ki is gansazRvravs, rogor nacionalizmTan gvaqvs saqme, romeli xalxis, romel periodSi da ra miznebis. Tu Cagruli, dapyrobili da koloniuri xalxebis nacionalizmi progresuli movlenaa da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis medroSea, didi eris nacionalizmi xSirad qedmaRluria Tavisive saxelmwifos eTnikuri umciresobebis mimarT, arcTu iSviaTad negatiuri da damamcirebeli xasiaTisaa da zogjer SeiZleba rasizmsa da aSkara siZulvilSi gadaizardos aman ki SeiZleba konfliqtamde migviyvanos.
nacionalizmi istoriis axali periodis movlenaa Zveli da Sua saukuneebis periodis nacionalizmze laparaki azrs moklebulia. nacionalizmi SeuZlebelia arsebobdes naciis, anu eris gareSe, eri (dRevandeli gagebiT) ki mxolod maSin yalibdeba, roca iqmneba erTiani, yvelasaTvis gasagebi literaturuli ena, ixsneba skolebi, ibeWdeba wignebi da Jurnal-gazeTebi, arsdeba Teatri, yalibdeba erTiani erovnuli ekonomika, erovnuli bazari, banki, asparezze gamodis erovnuli inteligencia, komunikaciebis ganviTareba erTmaneTTan akavSirebs mTel mosaxleobas da yalibdeba saerTo erovnuli TviTSegneba yovelive es ki istoriis adrindel epoqebSi SeuZlebelia erebi kapitalizmis Sedegia
aqedan gamomdinare, nacionalizmis Teoriebidan im Teorias, romelic amtkicebs, rom erebi yovelTvis arsebobda (primordializmi), iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, mecnierebi ar iziareben. yvelaze meti mimdevari hyavs nacionalizmis im Teorias, romelic modernizmis saxeliT aris cnobili. es Teoria amtkicebs, rom erebi axali istoriis movlenaa (aqedan – saxelwodeba modernizmi) da eri warmosaxviTi sazogadoeba, konstruirebuli erTobaa erebi ki ar qmnian nacionalizms, aramed, piriqiT, nacionalizmi qmnis erebs nacionalizmis mamebi „igoneben“ istorias, geografias, atareben enis reformas, aarseben skolebs, gazeTebs, Teatrs da amiT xels uwyoben saerTo erovnuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebas da ganmtkicebas. modernizmis mixedviT, eri SeiZleba Seiqmnas „cariel adgilze“, raime erTiani eTnikuri bazis gareSe (mag., amerikelebi, laTinuri amerikis erebi da sxv ) nacionalizmis mesame Teoria – miiC- eTnosimbolizmi nevs, rom, marTalia, erebi istoriis axali periodis movlenaa, magram isini „cariel adgilze“ warmoSobili, gamogonili da konstruirebuli sazogadoebebi ki ar arian, aramed warmoadgenen manamde arsebuli eTnosocialuri an eTnopolitikuri erTobebis (e w eTni) bazaze warmoqmnil sazogadoebebs (mag., qarTveli eri warmoiSva XIX saukuneSi, magram mravalsaukunovani istoriis mqone qarTveli „eTnis“ transformaciis Sedegad).
13 ukrainuli nacionalizmi
ruseT-ukrainis omi, 2022
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor warmoiSva eri, nacionalizmic gansxvavebulia e w dasavluri nacionalizmi damaxasiaTebelia im erebisTvis, romlebic saxelmwifoebma warmoqmnes anu jer Camoyalibda centralizebuli saxelmwifo, romlis mosaxleobam, rogorc moqalaqeTa erTobam, Tavi gaacnobiera erT erad, miuxedavad eTnikuri kuTvnilebisa (ingliselebi, frangebi, amerikelebi, niderlandelebi, laTinuri amerikis erebi) aseTi nacionalizmi samoqalaqo, liberaluri nacionalizmia, romelic Ria sazogadoebas warmoadgens (am aRmosavluri nacionalizmi cnebaSi aRmosavleTi da centraluri evropa igulisxmeba) axasiaTebs im erebs, romlebic jer Camoyalibdnen erebad da Semdeg Seqmnes TavianTi saxelmwifo. aseT SemTxvevaSi saerTo enis, kulturis, teritoriis, saerTo istoriis, rwmenis da saerTo ekonomikis safuZvelze yalibdeba saerTo erovnuli TviTSegneba da Cndeba moTxovnileba hqondeT sakuTari saxelmwifo (germanelebi, italielebi, ungrelebi, polonelebi). aseTi nacionalizmi eTnikuri nacionalizmia, romelic Caketili sazogadoebaa da moqalaqeobaze maRla eTnikur kuTvnilebas ayenebs swored aRmosavlur nacionalizms miekuTvneba ukrainuli nacionalizmic.
ukrainelTa eTnogenezisi – istoriis ZiriTadi etapebi
radgan ukrainuli nacionalizmi aRmosavluri nacionalizmia, romelic eTnikur erTobas efuZneba, mizanSewonilia mokled SevexoT ukraineli xalxis formirebas da ukrainis istoriis ZiriTad etapebs
ukraineli xalxis istoria im droidan unda daviwyoT, roca dRevandeli ukrainis teritoriaze slavuri tomebi dasaxldnen. es procesi III-VII saukuneebSi mimdinareobda da gamowveuli iyo slavebis Tavdapirveli sacxovrebeli teritoriidan (centraluri evropa, mdinare rainsa da elbas Soris) maTi gamodevniT skandinaviidan migrirebuli germanuli tomebis mier. slavebis nawili centralur evropaSi darCa (dasavleTis slavebi, anu polonelebis, Cexebis, slovakebis winaprebi), nawili samxreTiT gadaadgilda (samxreTis slavebi – bulgarelebis, serbebis, xorvatebis, slovenielebis, bosnielebis, Cernogorielebis, makedonelebis winaprebi), mesame nawili ki aRmosavleT evropis vakeze dasaxlda (aRmosavleT slavebi, saerTo saxelwodebiT –rusi).
aRmosavleT slavebma Tavisi pirveli saxelmwifo IX saukuneSi Seqmnes, dedaqalaqiT kievSi da amitom qveyanac kievis ruseTis saxeliT aris cnobili. unda SevniSnoT, rom am saxelmwifos saxelis qarTuli Targmani, kievis ruseTi, zusti ar aris, radgan qveynis saxeli iyo (Киевская Русь) da ara kievis rusi kievis ruseTi (КиевскаяРоссия), magram radgan kievis ruseTi ukve damkvidrebuli terminia, iZulebuli varT es saxeli gamoviyenoT. Tumca, yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom maSindeli saxeli rusi gansxvavdeba dRevandeli rusis cnebisagan, radgan im periodSi rusi iyo qveynis saxelic da im xalxis, anu aRmosavleT slavebis saerTo saxelwodebac, romelTac erTi ena da identoba hqondaT da kievis saxelmwifos mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen
XIII saukunisaTvis kievis ruseTi, rogorc centralizebuli saxelmwifo, ukve sagrZnoblad iyo dasustebuli da mis SemadgenlobaSi myofi samTavroebi praqtikulad damoukideblebi iyvnen. aseTma viTarebam Zalian gauadvila TaTar-monRolebs daemorCilebinaT rusi TaTar-monRolebis (oqros urdos) samsaukunovanma batonobam didi kvali daamCnia aRmosavleT slavebs. faqtobrivad, moxda aRmosavleT slavebisa da TaTar-monRolebis Serwyma, ramac saTave daudo axal eTnoss – dRevandel rusebs (velikorusebi) ukrainisa da belorusis teritoriaze TaTar-monRolTa gavlena gacile-
14
aRmosavleTis slavebi
nacionalizmi
biT naklebi iyo da am teritoriaze mcxovrebma slavebma ufro SeinarCunes Zvelslavuri ena da kultura swored am periodidan SeiZleba laparaki (maloru- ukrainelebsa sebsa) da , rogorc calke eTno- belarusebze sebze, romlebic ukve sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebodnen velikorusebisagan
es gansxvaveba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 1362 wlis Semdeg, roca litvis didma mTavarma ( ) sastikad da- olgerdma algirdasma amarcxa oqros urdo da Tavisi samTavros sazRvrebi Sav zRvamde gadawia. amgvarad belorusia da ukrainis teritoriis didi nawili litvis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda daaxloebiT imave periodSi ukrainelebiT dasaxlebuli galicia poloneTis samefom SeierTa. 1569 wlis lublinis uniiT litva da poloneTi gaerTianda da Seiqmna erTiani saxelmwifo – ukrainis mTeli reC-pospolita teritoria reC-pospolitis SemadgenlobaSi moxvda
XVI saukunis Sua wlebidan, mas Semdeg, rac moskovis didma mTavarma ivane IV-m Tavi ruseTis mefed, xolo ruseTi bizantiis memkvidred da qristianobis mxsnelad gamoacxada, iwyeba ruseTis teritoriuli eqspansia yvela mimarTulebiT ukrainis mosazRvre teritoriebze rusebis dasaxlebis mizniT, moskovis xelisufleba SeRavaTs aZlevda yvela gadasaxlebuls. swored ase warmoiSva kazakoba – Tavisufali glexoba, romelTac batoni ar hyavdaT, mxolod mefes
emorCilebodnen da mis mniSvnelovan samxedro Zalas warmoadgendnen kazakTa ricxvi mxolod ruseTidan gadmosaxlebulebis xarjze ki ar izrdeboda, aramed maTSi mravlad iyvnen ukrainelebic, romlebic reCpospolitas SemadgenlobaSi iCagrebodnen, rogorc erovnuli umciresobebi ase Camoyalibda ukrainuli (zaporoJies) kazakoba, samxedro atamaniT (getmani) saTaveSi
brZola litvis samefos da oqros urdos Soris
reC-pospolitas gerbi 15
algirdasi (1296-1377)
ukrainuli nacionalizmi
zaporoJieli kazakebis getmanis, bogdan xmelnickis ajanyeba reC-pospolitas winaaRmdeg marcxiT damTavrda da xmelnickim daxmarebisTvis ruseTis mefes mimarTa. 1654 wels daadastura aRmo- pereiaslavis radam savleT ukrainis (maT Soris kievis) SeerTeba ruseTTan, rasac ruseT-poloneTis 13-wliani omi moyva. amis Sedegad ukraina gaiyo. aRmosavleTi ukraina ruseTis, xolo dasavleTi ukraina poloneTis (reC-pospolitas) xelSi aRmoCnda am movlenis Sedegad ukraineli xalxis istoria ori, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli gziT warimarTa. aRmosavleT ukrainelebi mZafr rusifikacias ganicdidnen, ruseTis saxelmwifo maT calke xalxad arc miiCnevda da rusebis subeTnikur jgufad (malorusebad) Tvlida dasavleT ukrainelebi ki poloneTis SemadgenlobaSi ufro myarad inarCunebdnen TviTmyofadobas, magram TavianTi kulturiTa da mentalobiT sul ufro da ufro Sordebodnen aRmosavleT ukrainelebs amas gansakuTrebiT isic uwyobda xels, rom dasavleT ukrainis marTlmadidebelma eparqiebma gawyvites kavSiri kievidan moskovSi gadasul mitropoliasTan (romelic sapatriarqod gardaiqmna da kievisa da sruliad rusis mitropolitis tituli moskovisa da sruliad rusis patriarqis titulma Secvala) da 1596 wlis brestis uniiT romis papi aRiares TavianTi eklesiis meTaurad Camoyalibda ukrainis uniaturi, berZnul-kaTolikuri ek- anu lesia, romelsac marTlmadidebluri eklesiisagan gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi hqonda.
1795 wels poloneTis saxelmwifom arseboba Sewyvita. igi ruseTma, avstriam da prusiam gainawiles poloneTis ukrainuli miwebi TiTqmis mTlianad ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida mxolod bukovina, galicia da lvovi gadavida avstriis xelSi. ukraineli xalxis istoriaSi axali etapi daiwyo, ramac ukrainuli nacionalizmis CamoyalibebaSic iCina Tavi
ivane IV (mrisxane) (1530-1584)
zaporoJieli kazakebi
16 nacionalizmi
bogdan xmelnicki (1596-1657)
ukrainuli nacionalizmi XIX saukuneSi da XX saukunis dasawyisSi
ukrainuli nacionalizmi iseve, rogorc evropis xalxebis umravlesobis nacionalizmi, XIX saukunis movlenaa da misi pirveli faza e.w. kulturuli nacionalizmi iyo, roca xdeboda ukrainuli kulturuli identobis formireba es, upirveles yovlisa, ukrainelebis, rogorc sakuTari, sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli enisa da kulturis mqone xalxad TviTidentifikaciasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. ruseTis imperiaSi es martivi procesi ar yofila, radgan imperiis oficialuri, rusifikatoruli politika ukrainelebs calke xalxad ar Tvlida da rusebis erT-erT subeTnikur jgufad miiCnevda, xolo ukrainul enas ganixilavda, rogorc yofiT, glexobis salaparako dialeqts
am poziciaze ara mxolod rusuli imperiuli azrovneba idga, aramed ukraineli inteleqtualuri elitis didi nawilic, romlis warmomadgenlebic ukrainul enas mxolod ojaxSi Tu iyenebdnen da TavianT nawarmoebebs rusul enaze qmnidnen (magaliTad, rusuli literaturis klasikosis, n. v. gogolis dasaxelebac kmara) amitom ukraineli eris formirebaSi da ukrainuli nacionalizmis CamoyalibebaSi arsebiTi roli Seasrula ukrainuli literaturis Seqmnam, xalxisTvis mSobliur da gasageb enaze Sesabamisad, ukrainuli literaturis damfuZneblebisa da mTavari warmomadgenlebis – ivan kotliarovskis taras SevCenkos ivan frankos mixe- , , , il kociubinskis lesia ukrainkas , roli ukraineli eris CamoyalibebaSi ganuzomelia literaturuli ukrainuli enis Seqmnam biZgi misca ukrainuli presis, Teatris, skolebis ganviTarebas, rac aucilebeli piroba iyo eris formirebisaTvis. unda aRiniSnos, rom TviT ruseTis imperiaSic ki ukrainuli erovnuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibeba gansxvavebulad mimdinareobda es procesi gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi iyo dnepris marjvenapireTis ukrainaSi, sadac rusuli gavlena naklebi iyo, maSin, roca marcxenapireTSi rusuli mosaxleoba mravlad iyo warmodgenili da iq macxovrebeli ukrainelebis arcTu mcire nawili ufro rusuli enisa da kulturis gavlenis qveS iyo
nikolai gogoli (1809-1852)
17
bogdan xmelnickis ajanyeba
ukrainuli nacionalizmi
nacionalizmi
rac Seexeba avstriis imperiaSi myof ukrainelebs, romlebic rutenielebis, igive rusinebis saxeliT iyvnen cnobili, isini ara mxolod avstrielebis mxridan ganicdidnen Seviwroebas, aramed polonelebis mxridanac, romlebic umravlesobas Seadgendnen galiciaSi (Tumca TviTonve warmoadgendnen Cagrul eTnikur umciresobas) 1848 wlis revoluciis dros galiciis ukrainelebma lvovSi Seqmnes , romelmac gamoacxada galiciis da ruseTis im-
„mTavari rusinuli sabWo“ periis ukrainelTa erTianoba da moiTxova galiciis gayofa ukrainul da polonur nawilebad. revoluciis damarcxebis Semdeg sabWom arseboba Sewyvita da mxolod 60-ian wlebSi aRdga, Tumca is or nawilad gaiyo erTi frTa, e w malorusebi, ruseTis imperiaSi yofnas uWerdnen mxars, meore frTa ki ukrainis ruseTisagan gamoyofas iTxovda amave periodSi ruseTis imperiaSi gaZlierda rusifikaciis procesi da ukrainuli enis Seviwroeba. amitom ukrainuli gamocemebis centrma avstria-ungreTSi gadainacvla da ukrainuli nacionalizmis centric galicia gaxda
90-ian wlebSi ukve yalibdeba ukrainuli organizaciebi, romlebic politikuri nacionalizmis poziciebze dganan 1900 wels Seqmnili revoluciuri ukrainuli partia (РУП) social-demokratiuli ideologiis poziciaze idga, magram amave dros iTxovda ukrainis politikur avtonomias ruseTis imperiaSi. partiaSi momxdari ganxeTqilebis Sedegad, calke Camoyalibda mkveTrad nacionalisturi ideologiis , romlis lide- ukrainis saxalxo partia (УНП)
ri, , qsenofobiiT da agresiuli nacionalizmiT gamoirCeoda nikolai mixnovski da partiis mTavar miznad daisaxa „ukraina ukrainelebisTvis“ kidev ufro radikalur poziciaze idga publicisti , romelic social- dimitri doncovi darvinizmis poziciebze dayrdnobiT asabuTebda ukraineli xalxis gansakuTrebul misias da ukrainis saxelmwifos aucileblobas.
ukrainuli nacionalizmi 1917-1945 wlebSi
ruseTis 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ukrainis politikurma partiebma kievSi Camoayalibes warmomadgenlobiTi organo – centraluri rada, cnobili sazogado moRvawis, istorikosis da publicistis mixeil gruSevskis TavmjdomareobiT. centralurma radam 1918 wlis ianvarSi gamoacxada , rogorc damoukidebeli ukrainis saxalxo respublika saxelmwifo. amavdroulad bolSevikebis ZalisxmeviT mimdinareobda sabWoebis sistemis formirebac. 1917 wlis dekemberSi xarkovSi ukrainis sabWoebis pirvelma yrilobam gamoacxada ukrainis sabWoTa saxalxo respublika, romelic federalur kavSirSi unda yofiliyo bolSevikur ruseTTan orxelisuflebianobam gardauvali gaxada samxedro dapirispireba or ukrainul xelisuflebas Soris
ivan kotliarovski (1769-1838) taras SevCenko (1814-1861)
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ivan franko (1856-1916) mixail kociubinski (1864-1913)
lesia ukrainka (1871-1913)
1918 wlis brestis zaviT ukrainis teritoriis didi nawili germaniis proteqtoratis qveS gadavida. centralurma radam Tavi daSlilad gamoacxada da Seiqmna ukrainis saxelmwifo pavel skoropadskis getman xelmZRvanelobiT magram germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis damarcxebam mdgomareoba Secvala. xelaxla Seiqmna ukrainis saxalxo respublika, romlis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organo gaxda , xolo direqtoria direqtoriis Tavmjdomared polkovniki simon petliura airCies
1918-1920 wlebi umZimesi periodia ukrainis istoriaSi mTeli misi teritoria samoqalaqo omis qarcecxlSia gaxveuli erTmaneTs upirispirdebian wiTeli da TeTri armiebi, ori ukrainuli saxelmwifos Zalebi, saerTod calke iyo anarqisti atamanis nestor maxnos revoluciuri armia es sisxliani dapirispireba sabolood wiTeli armiis gamarjvebiT damTavrda, romelmac mTeli ukrainis teritoria daikava da gamoacxada ukrainis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika, dedaqalaqiT xarkovSi (1934 wlidan – kievi)
am gamarjvebiT frTaSesxmulma bolSevikurma ruseTma dasavleTiT svla gaagrZela da xelaxla damoukideblobamopovebul poloneTis saxelmwifos Seutia. polonelebma sastikad daamarcxes wiTeli armia. 1921 wlis martSi dadebuli rigis zaviT mTeli dasavleTi ukraina poloneTis xelSi gadavida, avstria-ungreTis daSlis Sedegad momxdari teritoriuli cvlilebiT bukovina rumineTis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda, xolo imierkarpateTis ukraina (samxreTi
rutenia) axladSeqmnili Cexoslovakiis saxelmwifos nawili gaxda 1922 wlis dekemberSi ukrainis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika, sam sxva subieqtTan erTad (ruseTi, belorusia, amierkavkasiis federacia), axali saxelmwifos – sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris damfuZnebeli wevri gaxda
dimitri doncovi (1883-1973)
mixail gruSevski (1866-1934)
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pavel skoropadski (1873-1945)
ukrainuli nacionalizmi
nacionalizmi
amgvarad, ukrainis teritoria oTx qveyanas Soris aRmoCnda ganawilebuli
albaT, cota iqneba iseTi qveyana, romelsac imdeni ubedureba gadaetanos, rac sabWoTa ukrainam gadaitana XX saukunis 20-30ian wlebSi pirveli msoflio omisa da samoqalaqo omebis Sedegad gaCanagebul miwas umZimes gansacdelad moevlina sabWoTa reJimis sisastike: danaSaulebrivi meTodebiT ganxorcielebuli koleqtivizacia; glexobis gakulakeba da gadasaxleba cimbirSi; kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili umZimesi danaSauli, xelovnurad gamowveuli SimSiloba ( ), romelmac 4-dan 7 mi- holodomori lionamde adamianis sicocxle imsxverpla; 1937-1939 wlebis didi terori, romelmac ukraineli xalxis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi Seiwira, gansakuTrebiT isini, romlebic ukrainuli nacionalizmis Tundac odnav gamovlinebaSi iyvnen SemCneuli. Sesabamisad, am periodis ukrainuli nacionalizmi ZiriTadad evropaSi, kerZod, poloneTsa da CexoslovakiaSi, agrZelebs arsebobas.
1920 wels CexoslovakiaSi iqmneba iatakqveSa nacionalisturi, ukrainis samxedro organizacia (uso – УВО), ukrainis saxalxo respublikis armiis polkovnik evgeni konovalecis meTaurobiT am organizaciis ZiriTadi samoqmedo areali iyo galicia da mimarTuli iyo poloneTis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, romelsac adanaSaulebdnen eTnikuri ukrainelebis SeviwroebaSi. brZolis meTodebi iyo sabotaJi, diversia, terorizmi, politikuri mkvlelobebi.
1929 wels ukrainis samxe organizaciis bazaze iqmneba raineli nacionaliste organizacia uno (ОУН), r gorc usos legaluri, pol
tikuri frTa, Tumca sinamdvileSi moxda piriqiT uno Camoyalibda ultramemarjvene, radikalur nacionalistur organizaciad, romlis SemadgenlobaSi 30-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi Sevida uso, rogorc unos avtonomiuri, samxedro frTa unos lideri gaxda usos Tavmjdomare – evgeni konovaleci. 1938 wels konovaleci mokles sabWoTa uSiSroebis oficris p sudoplatovis mier ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtis Sedegad
1939 wlis agvistoSi unos Tavmjdomared airCies konovalecis uaxloesi TanamebrZoli 1940 wels, andrei melniki germaniis mier poloneTis okupaciis Semdeg, aTasamde ukraineli naciona-
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simon petliura (1879-1926)
nest (1888
evgeni konovaleci (1891-1938)
listi, romlebic poloneTis cixeebSi isxdnen, ganTavisufldnen. maT Soris iyo stefan bandera, romelsac daxvreta hqonda misjili, magram Semdeg poloneTis umaRlesma sasamarTlom samudamo patimroba Seufarda. am viTarebam garkveulad Secvala mdgomareoba unoSi. organizacia gaiyo or fraqciad. pirveli fraqcia, melnikis meTaurobiT, mxars uWerda unos Zvel statuss da moqmedebis gegmas (melnikelebi), meore fraqciam ki, romelic ufro radikaluri meTodebis momxre iyo, miiRo saxelwodeba uno (revolucionerebi) da fraqciis lideris banderas saxelis gamo banderelebad iwodebodnen banderam SeZlo meti momxre Semoekriba da meti popularoba moepovebina, magram unos Tavmjdomared melniki darCa
pavel sudoplatovi (1907-1996)
andrei melniki (1890-1964)
stefan bandera (1909-1959)
21
vermaxtis ukrainuli divizia
ukrainuli nacionalizmi
am periodis umniSvnelovanesi movlena iyo 1939 wels dadebuli molotov-ribentropis paqti, romlis mixedviTac, sabWoTa kavSirma da nacisturma germaniam poloneTis saxelmwifo gaiyves. poloneTis SemadgenlobaSi myofi dasavleTi ukraina (agreTve dasavleTi belorusia) sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, xolo 1940 wels, besarabiisa da bukovinis ssrk-is SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, ukrainelebiT dasaxlebuli yvela teritoria, garda imierkarpateTis ukrainisa, sabWoTa ukrainis nawili gaxda ukrainis teritoria 40%-iT gaizarda da mis SemadgenlobaSi is ukrainuli miwebic Sevida, romlebic ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi arasodes yofila paradoqsi iyo, rom ori totalitaruli reJimis – komunisturi sabWoTa kavSirisa da nacisturi germaniis danaSaulebrivma garigebam ukrainuli nacionalizmis mizani da ukraineli xalxis ocneba aRasrula – dasavleTi ukraina da aRmosavleTi ukraina gaerTianda da erTiani respublika Seiqmna marTalia, es sabWoTa socialisturi, arasuverenuli respublika iyo, magram ukraineli xalxis erToba ukve did warmatebad unda CaiTvalos
ukrainis erTianoba ukrainuli nacionalizmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi, magram
arasakmarisi miRweva iyo mTavari mizani erTiani, suverenuli da damoukidebeli ukrainuli saxelmwifos Seqmna iyo am ideas dasavleT ukrainis mosaxleobis sakmaod didi nawili iziarebda, amitom SemoerTebisTanave sabWoTa xelisuflebam ukrainuli nacionalizmi seriozul safrTxed aRiqva da sastiki brZola gaaCaRa mis winaaRmdeg sul raRac weliwad-naxevarSi, burJuaziuli nacionalistobis braldebiT, dasavleT ukrainis aTiaTasobiT mcxovrebi daapatimres da cimbirSi gadaasaxles
sabWoTa kavSirze nacisturi germaniis
Tavdasxmam da ukrainis okupaciam axali garemoeba Seqmna dasavleT ukrainelebis nawilma germania aRiqva, rogorc sabWoTa reJimisagan ganmaTavisuflebeli da mis mxares dadga. am pozicias iziarebda unos is frTa, romelsac melniki edga saTaveSi amitom ar iyo SemTxveviTi, rom vermaxtis SemadgenlobaSi ukrainuli diviziebic Seiqmna, romlebic aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen sabWoTa armiis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da sastikad uswordebodnen Tavisive im Tanamemamuleebsac, romlebic komunisturi reJimisa da sabWoTa xelisuflebis mimarT loialurad iyvnen ganwyobili
unos meore frTam (banderelebma) CaTvala, rom dadga Sesaferisi dro ukrainis damoukideblobisaTvis da 1941 wlis 30 ivniss lvovSi gamoacxades ukrainis saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena magram nacisturi germaniis interesebSi sulac ar Sedioda ukrainis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arseboba da banderas mkacrad mosTxoves Seewyvita es avantiura, razec banderam uariT upasuxa amitom lvovSi saswrafod gaigzavna gestapos specjgufebi „ukraineli nacionalistebis SeTqmulebis“ gasaneitraleblad bandera daapatimres da zaqsenhauzenis sakoncentracio banakSi moaTavses, sadac man 1944 wlamde dahyo.
banderelebs far-xmali ar dauyriaT piriqiT, miiRes gadawyvetileba SeiaraRebuli brZola ewarmoebinaT rogorc sabWoTa armiasTan, ise vermaxtis jarebTan da polonur sajariso nawilebTan am mizniT Camoyalibda ukrainis amboxebulTa armia (УПА), romelSic 1943 wlisTvis 200 aTasamde mebrZoli iricxeboda es armia sam frontze ibrZoda da erTnairad uswordeboda sabWoTa da germanul armiebsac da polonur sajariso danayofebsac. samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom ukrainis amboxebulTa
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nacionalizmi
armias, marTalia keTilSobiluri mizani hqonda da ukrainis TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZoda ori uborotesi totalitaruli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, didi danaSaulic miuZRvis mSvidobiani mosaxleobis (gansakuTrebiT, polonelebisa da ebraelebis) winaSe
ukrainel amboxebulTa armia sabrZolo moqmedebas dasavleT ukrainis teritoriaze meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdegac ganagrZobda. man Tavi daSlilad mxolod 1949 wels gamoacxada, Tumca partizanul brZolas 50-ian wlebSic agrZelebda 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaanadgures ukrainel partizanTa ukanaskneli mebrZoli jgufi, ris Semdegac aqtiuri moqmedebebi Sewyda, Tumca calkeuli mebrZolebi aralegalurad, yovelgvari dokumentebis gareSe, malulad cxovrobdnen da emalebodnen sabWoTa reJims ukanaskneli aseTi mebrZoli – ilia obereSini 40 weli afarebda Tavs tyes da sazogadoebaSi mxolod 1991 wels, ukve ukrainis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg gamoCnda
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ukrainis saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis aRniSvna
ukrainuli nacionalizmi
qalebi
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos qalebi
social-demokratiuli saxelmwifos qalebi
nawili II
qeTevan qanTaria
saqarTvelos pirveli respublika emyareboda socialuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis principebs, Tumca, zogadad, mTeli mowinave msoflios uflebriv gamocdilebas iTvisebda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam 1920 wlis 14 agvistos daamtkica kanoni „Sromis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb“, romlis regulaciebi Seexeboda arasrulwlovanTa Sromis akrZalvas, qalTa Sromas specialur pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT, orsuli qalebisas regulaciebi moiTxovda mSromelTa dazRvevas gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi. moqalaqeTa SromiTi uflebebi sabolood aisaxa 1921 wels damtkicebuli konstituciis me-13 TavSi „social-ekonomikuri uflebani“. misi meSveobiT, sxva danarCens Soris, moxda Sromis pirobebis, maT Soris qalTa da arasrulwlovanTa Sromis, regulireba da dawesda Sesabamisi kontroli.
1919 wels saqarTveloSi Catarda damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi, sayovelTao, paritetuli principiT sxvadasxva partiis saarCevno siaSi 20-ze meti qali iyo, maTgan xuTi – saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis wevri gaxda
saqarTvelo erT-erTi pirveli qveyanaa msoflioSi, romelmac qalTa uflebebi sakanonmdeblo doneze asaxa da qalebs mianiWa rogorc aqtiuri, ise pasiuri saarCevno ufleba – 1921 wels miiRes saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis konstitucia, romlis 39-e muxlSi Caiwera: „orive sqesis moqalaqe Tanasworia rogorc politikur, ise samoqalaqo, ekonomiur da saojaxo uflebiT“
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„1921 wlis qarTuli konstitucia udavod SeiZleba CaiTvalos erT-erT yvelaze daxvewil da srulyofil uzenaes sakanonmdeblo aqtad, rac ki imdroindel msoflioSi Seqmnila adamianis uflebebTan mimarTebiT, – werda erT-erTi qarTveli iuristi 2012 wels, – imis miuxedavad, rom qarTvelebs aranairi samarTlebrivi da konstituciuri gamocdileba ar gaaCndaT im erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis avtokratiuli mmarTvelobis qveS rom gaatares, social-demokratebma iseTi samarTlebrivi aqtis Seqmna moaxerxes, romelic pirveli msoflio omis Semdgomi yvela konstituciisgan gamorCeviT dgas, misi unikalurobiTac da TanmimdevrulobiTac“
am konstituciaze muSaoba 1918 wels, damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan ramdenime dReSi, daiwyo da 1921 wlis im dReebSi dasrulda, roca avtorebi, saqarTvelos mTavrobis wevrebTan erTad baTumis portidan qveynis dasatoveblad emzadebodnen samwuxarod, maT Soris arc erTi qali ar yofila
dRes daviwyebulma dramaturgma, natalia azianma, romelic Tavis droze gamoarCies ilia WavWavaZem, kita abaSiZem, ivane gomarTelma da sxvebma, 1919 wels dawera sketCi „interviu qalbaton demokratiasTan“. pirveli respublikis motanili demokratia mis nawerSi orjer gaTxovil qaladaa warmodgenili, jer – „TviTmpyrobelze“, Semdeg ki – menSevikze „meore qmaric mRalatobs egec burJuazias earSiyeba“, – wers aziani, romelic marqsistul ideebs iziarebda (qveynis saTaveSi mosulma qarTvelma social-demokratebma ki, rogorc cnobilia, bolSevikuri ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, socializmis zomieri gza da burJuaziasTan saerTo enis gamonaxva arCies), Tumca „ubedureba is aris, rom mesamed mipireben gaTxovebas, ra vici, viRac bolSeviki gamoCenila, axla is mearSiyeba...“
mwerali qalis es ganwyoba Zalze niSandoblivia qarTveli marqsistebis nawilis poziciis gasagebad – bolSevizmi maTTvisac miuRebeli gamodga amis kargi magaliTia, mogvianebiT, marqsisti liziko qaixosros asuli qavTaraZis ukompromiso cxovreba igi, axalgazrda marqsistTa organizaciis wevri da Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis studenti, TanaugrZnobda 1924 wlis ajanyebulebs da arasodes gamxdara komunisti –
„...me mqonda Cemi rwmena Cemi moqmedeba mimarTuli iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg... “
liziko qavTaraZe, romelmac antisabWoTa saqmianobis gamo 28 weli gulagSi gaatara, is iSviaTi figura iyo, romelmac sabWoeTis mimwuxrSi uSualod gadasca Zvelebis estafeta erovnul moZraobas, xolo maT, visac amis SeTvisebis unari aRmoaCnda –Zveli qarTuli inteligenciis moRvaweTa xasiaTi da principulobac...
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natalia aziani (1878-1943)
liziko qavTaraZე (1905-1988)
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos qalebi
kato miqelaZe miiCnevda, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenasTan erTad unda gaTavisuflebuliyvnen qarTveli qalebi, erovnul saxelmwifos ki amisTvis xeli unda Seewyo, magram mwared gaucruvda imedi, rodesac, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavda, dainaxa, rom saxelmwifoebrivi institutebi mamakacebs hqondaT monopolizebuli roca erovnul yrilobaze mas sityvis Tqmis ufleba ar misces, yrilobis erT-erTma wevrma, cercvaZem, noe Jordanias hkiTxa, ratomaa miviwyebuli qarTveli qali, ratom ar hyavs Tavisi warmomadgeneli erovnul sabWoSio `Cven gvyavs qalebi!“ – upasuxia mTavrobis Tavmjdomares
„viciT, rom mas qalebi hyavs, magram ar viciT, ramdenad daicaven misi qalebi qalTa uflebebs damfuZnebel krebaze da gabedaven partiul CarCodan gamosvlas diax, baton Jordanias qalebi yavs, magram misi wyalobiT qarTvel qalebs Tavisi interesebis damcveli dRes aravina yavs“, – werda amaze kato miqelaZe.
„moqalaqeno, saqarTvelo istoriulad ar iyo Cveuli qalTa monobas – acxadebda kato miqelaZe im gamosvlis teqstSi, romlis warmoTqmis saSualebac akaki Cxenkelma ar misca, – qarTveli xalxis colqmroba amxanaguri xasiaTisa iyo qarTveli qali arc sazogado moRvaweobas iyo mowyvetili da im dros, roca Cveni gmiri mamapapani far-xmalsa lesden mtris mosagerieblad, Cveni Zveli dedebi samoqalaqo cxovrebas Wirisuflobdnen arc politikur saqmeebs udgen qarTveli qalebi ganze da TavianTi unariT da gonieri mecadineobiT araerTxel SeuerTebiaT danawilebuli kuTxeebi saqarTvelosa qarTveli qalebi ereoden TviT sagareo politikaSiac da didaT sakeTiloTac Cveni qveynisaTvis sanam Cvens erovnul cxovrebaSi ucxouri gavlena ar SemoiWra, qarTveli qali arasodes upirovno arsebas ar warmoadgenda“
kato miqelaZesTan dakavSirebuli incidentis miuxedavad, mkvlevrebi adastureben, rom „1917 wels, ruseTis imperiis dacemas da Tavisuflebas saqarTvelos politikuri speqtri qalTa sazogadoebrivi monawileobis da politikuri warmomadgenlobisaTvis mzad Sexvda da sakiTxi diskusiis sagani didad ar gamxdara... qalTa uflebebis sakiTxebze msjeloba, sajaro diskusiebi da emansipaciis praqtikuli RonisZiebebi Tu deklaraciis doneze dayeneba sazogadoebrivi moZraobis formiT aqtiurad mimdinareobda da politikuri partiebis platformebis da Sida saorga-nizacio praqtikis nawili gaxda“.
rogorc iTqva, 1919 wlis damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebze politikur partiaTa mier warmodgenil saarCevno siebSi kandidatad daaxloebiT 20mde qali daregistrirda, xolo pirveli demokratiuli respublikis sakanonmdeblo organos damfuZnebel krebaSi xuTi deputati qali iyo warmodgenili – elisabed nakaSiZe-bolqvaZe, ana soloRaSvili, eleonora ter-farsegova, qristine SaraSiZe, minadora orjonikiZe-toroSeliZe
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o miqelaZe 942) eli minadora orjonikiZetoroSeliZe (1879-1967)
qalebi
im periodis stenografiul Canawerebsa da mTavrobis sxdomis oqmebSi kargad Cans, rogori aqtiurebi iyvnen sakanonmdeblo organos wevri qalebi presaSi mravlad ibeWdeboda maTi iniciativebi da diskusiebi ganaTlebis, Sromis, janmrTelobisa da sxva sakonstitucio winadadebebze samwuxarod, maTi saqmianobis amsaxveli masala mwiria –sabWoTa represiebma ori maTganis, ana (olRa) soloRaSvilisa da elisabed bolqvaZenakaSiZis, sicocxle Seiwira, danarCenebis arqivebi ki gaanadgura. ana soloRaSvili (1882-1937)
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi (1919 wlis 14-16 Tebervals) damtkicebuli sakandidato siebiT wardgenili 600 kandidaturidan 26 iyo qali qalTa kandidaturebi Semdeg partiebs hyavdaT wardgenili:
N1 saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia – 30-sulian siaSi 6 qali kandidati: eleonora ter-farsagova-maxvilaZisa, minadora toroSeliZe, qristine SaraSiZe, elisabed bolqvaZe, anna (olRa) soloRaSvili da mariam berianiZe;
N3 saqarTvelos socialist-revolucionerTa partia – 130-sulian siaSi 5 qali kandidati: mariam CxeiZe, nino maCabeli-andronikaSvilisa, olRa sanikiZe-valabuevisa, sofio zariZe, nina nadiraZe;
N4 somexTa revoluciuri partia „daSnakciuTuni“ – 19-kacian siaSi 2 qali kandidati – daria Tadeosiani da siranuS amirbegiani;
N5 saqarTvelos social-federalistTa sarevolucio partia – 20-sulian siaSi 9 kandidati: nino nakaSiZe, melania gvelesiani, aleqsandra berekaSvili-sanikiZisa, Tamar falavandiSvili, elene imnaZe, Tamar maWavariani, agrafina baxtaZe, liuba Cxenkeli, anna iurkeviCi;
N7 saqarTvelos radikal-demokratiul glexTa partia – 50-kacian siaSi 1 qali kandidati – nadeJda SalamberiZe;
N9 saqarTvelos social-federalist maSvralTa partia –38-kacian siaSi 3 kandidati: nino dgebuaZe, SuSanika qavTaraZe da nadeJda CikvaiZe
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebze yvelaze gavlenianma social-demokratiulma partiam, romelmac xmebis umravlesoba miiRo, sia ise daakompleqta, rom damfuZnebeli krebis SemadgenlobaSi moxvda imdroindeli saqarTvelos yvela eTnikuri Temi
Zalian saintereso da mniSvnelovani faqtia, rom Tbilisis mazris yaraiazis olqSi, sadac kenWs sxvadasxva partiis warmomadgenlebi iyridnen, xolo amomrCevelTa umetesoba muslimi iyo, gamarjveba moulodnelad damoukidebelma kandidatma, azerbaijanuli Temis warmomadgenelma – fari-xanum sofievam moipova maSin aravin icoda, rom es axalgazrda qali msoflioSi pirveli muslimi qali iqneboda, romelmac demokratiul arCevnebSi kenWi iyara da gaimarjva fari-xanumi, romelsac Tavis TemSi usazRvro avtoriteti hqonia, Tbilisis samazro erobis mexuTe xmosani gaxda yaraiazis olqidan. cnobilia, rom erobis wevrobisas man xelisuflebas mSobliur sofel yarajalarSi rkinigzis sadguri aaSenebina, adgilobrivi oblebisTvis ki –skola
qristine SaraSiZe (1889-1973)
27
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos qalebi
ojaxis wevris mogonebiT, fari-xanumi araTu sakuTari ojaxis, mTeli soflis cxovrebas edga saTaveSi, bolSevikebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdegac ki („ministriviT iyo “ , „feri-xan kaci“). „qorwilebsa da dakrZalvebze „molasaviT“ kiTxulobda yurans, aZlevda rCevebsa da qvelmoqmedebas“ –es axlac warmoudgenelia zogi tradiciuli sazogadoebisTvis, – mudam Tan hqonia germanuli revolveri da ganuyreli Cibuxi. fari-xanumi qedmouxreli darCenila stalinuri „wmendis“ wlebSic, roca rva Zmidan xuTi dauxvrites, magram erT-erTi ZmisSvilis Tavs damtydari ubedurebisTvis veRar gauZlia da gulis SeteviT gardacvlila mis Sesaxeb u danbari werda: „feri-xani gardaicvala 1953 wels, stalinis sikvdilis wels msoflioSi pirveli arCeuli muslimi qali gardaicvala qveyanaSi, romelsac aRar gaaCnda arc Tavisufali arCevnebi da arc religiis Tavisufleba“
dRes yarajalaSi fari-xanum sofievas memoriali dgas, misi saflavis qvis warweraze ki vkiTxulobT: „1918 wels saqarTveloSi, Tbilisis mazris TviTmmarTvelobaSi de-
qalTa monawileobis mxriv mxolod saqarTvelos azerbaijanul Tems ar gamouCenia Tavi – TviT azerbaijanis saxelmwifo gaxda 1918 wels msoflioSi pirveli muslimuri qveyana, sadac qalebs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba miecaT (1917 wlis 26 oqtombers gamarTul „musavaTis“ partiis pirvel yrilobaze miiRes partiuli programa, rom „20 wlis asaks miRweul yvela moqalaqes aqvs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, ganurCevlad sqesisa, erovnebisa da religiisa“)
amomrCevelTa saerTo uflebebi azerbaijanis demokratiulma respublikam 1918 wels SemoiRo miiRes kanoni „azerbaijanis respublikis damfuZnebel krebaze arCevnebis Sesaxeb“, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom kreba Sedgeba im warmomadgenlebisagan, romlebsac mosaxleoba irCevs ganurCevlad sqesisa da Tanabari uflebebiT pirdapiri da saidumlo xmis micemis safuZvelze
mokratiulad arCeuli pirveli muslimi, eTnikurad azerbaijaneli qali“
Tu ra bedi ewia qalTa sakiTxs, „idealur socializms“ (remzi makdonaldi), kooperaciul Tu profkavSirul moZraobas, romlebic damoukidebel saqarTveloSi, gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, yvaoda, social-demokrati qalis, mariam kalandaZis, magaliTiTac Cans 1910-iani wlebis bolos igi aqtiurad uwyobda xels aWaraSi, qobuleTis mxareSi, kooperaciuli moZraobis ganviTarebas – iyo maswavlebeli, 1921 wlidan Cabmuli iyo winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi, ris gamoc ramdenjerme daapatimres 1923 wels sabWoTa reJimma maro kalandaZe cimbirSi gadaasaxla, am wlidan moyolebuli, misi cxovreba gadasaxlebis vadis dausrulebel zrdad da banakidan banakSi gadasvlad iqca 1938 wels mariam kalandaZe cimbiris qalaq minusinskSi daxvrites
marTalia, qalebma mravalwliani brZoliT moipoves politikuri uflebebi, magram damfuZnebel krebaSi 5 qalis moxvedra progresis niSani iyo „samwuxarod, am qalebis bedi saarakod daemsgavsa pirveli respublikis da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis beds, radgan bolSevikurma terorma da komunisturma reJimma erTnairi daRi daasva orTaves da qarTvel qalebsac mouspo sazogadoebrivi da politikuri moRvaweobis asparezi“ (l gafrindaSvili, i xvadagiani) es kargad Cans damfuZnebeli krebis wevri qalebis biografiebidanac –maTi cxovreba 1917 wlamde, politikuri da sazogadoebrivi aqtiuroba demokratiul saqarTveloSi da sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg
28
fari-xanum sofieva (1884-1953)
qalebi
eleonora (lola) mixeilis asuli ter-farsegova-maxvilaZe 1875 wels daibada TbilisSi, „koleJski asesoris“ mixeil ter-farsegovis da matilda bartoldis ojaxSi daamTavra Tbilisis qalTa gimnazia 1902 wlidan iyo ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis wevri 1905 wlidan meuRlesTan, eqim vladimer maxvilaZesTan erTad cxovrobda qalaq soxumSi, muSaobda pedagogad da revoluciur saqmianobas eweoda. 1905 wlis 17 oqtombris manifestis Semdeg maTma organizaciam realurad xelSi aiRo q. soxumis mmarTveloba da Caanacvla mefis xelisuflebis TiTqmis yvela struqtura. amis gamo eleonora daapatimres, gaasamarTles, Tumca orsulobis gamo patimroba ar miusajes. 1917 wlamde eleonora maxvilaZe kidev samjer iyo dapatimrebuli. 1919 wlis Tebervlidan arCeuli iyo Tbilisis qalaqis sabWos xmosnad. iyo mkeravTa profkavSiris erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli, Tbilisis sapatio momrigebel-mosamarTle, profkavSiruli moZraobis erT-erTi lideri, damfuZnebeli krebis Sromisa da saxalxo janmrTelobis komitetis wevri
rusuli okupaciis Semdeg eleonora aqtiurad iyo CarTuli antisabWoTa moZraobaSi, iyo saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis qalTa komitetis wevri, romelic aralegalurad muSaobda politikuri patimrebis da maTi ojaxebis dasaxmareblad. 1922 wlidan es komiteti bolSevikur saokupacio reJimTan mebrZoli partiebis erTian organizaciad iqca da mas „saqarTvelos politikuri wiTeli jvari“ ewoda
1922 wlis 10 Tebervals, saqarTvelos okupaciis wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad dagegmili antisabWoTa demonstraciebis aRsakveTad, saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiam antisabWoTa partiebis liderebi da aqtiuri wevrebi daapatimra. eleonora maxvilaZe saqarTvelos ssr sagangebo komisiis (Ceka) orderiT daapatimres. 1922 wlis 19 marts saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiis kolegiis prezidiumma mas 3 TviT izolaciis wesiT dapatimreba miusaja, winaswari patimrobis vadis CauTvlelad, Tumca, janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo, 14 ivliss gaaTavisufles monawileobda 1924 wlis agvistos antisabWoTa ajanyebis Semdeg ganadgurebuli social-demokratiuli partiis aralegaluri organizaciebis aRdgenis procesSi 1925 wels igi airCies saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis aralegaluri centraluri komitetis SemadgenlobaSi Sinsaxkomma eleonora ter-farsegova-maxvilaZe 1926 wels daapatimra da amierkavkasiidan gaasaxla cnobilia, rom 30-ian wlebSi igi TbilisSi dabrunda, Tumca misi Semdgomi cxovrebis Sesaxeb cnobebi aRar moipoveba
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nino nakaSiZe (1872-1963)
eleonora ter-farsegova-maxvilaZe (1875-1930-iani wlebi )
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos qalebi
elisabed (liza) nakaSiZe-bolqvaZe daibada 1885 wels aznauris ojaxSi izrdeboda ozurgeTis mazris sofel samxvToSi, swavlobda tfilisis qalTa mesame gimnaziaSi 1904 wlidan iyo saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis wevri muSaobda guriaSi glexebTan, Semdeg menSevikebs SeuerTda. iyo guriis qalTa social-demokratiuli organizaciis xelmZRvaneli, 1917 wlis 20 marts airCies guriis qalTa sazogadoebis Tavmjdomared, iyo natanebis raionul kooperativTa kavSiris Tavmjdomarec. 1918 wlis martSi iyo saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis centraluri komitetis wevrobis kandidati 1919 wlis 12 martidan airCies saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis wevrad social-demokratebis siiT. iyo Sromis da momaragebis komisiebis wevri. 1921 wlis sabWoTa okupaciis Semdeg Caeba winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi 1923 wels daapatimres da 2 maiss, saqarTvelos ssr sagangebo komisiis (Ceka) dadgenilebiT, „menSevikuri partiis“ 78-kacian jgufTan erTad uralis mxareSi gadaasaxles
1923 wlis 30 dekembers, social-demokratiuli partiis yofili wevris, saqarTvelos aralegaluri profkavSirebis yofili lideris, ilarion giorgaZis mkvlelobis Semdeg, romelic bolSevikurma xelisuflebam „menSevikebs“ miawera, saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiam mZevlad gamoacxada dapatimrebuli da gadasaxlebaSi myofi 38 social-demokrati „menSeviki,“ maT Soris – liza bolqvaZe, da msgavsi faqtis ganmeorebis SemTxvevaSi maT daxvretiT daemuqra.
1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, bolSevikuri reJimis mier taqtikis Secvlis da represiebis Serbilebis kampaniis farglebSi, gadasaxlebulTa nawils ufleba misces dabrunebuliyvnen samSobloSi liza nakaSiZe-bolqvaZe 1925 wels saqarTveloSi dabrunda Tavdapirvelad cxovrobda guriaSi, male Cavida TbilisSi da muSaoba daiwyo saqarTvelos ssr SinavaWrobis saxalxo komisariatSi
paralelurad igi kooptaciiT (e.i. amomrCevelTa monawileobis gareSe morig arCevnebamde arCeviTi organos Sevseba axali wevrebiT) Seiyvanes saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis aralegaluri centraluri komitetis SemadgenlobaSi. 1926 wlis 22 Tebervals, aralegaluri cekas mdivnis eleonora ter-farsegova-maxvilaZis dapatimrebis Semdeg, liza bolqvaZe cekas da Tbilisis komitetis xelmZRvaneli gaxda da energiulad Seudga muSaobas, moawesriga konspiraciuli kavSirebi partiis sazRvargareTis biurosTan da politpatimarTa ojaxebis daxmarebis meqanizmi
30
qalebi
melania gvelesiani konstantine (kote)
andronikaSvili
1926 wlis 29 ivniss liza daapatimres man uari Tqva gaeca partiuli kavSirebi, Tumca aRiara, rom gadasaxlebis Semdegac ganagrZobda antisabWoTa saqmianobas, rasac danaSaulad ar miiCnevda mas sami wliT patimroba miesaja da krasnoiarskis mxareSi, minusinskis politizolatorSi gaigzavna 1927 wlis 7 ianvars es samwliani patimroba gadasaxlebiT Seucvales, 1930 wlis 18 ianvars ki gadasaxlebis vada sami wliT gaugrZeles 1933 wlis 4 Tebervals, am vadis amowurvis Semdeg, liza gaaTavisufles, mxolod uralis mxareSi cxovrebis uflebiT. gaTavisuflebis Semdeg cxovrobda alTais mxareSi, q obis kamenSi muSaobda „politikuri wiTeli jvris“ xaziT
1936 wlis pirvel naxevarSi Sinsaxkomis kamenis raionulma ganyofilebam msxvilmasStabiani operacia Caatara da politikuri sababiT gadasaxlebuli qarTveli social-demokratebis didi jgufi daakava. Ziebis versiiT, gadasaxlebaSi Camoyalibebuli urTierTdaxmarebis araformaluri meqanizmebis, mimowerisa da Sekrebebis ukan idga kontrrevoluciuri organizacia, romlis mTavari organizatorebi iyvnen cnobili social-demokratebi, damfuZnebeli krebis deputatebi liza bolqvaZe da konstantine (kote) andronikaSvili
liza 1936 wlis 4 aprils daapatimres dakiTxvebze, dapatimrebulTa umravlesobis msgavsad, igi kategoriulad uaryofda kontrrevoluciuri organizaciis arsebobas da „menSevikebis“ sazRvargareTis biurosTan kavSirs, piradi kavSirebis dasaxelebaze ki uars acxadebda Sinsaxkomis kolegiasTan arsebulma gansakuTrebulma sa-
1936 wlis 6 noembers liza bolqvaZe kvlav daapatimres qalaq minusinskSi. 1937 wlis 13 Tebervals krasnoiarskis mxaris SinsaxkomTan arsebulma gansakuTrebulma sameulma (e w „troika“) mas daxvreta miusaja – daxvrites 22 Tebervals qalaq minusinskSi.
minadora efremis asuli orjonikiZe-toroSeliZe daibada 1879 wlis 14 marts (Zveli stiliT) quTaisis guberniis Sorapnis mazris sofel RoreSaSi, aznauris ojaxSi. daamTavra quTaisis wminda ninos qalTa gimnazia amave periodidan Caeba marqsistuli wreebis muSaobaSi 1901 wels swavla ganagrZo Jenevis universitetis samedicino fakultetze. aqtiurad muSaobda Jenevis socialistur wreebSi, „iskris“ damxmare jgufSi giorgi plexanovis xelmZRvanelobiT eufleboda marqsizmis Teorias 1921 wels iyo baTumis revkomis wevri, Semdgom –saqarTvelos ssr-is saxalxo meurneobis umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomare, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis wevri
TaTbirom liza bolqvaZes 1936 wlis 21 seqtembers 5 wliT krasnoiarskis mxareSi gadasaxleba miusaja. minadora toroSeliZe 1921 wlis TebervalSi sabWoTa ruseTis me-11 wiTeli armiis Tavdasxmisas muSaobda frontze, saqarTvelos wiTel jvarSi. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupirebis Semdeg darCa TbilisSi da Caeba winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi muSaobda e w „ara“-Si („amerikuli daxmarebis administracia“ – American Relief Administration), paralelurad Sedioda sa-
31
minadora orjonikiZe-toroSeliZe da malaqia toroSeliZe
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos qalebi
qarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis qalTa komitetSi, romelic aralegalurad muSaobda politikuri patimrebis da maTi ojaxebis dasaxmareblad 1922 wlidan komiteti gardaiqmna bolSevikur saokupacio reJimTan mebrZoli partiebis erTian organizaciad, romelsac „saqarTvelos politikuri wiTeli jvari“ erqva. pirveli xelmZRvanelis, elene maisuraZis dapatimrebis Semdeg minadora toroSeliZe am organizaciis xelmZRvaneli gaxda
1924 wlis dasawyisSi minadora toroSeliZe daapatimres da iZulebiT gaasaxles moskovSi. 1925 wels TviTneburad dabrunda TbilisSi, magram kvlav moskovSi gagzavnes. 1925 wels, social-demokratiul partiaSi muSaobaze uaris Tqmis Semdeg, misces TbilisSi dabrunebis ufleba 1936 wels daapatimres misi meuRle, sabWoTa partiuli da sazogado moRvawe malaqia toroSeliZe da ori vaJi, Tavad ki yazaxeTSi gadaasaxles, saidanac mxolod 1950 wels dabrunda misi qmari da vaJebi stalinur „wmendas“ emsxverplnen
qristine SaraSiZem, damfuZnebeli krebis ramdenime wevr qalTagan erT-erTma, 1922 wlis 25 Tebervals, sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis erTi wlisTavis aRsaniSna-
vi zeimis dros, saprotesto aqcia moawyo igi tfilisis meaTe pedagogiur institutSi aswavlida da am aqcias misi ramdenime moswavlec SeuerTda. qristine SaraSiZe daapatimres, magram Semdeg gaaTavisufles
qristine (Cito) SaraSiZe 1887 wels daibada sofel baxvSi, saxalxo maswavleblebis – nino qiqoZisa da gigo SaraSiZis xelmokle ojaxSi 4 wlisam Tavad iswavla werakiTxva, 7 wlisa yazbegis Txzulebebs kiTxulobda, 10-isa – dostoevskis. 1899 wels quTaisis wminda ninos saswavlebelSi miabares, Tumca Semdeg meamboxeobisa da mowafeTa revoluciuri jgufis SeqmnisaTvis garicxes. 1905 wlidan ojaxi tfilisSi gadavida da qristine aqtiurad CaerTo Tbilisis revoluciur gamosvlebSi – misi gabeduleba gasaocari iyo: 1905 wels, somxebisa da azerbaijanelebis SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebisas (romelic baqoSi momxdar eTnikur konfliqts mohyva), social-demokratebi maT Serigebas cdilobdnen da qristinec Sua srolis dros, tyviebis wvimaSi, xan erT banaks miadgeboda, xan meores qristine SaraSiZe aris erT-erTi pirveli qali leqtori – igi quTaisis saxalxo universitetSi sajaro leqciebs kiTxulobda.
28 wlis qristine SaraSiZe „qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis“ gamgeobisa da Tbilisis universitetis damfuZnebeli sazogadoebis wevri iyo maleve is saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis wevrad airCies. iyo sabiblioTeko, saredaqcio da saxalxo ganaTlebis komisiebis aqtiuri wevri CarTuli iyo winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi pirvelad igi daapatimres 1921 wels, ramdenime dRiT, meored, 1922 wels – ramdenime TviT. dakiTxvaze bolSevikebs pirdapir ganucxada, rom isini mtris xiStebiT mosuli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen 1923 wels daiWires, 1924 wels ki daxvrites gabriel ciskariSvili – kaci, romelic qristines uyvarda da romlis daxvretidan 40 wlis Semdeg dRiurSi werda:
„gana viciT, sad dagitiroT, sad veZeboT Seni saflavi, magram Sen xom gulis uRrmes fskerze xar damarxuli da dauRvreli cremlis mlaSe fena zed gafaria ar dagiviwyeb, ara, ara, vidre feTqavs guli, vambob me“.
am siyvarulis erTgulma qristinem Tavi mecnierebas uZRvna is iyo erT-erTi im ociode adamianTagani, vinc eqvTime TayaiSvilis gamosvenebaSi monawileobas ar SeuSinda da pirveli, vinc masTan gamosaTxovebeli sityviT gamovida qristine SaraSiZe gardaicvala 1973 wels
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qalebi
gabriel ciskariSvili (1892-1924)
ana soloRaSvili 1882 wels daibada sofel mejvrisxevSi, qarTlSi daamTavra xarkovis universitetis istoriis fakulteti iyo pedagogi, marqsisti, social-demokrati baTumSi daZmasTan erTad daaarsa samkiTxvelo da Teatri xelmokleTaTvis. sanam damfuZnebeli sabWos wevri gaxdeboda, 1917 wels erovnul sabWoSi airCies. iyo saredaqcio, sapensio da centraluri saarCevno komisiebis wevri, sabiblioTeko komisiis mdivani misi TaosnobiT damfuZnebelma sabWom, sul mcire, aTi dekreti Tu kanoni miiRo
saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg ana antisabWoTa iatakqveSa saqmianobaSi Caeba iyo saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis qalTa komitetis wevri, romelic aralegalurad muSaobda politikuri patimrebis da maTi ojaxebis dasaxmareblad; 1922 wlidan komiteti gardaiqmna bolSevikur saokupacio reJimTan mebrZoli partiebis erTian organizaciad – „saqarTvelos politikur wiTel jvrad“. 1925 wlidan samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi maswavleblobda 1937 wels daxvrites
damfuZnebeli krebis wevri am xuTi saxelovani qalis Sesaxeb informacia mainc mwiria. ociode wlis win maTi saxelebi, istorikosebis garda, bevrma arc ki icoda. cxadia, sxva danarCenTan erTad, amis mizezi isicaa, rom isini pirvel respublikasa da qarTul social-demokratias ukavSirdebodnen, bolSevikebs ki (da am damokidebulebis kvintesencia TviT stalini iyo) qarTuli social-demokratia lamis metadac ki sZagdaT, vidre uwindeli klasobrivi mteri – Tavadaznauroba da misi danatovris amoiZirkva da damaxinjebac SesaniSnavad moaxerxes.
sul ramdenime aTeuli wlis istoriisaTvis Tvalis gadavlebac ikmarebs imis dasanaxad, ra siswrafiT isxamda nayofs saqarTveloSi qalebis brZola ganaTlebisTvis, damoukideblobisTvis. pirveli respublika, zogierTi xinjis miuxedavad, am mxrivac didi nabijebiT da minimaluri dabrkolebebiT viTardeboda – kato miqelaZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: „sanam Cvens erovnul cxovrebaSi ucxouri gavlena ar SemoiWra“ sabWoeTSi 20-iani wlebi, sisastikesa da barbarosobasTan erTad, kulturul Tu sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi udavod didi siaxleebiTac iyo aRniSnuli, magram am „revoluciurobam“ didxans ver gastana da 30-ian wlebSi qalTa sakiTxi bneli rusul-patriarqaluri „domostrois“ modelisken gadaixara.
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damoukidebeli saqarTvelos qalebi
merab kakulia
termini socialuri sabazro meurneoba (germ. Soziale Marktwirtschaft) pirvelad germanelma ekonomistma alfred miuler-armakma (1900-1978) gamoiyena 1946 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi
„ekonomikis marTva da sabazro ekonomika“ am cnebaSi igi gulisxmobda iseT ekonomikur sistemas, romelSic optimalurad iqneboda Sewyobili „sabazro Tavisufleba“ da „socialuri gaTanasworeba“ pirveli niSnavda, rom calkeuli individebi ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs iReben sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT, saxelmwifosa da biurokratiisgan damoukideblad, xolo meore –SesaZleblobaTa samarTlianobis da moqalaqeTa Rirseuli cxovrebis uzrunvelyofas
socialuri sabazro meurneobis Teoriul safuZvels warmoadgens germaneli ekonomistis valter oikenis (1891-1950), iurist franc biomis (1895-1977) da maTi mimdevrebis mier gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi fraiburgis universitetSi SemuSavebuli e.w. ordoliberalizmis doqtrina, romlis mTavari idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mxolod TiToeuli individis Tavisuflebasa da pasuxismgeblobaze dafuZnebul sameurneo wesrigs SeuZlia SezRuduli sikeTeebiT sazogadoebis efeqtiani uzrunvelyofa da sayovelTao keTildReobis ganuxreli zrda amisaTvis aucilebelia ara zneobrivi zeadamianebi, aramed mdgradi samarTlebrivi (instituciuri) garemo, romelic aregulirebs individebis ekonomikur saqmianobas ise, rom maTi kerZo interesebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad, saboloo jamSi, mogebuli rCeba mTeli sazogadoeba amgvari wesrigi momarTulia uzrunvelyos sawarmoTa (firmebis) da SinameurneobaTa (ojaxebis) ekonomikuri saqmianobis Tavisufleba da imavdroulad ar dauSvas sabazro Zalauflebis
gadaWarbebuli koncentracia monopoliuri warmonaqmnebis saxiT
ordoliberalizmi uaryofs tradiciuli liberalizmis dogmas imis Sesaxeb, rom sabazro meurneoba TavisTavad viTardeba Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi. amis sawinaaRmdegod fraiburgis skolis warmomadgenlebs mohyavT germaniis gamocdileba or msoflio oms Soris
34
ekonomika
socialuri sabazro meurneobis modeli da meore msoflio omis Semdgomi germaniis „ekonomikuri saswauli“
periodSi, rodesac qveynis ekonomika qaosma moicva, mkveTrad gaZlierda kompaniebis gamsxvilebis procesi da sabazro Zalaufleba, farTod gavrcelda faswarmoqmnasTan dakavSirebuli karteluri garigebebi am fonze ordoliberalebi emxrobodnen iseTi politikis gatarebas, romelic gasaqans ar miscemda konkurenciis SezRudvis nebismier mcdelobas saxelmwifos ekonomikur rols ordoliberalebi firmebisa da SinameurneobebisaTvis Tanabari pirobebis SeqmnaSi xedavdnen da ara – maT sameurneo saqmianobaSi masStabur da xSir CarevaSi cxadia, fraiburgis skolis ideebs ganxorcieleba ar ewera, radgan xelisuflebis saTaveSi germaniaSi am dros adolf hitleri da misi nacional-socialisturi partia iyo, romlis ekonomikuri doqtrina sruliad sawinaaRmdego safuZvlebs eyrdnoboda mxolod II msoflio omSi faSisturi germaniis damarcxebisa da nacionalur-socialisturi xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli ordoliberaluri msoflmxed b s pr qt S m n b r S mw t r S sr la ludvig erhardma (1897-197 (1949-1963) da vice-kanclerma (1
alfred miuler-armaki (1901-1978)
germaniis ekonomikuri saswauli
franc biomi (1895-1977)
35
valter oikeni (1891-1950)
ludvig erhardis, rogorc politikosis da ekonomistis mrwamsi naTlad Cans misi sityvebidan:
„ideali, romelic me mesaxeba, emyareba imas, rom adamians SeeZlos Tqvas – me maqvs sakmarisi Zala, rom Tavs mivxedo, me minda Tavad gavrisko cxovrebaSi, minda viyo pasuxismgebeli sakuTar bedze Sen, saxelmwifov, nu izruneb Cems saqmeze, magram momaniWe imdeni Tavisufleba da damitove Cemi Sromis imdeni Sedegi, rom TviTon, Cemi Sexedulebisamebr, uzrunvelvyo Cemi arseboba, sakuTari da Cemi ojaxis bedi“.
ludvig erhardi (1897-1977)
1948 wlis 2 marts ludvig erhardma waradgina Tavisuflebasa da pasuxismgeblobaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri politikis programa, romelic Semdeg fundamentur principebs eyrdnoboda:
– kerZo sakuTreba ganixileba, rogorc piradi Tavisuflebisa da sabazro sistemis funqcionirebis wanamZRvari;
– sruli pasuxismgebloba, rac xels uSlis mesakuTreebis mier riskebis da sabazro urTierTobaTa pirobebSi daSvebuli Secdomebis Sedegebis sxvebisTvis dakisrebas;
– faswarmoqmnis qmediTi sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic ar eqvemdebareba saxelmwifos gavlenas;
– damoukidebeli centraluri/erovnuli bankis (bundesbanki) mier fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris stabilurobaze orientirebuli politikis gatareba, romelic win aRudgeba inflaciis an deflaciis Sedegad sabazro fasebis damaxinjebas;
– bazrebis gaxsnilobis uzrunvelyofa, rac gulisxmobs rogorc germanuli, ise ucxouri kompaniebisTvis bazris Tavisufal wvdomas;
– monopoliebis kontroli, anu RonisZiebaTa gatareba monopoliebis warmoqmnis winaaRmdeg;
– xelSekrulebebis dadebis Tavisufleba, rogorc Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebis saSualeba;
– ekonomikuri politikis mdgradoba, rac dauSvebels xdis moqalaqeTa da firmebis gaurkvevlobis zrdas swrafad cvalebadi gadawyvetilebebis gavleniT;
– warmoebis danaxarjebze gareSe gavlenis koreqcia, anu saxelmwifos Careva im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sabazro meqanizmi, pasuxismgeblobis principis gaTvaliswinebiT, ver uzrunvelyofs im individis/firmis danaxarjebis srulyofilad aRricxvas, romelTa saqmianobamac sazogadoebas ziani miayena (magaliTad, ekologiurad sufTa warmoebis uzrunvelyofis danaxarjebi);
– Semosavlebis politikis gatareba maTi ganawilebis koreqtirebis mizniT (magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aqtiuri mcdelobis miuxedavad, individi bazarze ver gamodis an roca Semosavlebs Soris gaCenilia didi sxvaoba, dakavSirebuli iseT saqmianobasTan, romelsac sazogadoebis wevrTa umetesoba ganixilavs, rogorc patiosnebisa da samarTlianobis principebis darRvevas).
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ekonomika
socialuri sabazro meurneobis sakvanZo principebi aisaxa germaniis federaciuli respublikis (gfr) konstituciaSi, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1949 wels. qveyana oficialurad gamocxadda socialur saxelmwifod.
II msoflio omis (1939-1945) dasrulebisas germaniis ekonomika katastroful mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda: mTliani Sida produqti, omamdel periodTan SedarebiT, 2 5jer Semcirda, sakvebis warmoeba – 50%-iT, samrewvelo warmoeba – 33%-iT, sabinao fondi – 20%-iT. yoveli meore Sromisunariani germaneli iyo umuSevari gaCnda saqonlis kolosaluri deficiti, ramac xeli Seuwyo „Savi bazris“ farTod gavrcelebas
omis dros mimoqcevaSi fulis masis mkveTri zrdis gamo 6-jer Semcirda erovnuli valutis, nacisturi reixsmarkis, msyidvelobiTi unari. ndoba mis mimarT imdenad daeca, rom gacvlis „sayovelTao saSualebad“ amerikuli sigareti gadaiqca – „CAMEL“-is erTi kolofiT SeiZleboda 1 funti (453 6 grami) karaqis SeZena, amave sigaretis erTi bloki (10 kolofi) erT wyvil fexsacmelSi icvleboda, xolo 300 bloki – avtomobil folksvagenSi
aseT viTarebaSi dasavleT germaniis (meore msoflio omSi damarcxebul germaniaSi antihitleruli koaliciis wevrebis – aSSis, didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis saokupacio zona) droebiTma ekonomikurma administraciam, ludvig erhardis xelmZRvanelobiT, pirvel rigSi, fulis reformis Catareba gadawyvita (1948 wlis 20 ivnisi) TiToeul germanels ufleba mieca 60 gaufasurebuli reixsmarka axal doiCmarkaSi gadaecvala, kursiT 1:1. amave TanafardobiT icvleboda mimdinare xelfasi da pensia. dana-
zogebis erTi naxevari icvleboda kursiT 10:1, xolo meore – kursiT 20:1 firmebis finansuri valdebulebebi icvleboda kursiT 10:1. saxelmwifos reixsmarkaSi gamoxatuli yvela finansuri valdebuleba gauqmda kompensaciis gareSe Sedegad, fulis masa mimoqcevaSi imdenad Semcirda, rom inflaciis (fasebis saSualo zrdis) tempi mkveTrad daeca, miuxedavad imisa, rom erhardma imave dRes (1948 wlis 20 ivnisi) fasebis liberalizaciis (saxelmwifos mxridan fasebis matebaze kontrolis gauqmeba) gadawyvetilebac miiRo paralelurad, arsebiTad Semcirda gadasaxadebi, rogorc individebze, ise kompaniebze. fulma realuri msyidvelobiTi unari daibruna, xolo Savi bazari sakmaod swrafad miilia
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dasavleTi germania myisierad gamococxlda rogorc erTi amerikeli damkvirvebeli werda, „qveynis suli erT RameSi Seicvala nacrisferi, mSieri, mkvdari figurebi, romlebic quCebSi daxetialobdnen sakvebis maradiul ZiebaSi, gacocxldnen“ germanelebs Cveuli Sromismoyvareoba daubrundaT Tu 1948 wlis pirvel naxevarSi isini, saSualod, kviraSi TiTqmis 10 samuSao saaTs acdendnen, naklebad msyidvelunariani anazRaurebis da Sav bazarze sakvebis Ziebis aucileblobis gamo, amave wlis oqtomberSi es maCvenebeli 4 saaTamde davida ukve 1948 wlis bolosTvis germaniis samrewvelo warmoebam 1936 wlis donis 78 % Seadgina.
swrafi ekonomikuri zrda Semdeg wlebSic gagrZelda. 1950 wlisTvis samrewvelo warmoebis moculobam gfr-Si omamdel dones miaRwia, 1956 wels – gaormagda, xolo 1962 wels – gasammagda 1950-iani wlebis Sua
II msoflio omis Semdgomi germania
37
germaniis ekonomikuri saswauli
xanebisTvis germaniis federaciuli respublika, samrewvelo warmoebis moculobis mixedviT, aSS-isa da didi britaneTis Semdeg mesame adgilze gavida
samrewvelo warmoebis arnaxuli zrda mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba saxelmwifos industriulma politikam, romelic miznad isaxavda konkurentuli produqciis warmoebis ganviTarebis xelSewyobas axali teqnologiebis bazaze. sagadasaxado tvirTis SemsubuqebiT gfr-is mTavroba cdilobda dasustebuli germanuli kompaniebis sainvesticio aqtiurobis waxalisebas; meore mxriv, biujetidan mniSvnelovan Tanxebs gamoyofda kerZo firmebis mier warmoebis rekonstruqciisa da teqnikuri gadaiaraRebis dakreditebisaTvis amis saSualebas federaciul germanias Tavdacvis mcire xarjebi aZlevda: potsdamis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad (1945 weli), meore msoflio omSi damarcxebul qveyanas Tavdacvis saWiroebaTaTvis biujetis xarjebis mxolod 4-5%-is gaReba SeeZlo aRsaniSnavia isic, rom erTob mokrZalebuli iyo omis Semdgomi gfr-is saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis (biurokratiis) xarjebi. mTlianobaSi, dazogili Tanxebi qveynis ekonomikisa da infrastruqturis (gzebis, eleqtrogadamcemi xazebis, wyalmomaragebis da sxva obieqtebis) aRdgenisaTvis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda.
gfr-is mTavrobis politikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan prioritets warmoadgenda nacisturi germaniis samxedro mrewvelobis
samoqalaqo relsebze gadayvana – konversia da eqsportze orientireba swored samxedro produqciis mwarmoebel sawarmoebSi da maTTan dakavSirebul kompaniebSi iyo Tavmoyrili maRalkvalificiuri inJiner-teqnikuri personali da muSaTa klasi, rac momavalSi samoqalaqo daniSnulebis konkurentuli produqciis gamoSvebis sawindari iyo. Tavdapirvelad aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda ucxouri patentebi da licenziebi, gansakuTrebiT, amerikuli, Tumca mogvianebiT gfr-is samecniero-teqnikuri potenciali imdenad gaZlierda, rom germanulma kompaniebma daiwyes sakuTari inovaciuri produqciis gamoSveba 1956 wels, omamdel 1936 welTan SedarebiT, manqanaTmSeneblobis warmoeba TiTqmis samjer, avtomobilebis (mersedes-benci, folksvageni da sxva) warmoeba – 4-jer, eleqtroteqnikuri mrewvelobis, maT Soris sayofacxovrebo teqnikis (televizorebi, macivrebi, sarecxi manqanebi da sxva) warmoeba ki TiTqmis 6-jer gaizarda.
daCqarebul industriul ganviTarebas mohyva warmoebis koncentracia msxvil germanul kompaniebSi, romelTa sabazro Zalauflebis gaZliereba ewinaaRmdegeboda socialuri sabazro meurneobis ZiriTad principebs ludvig erhards didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda imisaTvis, rom bundestags (germaniis federaciuli respublikis parlamenti) 1957 wels mieRo kanoni konkurenciis SezRudvis winaaRmdeg marTalia, es dokumenti msxvili kapitalis interesebis damc-
38
rigi bankTan fulis reformis Catarebis Semdeg, 1948 wlis 20 ivnisi
uinston CerCili, hari trumeni da ioseb stalini potsdamis konferenciaze
ekonomika
vel politikosebTan miRweuli kompromisis Sedegi iyo, magram man mainc didi roli Seasrula ekonomikis demonopolizaciasa da wvrili da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebaSi.
mrewvelobis maRalteqnologiur dargebTan erTad, omis Semdgom periodSi swrafad izrdeboda gfr-is msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelobac, rasac, ekonomikis militarizaciis gamo, nacisturi germaniis xelisufleba SedarebiT nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda. mzardi samomxmareblo moTxovnis fonze safeiqro da sakvebi produqtebis warmoebis moculoba 1956 wels, 1936 welTan SedarebiT, gaormagda rac Seexeba soflis meurneobis produqtebis warmoebas, mrewvelobis aRmavlobasTan erTad, 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis man mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarba omamdel dones, 1956 wlisTvis ki gaormagda
daCqarebuli ekonomikuri zrdis kvalobaze ganuxrelad mcirdeboda umuSevroba da izrdeboda mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebi keTildReobis zrdis umniSvnelovanes faqtorad ludvig erhardi efeqtiani sapensio sistemis Seqmnas miiCnevda amisaTvis aucilebeli iyo, rom moqalaqeebs Sromis Rirseuli anazRaureba mieRoT, raTa sakmarisi sapensio danazogebi SeeqmnaT, romelic sapensio asakis dadgomamde germanuli kerZo biznesis dafinansebis wyarod unda gadaqceuliyo es ki, Tavis mxriv, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas da axali sapensio danazogebis dagrovebas Seuwyobda xels ax-
mersedes-bencis qarxana, 1956
ali kanonmdeblobiT uzrunvelyofil iqna firmebSi xelfasis fondis zrda, warmoebis zrdis Sesabamisad amave dros, damkvidrda kompaniebis mogebaSi muSa-mosamsaxureTa monawileobis sistema; kerZod, kompaniebi uSvebdnen e w saxalxo aqciebs, romelTac maTi personali siamovnebiT yidulobda garda amisa, federalurma mTavrobam mxari dauWira profkavSirebis iniciativiT SemuSavebul kanons (1951 weli) kerZo firmebis marTvaSi muSa-mosamsaxureTa monawileobis Sesaxeb kompaniis sameTvalyureo sabWos xuT wevrs msxvili aqcionerebi irCevdnen, xuTs ki – muSebi. meTerTmete wevrs irCevda sameTvalyureo sabWos aTi wevri
amave dros dasavleT germaniaSi farTo frontiT gaiSala sabinao mSenebloba, romlis dafinanseba xdeboda rogorc kerZo Senatanebis, ise saxelmwifos investiciebis xarjze axali binebis naxevari ganekuTvneboda e w socialuri sacxovrisis kategorias, romlis SeTavazeba xdeboda xelmisawvdomi fasebiT ludvig erhardi ambobda, rom mosaxleoba mxolod maSin igrZnobs momavlis imeds, rodesac SeiZens sakuTrebas
1952-1962 wlebSi binaTmSeneblobiT mosaxleobis erT sulze germaniis federaciuli respublika msoflioSi pirvel adgilze gavida
germaniis federaluri mTavrobis mier gatarebulma politikam, romelic socialuri sabazro meurneobis principebs eyrdnoboda, erTob STambeWdavi Sedegebi gamoiRo: qveynis ekonomika 1950-1966 wlebSi, saSualod, weliwadSi 9 2 %-iT izrdeboda, inflacia erT-erTi yvelaze dabali iyo evropaSi, xolo umuSevroba – minimaluri germaniaSi Camoyalibda mZlavri da mravalricxovani saSualo klasi, romelic qveynis Semdgomi winsvlisa da politikuri stabilurobis garantorad iqca. TviT ludvig erhardi miRweul warmatebas mxolod mTavrobis damsaxurebad ar Tvlida. erTxel mas hkiTxes, ras miiCnevda germaniis ekonomikuri saswaulis ZiriTad faqtorebad. erhardma mokled upasuxa: germaneli mewarmeebis unarianobas, muSaTa Sromismoyvareobasa da disciplinirebulobas da mTavrobis moqnil politikas. garda amisa, igi fiqrobda, rom germaniis winsvlaSi didi roli Seasrula amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis masStaburma finansurma da materialurma daxmarebam, romelic e.w. marSalis gegmis farglebSi xorcieldeboda.
39
germaniis ekonomikuri saswauli
xelSekruleba, romelic ver Sesrulda
sevris aCrdili
revaz gaCeCilaZe
1918 wlis bolos dasasruls uaxlovdeboda ukve oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare sisxlismRvreli msoflio omi „antanta“, anu didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis aliansi, mis Semwed evropaSi mosuli amerikuli armia, sxva mokavSireebTan erTad, amarcxebdnen „centraluri saxelmwifoebis“ alianss – germanias, avstria-ungreTs, osmaleTsa da bulgareTs, maT Soris –ekonomikuri marwuxebiTac gamofituli germania veRar uwevda qmediT daxmarebas Tavis sust mokavSireebs
1918 wlis seqtemberSi „antantis“ – serbeTis, saberZneTis da italiis Zalebma balkaneTis frontebze bulgareTis armia daamarcxes. 29 seqtembers bulgareTis samefo daTanxmda dazavebas da oms gamoeTiSa 15 oqtombers dazavebaze alaparakdnen venaSic osmaleTis imperiaSi gaCnda SiSi, rom SesaZlebeli iyo Seteva TiTqmis daucvel dedaqalaq kostantinopolze (ase uwodebdnen stambols dasavleT evropaSi 1930 wlamde). sultnis mTavrobam gadawyvita gamosuliyo omidan
1918 wlis 30 oqtombers egeosis zRvaSi mdebare saberZneTis kunZul lemnosze, mudrosis navsadgurSi RuzaCaSvebul britanul sabrZolo xomald „agamemnonze“ gaimarTa xanmokle molaparakeba osmaleTis imperiis sazRvao saqmeTa ministr husein rauf orbaisa da britanel admiral ser somerset arTur gau-kelTorfs Soris. mxareebma xeli moaweres dazavebas, romelic momdevno SuadRes Sevida ZalaSi.
sinamdvileSi, „mudrosis dazaveba“ iyo osmaleTis sruli kapitulacia „antantis“ winaSe. osmaluri armia unda demobilizebuliyo, misi samxedro SeiaraReba gamarjvebul mxares unda ganekarga, osmaleTis navsadgurebi, rkinigzebi da sxva strategiuli punqtebi „antantis“ ZalebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda gamxdariyo. osmaleTis is samxedro nawilebi, romlebic SeWrili iyvnen kavkasiaSi da xelT epyraT q. baqo, unda dabrunebuliyvnen omiswina sazRvramde. sxvaTa Soris, „mudrosis dazavebis“ am moTxovniT saqarTvelos axalSeqmnili respublikis teritoriis nawilebic Tavisufldeboda osmaluri okupaciisagan.
40
regioni
antanta (frang. Entente – „Tanxmoba“) – didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da ruseTis samxedro-politikuri aliansi, Camoyalibda safrangeT-ruseTis (1894 w.), safrangeT-britaneTis (1904 w.) da britaneT-ruseTis (1907 w ) samokavSireo xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze es sami saxelmwifo warmoadgenda mokavSireTa im birTvs, romelic 1914 wels dawyebul pirvel msoflio omSi daupirispirda „centralur saxelmwifoTa“ kavSirs 1917 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTSi momxdari bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Semdeg misma liderebma xeli moaweres separatul zavs germaniasTan (1917 wlis dekemberSi brest-litovskSi daido jer droebiTi zavi, xolo 1918 wlis 3 marts xeli moewera samSvidobo xelSekrulebas), ris Sedegadac ruseTi gamoeTiSa pirvel msoflio oms da, Sesabamisad, antantis alianss
samxedro moqmedebebi Sewyda. samSvidobo xelSekrulebaze ki, romelic gansazRvravs omis monawile qveynebis Semdgom urTierTobas, maT Soris teritoriul sakiTxebs, mTavrobebs unda moelaparakaT
I msoflio omSi gamarjvebulma „antantam“, Tavis mokavSireebTan erTad, omSi damarcxebul saxelmwifoebTan saTiTaod gaaforma samSvidobo xelSekruleba: germaniasTan – 1919 wlis 28 ivniss, avstriasTan – 1919 wlis 10 seqtembers, bulgareTTan – 1919 wlis 27 noembers, ungreTTan – 1920 wlis 4 ivniss osmaleTis imperiasTan xelSekrulebis dadeba gaWianurda da isic ki, romelsac xeli moewera, ver aRsrulda, ris mizezebzec qvemoT gveqneba saubari. saWiro gaxda axali xelSekrulebis dadeba
osmaleTis imperiasTan samSvidobo xelSekrulebis pirobebze gamarjvebuli mokavSireebi didxans ver Sejerdnen sabolood, 1920 wlis 10 agvistos, parizis gareuban sevrSi (Sèvres), faifuris saxelganTqmuli manufaqturis sademonstracio darbazSi, osmaleTis imperiam xeli moawera xelSekrulebas „antantasTan“ da mis mokavSire qveynebTan, oRond xelmomwerTa Soris ar iyo amerika gamarjvebuli qveynebis siaSi iyo somxeTis respublika, romelic msoflio omis uSualo monawile ar yofila, magram misi delegacia Zalian aqtiurobda molaparakebis procesSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika sevrSi warmodgenili arc yofila
husein rauf orbai (1881-1964 )
ser somerset arTur gau-kelTorfi (1864-1937 )
sevris aCrdili
xomaldi „agamemnoni“
41
osmaleTis delegaciis wevri mehmed hadi faSa xels awers xelSekrulebas
sevrSi, 1920
maleve gabaTilebuli „sevris xelSekruleba“ dasavleTis qveynebSi axla praqtikulad miviwyebulia, magram is axsovT samxreT kavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT somxeTSi, radgan man didi gavlena moaxdina misi sazRvrebis formirebaze Cvenc aq ZiriTad yuradRebas „sevris xelSekrulebis“ im sakiTxebze gavamaxvilebT, romlebic kavkasias exeba.
„sevris xelSekruleba“ osmaleTis imperiisaTvis mZime iyo. is uars ambobda arabebiT dasaxlebul yvela teritoriaze aziasa da afrikaSi msoflio omamde ki is flobda arabeTis naxevarkunZulis did nawils, dasavleT azias (dRevandel erays, sirias, libans, iordanias, israels, palestinas). egvipte da sudanic nominalurad osmaleTis nawilebi iyo, Tumca iq, faqtobrivad, didi britaneTi batonobda nawevrdeboda metwilad TurqebiT dasaxlebuli osmaleTis aziuri nawili
rukaze, romelic im periodis inglisur presaSi gamoqveynda, naCvenebia teritoria, sadac „sevris xelSekrulebiT“ saberZneTis
samefos eZleoda SesaZlebloba gafarToebuliyo dasavleT anatoliis nawilisa da aRmosavleT Trakiis xarjze; anatoliis aRmosavleTiT miTiTebulia somxeTis respublikisaTvis gadasacemi teritoria; rukaze Cans, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo safrangeTs daqvemdebarebuli siriisa da britaneTs daqvemdebarebuli mesopotamiis (erayi) CrdiloeTi sazRvrebi; moniSnulia
„sevris xelSekrulebaSi“ bundovnad naxsenebi SesaZlo adgili qurTistanis Sesaqmnelad
„sevris xelSekrulebis“ teqsti osmaleTs am rukaze moniSnulze uares pirobebs uqadda: anatoliis didi nawilebi safrangeTis, italiisa da didi britaneTis gavlenis sferoebad cxaddeboda osmaleTs utovebdnen mcire teritorias, gasasvleliT Sav zRvaze evropaSi osmaleTs formalurad rCeboda saerTaSoriso kontrols daqvemdebarebuli q. stamboli da bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis mimdebare mcire teritoria.
42
inglisur presaSi gamoqveynebuli 1920 wlis ruka mcire aziis danawilebis sqemiT
regioni
saberZneTis bulgareTi
saberZneTi
saerTaSoriso kontrolis zona
marmarilos zRva
bursa
SavizRva
ruseTi
saqarTvelo
Tbilisi baTumi
egeosis zRva
izmiri aTeni
saberZneTis italiis
TurqeTisaTvis datovebuli teritoria
italiis gavlenis zona
antalia
ankara
trabzoni samsuni
kaspiis zRva
somxeTis respublika
erevani
azerbaijani
naxWevani
konia
k rodosi
kviprosi (brit ) kreta (saberZneTi)
xmelTaSuazRva
didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da ruseTis imperia jer kidev msoflio omis msvlelobisas winswrebiT gegmavdnen osmaleTis imperiis teritoriis danawilebas realoba ki is iyo, rom ruseTis imperia 1917 wels daemxo, xolo mis adgilze warmoqmnili bolSevikuri ruseTi 1918 wlis 3 marts brest-litovskSi separatuli zaviT gaurigda „centralur saxelmwifoebs“ da oms gamoeTiSa ruseTi arc miuwveviaT osmaleTTan samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dasadebad.
„sevris xelSekrulebis“ Tanaxmad, aRmosavleT anatoliis nawili, farTobiT 160 aTas kv kilometramde, unda gadascemoda im dros damoukidebel somxeTis respublikas, romelic ganlagebuli iyo ruseTis imperiis droindeli erevnis guberniisa da yarsis olqis teritoriaze. somxeTi farTo frontiT unda gasuliyo Sav zRvaze – daaxloebiT md Woroxis SesarTavidan q Tirebolumde misi mTavari navsadguri unda gamxdariyo trabzoni
xelSekrulebaSi miTiTebuli ar yofila somxeTisaTvis gadasacemi teritoriis konkretuli sazRvrebi: zogadad iyo naxsenebi misTvis osmaleTis imperiis vanis, erzurumis, biTlisisa da trabzonis vilaieTebis gadacemis Sesaxeb, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesoba muslimi iyo – qurTebi, Turqebi, yarafafaxebi, lazebi, „Cerqesebad“ wodebuli Crdilokavkasielebi. 1915 wlamde am te-
safrangeTis gavlenis zona SesaZlo qurTuli saxelmwifo britaneTis gavlenis zona
vani
erayi (britaneTis samandato teritoria) siria (safrangeTis samandato teritoria)
irani
miaxloebiTia)
ritoriaze cxovrobdnen qristiani somxebi, asirielebi da berZnebi, agreTve iezi-debi, Tumca jamSi isini umravlesobas ar qmnidnen msoflio omis dros am teritoriaze mimdinareobda sabrZolo moqmedeba, 19151917 wlebSi iq brZoliT Sedioda ruseTis imperiis armia, osmaleTis mTavroba ki winswrebiT axorcielebda iqidan qristianuli mosaxleobis deportacias, rac xocva-JletaSi gadaizarda 1917 wels ruseTis imperiis daSlis, gansakuTrebiT ki, bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Semdeg misi armia osmaleTidan gavida im droisaTvis aRmosavleT anatoliis mosaxleobis eTnodemografiuli struqtura, omiswinandelTan SedarebiT, Zalian Secvlili unda yofiliyo
somxeTis axali sazRvris dadgena oficialurad eTxova aSS-is prezident vudro uilsons. radgan „sevris xelSekrulebas“ amerika xels ar awerda, misi prezidenti neitralur arbitrad iqna miCneuli da misi arbitracia unda mieRo rogorc osmaleTs, ise somxeTs
amerikis saxelmwifo departamentma rukaze moxaza virtualuri e w „uilsoniseuli somxeTi“ (Wilsonian Armenia), romelsac realurad arasodes uarsebia: kartografiuli masalis momzadeba vaSingtonSi dasrulda 1920 wlis noember-dekemberSi, rodesac zedapirze sul sxva realoba Seiqmna
43
osmaleTis danawevrebis gegma 1920 wlis „sevris xelSekrulebis“ teqstis Tanaxmad (sazRvrebi
erzurumi sivasi adana
Tanamedrove saxRvrebi
sevris aCrdili
sevris xelSekrulebiT miaxloebiT gansazRvruli sazRvrebi
aRsaniSnavia, rom rukaze naCvenebi „qurTistani“, „lazistani“, „Turqestani“, „palestina“ geografiuli regionebis saxelebia da ar asaxavs im dros arsebul politikur-geografiul realobas
osmaleTTan saboloo xelSekrulebis dadebis gaWianurebam misi Sesruleba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli gaxada politikurma movlenebma Secvala politikuri geografiac
ukve 1919 wlis maisidan anatoliaSi Zalas ikrebda Turqebis erovmoZraoba, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga I msoflio omis dros gmiT gamorCeuli mustafa qemal-faSa (is iqneba TurqeTis reslikis pirveli prezidenti 1923-1938 wlebSi da 1934 wlidan qel aTaTurqis saxeliT gaxdeba cnobili). mis mimdevrebs „qemastebi“ daerqvaT. Sua anatoliaSi, sadac „antantis“ jarebs ar uRweviaT, mustafa qemalma TanamoazreebTan erTad daiwyo osleTis imperiis Zirgamompali reJimis opoziciuri Zalebis Seokreba da armiis xelaxali formireba
patriotuli aRmavlobisaTvis katalizatoris roli Seasrula 1919 wlis 15 maiss berZnuli armiis mier sanaxevrod berZnebiT dasaxlebuli smirnis (izmiris) dakavebam da dasavleT anatoliis mimdebare soflebsa da qalaqebSi Sesvlam, rasac Tan axlda Zaladoba da mZafri eTnikuri dapirispireba
brest-litovskis zavis xelmomwerebi
brest-litovskis zavi
regioni 44
qemal aTaTurqis mier daarsebuli saxalxo respublikuri partiis droSa
mustafa qemal aTaTurqi (1881-1938)
rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, mtris xatma xeli Seuwyo damarcxebuli qveynis iqamde demoralizebuli xalxis darazmvas. Turqebi (swored am saxeliT da ara – rogorc „osmalebi“) axla mamulisaTvis ibrZodnen, maSin, rodesac arabebiT dasaxlebuli damaskosa Tu ierusalimis, baRdadisa Tu beiruTis dacvis dros anatolieli Turqebi ver grZnobdnen samSoblos. qemalistebi qveynis saxelad ukve iyenebdnen Türkiye-s, anu „TurqeTs“ da ara „osmaleTis imperias“
1920 wlis TebervalSi qemalistebis momxre deputatebma stambolSi Sekrebil osmaleTis imperiis parlamentSi gaitanes kanoni, romelsac „misak-i mili“ („erovnuli aRTqma“ an „erovnuli paqti“) ewoda. misi eqvsi muxli met-naklebi sizustiT gansazRvravda teritoriul moTxovnebs momavali TurqeTisaTvis
pirveli muxliT es kanoni uars ambobda arabebiT dasaxlebul miwebze Turquli umravlesobiT dasaxlebul teritorias ki upirobod acxadebda Turqi eris samSoblod.
„misak-i milis“ meore muxli moiTxovda referendumis Catarebas yarsis, artaanisa da baTumis olqebis statusis gansasazRvrad es teritoria 1878 wlidan ruseTis imperiis, xolo 1918 wlidan somxeTisa da saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. stambolSi „waugebel TamaSad“ aRiqmeboda referendumis Catareba am olqebSi, radgan mosaxleobis umetesoba iq muslimi iyo
realurad, zemoxsenebuli olqebis teritoriis didi nawili TurqeTma daikava 1920-1921 wlebSi, yovelgvari referendumis gareSe, samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT da bolSevikur ruseTTan garigebiT.
vudro uilsoni somxeTis hipoTetur rukasTan
45
„uilsoniseuli somxeTis“ rukis satitulo gverdi prezident uilsonis xelmoweriT
„misak-i mili“
sevris aCrdili
rodesac msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli qveynebis diplomatebi jer kidev kamaTobdnen osmaleTTan dasadebi samSvidobo xelSekrulebis muxlebze, qemalistebma gawyvites urTierToba stambolSi myof sultnis mTavrobasTan.
1920 wlis 23 aprils Sua anatoliis patara qalaq ankaraSi Seikriba axali parlamenti – „TurqeTis didi erovnuli kreba (mejlisi)“, romelSic osmaleTis parlamentis qveda palatis wevrebic Sevidnen. mejlisis Tavmjdomared mustafa qemali airCies.
qemalistebis mTavrobas maSin aravin cnobda – evropis dedaqalaqebSi maT miiCnevdnen osmaleTis sultnis winaaRmdeg amboxebul Zalad. amitomac qemalistebma mzera miapyres aseve saerTaSorisod araRiarebul ruseTis bolSevikebs, romlebic ukve imarjvebdnen Tavis qveyanaSi mimdinare samoqalaqo omSi da gegmavdnen gafarToebas samxreT kavkasiaSi, sadac maTi pirveli samizne iyo baqo – navTobis wyaro
cnobilia mustafa qemalis 1920 wlis 26 aprilis pirveli werili ruseTis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublikis (rsfsr) saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomare vladimir leninisadmi, sadac is werda:
„viRebT pasuxismgeblobas gavaerTianoT ruseTis bolSevikebTan mTeli Cveni muSaoba da yvela Cveni samxedro operacia, romelTa mizania imperialistur mTavrobebTan brZola da yvela Cagrulis ganTavisufleba... Tu sabWoTa Zalebi gegmaven wamoiwyon samxedro operaciebi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg an diplomatiuri gziT, Tavisi gavlenis meSveobiT aiZulon saqarTvelo Sevides kavSirSi ingliselebis kavkasiidan gasaZeveblad, TurqeTis mTavroba Tavis Tavze iRebs samxedro operaciebs imperialisturi somxeTis winaaRmdeg da valdebulebas kisrulobs aiZulos azerbaijanis respublika Sevides sabWoTa saxelmwifoebis wreSi“.
qemalistebma moaxerxes saerTo enis gamonaxva sabWoTa ruseTTan, romlisganac 1920-1921 wlebSi miiRes 8,4 milioni oqros rubli da samxedro daxmareba, romelic didi ar yofila, magram mainc sagrZnobi – 37,8 aTasi SaSxana, 324 tyviamfrqvevi da vaznebis 45 aTasi yuTi, 54 qvemexi 130 aTasi yumbariT da sxv.
1920 wlis 28 aprils, rodesac rsfsr-is wiTeli armiis javSnosani matareblebi q baqoSi Sevidnen, daamxes azerbaijanis demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba da daamyares sabWoTa xelisufleba, baqoSi myof Turqul samxedro nawilebs telegrafiT ukve hqondaT miRebuli davaleba wiTeli armiisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb
rodesac 1920 wlis 10 agvistos stambolidan mivlinebuli delegacia osmaleTis imperiis saxeliT sevrSi xels awerda maTi qveynisaTvis sazaralo xelSekrulebas, qemalistebs ukve hyavdaT brZolaSi nawrTobi armia maTTvis naTeli iyo, rom sityvier protestze da sxva dedaqalaqebis mimarT cremlian apelirebaze ufro mniSvnelovani iyo realuri samxedro Zalis Seqmna
qemalistebma aRadgines armia, romelmac warmatebiT ioma berZnebTan – dasavleTiT, somxebTan – Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, frangebTan – samxreT-aRmosavleTiT
osmaleTis sultnis mTavrobis delegaciam 1920 wels xeli ki moawera samSvidobo xelSekrulebas sevrSi, magram misi ratifikacia ar mouxdenia ratifikacia ver moeswro verc sxva xelmomwer saxelmwifoebSi, maT Soris, somxeTis respublikaSi
imdroindeli movlenebis momswre cnobil qarTvel diplomats zurab avaliSvils esmoda, rom „sevris xelSekruleba“ TvalTmaqcoba iyo Tavis wignSi „saqarTvelos damoukidebloba“
46
regioni
kilikia aris xmelTaSua zRvis ukiduresi Crdilo-aRmosavleT napiris mimdebare xmeleTis istoriuli saxeli. is moicavda dRevandeli TurqeTis ilebis (guberniebis) mersinis, adanis, osmanies da haTais teritoriis nawilebs
avaliSvilma am xelSekrulebas uwoda: „dasavleT evropis TviTmpyrobelobiT koleqtiuri azris yvelaze ufro borotebiT savse namoqmedari“.
omSi gamarjvebul qveynebs, romlebic „sevris xelSekrulebas“ awerdnen xels, ker-
saxelmwifoebs diviziebi gaegzavnaT anatoliaSi, magram arc did britaneTs da arc safrangeTs am mxriv araferi gaukeTebiaT da verc gaakeTebdnen, radgan msoflio omis dros sisxlisagan daclili orive qveynis mosaxleoba mkveTrad pacifisturad ganewyo da axali mobilizacia iq did ukmayofilebas gamoiwvevda
omi did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs da saxelmwifo mxolod maSin wava masze, Tuki xedavs TavisTvis egzistencialur safrTxes an moelis raime sargebels – teritoriuls, ekonomikurs, geopolitikurs da sxv anatolia ki arc safrTxes uqmnida parizsa da londons da arc raime seriozul mogebas hpirdeboda maT
Zo interesebi hqondaT. yvela punqtis Sesrulebaze aravin zrunavda naTeli iyo, rom saberZneTsa da somxeTs „mouklavi daTvis tyavs“ sTavazobdnen
„sevris xelSekrulebis“ pirobebis Sesasruleblad saWiro iqneboda „antantis“
siriasa da libanSi gabatonebis garda, safrangeTs araferi ainteresebda „sevris xelSekrulebiT“ siriis CrdiloeTiT gasafarToeblad mcirericxovanma frangulma samxedro nawilebma, kilikiel somxebTan erTad, qemalistebs ramdenime brZola gaumarTes, damarcxdnen da, sabolood, gaurigdnen Turqebs 1921 wlis 20 oqtombers ankaraSi daido SeTanxmeba (Traitéd’Angora), romliTac ganisazRvra siria-TurqeTis sazRvari: misi didi nawili dRemde mihyveba „berlin-baRdadis“ rkinigzis xazs safrangeTma uari Tqva siriis CrdiloeTiT gafarToebaze, sadac arabebs marTlac sWarbobdnen Turqebi da qurTebi.
„ankaris SeTanxmebiT“ safrangeTma faqtobrivad aRiara qemalistebis mTavroba da amiT gaabaTila erTi wliT adre parizis gareubanSi misive xelmowerili „sevris xel-
xalxi mejlisis pirvel SenobasTan, 1920
47
wiTeli armiis javSnosani matareblebi baqoSi, 1920 wlis 28 aprili
sevris aCrdili
Sekruleba“ franguli samxedro nawilebi siriaSi wavidnen, SeiaraRebis sagrZnobi nawili ki qemalistebs dautoves. TurqeTis xelSi gadasuli kilikiis datoveba frangebTan erTad mouxdaT iqaur somxebs
britaneli generlebi amaod urCevdnen sakuTar mTavrobas ar moexvia Tavze osmaleTisaTvis yovlad damamcirebeli xelSekruleba britanuli armia demobilizebuli iyo da axlo aRmosavleTSi mxolod simboluri Zalebi hyavda.
britaneTma didi diplomatiuri Zalisxmeva gamoiCina mxolod imisTvis, rom Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi myofi erayis SemadgenlobaSi Seeyvana navTobiT mdidari mosulis vilaieTi, romelzec pretenzia hqonda TurqeTs am vilaieTis mosaxleoba umeteswilad iyo qurTi da arabi, mcire nawili – Turqmenebi, asirielebi da iezidebi.
amerikis prezidenti vudro uilsoni Zalian cdilobda daeyoliebina senati, rom daxmareboda somxeTis respublikas, magram rodesac 1920 wlis 24 maiss is Sevida winadadebiT, rom amerikas aeRo mandati somxeTis marTvaze, anu misi proteqtori gamxdariyo, senatma erTi kviris Semdeg „pativiscemiT uari ganacxada prezidentis winadadebaze“: momxre sul 23 senatori iyo, 52 ki winaaRmdeg wavida
„keTilma ganzraxvam“ – „sevris xelSekrulebis“ xelgaSlilobam somxeTis mimarT mkveTrad daaCqara somxeTTan TurqeTis omis dawyeba da sazRvrebis konfiguraciis Secvla samxreT kavkasiaSi.
1920 wlis seqtemberSi qemalistebis armiam, qiazim yarabeqir-faSas meTaurobiT, daiwyo omi somxeTis respublikasTan, romlis mTavroba sruli seriozulobiT moiTxovda „sevris xelSekrulebis“ dauyovnebliv aRsrulebas realurad ki, somxeTma dakarga isic, rac adre hqonda.
mogvianebiT, zogierTi somexi politikosic skeptikurad afasebda am xelSekrulebis aRsrulebis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, 1997 wels somxeTis respublikis imdroindelma prezidentma levon ter-petrosianma dawera: „rodesac Cven moviTxoveT sevris xelSekrulebaSi naxsenebi teritoriebi, aRmosavleT somxeTis naxevari davkargeT“.
1920 wels qiazim yarabeqirma daamarcxa somxeTis armia da daipyro im teritoriis („aRmosavleT somxeTis“) sagrZnobi nawili, romelsac somxeTis respublika ganagebda ruseTis imperiis kavkasiidan gasvlis Semdeg. Turqebma daikaves yarsis olqi da erev-
48
qiazim yarabeqir-faSa (1882-1948)
Turqi jariskacebi 1920 wels
regioni
sevris aCrdili
nis guberniaSi Semavali surmalus mazra, romlis teritoriazec mdebareobs araratis masivi sxvaTa Soris, 1828 wlamde surmalus teritoria Sedioda sparseTis SemadgenlobaSi da ruseTis imperiam is sparseTTan da ara osmaleTTan omis mogebiT moipova
1920 wlis 2 dekembers q aleqsandropolSi (sabWoTa periodSi – leninakani, amJamindeli giumri), sadac TurqeTis jari Sevida, xeli moewera somxeTisaTvis umZimes xelSekrulebas, romliTac is iZulebuli xdeboda TurqeTisaTvis daeTmo yvela zemoxsenebuli teritoria xelSekrulebis me-10 muxliT somxeTis respublika uars acxadebda oTxi TviT adre mis mierve xelmoweril „sevris xelSekrulebaze“
bolSevikuri ruseTi, romlis XI armia ukve idga sabWoTa azerbaijanSi, somxeTis respublikis sazRvarTan axlos, xolo misma nawilebma naxWevanis gasabWoebac moaswres (iq Seiqmna naxWevanis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika), arc ganixilavda TurqeT-somxeTis omSi Carevas kremlSi miaCndaT, rom SesaZlo „didi somxeTi“ prodasavluri saxelmwifo iqneboda da ar uRirdaT misTvis sisxlisRvra
mustafa qemalis mTavrobam miaRwia garigebas rsfsr-is mTavrobasTan da 1921 wlis 16 marts moskovSi gaaforma masTan „megobrobisa da Zmobis xelSekruleba“, romliTac dadginda dRemde arsebuli sazRvrebi samxreT kavkasiaSi.
sabWoTa ruseTTan da safrangeTTan xelSekrulebebis dadebis Semdeg TurqeTs darCa mxolod erTi fronti – saberZneTis winaaRmdeg. qemalistebma mTeli samxedro Zalebi dasavleT anatoliaSi gadaisroles da gaimarjves. ruseTisa da safrangeTisgan miRebuli SeiaraRebac gamoadgaT!
1923 wlis 24 ivliss, erTi mxriv, TurqeTsa da, meore mxriv, „antantis“ qveynebsa da mis mokavSireebs Soris Sveicariis qalaq lozanaSi xangrZlivi molaparakebis Semdeg xeli moewera samSvidobo xelSekrulebas amiT I msoflio omi formalurad dasrulda saerTaSoriso doneze iqna aRiarebuli TurqeTis suvereniteti mcire aziaze (anatoliaze) da aRmosavleT Trakiaze –evropaSi „lozanis xelSekrulebam“, romelic dRemde ZalaSia, srulad gaabaTila „sevris xelSekruleba“ „lozanis xelSekrulebaSi“ naxsenebic ki ar yofila somxeTi da qurTistani
udReuri „sevris xelSekrulebis“ magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba ar aZlevs patara qveyanas xelSeuxeblobis garantias, Tuki romelime zesaxelmwifos sakuTari miznebisaTvis ar sWirdeba misTvis daxmarebis gaweva
TurqeTis delegacia moskovSi, 1921 wlis 16 marti
49
dreifusis saqme
XIX saukunis bolos safrangeTSi momxdari am xmauriani procesis Sesaxeb araerTi kvlevaa Catarebuli, dawerilia wignebi, gadaRebulia filmebi dreifusis procesi evropis istoriisTvis aTvlis wertiliviT iqca, radgan man, erTi mxriv, evropuli sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi arsebuli ebraelebis siZulvili gamoavlina, romelic ramdenime aTwleulSi nacizmad gardaisaxa da WiriviT moedo kontinents, xolo, meore mxriv, aRmoCnda, rom evropaSi da, kerZod, safrangeTSi mravali adamiani yofila mzad samarTlianobisTvis uangaro da ukompromiso brZolaSi Casabmelad, radgan swamda kanonis uzenaesoba da adamianis uflebebis mniSvneloba dRevandeli evropuli demokratia ki swored amaze dgas
saqme ase iyo: 1895 wlis dekembris erT dilas Suagul parizSi, samxedro skolis ezoSi, parizelebis da sabrZolo mwyobrSi mdgari franguli armiis Tvalwin, jaSuSobaSi da samSoblos RalatSi braldebul kapitan alfred dreifuss sajarod Camoaglijes samxreebi da oficris ganmasxvavebeli sxva niSnebi, gadaumtvries daSna da ramdenime dRiT adre gamotanili ganaCenis Tanaxmad, safrangeTis koloniaSi, gvianaSi, gaamgzavres, sadac darCenili cxovreba „eSmakis kunZulad“ wodebul satusaRoSi unda gaetarebina sasikvdilo ganaCens dreifusi mxolod imitom gadaurCa, rom cota xniT adre safrangeTSi politikur damnaSaveTa sikvdiliT dasja gauqmda
oRond dreifusi udanaSaulo iyo da kidev – iyo ebraeli.
braldebulis ebraelobas mTel am saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda. ebraelebi ar uyvardaT, xolo samxedro saqmes maTTvis yovlad Seusabamo xelobad miiCnevdnen. Tanac dreifusi iyo ebraeli elzasidan, safrangeTis mxaridan, romelic im dros germaniis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. dRes, rodesac evropis saxelmwifoebi mZlavr politikur-ekonomikur kavSirSi arian gaerTianebuli, germaniasa da safrangeTs Soris SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba Teoriuladac SeuZlebelia. warsulSi ki orive am Zlier saxelmwifos gamudmebiT hqonda erTmaneTTan konfliqti da
50
arCil qiqoZe
sazogadoeba
patara elzasic xan erTis xelSi gadadioda, xan – meoris 1945 wels, meore msoflio omis Sedegad, sadavo teritoria safrangeTs darCa da dResac mis SemadgenlobaSia, magram XIX saukunis bolos dreifusis samSoblo germanias hqonda aneqsirebuli, 1871 wlis zavis Sedegad, romelsac frangebi TavisTvis samarcxvinod miiCnevdnen haerSi isev trialebda denTis suni, romelsac oc weliwadSi pirveli msoflio omis qarcecxli unda mohyoloda, mxareebi iaraRdebodnen, erTmaneTis SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb cnobebs agrovebdnen, momavali mowinaaRmdegis teritoriaze gzavnidnen jaSuSebs da nadirobdnen mtris jaSuSebze orive qveynis dazvervas da kontrdazvervas auarebeli saqme hqonda
1894 wlis 20 ivliss ungruli warmoSobis frangma dazvervis oficerma, gvarad esterhazim, germaniis samxedro ataSes mis sasargeblod jaSuSoba SesTavaza.
Tavisi agentebi frangebsac hyavdaT erT-erTi maTgani, mari bastiani, germaniis saelCoSi damlageblad muSaobda. swored misgan Seityo frangulma dazvervam sakuTar banakSi moRalatis gaCenis Sesaxeb. Seityves isic, rom moRalatis mier germanelebisTvis gadacemuli informacia frangul artilerias, misi gadaadgilebis sqemebs da axal frangul zarbaznebs exeboda. frangulma dazvervam CaTvala, rom germanelebs monacemebs ara ubralod frangi artileristi, aramed ganswavluli oficeri awvdida.
saelCoSi momuSave germaneli mzveravis, vice-polkovnik Svarckofenis kabinetSi mari bastianma ipova sanagveSi gadagdebuli, frangulad dawerili saeWvo werili, rome-
dreifusis saqme
51
riCard osvaldis filmi `dreifusis saqme~, 1930
Joze fereris filmi `me brals vdeb!~ , 1958
roman polanskis filmi `oficeri da jaSuSi~, 2019
alfred dreifusis avtobiografiuli wigni `Cemi cxovrebis xuTi weli~
sazogadoeba
lic artileriis Sesaxeb monacemebs exeboda werili frangulma dazvervam saguldagulod Seiswavla da misi xelwera artileriis saeWvod miCneuli Tormeti oficris xelweras Seadara CaiTvala, rom werilis avtori alfred dreifusi iyo, mtris xelSi myofi elzasis Svili, Tanac ebraeli, romelmac gabeda da frangul armiaSi karieris gakeTeba ganizraxa, Tanac samxedro skolac warCinebiT daamTavra. dreifusze eWvis mitanis da misi damnaSaved cnobis erTaderTi mizezi am ukanasknelis ebraeloba iyo, misi braleulobis damamtkicebeli sabuTebi realurad ar arsebobda da amis miuxedavad, samxedro sasamarTlom is damnaSaved cno. iyvnen adamianebi, romlebsac misi braleulobis ar sjerodaT, magram isinic gaCumdnen. ufro metic, memarjvene gazeTebma is sasamarTlos dasrulebamde gamoacxades moRalated.
eSmakis kunZuli is adgili iyo, saidanac cocxli aravin brundeboda. tropikuli daavadebebi da katorRuli Sroma male mouRebda dreifuss bolos, rom ara erTi adamiani, mTeli am ambis namdvili gmiri, polkovniki JorJ pikari, romelic dazvervis statistikis departamentis axal ufrosad dainiSna.
pikari ucnauri kaci iyo, bevri sxva frangi samxedros msgavsad, masac ar uyvarda ebraelebi da miiCnevda, rom armiaSi maTi adgili ar iyo, magram amave dros pikari iyo wesieri adamiani, romelmac gamoZieba nulidan daiwyo da sul male mixvda dreifusis udanaSaulobas mixvda imasac, rom namdvili damnaSave esterhazi iyo, romelmac maRali Tanamdebobis mfarvelebis saSualebiT saqmidan Tavi daiZvrina am yvelaferma polkovniki SeZra da gadawyvita, radac ar unda dasjdomoda, samarTlianoba aRedgina
pikaris xelaxali gamoZieba xifaTs uqmnida mTlianad frangul armias, romlisTvisac katastrofis tolfasi iyo imis aRiare-
eSmakis kunZuli
52
ferdinand esterhazi (1847-1923)
ba, rom samudamo patimrobaSi sruliad udanaSaulo adamiani gaistumra. pikars yvelanairad uSlidnen xels, sakuTari moadgile, maiori anri, jaSuSad miuCines. aSantaJebdnen imiT, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi gaTxovil qalTan hqonda intimuri kavSiri, magram pikari mainc Seuvali iyo, nabij-nabij xdida simarTles fardas
pikaris mopovebulma masalebma dreifusis advokatebs saSualeba misca ganaCeni gaesaCivrebinaT. sasamarTlo procesi ganaxlda, ramd wads gagrZelda da saukunis yvelaze xmaurian saqmed iqca.
mTeli am xnis manZilze polkovniki pikari autanel wnexs da d ganicdida mas quCaSi gamvlelebi „ebrael Rors“ eZaxdnen, zu kolegebma mamacma samxedrom yvelanair zewolas gauZlo saku adgilem, maiorma anrim, duelSic ki gamoiwvia. orma oficerma daajvaredina da ramdenime w pikarma mowinaaRmdeg daWra, ris Semdegac TabrZolis gagrZeleba Rar SeZlo.
dreifusi eSmakis kunZulze
maiori anri iuberi (1846-1898)
53
JorJ pikari ( 1854 -1914)
dreifusis saqme
sazogadoeba
xedro sasamarTlos mikerZoebaSi amxelda da brwyinvale franguli eniT, argumentirebulad asabuTebda alfred dreifusis udanaSaulobas da esterhazis danaSauls
zolam icoda, rom Zalian saxifaTo saqmeSi Caeba ai, ras werda igi Tavis statiaSi:
„simarTle aris is, rasac me viTxov kacobriobisTvis, romelmac amdeni tanjviT bednierebis ufleba daimsaxura, Cemi werilis aRSfoTebuli striqonebi Cemi sulis yvirilia. dae, gabedon da naficTa sasamarTloSi damibaron da, dae, es sasamarTlo farTod gaRebul karebSi Catardes!“
pikars jaridan garicxviT daemuqrnen arc aman gaWra daxurul kars miRma samxedro tribunali mouwyves, armiidan garicxes da cota xniT gamogonili braldebiT cixeSic Casves. satusaRodan gamosulma pikarma mainc gaagrZela brZola, eswreboda yvela process, aZlevda Cvenebebs, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, safrangeTis namdvil patriotad darCa da samarTlianobis aRdgena piradi Rirsebis saqmed miaCnda.
JorJ pikaris garda, am saqmes hyavda kidev erTi gmiri – frangi mwerali da Jurnalisti emil zola 1998 wlis ianvarSi gazeT „avroras“ pirvel gverdze gamoqveynebulma misma statiam, saTauriT „me brals vdeb“, mexis gavardnasaviT imoqmeda. zolas statia, romelsac safrangeTis prezident feliqs forusadmi Ria werilis saxe hqonda, mTlianad polkovniki pikaris miwodebul masalebs eyrdnoboda da dRes sagazeTo Jurnalistikis Sedevrad iTvleba. mwerali sam-
JorJ pikaris da maior anris dueli
54
emil zola (1840 - 1902)
gabedes
samxedroebma zolas ciliswamebisTvis uCivles mosamarTlem mwerals erTi wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusaja da didi fuladi jarimac daakisra cixisTvis Tavi rom aeridebina, zola inglisSi gaiqca, magram misma statiam Tavis saqme mainc gaakeTa franguli sazogadoeba da mTlianad evropa or banakad – dreifusis momxreebad da mowinaaRmdegeebad – gaiyo ar darCenila arcerTi cnobili frangi adamiani, am saqmeze sakuTari azri rom ar gamoeTqva dreifusistebis banakSi iyvnen msoflio masStabis mwerlebi: edmund gonkuri, marsel prusti da anatol fransi, saqveynod cnobili msaxiobi sara bernari, impresionisti mxatvrebi klod mone, kamil pisaro da pol siniaki maTi kolegebi da aseve impresionistuli skolis diadi warmomadgenlebi: edgar dega, pol sezani da anri matisi dreifusis damnaSaveobaSi iyvnen darwmunebuli dreifusis ganaCenis samarTlianobis sjeroda saTavgadasavlo romanebis ganTqmul mweral Jiul verns, aseve mwerlebs – moris bares da leon dodes
dreifusis saqmis gamo Cxubobdnen samsaxurebSi, ojaxebSi
Cvenamde movida 1898 wlis karikatura, romelsac „ojaxuri sadili“ hqvia da ori naxatisgan Sedgeba. pirvelze didi ojaxi sazeimod gawyobil magidas Semosxdomia, sufris TavSi mjdar uxucess ki saCvenebeli TiTi maRla aqvs aweuli da sufris wevrebs raRacas afrTxilebs naxatis qveS aseTi warweraa: „modi, dreifusis saqmeze ar vilaparakoT “ meore naxatze, romelsac hqvia – „ukve ilaparakes“, sruli aurzauri sufevs, lamazi sufrisgan aRaraferia darCenili, ojaxis wevrebi ki erTmaneTs axrCoben, dana-CangliT erTmaneTis daWras lamoben
dreifusis saqmeSi gardamtexi momenti maior anris TviTmkvleloba gaxda anri swored is oficeri iyo, romelmac pikari duelSi gamoiwvia mogvianebiT anrim „aRmoaCina“ axali dokumenti, romelsac dreifusis danaSauli unda daemtkicebina, TiTqosda es werili germaneli mzveravis mier iyo dawerili da masSi „is ebraeli“ iyo moxseniebuli, magram werilis siyalbe imdenad TvalSisacemi iyo, rom anri daapatimres da man cixis sakanSi Tavi CamoixrCo. amas mohyva namdvili damnaSavis da agentis – esterhazis safrangeTidan gaqceva am orma movlenam
55
marsel prusti (1871-1922)
sara bernari (1844-1923)
edmund gonkuri (1822-1896)
dreifusis saqme
franguli sazogadoeba dreifusis sasargeblod Semoatriala SegaxsenebT, rom mTeli is wlebi, rac sasamarTlo mimdinareobda, alfred dreifusi „eSmakis kunZulze“ itanjeboda
anris TviTmkvlelobisa da esterhazis gaqcevis Semdeg emil zolac dabrunda inglisidan ukve TiTqmis aRaravis epareboda eWvi, rom is marTal saqmes icavda, misi sasamarTlo ganaCenic gaauqmes da mwerali isev TavgamodebiT Caeba samarTlianobisTvis brZolaSi
1899 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi qalaq renSi xelaxali samxedro sasamarTlo gaimarTa procesi ukiduresi daZabulobis fonze mimdinareobda sasamarTlos dawyebis win ucnobma pirebma dreifusis advokatis, fernan laboris, mokvla scades, magram iuristi gadarCa da mxolod msubuqad daiWra Tavdamsxmelebi ise miimalnen, rom maTi dakaveba veravin SeZlo es sasamarTloc Zalian mikerZoebuli iyo miuxedavad imisa, rom arcerTi samxili aRar gaaCndaT, samxedroebma mainc scades sakuTari pirvandeli poziciis dacva, magram, radgan sazogadoebis azris gaTvaliswinebac uxdebodaT, msjavrdadebuls samudamo sasjeli aTi wliT patimrobiT Seucvales. aman dreifusis damcvelebi kidev ufro aRaSfoTa. maTi kiTxva aseTi iyo: Tuki adamiani samSoblos RalatSia damnaSave, ratom umsubuqebT mas sasjels da Tuki udanaSauloa, ratom ar aRiarebT amas da ratom ar aTavisuflebT? sazogadoebis zewoliT safrangeTis prezidentma gadawyvita dreifusi Seewyalebina dreifusi Sewyalebas daTanxmda. igi eSmakis kunZulis jojoxeTidan gaaTavisufles da s mS b S br n s
fernan laboris mkvlelobis mcdeloba
56
Teodor hercli (1860-1904)
sazogadoeba
oRond, Sewyalebaze TanxmobiT dreifusma sakuTari momxreebis didi nawilis guliswyroma gamoiwvia Sewyaleba TavisTavad gulisxmobda braleulobas, udanaSauloebi ki Sewyalebas ar iTxoven! aseTi iyo misi mravali momxris, maT Soris misi Tavdadebuli advokatis, pozicia maT simarTlisTvis brZola, damnaSaveTa dasja swyurodaT, dreifusma ki maT TvalSi sisuste gamoiCina
saqme TiTqos amiT damTavrda da yofili patimari miiviwyes, magram 1903 wels gasajarovda maRalCinosan frang samxedroTa mimowera, sadac isini Tavad laparakoben saqmeSi arsebul xarvezebsa da dreifusis SesaZlo udanaSaulobaze dreifusma sasamarTloSi iCivla safrangeTi da mis kvalad mTeli evropa isev alaparakda masze dreifusis procesi ganaxlda da 1906 wlis 12 ivliss samSoblos RalatSi braldebulis sruli gamarTlebiT dasrulda.
simarTlem dagvianebiT, magram mainc izeima. alfred dreifusi pativiT aRadgines samxedro samsaxurSi
rva wlis Semdeg ki daiwyo pirveli msoflio omi, sadac dreifusma Tavi isaxela da safrangeTis umaRlesi jildo – sapatio ordenis kavalrobac ki moipova, magram manamde iyo erTi Zalian saintereso momenti, romlis moyolac namdvilad Rirs.
dreifusis kvalad samxedro samsaxurSi aRadgines misi dauRalavi damcveli da mxsneli polkovniki pikari, romelmac swrafad waiwia karieraSi da jer generlis wodeba daimsaxura, Semdeg ki safrangeTis samxedro ministri gaxda
da ai, erT mSvenier dRes samxedro ministrs kabinetSi ewvia imxanad maiori alfred dreifusi da pikars dawinaureba sTxova dreifusi miiCnevda, rom patimrobis wlebi samxedro samsaxurisTvis rom moexmara, axla polkovniki mainc iqneboda. pikarma mousmina kacs, romlis dacvasac lamis Seewira misi karierac da sicocxlec da uariT gaistumra aseTi kaci iyo JorJ pikari – roca CaTvala, rom dreifusi tyuilad iyo braldebuli, mis dasacavad yvelaferi sasworze Semodo, xolo roca miiCnia, rom misi Txovna dasabuTebuli ar iyo, ubralod civi uariT gamoistumra
Tavad maiori pikari 1914 wels ubeduri SemTxvevis Sedegad daiRupa
aseTia am ucnauri da TvalsaCino saqmis istoria saqmisa, romelmac bevri ram gansazRvra, Tundac is, rom 1895 wlis dekemberSi, rodesac alfred dreifusi sajarod daamcires, amis Semxedvare brbo ki gahyviroda „sikvdili ebraelebs“, xalxSi sxvebTan erTad idga avstriuli gazeTis korespondenti Teodor hercli, Tavad ebraeli da momavalSi sionisturi moZraobis erTerTi fuZemdebeli, romelsac maSin pirvelad mouvida azrad, rom ebraelebs male evropaSi aRar daedgomebodaT da axali, ufro sworad „Zveli“, samSoblo palestinaSi unda eZebnaT
alfred dreifusi ojaxTan erTad
57
alfred dreifusi 1930 wels
dreifusis saqme
tite margvelaSvili
or qveyanas Soris dakarguli istoria
ana margvelaSvili
ori msoflio omis, totalitaruli reJimebisa da masobrivi migraciis saukuneSi uamravi ojaxi daiSala da mimoifanta, ojaxis wevrebma erTmaneTis kvali dakarges. maTi ambavi mowmeTa SiSisa Tu saerTod gamqrali mowmeebis gamo daviwyebas mieca da daikarga. XX saukunem daRi daasva saqarTvelosac da aq mcxovreb mraval ojaxsac. 1921 wels saqarTvelos sabWoTa okupacias zogi emigraciaSi wasvliT gadaurCa, zogi Segnebulad darCa da sjeroda, rom aq, adgilze brZolas jer kidev hqonda azri. nawilma axal sistemasTan iZulebiTi an nebayoflobiTi, an ideuri
TanamSromloba daiwyo, nawilma ki winaaRmdegoba scada bolSevikur okupacias jer 20-iani wlebis represiebis pirveli talRa mohyva, Semdeg – gakulakeba, koleqtivizacia, 1937-1938 wlebis didi terori; 40-ian wlebSi – sxvadasxva eTnikuri da religiuri jgufis masobrivi deportacia, meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg ki – gadasaxlebebis axali talRa
am yvelaferma aTasobiT udanaSaulo adamiani imsxverpla, usamSoblod, usaxlod, ojaxisa da axloblebis gareSe datova da iZulebuli gaxada cxovreba sruliad axal garemoSi Tavidan daewyo. maT Soris iyo imdroindeli saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis aqtiuri wevri, istorikosi tite margvelaSvili, Tavis ojaxTan erTad. tite margvelaSvilma da misma vaJma givim SemdgomSi qarTuli da germanuli kulturis, literaturis warmomadgenelma, cnobilma filosofosma da germanulenovanma qarTvelma mweralma, sakuTar Tavze gamoscades
sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciiT gamowveuli mZime politikuri qartexilebi da sabWoTa reJimis sisastike
tite margvelaSvili daibada 1891 wlis 2 aprils quTaisSi, Tadeoz margvelaSvilisa da pelagia WavWaniZis ojaxSi. mamamisi sofel nagarevidan quTaisSi gadasaxlebula, Tambaqos
58
qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi
fabrikaSi muSad muSaobis Semdeg ZmasTan da simamrTan erTad WiaTuraSi marganecis mopovebis saqmeSi CarTula da sakmaod gamdidrebula ojaxis finansurma mdgomareobam tites SesaZlebloba misca kargi ganaTleba mieRo: jer q quTaisSi, ilarion matariZis kerZo mosamzadebel saswavlebelSi swavlobda, 1899-1908 wlebSi – realur gimnaziaSi, xolo 1909-1913 wlebSi – laifcigis universitetSi germaniaSi tites swavlas ZiriTadad ojaxi afinansebda, Tumca mas, rogorc „bejiT students“, Savi qvis mrewvelTa sabWos stipendiac hqonia 1911-1912 wlebSi franguli da inglisuri enebis Seswavlisa da srulyofis mizniT sazafxulo ardadegebis dros imogzaura Sveicariasa da safrangeTSi, Semdeg – londonSi, 1913-1914 wlebSi ki hale-vitenbergis universitetis doqtoranturis studenti gaxda.
laifcigSi swavlisa da sadoqtoro Temaze muSaobis periodSi tite margvelaSvils mimowera hqonda eqvTime TayaiSvilsa da ivane javaxiSvilTan da maT sadoqtoro Temis damuSavebisaTvis saWiro literaturis dasaxelebasa da Sesabamisi wignebiT uzrunvelyofas sTxovda ivane javaxiSvili dainteresebuli yofila germaniaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad wasuli qarTveli axalgazrdebiTa da maTi saqmianobiT da tite margvelaSvili, rogorc laifcigSi qarTuli (studentebis) saTvistomos Tavmjdomare, mas am studentebis Sesaxeb saanketo informacias awvdida. 1914 wels tite margvelaSvilma hale-vitenbergis universitetSi daicva sadoqtoro disertacia –„kolxebi, iberebi da albanelebi Zv. welTaRricxvis pirveli saukunis mijnaze, stra-
bonis gansakuTrebuli gaTvaliswinebiT“ da Semdeg quTaisSi dabrunda
dabrunebuli tite aqtiurad CaerTo sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi. 19141917 wlebSi muSaobda ucxo enebis pedagogad quTaisis klasikur gimnaziaSi, TanamSromlobda quTaisSi gamomaval sxvadasxva (ZiriTadad, erovnul-demokratiuli wreebis suliskveTebis gamomxatvel) periodul gamocemebTan da, ZiriTadad, kulturuli, istoriuli, ekonomikuri da politikuri Sinaarsis statiebs aqveynebda
tite margvelaSvili monawileobda saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis dafuZnebaSi. igi partiis pirvelsave konferenciaze, romelic 1917 wels TbilisSi gaimarTa, mTavari komitetis wevrad airCi-
59 tite
margvelaSvili
tite margvelaSvili quTaisis realuri saswavleblis damTavrebisas
tite margvelaSvilis Svili givi margvelaSvili berlinSi
es. 1917 wels erovnul-demokratiuli partiis siiT kenWs iyrida quTaisis qalaqis sabWos xmosanTa arCevnebSi.
1918 wlis 26 maiss tite margvelaSvilma, rogorc saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos wevrma, xeli moawera saqarTvelos damoukideblobis deklaracias igi TbilisSic ganagrZobda aqtiur sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebas, iyo araerTi sazogadoebisa Tu sazogadoebrivi iniciativis mxardamWeri, wevri Tu damaarsebeli aRsaniSnavia misi CarTuloba Rarib studentTa damxmare sazogadoebaSi, iyo 1918 wels dafuZnebuli „petriwis saxelobis sazogadoebis“ wevri, qarTul-germanuli kulturuli kavSiris TanadamfuZnebeli da gamgeobis Tavmjdomare monawileobda vaWar-mrewvelTa sabWos krebis muSaobasa da meTambaqoeTa yrilobis saorganizacio saqmianobaSi
1918 wels, brest-litovskis zavis dadebis Semdeg ganviTarebuli movlenebis kvaldakval, germania-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis axali etapi daiwyo: saqarTveloSi Semovida germaniis samxedro misia general-maior fridrix kres fon kresenStainis xelmZRvanelobiT garda samxedro da politikuri TanamSromlobisa, delegacia did yuradRebas uTmobda qarTul-germanul kulturul urTierTobebs swored am periodSi daiwyo qarTul-germanuli kulturuli sazogadoebis Seqmnis procesi gazeT „saqarTvelos“ furclebze sainiciativo komiteti aqveynebda informacias sazogadoebis dafuZnebis Sesaxeb am komitetis wevri iyo tite margvelaSvilic qarTul-germanuli kulturuli sazogadoeba 1918 wlis 21 ivliss dafuZnda da tite margvelaSvili sazogadoebis Tavmjdomared airCies
tite margvelaSvilma 1919 wels erovnul-demokratiuli partiis siiT kenWi iyara damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi arCevnebSi didi umravlesobiT gaimarjva social-demokratiulma partiam, erovnul-demokratiulma partiam ki mxolod rva mandati moipova miuxedavad politi-
laifcigis universiteti
tite margvelaSvilis mSoblebi Tadeoz margvelaSvili da pelagia WavWaniZe
60
qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi
kuri uTanxmoebisa da xSiri, mwvave polemikisa mmarTvel social-demokratiul partiasTan, maTi gamarjvebis Semdeg erovnul-demokratiuli partia mxars uWerda xelisuflebis reformebs. tite margvelaSvili iyo saerobo (anu TviTmmarTvelobis) reformis mTavari instruqtori. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros davalebiT, saerobo instruqtoris samsaxurma SemoiRo saerobo mmarTveloba da organizeba gauwia pirveli saerobo arCevnebis Catarebas.
tite germania-saqarTvelos mWidro kulturul-politikuri TanamSromlobis momxre da mxardamWeri iyo da am sakiTxze werda kidec periodul gamocemebSi. mis ojaxSi Semonaxulia misi werili vinme doqtor r. Stubesadmi, sadac igi dawvrilebiT uyveba adresats saqarTvelos politikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebuli aqcentiT baTumis sakiTxze; igi doqtor Stubes sTxovs, rom werilis Sinaarsi saqarTvelos mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT, acnobos sagareo saqmeTa samsaxurebs da daicvas qarTuli mxaris uflebebi. aseve aRniSnavs, rom qarTveli xalxi arasodes daiviwyebs germanelTa mxardaWeras; saqarTvelo germaniis saimedo dasayrdeni punqti iqneba mTel wina aziaSi da veravin moutans germanelebs iseT did sargebels, rogorc qarTvelebi.
germanul-qarTul urTierTobebSi tites aqtiur CarTulobas mowmobs 1929 wels germaniaSi kres fon kresenStainis mier gacemuli tite margvelaSvilis sarekomendacio werilic, romelSic avtori adasturebs, rom tite margvelaSvili pirveli msoflio omis dros kavkasiaSi qarTul-germanuli kavSiris Tavmjdomare iyo, germaniis poziciebs icavda da rom mas didi sargebeli mohqonda germanuli saqmisTvis.
eqvTime TayaiSvili (1862-1953)
ivane javaxiSvili (1876-1940)
fridrix kres fon kresenStaini (1870-1948)
germaniis samxedro misia saqarTveloSi
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tite margvelaSvili
qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi
saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis periodi didi imedebis, qveynis momavlisaTvis Tavdauzogavi muSaobis xana iyo da tite margvelaSvili, sxva uamravi Tanamoazris da Tanamoqmedis msgavsad, albaT Znelad Tu warmoidgenda, rom 1921 wels qveyanas sabWoTa ruseTi daipyrobda da mas qveynis iZulebiT datoveba mouwevda:
„me mimaCnda, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba iZulebiT moxda wiTeli armiis daxmarebiT am movlenebisadmi iseve, rogorc sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis faqtisadmi mtruli damokidebuleba mqonda da es faqti saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebis darRvevad mimaCnda swored amitom davtove saqarTvelo da sazRvargareT gavemgzavre“, – ambobda is bevri wlis mere, dakiTxvisas
1921 wlis TebervalSi, sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciamde erTi kviriT adre, tite baTumSi gaemgzavra, saidanac jer konstantinopolSi Cavida, Semdeg ki –berlinSi. ojaxi – Zma, meuRle mariam xeCinaSvili da mcirewlovani qaliSvili liziko masTan, germaniaSi, 1922 wels Cavidnen.
1920-iani, anu emigraciis pirveli wlebi mZime iyo emigrantebisTvis. ukiduresi siduxWiris gamo araerT qarTvel emigrants mouwia berlinis datoveba da sacxovreblad qalaqis gareubanSi, adlershofSi, wiTeli jvris e.w. ltolvilTa banakebSi gadasvla. tite margvelaSvils am mxriv gaumarTla – wlebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva komerciul firmaSi axerxebda dasaqmebuliyo da ojaxi Seenaxa. paralelurad ganagrZobda politikur da sazogadoebriv saqmianobas, beWdavda antisabWoTa Sinaarsis statiebs, CarTuli iyo berlinis qarTvelTa saTvistomos muSaobaSi
tite margvelaSvili 1921-1923 wlebSi iyo berlinis qarTuli saTvistomos Tavmjdomare. 1924 wels igi xelaxla airCies koloniis Tavmjdomared, razec uari Tqva drois ukmarisobis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, aqtiurad iyo CarTuli sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebaSi, qarTulenovan
beWdviT organoebSi aqveynebda erovnuli
Sinaarsis statiebs, sadac xazgasmuli iyo saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifos aRdgenis aucilebloba aseTive Sinaarsis
moxsenebebiT gamodioda berlinis qarTuli
koloniis Sekrebebze, iyo berlinis politikuri komisiisa da emigraciaSi moqmedi „qarTuli politikuri wiTeli jvris“ berlinis ganyofilebis wevri
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tite margvelaSvilis Zma vasili da qaliSvili elisabedi
tite margvelaSvili
1924 wlis ajanyebis CaxSobisa da Tanmdevi dramatuli procesebis kvaldakval, partiuli uTanxmoebiT isedac daqsaqsul emigraciul wreebSi urTierTobebi kidev ufro daiZaba ganxeTqileba moxda Tavad erovnul-demokratiul partiaSic, ris Sedegadac tite spiridon kedias jgufSi darCa sazogadoebriv-politikur sferoSi areulobebs Tan erTvoda tites ojaxuri tragediebi – jer iyo da 1925 wels gardaicvala berlinSi samkurnalod Casuli misi simamri, cnobili quTaiseli eqimi da sazogado moRvawe simon xeCinaSvili. mamis sikvdilma Zlier imoqmeda tites meuRle mariamze – „marusas veRar icnobT, rom naxoT. dRemde marxulobs,“ – swerda tite margvelaSvili Tavis mSoblebs quTaisSi.
amave periodSi tites quTaisSi darCenil mSoblebs nel-nela CamoarTves mTeli qoneba, rac sakuTari mravalwliani SromiT hqondaT dagrovili
„sayvarelo mSoblebo, miviRe Tqveni sasowarkveTilebis werili da man uaRresad aRmaSfoTa miT umetes damaRona, rom mec Zalian Zala mixdili var da ar SemiZlia cotaTi mainc dagexmaroT da gaWirveba cotaTi mainc SegimsubuqoT Tqven scdebiT, Tu fiqrobT, rom soflis mamulsa da qalaqis qonebas ar dagibruneben, radgan me ucxoeTSi var icodeT, rom Cems moqmedebaze Tqven ara vin pasuxs gagebinebT, radgan me me var da Tqven Tqven xarT mxecebSiac ki ar aris aseTi wesi, rom hkbendnen mas, vinc ar gerCis; velur qveynebsac aqvT iotis odena wesi da samarTlianoba, raime kanoni: danaSaulisaTvis damnaSaves agebineben pasuxs da ara udanaSaulo pirT da isic umweo moxucT!“ – wer-
da tite margvelaSvili 1926 wels mSoblebs da, cxadia, cdeboda – sabWoTa xelisuflebam moxucebs yvelaferi CamoarTva da amiT Semosavlis yvela wyaro gadauketa
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi germaniaSi nacional-socialistebis gamarjvebas tite margvelaSvili interesiT Sexvda erovnuldemokratiuli partiis sxvadasxva jgufi emigraciaSi Tavidanve cdilobda diplomatiuri urTierToba daemyarebina nacionalsocialistebTan, raTa qarTul saTvistomos dabrkolebebis gareSe SeZleboda muSaobis gagrZeleba (imxanad germaniaSi sxvadasxva qveynis saTvistomoebi iketeboda) isini aseve imedovnebdnen diplomatiuri urTierTobebiT gaemyarebinaT saqarTvelos poziciebi germaniis axal xelisuflebasTan gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri es urTierToba da TanamSromloba II msoflio omis periodSi gaxda.
1933 wels, lado axmetelisa da Salva qarumiZis iniciativiT, berlinSi Seiqmna qarTvel nacionalistTa organizacia, romelic miznad isaxavda iq arsebuli yvela antisabWoTa emigrantuli jgufis gaerTianebas da germaniaSi qarTuli kulturisa da is-
simon xeCinaSvili meuRle elisabed quTaTelaZesTan erTad
tite margvelaSvilis da Tamari
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tite margvelaSvili
qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi
bedis ukuRmarTobam Tu mZime istoriulma viTarebam XX saukuneSi bevri qarTveli aiZula sxvadasxva qveynis, idealisa Tu faseulobis dasacavad damdgariyo – maT umetesobas saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis dacva da qveynis damoukideblobis idea amoZravebda
II msoflio omisas germania-ssrk-is omSi germaniis mxares daaxloebiT 35 aTasi qarTveli ibrZoda es iyvnen sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg saqarTvelodan emigraciaSi wasuli adamianebi an maTi STamomavlebi qarTvelTagan Seqmnili iyo calkeuli batalionebi, romlebic monawileobas iRebdnen sabrZolo moqmedebebSi, 1942 wlis zamTarSi ki vermaxtis SemadgenlobaSi Seiqmna „qarTuli legioni“.
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom germania-ssrk-is omis dawyebis Semdeg qarTuli emigraciis azri orad gaiyo erTni mxars uWerdnen germanias da miiCnvdnen, rom omSi ssrk-is damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iqneboda garkveuli saxiT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena amgvari viTareba iyo I msoflio omis drosac, rodesac qarTveli emigrantebi omSi germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas varaudobdnen. maSinac Seiqmna qarTvelTagan dakompleqtebuli samxedro SenaerTi – „qarTuli legioni“, romelic germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis mxares ibrZoda
emigrantTa meore nawili kategoriuli winaaRmdegi iyo nacistebTan TanamSromlobisa, radgan nacistebi maTTvis ara mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris, aramed dasavleT evropisa da amerikis saxelmwifoebis mtrebi iyvnen da mTeli civilizebuli samyarosTvis warmoadgendnen safrTxes
toriis da zogadad, saqarTvelos popularizacias tite margvelaSvili am organizaciis pirveli Tavmjdomare gaxda, Tumca es Tanamdeboba sami Tvis Semdeg datova, savaraudod, Salva qarumiZesTan politikuri uTanxmoebis gamo Tavmjdomaris rangSi, moklevadian periodSi, mimowera hqonda germaniis sxvadasxva aRmasrulebel uwyebasTan, aseve, magaliTad, poloneTis saelCosTan. igi maT ugzavnida angariSs saqarTvelos okupaciis Sesaxeb.
amasobaSi, tites ojaxSi ubedurebebi grZeldeboda – daaxloebiT 1929-1933 wlebSi, ojaxisTvis dRemde gaurkveveli mizeziT, gardaicvala berlinSi mcxovrebi vasil margvelaSvili – tites umcrosi Zma, romelmac germaniaSi sainJinro ganaTleba miiRo da qarxanaSi muSaobda 1933 wels tites meuRlem, mariam xeCinaSvilma, 36 wlis asakSi sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula.
„Zalian mZime iyo misi mdgomareobac, sawyali xandaxan grZnobda TviTonac albaT sul mudam imaze fiqrobda, rom mas viRac sdevnis, rom mas emuqrebian [ ] erTi sityviT, ZarRvebi aSlili hqonda magram aseT saSinelebas ki ver warmovidgendi mainc! miT ufro, rom sanatreli iyo sul mudam sakuTari bina da es movuwye Raribulad, magram mainc mis nebaT TiTqos gaxalisda kidec da uceb aseTi ram gviqna!~ - swerda tite mSoblebs
64
meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg bavSvebze zrunvis valdebuleba sazogadoebrivpolitikuri saqmianobiTa da yoveldRiuri sarCos mopovebiT isedac gadatvirTul tites daawva mxrebze
„me vakeTeb yovelive saqmes, me vuvli maT da ojaxs; ra mware yofila es ojaxoba: ver morCebi, ver gaaTaveb! bolo ara aqvs arafers!“
canad daisaxes saqarTvelos kulturisa da istoriis popularizacia da qveynis Sesaxeb warmodgenis gazrda Tavis mxriv, germaniis xelisuflebas interesi hqonda kavkasiis mimarT kavkasiis sakiTxebis Seswavla, misi aqtualobidan gamomdinarec, evaleboda sxvadasxva samsaxursa da kvleviT dawesebulebas masalis Targmanisa Tu sxva saxis sakonsultacio saqmianobisTvis arsebobda mWidro urTierToba kavkasiis qveynebis warmomadgenlobebTan germaniaSi da, maT Soris, qarTul politikur emigraciasTanac. Tavis mxriv, qarTveli emigrantebic cdilobdnen saqarTvelos da kavkasiis istoriis, kulturis Sesaxeb informaciis farTo sazogadoebisaTvis gacnobas. am saqmianobas germaniaSi saqarTvelo unda warmoeCina. tite margvelaSvilic wlebis ganmavlobaSi werda da aqveynebda germanul enaze kavkasiisa da saqarTvelos Sesaxeb samecniero, istoriul-eTnografiul naSromebs.
1941-1945 wlebSi tite margvelaSvili xelmZRvanelobda berlinis qarTul saTvistomos 1941-1942 wlebSi emigrantebTan er-
SesaZloa, es garemoebac yofiliyo aqtiuri sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebidan misi droebiTi CamoSorebis mizezi tragediis Semdeg tite ZiriTadad samecniero kvlevebiTa da publicistikiT iyo dakavebuli.
II msoflio omis dawyebisas germaniaSi mcxovrebi emigrantebis nawili, maT Soris tite margvelaSvili, fiqrobdnen, rom germania maleve daamarcxebda sabWoTa kavSirs, rac saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis SesaZleblobas aCenda maT TavianT amo-
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mariam xeCinaSvili
tite
mariam xeCinaSvili da elisabed margvelaSvili
margvelaSvili
qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi
kis SeerTebul Statebs Seafara Tavi.
Tad muSaobda nacional-socialisturi germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi da cota xans xelmZRvanelobda e.w. qarTul redaqcias, romlis ZiriTadi saqmianoba iyo propaganduli masalebis Targmna da Semdeg radioTi gadacema es masalebi exeboda sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikur, sagareo da saSinao politikis sakiTxebs, kolmeurneobebs, fabrikebSi muSaTa mdgomareobas, warmoebas, sabWoTa reJimis simkacres da a. S. Targmnili proklamaciebi radioTi gadaicemoda. tites aseTi sainformacio masalis radioTi gadacema erTxel mouwia 1942 wels igi wavida saministrodan da mas mere misi saqmianoba qarTul saTvistomoSi muSaobiT Semoifargleboda rogorc cnobilia, tite antisabWoTa moxsenebebiT gamodioda qarTvel tyveTa banakebSi CarTuli iyo qarTveli samxedro tyveebis banakebidan gamoyvanis sakiTxebSic, rac maT fizikur gadarCenas niSnavda da ris merec maT e w qarTul legionebSi awevrianebdnen sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad rogorc misi umcrosi Svili givi margvelaSvili ixsenebda, periodulad banakebidan gamoyvanili qarTveli tyveebi maTTan saxlSic cxovrobdnen. zogierTma mogvianebiT evropis sxva qveynebsa da ameri-
1945 wlis dasawyisSi, roca meore msoflio omis bedi TiTqmis gadawyvetili iyo, qarTveli emigrantebis didi nawili qalaq zalcburgSi emigraciis samomavlo gegmebze samsjelod Seikriba tite margvelaSvilis qaliSvili elisabedi maSin sacxovreblad ukve gadasuli iyo italiaSi (mogvianebiT, sxva qarTvel emigrantebTan erTad, argentinaSi, buenos-airesSi gaemgzavra, sadac cxovrobda kidec gardacvalebamde, 2003 wlamde). zalcburgis Sekrebaze titec gaemgzavra vaJiSvil givisTan erTad. germaniaSi mcxovrebi qarTveli emigrantebis absoluturma umravlesobam gadawyvita berlinSi aRar dabrunebuliyvnen da ase aeridebinaT Tavi moaxloebuli sabWoTa armiisaTvis. tite SvilTan erTad berlinSi dabrunda, radgan saxlSi qarTuli saTvistomos dokumentacia da rigi mougvarebeli saqmeebi hqonda datovebuli rogorc givi margvelaSvili ixsenebda, es iyo erT-erTi bolo samgzavro matarebeli, romelic berlinSi Sevida qalaqi saSinlad ibombeboda da matarebeli afeTqebebisa da nangrevebis fonze miikvlevda gzas
berlinSi isini e.w. britanul seqtorSi cxovrobdnen da amiT TiTqos samSvidobos daigules Tavi. Tumca 1946 wlis dasawyisSi aRmosavleT germaniaSi saqarTvelodan mivlinebiT Cavida profesori Salva nucubiZe, romelic tite margvelaSvilis axalgazrdobis droindeli nacnobi iyo man tite TavisTan, aRmosavleT seqtorSi, miiwvia „vefxistyaosnis“ Taobaze Tavisi samecniero kvlevebis gasacnobad da manqanis gagzavnac SesTavaza ramdenime SeTavazebis Semdeg tite margvelaSvilma Tavisi 18 wlis Svilic Tan gaiyola, Tumca sagangebod gagzavnilma manqanam mama-Svili margvelaSvilebi aRmosavleT seqtorSi pirdapir samxedro komendaturaSi miiyvana iq titem da givim ukanaskneli Rame gaatares erTad Semdeg tite waiyvanes, givi ki jer hohenSonhauzenis, Semdeg ki saqsenhauzenis sakoncentracio banakSi gagzavnes, romelsac ukve sabWoTa kavSiri akontrolebda banakebSi 18 wlis givi margvelaSvilma TiTqmis ori weli gaatara erTxel banakSi imyofeboda kgb-is qarTveli maRalCinosani, gvarad gokieli, romelmac patimarTa siaSi SemTxveviT qarTuli gvari aRmoaCina, givis bediT dainteresda da saqarTveloSi wamoiyvana. saqarTveloSi Camosuli givi mamidam, Tamar margvelaSvil-
66
Salva nucubiZe (1888-1969)
ma, da misma meuRlem, aleqsandre landiam, Seifares landiebi mTeli cxovreba zrunavdnen da patronobdnen mas
tite margvelaSvilis sisxlis samarTlis procesi 1946 wlis martSi moskovSi daiwyo da oqtomberSi TbilisSi dasrulda mas brali edeboda emigraciis periodSi aqtiur antisabWoTa saqmianobaSi.
„rogorc iciT, me mindoda erTi qoxis Cadgma mamulSi, rogorc winaT gvqonda, aqedan gaumjobesebuli jiSis saTesuri, amer venaxisa da sx nimuSebisa, or fex frinvelisa da Zroxis wamoyvana sofelSi Cavsaxldebodi da myudroT viqnebodi vimuSavebdi CemTvis Tu qalaqad movewyobodi sadme xom kargi (universitetSi), Tu ara da sofeli mainc namdvilad meqneboda da ulukmapurod ar darCeboda ojaxi; Tqvenc SeginaxavdiT da ojaxsac“, – swerda is mSoblebs jer kidev 1926 wels, Tumca samSoblos kidev erTxel naxvis da sofel nagarevSi cxovrebis ocneba ocnebad darCa
tite margvelaSvili damnaSaved cnes da rogorc sazogadoebisaTvis saSiS elements, sasjelis umaRlesi zoma – daxvreta miusajes ganaCeni sisruleSi moiyvanes 1946 wlis 17 oqtombers 1990 wels saqarTvelos ssr prokuraturam uari Tqva tite margvelaSvilis reabilitaciaze
berlinidan mama-Svilis gauCinarebis Semdeg ucnobia ra bedi ewia maT binaSi darCenil dokumentebs, sadac garda tite margvelaSvilis piradi Canawerebisa da naSromebisa, germaniaSi qarTuli saTvistomos samuSao dokumentaciac inaxeboda samwuxarod, dRemde warumatebelia am mxriv ojaxis warmoebuli Zieba
67
tite margvelaSvili
sariyamiSis operacia da kidev erTi qarTuli
legenda
arCil CaCxiani
sariyamiSis operacia iyo pirveli msoflio omis kavkasiis frontis sawyisi etapis udidesi samxedro operacia, romelmac arsebiTad gansazRvra frontis operatiuli suraTi, Semdgomi xasiaTi da Sedegebi aranakleb mniSvnelovania, rom sariyamiSis operaciis warmatebaSi udidesi wvlili miuZRviT qarTvel oficrebsa da rigiT mebrZolebs swored qarTvelebis damsaxurebiT moxda erTi legendaruli ambavi, romlis analogic Znelad moiZebneba omebisa da samxedro xelovnebis istoriis analebSi amasTan, operaciis (orive mxridan) dagegmvis, marTvisa da aRsrulebis procesSi iyo araswori gaTvlebica da Secdomebic, adamianuri siZlierisa Tu sisustis, arnaxuli gmirobisa Tu gaugonari simxdalis, umagaliTo Tavganwirvisa Tu upatiebeli gulgrilobis magaliTebi
sariyamiSi aRmosavleT anatoliis maRal mTebSi, 2000 metr simaRleze mdebare patara qalaqis saxelia. erTi saukunis win yvelasTvis ucnobma am qalaqma mTeli msoflios yuradReba miipyro. pirvel msoflio omamde yarsis olqis es qalaqi ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda da mas strategiuli mdebareoba ekava imperiisaTvis mniSvnelovan samxreTis mimarTulebaze es iyo ruseTis imperiis bolo qalaqi da sarkinigzo sadguri samxreT-dasavleT amierkavkasiaSi sariyamiSi iqca ruseTis armiis didi gamarjvebis simbolod da amave dros TurqeTis axali istoriis erT-erT yvelaze ufro mZime da tragikul movlenad amasTan, swored sariyamiSSi daibada erTi qarTuli legendac, romliTac nebismieri eri Tu qveyana iamayebda
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qarTvelebi
yvelaferi ki ase iwyeboda:
„Cveni CarTva msoflio omSi adasturebs nacionaluri idealebisadmi Cvens erTgulebas Cveni erisa da xalxis ideali moiTxovs moskoviti mtrebis ganadgurebas, raTa Cveni imperiisaTvis movipovoT bunebrivi sazRvrebi, romelSic Cveni rasis yvela Sto iqneba CarTuli“
es sityvebi 1914 wlis Semodgomaze, pirveli msoflio omis sawyis etapze warmoTqva osmalTa imperiis axalgazrda samxedro ministrma da imperiis faqtobrivma mmarTvelma, generalma ismail enver faSam, rodesac aRmosavleT anatoliaSi gaSlili osmalTa me-3 armia SeteviTi operaciis dasawyebad emzadeboda aseT ideologiur da politikur winapirobebze dayrdnobiT iwyeboda pirveli msoflio omi kavkasiis frontze, sadac erTmaneTs osmalTa me-3 armia da ruseTis kavkasiis armia daupirispirda istorias Tu gadavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom mxolod XVIII saukuneSi osmalTa imperiam 8 omi gadaixada ruseTTan, XIX saukuneSi – 4 da yovel jerze dakarga teritoriebi TiTqos es procesi Semdegac ase unda gagrZelebuliyo, magram XIX saukunis bolodan msoflio politikur rukaze ZalTa balansi irRveva, avanscenaze axali Zalebi da axali politikuri moTamaSeebi gamodian. aq pirvel rigSi igulisxmeba 1871 wels Seqmnili axalgazrda germanuli saxelmwifo, anu II raixi – imperia, romelic Zalebs maSin ikrebda da didi naxtomisaTvis emzadeboda. Turqebze manipulaciebis gziT is britanuli faqtoris dasustebiT, panslavizmis neitralizaciiTa da caristuli ruseTis imperiis zegavlenis CaxSobiT iyo dainteresebuli. germaniam antantis qveynebTan dasapirispireblad mokavSired osmalTa imperia SearCia. didi muSaobis Sedegad germanulma samxedro-politikurma elitam mizans miaRwia osmalTa imperiam I msoflio omSi germaniis mxare daikava 1914 wlis 2 agvistos xeli moewera saidumlo samxedro xelSekrulebas, 30 oqtombers ki osmaleTi oficialurad CaerTo pirvel msoflio omSi, Sevida ra „oTxTa kavSirad“ wodebul centralur saxelmwifoTa samxedro blokSi generali ismail enver faSa, Tavis Turanul da panTurqistul ideologiaze dayrdnobiT, kavkasiasa da yirimSi dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebas, volgispireTSi poziciebis gamyarebas
1907–1917
wevrebi:
ismail enver faSa (1881-1922)
69
sariyamiSis operacia
didi britaneTi safrangeTi ruseTi
da metic, Sua aziaSi (TurqestanSi) gasvlas varaudobda ruseTs ki Tavisi saukunovani imperiuli ocnebis xorcSesxma amoZravebda – konstantinopolisa da sruteebis raionis daufleba, damatebiT, aRmosavleT anatoliis dakaveba kavkasiis frontze osmalebs me-3 armia hyavdaT gaSlili, StabiT arzrumSi. armiis saorganizacio-sabrZolo struqtura triangularul sistemaze agebuli sami me-9, me-10 da me-11 saarmio korpusebisgan, erTi sakavalerio da qurTTa 4 diviziisgan, aseve sasazRvro da Jandarmeriis nawilebisgan Sedgeboda, saerTo jamSi – 110 qveiTi batalioni, 165 eskadroni da qurTTa iregularuli sakavalerio aseuli da 240 qvemexi. sardlis Tanamdeboba Cerqezuli warmomavlobis osmalo oficers, generalmaior hasan izeT faSas ekava. ruseTis kavkasiis armia ki 153 batalionis, 175 sakavalerio aseulis, 12 sainJinro aseulis, 350 qvemexisa da saalyo artileriis 5 divizionisgan Sedgeboda armiis sardali kavkasiis mefisnacvali, kavaleriis generali da general-adiutanti, grafi ilarion voroncovdaSkovi iyo, Tumca, mas es Tanamdeboba nominalurad ekava kavkasiis armiis faqtobrivi sardali iyo misi TanaSemwe, ifanteriis generali aleqsandr miSlaevski 1914 wlis 20 oqtombris (2 noemberi) RamiT rusebis 1-li
kavkasiuri korpusis nawilebma ruseT-TurqeTis saxelmwifo sazRvari gadakveTes da farTo frontiT, olTisidan araratis mTamde daiwyes SeteviTi moqmedebebi sapasuxod, 26 oqtombers (8 noemberi) Turqebma me-9 da me-11 saarmio korpusebis ZalebiT, daaxloebiT 40 aTasi kaciT, farTomasStabiani kontrSeteviTi moqmedebebi daiwyes sariyamiSis razmis winaaRmdeg 29 oqtombrisaTvis (11 noemberi) rusebma ukan daixies rusebis mier dawyebuli SeteviTi operacia Semxvedr brZolas warmoadgenda, romelic TurqTa mcire poziciuri upiratesobiT dasrulda. warmatebuli iyo TurqTa moqmedebebi baTumis mimarTulebazec bedis ironiaa, rom am mimarTulebaze rusebisa da qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg qarTvelebi aRmoCndnen CarTuli sabrZolo moqmedebebi germanelTa mier osmalTa teritoriaze formirebulma da antirusulad ganwyobilma qarTulma legionma daiwyo es legioni, im etapze ZiriTadad lazebiTa da aWarlebiT dakompleqtebuli, polkovnik leo kereseliZis meTaurobiT, aqtiur sabrZolo moqmedebebSi Caeba da mniSvnelovan warmatebebsac miaRwia. lazebma da aWarlebma, romlebsac ruseT-TurqeTis ganvlil omebSi monawileobis mdidari gamocdileba hqondaT miRebuli, kidev erTxel daamtkices Tavisi ma-
70
wevrebi: germaniis imperia 1914–1918 avstriaungreTi osmaleTis imperia bulgareTi
qarTvelebi
Rali sabrZolo Tvisebebi qarTulma legionma sazRvarze myofi rus kazakTa razmebi gaanadgura da ramdenime sofeli aiRo. qarTuli legionis mier murRulTan da maWaxelasTan Catarebulma warmatebulma operaciam gaukafa gza germanul-Turquli sadesanto nawilebis elvisebur warmatebas baTumTan 1914 wlis noemberSi. xofaSi gadmosxmulma konstantinopolis 1-li saarmio korpusis me-7 da me-8 polkebis sazRvao desantma, germaneli maior Stankes meTaurobiT, romelic uecrad SeiWra md. Woroxis xeobaSi, 5 (21) noembers brZolebiT daikava artanuji, arTvini, borCxa da rusebs mdinare aWariswylamde daaxevina ukan 29 noembrisaTvis osmalebma xuloc daikaves da baTums miuaxlovdnen kavkasiis frontze Seqmnilma viTarebam enver faSas strategiuli SeteviTi operaciis saswrafod dawyebis gadawyvetileba miaRebina miuxedavad axalgazrda asakisa (maSin enver faSa 33 wlis iyo), mas or revoluciasa da sam omSi (1911-1912 wlebis italia-TurqeTis, 1912-1913 wlebis pirveli da 1913 wlis meore balkanuri omebi) moeswro monawileobis miReba da Tvlida, rom didi masStabis samxedro operaciebis strategiuli marTva misi mowodeba iyo erTi ram ki, udavoa, igi „maradiuli meomari“ iyo, namdvilad didi nebisyofis, gamWriaxi gonebis da Seupovari simamacis adamiani, magram amave dros – sulswrafi da impulsuri man sworad aRiqva sariyamiSis operaciis win kavkasiis frontze Seqmnili misTvis xelsayreli operatiuli viTareba da strategiuli TvalsazrisiTac sworad dagegma Tavad operacia, Tumca, siCqaris gamo bevri „wvrilmani“ ver gaiTvaliswina, ramac dawyebisTanave saTuo gaxada operaciis msvleloba da warmateba. enver faSas strategiuli SeteviTi operaciis gegma genialurad martivi iyo. marTlac, rusebis kavkasiis armiis ZiriTadi Zalebi win iyo waweuli. sariyamiSidan 60kmze samxreTiT, rac Turqebs misi garSemortymis, alyaSi moqcevisa da ganadgurebis saSualebas aZlevda. rusebi ki arafriT moelodnen sariyamiSidan, faqtobrivi zurgis poziciebidan, TurqTa Tavdasxmas. enver faSa srulad iyo STagonebuli germaniis genStabis ufrosis, feldmarSal alfred fon Slifenis strategiuli samxedro gegmis ZiriTadi monaxaziT, romelic ormagi garSemortymis koncefciaze iyo damyarebuli enveris am gegmas misi germaneli kolegebic iziarebdnen, kerZod, generali liman fon sandersi, osmalTa imperiis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavari samxedro inspeqtori, da
ilarion voroncov-daSkovi (1837-1916)
leo kereseliZe (1885-1944)
71
sariyamiSis operacia
generali bronzart fon Selendorfi – imperiis genStabis ufrosi, oRond im aucilebeli pirobiT, rom aseTi operaciis Catareba zamTris pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda da ukeTesi iyo misi gazafxulisken gadatana magram enver faSa imdenad darwmunebuli iyo sakuTar TavSi da ise iyo gamarjvebas mowyurebuli, rom ar apirebda operaciis gadadebas. germaneli generlebi afrTxilebdnen mas, rom operaciis Sedegebze sruli pasuxismgebloba mas unda aeRo da enveric ase moiqca: man gadawyvita saTaveSi Casdgomoda me-3 armias da strategiuli sardlobac Tavad ikisra. 13 dekembers enver faSam me-3 armiis sardlobas operaciis gegma gaacno, rasac korpusis sardlebi ar daeTanxmnen. Tovliani mTebis SenaerTebis samarSo kolonebiT gadavla maT gauazrebel Canafiqrad miiRes, miT umetes im pirobebSi, roca jarebs ar hyofnidaT Sesabamisi Tbili tansacmeli da fexsacmeli, aRWurviloba da sursaTi, sabrZolo masalebi da medikamentebi. gacecxlebulma enver faSam isini saswrafod gaaTavisufla Tanamdebobebidan, me9, me-10 da me-11 korpusebis sardlebad, Sesabamisad, daniSna generlebi ishan latif faSa, hafiz haki faSa da abdul qerim faSa, armiis Stabis ufrosad ki TviT generali
bronzart fon Selendorfi dadga enveris gegmis mixedviT, me-9 da me-10 korpusebs rusebis ZiriTadi ZalebisTvis unda SemoevloT Rrma flanguri manevriT, xolo me-11 korpuss da SeSvelebul nawilebs basianis zegnis gavliT pirdapiri Seteva unda mietanaT sariyamiSze da ase SeeboWaT mowinaaRmdege. uecari dartymisa da rkinigzis sadgur sariyamiSis dakavebis Semdeg rusuli armiis ZiriTadi Zalebi zurgs moswydebodnen, rasac brZolis Semdgomi bedi unda gadaewyvita. rusebi an unda danebebuliyvnen, an samxreTisaken daexiaT ukan. movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba rusebisaTvis SimSiliTa da siciviT swraf sikvdils niSnavda. TurqTaTvis damatebiTi problema is iyo, rom urTules pirobebSi, daTovlil bilikebze gadaadgilebisas, isini artileriasa da mZime tyviamfrqvevebs ver waiRebdnen rusebmac icodnen am bilikebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, magram verafriT warmoedginaT, rom 20-gradusian yinvaSi jars amiT sargebloba SeeZlo rusebis frontze mSvidi atmosfero iyo da aravin moeloda mtris gamoCenas. aq sxva stumris molodini ufro hqondaT, rasac udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda armiis sardloba
72
alfred fon Slifeni (1833-1913)
liman fon sandersi (1855-1929)
bronzart fon Selendorfi (1864-1950)
qarTvelebi
da marTlac, 30 noembers (13 dekembers), ruseTis kavkasiis frontis piradi Semadgenlobis sabrZolo suliskveTebis amaRlebis mizniT, mewinave poziciebi yarsSi imperatorma nikoloz II-m moinaxula, xolo 1 (14) dekembers igi sariyamiSSi Cavida imperatoris stumrobidan erT kviraSi, 1914 wlis 8 (21) dekembers, olTisis razms TurqTa me-10 korpusis nawilebma Seuties. im momentisaTvis Turquli SenaerTebi ukve zurgidan uaxlovdebodnen sariyamiSs. Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobis gamo sariyamiSSi saswrafod Cavidnen kavkasiis armiis faqtobrivi sardali, generali miSlaevski da Stabis ufrosi, generali iudeniCi. miSlaevskim TiTqos daiwyo kidec Tavdacvis organizeba, magram maleve Secvala gadawyvetileba – rusebs xelSi CauvardaT TurqTa strategiuli Setevis gegma, ramac rusul sardlobas sruli warmodgena Seuqmna mimdinare operaciis masStabebze... da maSin moxda sruliad moulodneli, sruliad warmoudgeneli da sruliad kuriozuli ram – aleqsandr miSlaevski, infanteriis generali, ruseTis saimperatoro armiis mTavari Stabisa da generaluri Stabis yofili ufrosi, imperator nikoloz I-is saxelobis genStabis samxedro akademiis profesori, kavkasiis mefisnacvlis samxedro TanaSemwe da kavkasiis armiis faqtobrivi sardali, srul panikaSi Cavarda, TviTkontroli dakarga da SenaerTebs ukandaxeva ubrZana, dRis bolos ki, axali armiis formirebis mizeziT, saswrafod datova sariyamiSi, kavkasiis fronti da Tbilisisken gaemgzavra es iyo umaRlesi samxedro piris umdablesi qmedeba . 18 (31) dekembers imperiis samxedro ministri, kavaleriis generali da general-adiutanti vladimir suxomlinovi werda:
„eWvgareSea, rom amJamad kavkasiaSi or mterTan gvaqvs saqme – TurqebTan da miSlaevskisTan da orive maTgani warmatebulad moqmedebs...“
13 (26) dekembers TurqTa me-9 korpusis 29-e diviziis avangardma Seteva daiwyo, ukan daaxevina rusebs „arwivis budesa“ da zemo sariyamiSamde 14 (27) dekembrisaTvis ki Turqebma sariyamiSi-yarsis rkinigzis xazi gaWres da imave dRes xuTma Turqulma diviziam qalaqis Sturmi daiwyo 16 (29) dekembrisaTvis sariyamiSi ukve mTlianad alyaSi moeqca imave dRes qalaqze Seteva daiwyes TurqTa me-10 korpusis diviziebma im momentisaTvis sariyamiSidan CrdiloeTiT, ol-
73
abdul qerim faSa (1872-1923)
hafiz haki faSa (1879-1915)
sariyamiSis operacia
Tisis razmis sabrZolo ubanze, operatiuli viTareba TurqTaTvis kidev ufro didi warmatebiT ganviTarda. maT daikaves ardagani (artaani), magram general vasil gabaevis (gabaSvili) me-3 kavkasiuri msroleli brigadis nawilebma Tavdadebuli SeteviT TurqTa Semdgomi winsvla SeaCeres. 18 dekembers sariyamiSSi derbendis 154-e qveiTi polki (meTauri polkovniki konstantine niJaraZe) Cavida. generalma iudeniCma frontze darCenili nawilebi gadaajgufa da kontrSetevis dawyeba dagegma. 21 dekembrisaTvis (1915 wlis 3 ianvari) yarsTan sarkinigzo kavSiri aRadgines, meore dRes ki cimbiris kazakTa brigadam ardagani gaaTavisufla.
imave dRis bolos sariyamiSTan namdvili saswauli moxda – derbendis 154-e qveiTi polkis me-14 aseulis mebrZolebma da asmeTaurma, kapitanma taras vaSakiZem TurqTa me-3 armiis me-9 korpusis mTeli sameTauro Semadgenloba daatyveves polkis meTauri, polkovniki niJaraZe Tavis patakSi werda:
na saRamos, 11-12 saaTis SualedSi, kapitani vaSakisakuTari iniciativiT, praporSCik lebedevisa da aporSCik sorokinis TanxlebiT dazvervaze imyoa. dilis 5 saaTamde dazvera da gamoikvlia terimowinaaRmdegis koconebisa da xmauris mixed-
nikoloz II yarsSi, 1914
vasil gabaSvili (1853-1933)
taras vaSakiZe (1873-1937)
74 qarTvelebi
nikoloz II sariyamiSSi, 1914
Semdgomi ambis aRdgena ukve Tavad kapitan vaSakiZis moxsenebiTi baraTis mixedviT SeiZleba:
„1914 wlis 22 dekembers aseuli aTeulebad davyavi da Turqebis banakisken davZari, vubrZane, srola ar aetexaT, raTa Turqebi cecxlis mixedviT Cvens ricxobriv simcires ar mimxvdariyvnen me ki marto gavemarTe mtris poziciebisken rodesac maTgan orasiode nabijiRa maSorebda, damtvreuli TurquliT SevZaxe: „dagvnebdiT, dayareT iaraRi, Torem yvelas amogxocavT“ cota xnis Semdeg CemTan Turqi oficeri movida da damtvreuli rusuliT miTxra: „batono oficero, yvelaferi gadawyvetilia korpusis meTauri gTxovT, rom sisxli ar daRvaroT, gnebdebiT“ vxedavT, isini Zalze bevrni arian, yvela SeiaraRebulia, marto oficeri 100-ze meti iqneba saWiroa maTi ganiaraReba, me ki sakmarisi raodenobis xalxi ar myavs mixvdebian, cotani rom varT gamosavals eSmakobaSi vxedav, vuaxlovdebi generals (rogorc Semdgom gamoirkva, korpusis sardals ishan faSas) da xmamaRla veubnebi: batono oficero, iaraRi SegiZliaT daitovoT generali frangulad mekiTxeba. vpasuxob, rom var ruseTis armiis kapitani, romelsac maTi datyveveba aqvs davalebuli da ruseTis armiis nawilebi pasuxs dauyovnebliv elian – ra Zalebi gyavT? – mekiTxeba generali – aqeT divizia dgas, iqiT – mzveravTa brigada, aqve ki ori batalionia Casafrebuli amis Semdeg mkiTxa, saidan brZandebio mec vupasuxe: – qarTveli var, quTaisidan – vici, vici quTaisio, – da isev mkiTxa: – sad arian Tqveni oficrebi? – goraks miRma! – gulSi ki vfiqrob, rom aseulSi sul ori praporSCiki myavs amiT Cveni molaparakeba dasrulda yvelas cxenebze Sesxdoma SevTavaze me ki fexiT gaveSure Turqebs es garemoeba mxedvelobidan ar gamohparviaT da generalma Tavisi samarqafo cxeni SemomTavaza. gzaSi sul vfiqrobdi, eSmakoba ar Semityon, Torem sul joxebiT gagvrekaven-meTqi. bedma gamiRima. rogorc ki xeobidan gamovediT, ruseTis armiis CamorCenili nawilebi davinaxe. rodesac Cvens Stabs mivuaxlovdiT, ishan faSasTan mivedi da vuTxari: – generalo, me Tqveni korpusi erTi aseuliT davatyveve. ishan faSa Secba, gakvirvebisgan Tvalebi gaufarTovda (misi saxe arasodes damaviwydeba), xeli Sublze miirtya da wamoiZaxa: – SaiTan kapitan, SaiTan kapitan! am sityvebis mniSvnelobas ver mivxvdi da iqve mdgom somexs vkiTxe, ras ambobs-meTqi da manac miTargmna – „SaiTani“ eSmaks niSnavso.
am operaciis Sedegad, taras vaSakiZem me-9 korpusis sardlis, ishan faSas garda, daatyveva korpusis samive diviziis meTauri TavianTi StabebiTurT da maTi moadgileebi, agreTve 107 oficeri da 1306 jariskaci alafad igdo 8 zarbazani, 24 tyviamfrqvevi, didi raodenobiT cxenebi, tyvia-wamali da sxva saxis nadavli. amboben, rom roca imperator nikoloz II-s moaxsenes es ambavi, gaRimebulma ramdenjerme iTxova mosmenilis gameoreba da dauyovnebliv gasca uzenaesi gankarguleba taras vaSakiZe wm giorgis IV xarisxis jvriT daejildoebinaT. xolo rodesac qarTveli gmiris ambavma safrangeTis prezidentis, raimon puankares, yuramde miaRwia, man kapitan vaSakiZes safrangeTis umaRlesi samxedro medali gadasca, romliTac armiis sardlebs ajildoebdnen taras vaSakiZemde ruseTis armiaSi am medals mxolod imperatori nikoloz II flobda. kapitanma vaSakiZem, erTi wodebis gamotovebiT, ruseTis saimperatoro armiis polkovnikis samxedro Cinic miiRo sariyamiSis misadgomebTan, „arwivis budesTan“ gamarTul brZo-
75
raimon puankare (1860-1934)
sariyamiSis operacia
lebSi, kidev erTma qarTvelma, kapitanma qaixosro (qaquca) ColoyaSvilma gamoiCina Tavi mis sakavalerio aseuls strategiulad mniSvnelovani, e w „arwivis budis“ aReba da dacva daevala qaquca orjer daiWra, magram brZolis veli ar miutovebia da brZanebac Seasrula. gmirobisaTvis qaquca ColoyaSvili saxelobiTi xmliT daajildoves. bolos da bolos, 1915 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis enver faSam gaiazra, rom misi Zalagamoclili me-3 armiis SenaerTebi ver SeZlebdnen sariyamiSis aRebas da meore dResve, 2 ianvars, saswrafod datova frontis Stabi Tavis mxleblebTan erTad igi ukan, konstantinopolisken, gaemgzavra. general miSlaevskis msgavsad, isic sulmokle aRmoCnda, miatova fronti da sakuTari jari bedis anabara daagdo orma erTmaneTTan dapirispirebulma umaRlesma samxedro pirma erTnairad gansaja da erTnairad Seafasa Seqmnili viTareba orivem wagebulad CaTvala brZola da erTnairi gulgrilobiT miatova qveSevrdomebi brZolis velze: generalma miSlaevskim – SiSiT Tavgzaabneulma, generalma enver faSam ki – imedgacruebulma sabolood, sariyamiSis operacia TurqTaTvis sruli katastrofiT dasrulda SemdgomSi enver faSas sariyamiSis operacia arasodes uxsenebia. imdroindel osmalur presas aekrZala am ambebis gaSuqeba da sariyamiSis operacia Turquli sazogadoebisaTvis ucnob ambad darCa. „SaiTan kapitnis“ zRapruli gmirobis ambavs ki kidev erTi zRapariviT daujerebeli ambiT davasrulebT, romelic kapitan vaSakiZis mier tyved ayvanil Turq sardals, general ishan latif faSas Seexeba. generali sruliadac ar aRmoCnda susti da unebisyofo. misi tyveobis ambavi da masTan dakavSirebuli Semdgomi movlenebi ki ase ganviTarda: rusulma xelisuflebam generali ishan faSa da Turq tyve oficerTa erTi jgufi urTulesi gziT – Tbilisi-baqo-penza-ufaCeliabinski-irbiti-tomski-irkutski-Cita – cimbiris gzas gauyena. im droisaTvis
CitaSi yazanel TaTarTa 300-mde ojaxi cxovrobda erT-erTi maTganis daxmarebiT
1915 wlis maisSi generalma ishan faSam moaxerxa tyveobidan Tavis daRweva, ruseTidan gaqceva da manjuriaSi gadasvla misi Semdgomi marSruti kidev ufro grZeli da
76
mustafa qemal aTaTurqi (1881-1938)
qarTvelebi
qaquca ColoyaSvili (1888-1930)
rTuli aRmoCnda Tavis gamyolTan erTad igi jer xarbinSi Cavida, Semdeg – pekinSi, sadac gairkva, rom osmaleTSi aziis gavliT Casvla, britanelTa mkacri kontrolis gamo, SeuZlebeli iyo maSin man Zalian gabeduli da araordinaruli gadawyvetileba miiRo – samSobloSi ugrZesi marSrutiT moxvedriliyo – Semoevlo dedamiwisTvis da ise dabrunebuliyo osmaleTSi. ishan faSa pekinidan SanxaiSi Cavida, Semdeg iaponiisa da aSS-is gavliT – SvedeTSi, iqidan ki, norvegiisa da daniis gavliT – germaniasa da saberZneTSi da bolos – konstantinopolSi. samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg ishan latif faSa sxvadasxva samxedro da samoqalaqo Tanamdebobebze msaxurobda, magram mis mcdelobebs, dabrunebuliyo aqtiur samxedro samsaxurSi da daekavebina romelime msxvil SenaerTSi sameTauro Tanamdeboba, Sedegi ar mohyolia Tumca, pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg igi antisaokupacio saidumlo organizaciaSi gawevrianda, general mustafa qemalis (SemdgomSi aTaTurqi) mier organizebul axal Turqul nacionalur moZraobas daukavSirda da misi erT-erTi aqtiuri wevri gaxda. TurqeTis respublikis gamocxadebis Semdeg, 1924 wels, ishan latif faSa izmiris gubernatorad dainiSna, xolo 1926 wels mas respublikis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos – didi erovnuli krebis wevrad irCeven. 1931-1946 wlebSi igi respublikis Tavdacvis sabWos wevri iyo
warmatebulad dasrulebuli sariyamiSis operaciis Semdeg rusebisaTvis aRmosavleT anatoliis regioni ukve gaxsnili iyo. am viTarebas isic uwyobda xels, rom 1915 wlis gazafxulidan osmalTa imperiis yuradReba da mTeli Zalisxmeva kavkasiidan dasavleTisken gadavida, sadac konstantinopolis aRebis mizniT, 1915 wlis TebervalSi, britanelebma dardanelze didi sazRvao desanti gadasxes, laparakia halipolisis (galipoli) operaciaze, Tumca, es ukve sul sxva istoriaa
77
sariyamiSis operacia
samuzeumo saqmis saTaveebTan
uzenaesi RvTaebis qaliSvilebis taZari
„muzeumi“ iseve, rogorc bevri sxva termini, Zvel berZnul enas ukavSirdeba. „muzeion“ miTologiuri qalRmerTebis – muzebis – taZaria. antikuri samyaros miTebi mogviTxroben uzenaesi, Zlevamosili RmerTis – zevsisa da mexsierebis qalRmerTis – mnemosines 9 qaliSvilze, zeciuri niWiT dajildoebul muzebze muzebi iyvnen xelovnebis, poeziisa da mecnierebis mfarvelebi, maT hqondaT RvTiuri codna warsulisa da awmyos Sesaxeb da SeeZloT momavlis ganWvretac. maSin, rodesac muzebi ikribebodnen, maT RvTaebriv tkbilxmovanebas aRtacebaSi mohyavda TviT olimpos RmerTebi.
Tanamedrove muzeumi, muzebis taZris msgavsad, gansakuTrebuli adgilia, sadac daculia saganZuri, romelic uamrav saintereso ambavs mogviTxrobs da dauviwyar emociebs aRZravs. es saunje Semecnebisa da STagonebis uSreti wyaroa
samuzeumo saqmianobis uZvelesi magaliTebi jer kidev Soreul warsulSi gvxvdeba. warCinebulTa sasaxleebsa Tu taZrebSi nel-nela iyrida Tavs wminda relikviebi, maRali mxatvruli Rirebulebis nivTebi, adgilobriv ostatTa naxelavi Tu ucxo qveynebidan Semotanili nakeTobebi ase iqmneboda istoriuli da mxatvruli nimuSebis koleqciebi, romlebic sagangebo zrunvis sagani xdeboda da Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda
1925 wels britaneli arqeologi leonard vuli SuamdinareTSi babilonur sasaxles Txrida Zv w 530 wliT daTariRebul kompleqsSi man miagno darbazs, sadac sxvadasxva drosa da adgilas damzadebuli bevri saintereso nivTi ipoves. nivTebi qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT iyo organizebuli da Sesabamisi sainformacio warwerebic ki hqonda. miCneulia, rom es aris kacobriobis yvelaze Zveli muzeumi misi Seqmna babilonis mefis asulis – enigaldi-nanas saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli
XVI saukunidan evropis qveynebSi vrceldeba termini „muzeumi“ siZveleTa sacavis mniSvnelobiT. klasikuri, Tanamedrove tipis profesiuli samuzeumo dawesebulebebi XVII saukunidan Cndeba evropaSi saqarTveloSi pirveli muzeumi XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi daarsda imJamad Cveni qveyana ruseTis imperiis nawili iyo imperiis mmarTveloba kavkasiaSi gzavnida mecnierebs, romlebic kompleqsurad ikvlevdnen am mxares. TbilisSi, rogorc regionis mTavar qalaqSi, samec-
78
mixeil wereTeli
kultura
niero da kulturuli instituciebis Seqmna koloniuri gavlenis gaZlierebis erT-erTi gza iyo. samuzeumo saqmis saTaveebTan ZiriTadad ruseTis saimperatoro mecnierebaTa akademiis mier gamogzavnili ucxoeli mecnierebi iyvnen mkvlevrebTan erTad muzeumze piradad zrunavda mefisnacvali mixeil voroncovi
pirveli muzeumebi
1852 wels TbilisSi gaixsna ruseTis geografiuli sazogadoebis kavkasiuri ganyofilebis muzeumi; 1855 wels Seiqmna kavkasiis soflis meurneobis sazogadoebis muzeumi; 1856 wels ki didubeSi gaixsna sabunebismetyvelo koleqciis gamofena, romelsac moixseniebdnen, rogorc „naturalist baiernis kabinets“ fridrix fon baierni, avstrieli naturalisti da arqeologi, XIX saukunis erT-erTi gamorCeuli mecnieri iyo, romelmac samuzeumo saqmianobis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana. igi samecniero kvlevebs awarmoebda kavkasiis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi da mdidari sabunebismetyvelo koleqcia Seagrova, romelmac Semdeg safuZveli Cauyara muzeumebis geologiis, zoologiisa da botanikis fondebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom muzeumis pirvel gamofenas xalxis mowoneba da didi interesi xvda wilad, ruseTis geografiuli sazogadoebis kavkasiis ganyofilebaSi gaCnda mo-
sazreba, rom muzeumi saWiro aRar iyo – Zviri jdeboda misi Senaxva da umjobesi iqneboda, rom sazogadoebis materialuri resursebi kavkasiis regionis kvlevaze mimarTuliyo 1864 wels, dafinansebis simwiris gamo, pirveli muzeumi saqarTveloSi daixura.
kavkasiis muzeumi
1865 wels germanuli warmoSobis bunebismetyvelis, gustav rades iniciativas mxari dauWira kavkasiis mefisnacvalma da miiRo gadawyvetileba, daarsebuliyo „kavkasiis muzeumi“. es aris ruseTis imperiaSi pirveli mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi da kavkasiis regionis mniSvnelovani samecnierokvleviTi dawesebuleba muzeumis direqtoris, gustav rades TaosnobiT daiwyo aqtiuri samecniero saqmianoba. man samuSaod moiwvia araerTi germaneli da rusi specialisti mTeli kavkasiis masStabiT ewyoboda samecniero eqspediciebi da muzeumma Seqmna mdidari eTnografiuli, zoologiuri da botanikuri koleqcia.
koleqciebis matebasTan erTad dRis wesrigSi dadga muzeumis gafarToeba. 1881 wels TbilisSi dagegmili V saerTaSoriso arqeologiuri kongresis molodinSi dasrulda muzeumis meore sarTuli da gaixsna axali gamofenebi maT Soris iyo eTnografiuli gamofenac, romelzec, sxva masalasTan erTad, warmodgenili iyo kavkasiis xalxTa kostiumebi – 50 naturaluri zomis figura,
leonard vuli (1880-1960)
samuzeumo saqmis saTaveebTan
79
enigaldi-nanas muzeumi
mnemosine
Semosili regionSi macxovrebeli xalxebis tradiciul samosSi ganaxlebul muzeumTan dakavSirebiT gazeTi „droeba“ werda: „...aseTi muzeumi, rogorc aqvs axla Cvens qalaqs, bevr evropis qalaqs daamSvenebda“ (1881 w seqtemberi) Tumca, im epoqis qarTuli sazogadoebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi, imasac gulistkiviliT aRniSnavdnen, rom kavkasiis muzeumSi qarTuli kulturis Zeglebze zrunva saTanadod ar xdeboda XIX saukunis cnobil qarTvel moRvaweebs, romlebic aqtiur kulturul-saganmanaTleblo samuSaos eweodnen, sul hqondaT imisi survili, rom mravalsaukunovani da mdidari qarTuli kultura Rirseulad yofiliyo daculi da sazogadoebisaTvis warmoCenili
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis „saarxeologo muzeumi“
1885 wels „wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis“ biblioTekis bazaze gaixsna e w „saarxeologo muzeumi“, romlis koleq-
ciis gamdidrebiskenac mizanmimarTulad mouwodebda sazogadoebas imdroindeli qarTuli presa „saarxeologo muzeumis“ fondebi istoriuli mniSvnelobis nivTebiT TandaTan ivseboda, erT-erTi sayuradRebo eqsponati, romelmac muzeumSi daido bina, erekle mefis Tofi iyo pirveli qarTveli profesionali fotografis aleqsandre roinaSvilis gardacvalebis Semdeg muzeums darCa misi kerZo koleqcia. 1903 wels sazogadoebam istorikos dimitri baqraZis Zvirfasi biblioTeka SeiZina ilia WavWavaZis anderZis Tanaxmad, mTeli misi qoneba, piradi nivTebi da biblioTeka wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas darCa
muzeums Zalian uWirda. mas ar hqonda Senoba, rac nivTebis Senaxvas arTulebda. mecenati daviT sarajiSvili mzad iyo daefinansebina muzeumis mSenebloba, Tuki miwis nakveTi gamoiyofoda, magram mas es ar dascalda 1911 wels daviT sarajiSvili gardaicvala, pirveli msoflio omis dawyebam da saerTo areulobam araTu muzeumis dabinavebis gegma CaSala, aramed mTlianad wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis likvidaciis procesi daaCqara.
saeklesio muzeumi
1888 wels TbilisSi, sionis eklesiasTan sagangebod agebul SenobaSi, „saeklesio Zvel naSTTa sacavi“ daarsda ilia WavWavaZe am faqts aRfrTovanebiT gamoexmaura: „sionis CrdiloeTiT, sionisve ezoSi dRes wamoWimulia lamazi Senoba muzeisaTvis da wesdebac saeklesio-saistorio muzeisa ukve damtkicebulia“ (gazeTi „iveria“).
muzeumis fondsacavis gamged dainiSna dimitri baqraZe, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi Zalisxmevas ar iSurebda, Seegrovebina da gadaerCina saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebis Semdeg dakargvis safrTxis winaSe mdgari nivTebi dimitri baqraZis xelmZRvanelobiT saeklesio muzeumSi mniSvnelovani siZveleebi gadaitanes mcxeTis, daviT garejis, gelaTis, samTavrosa da soxumis eklesiebidan
kavkasiis muzeumi
mixail voroncovi (1782-1856)
80 kultura
fridrix fon baierni ( 1817-1886)
gustav rade (1831-1903)
muzeumSi Zalian mniSvnelovanma koleqciam daido bina. saeklesio muzeumma 33 weli iarseba da saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg daixura
„didebis taZari“ da erovnuli galerea
1888 wels TbilisSi gaixsna samxedro-istoriuli muzeumi – „didebis taZari“ muzeumis Senobis arqiteqtori iyo albert zalcmani. Senobis prototipad man romSi arqiteqtor pio piaCentis proeqtiT aSenebuli sagamofeno galerea aiRo.
„didebis taZars“ ruseTis imperiis samxedro Zlevamosileba unda gamoexata am ganwyobis Seqmna mimdebare teritoriazeve iwyeboda: Senobis fasadze mimagrebuli iyo 12 dafa, romelzec aRniSnuli TariRebi da geografiuli dasaxelebebi ruseTis armiis mier kavkasiaSi warmatebiT Catarebul brZolebze mianiSnebda Senobis garSemo zarbaznebi iyo gamofenili, xolo rkinis Robeze imperiis simboloebi iyo gamosaxuli.
darbazebSi dagegmili eqspoziciis gasaformeblad da bataluri scenebis dasaxatad mTel ruseTis imperiaSi kargad cnobili mxatvrebi – franc rubo, maqs tilke, ivane aivazovski da
sxvebi moiwvies eqspoziciaze warmosadgenad sabrZolo iaraRebi, droSebi da suraTebi SeirCa
pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi, samuzeumo eqspontebi ZiriTadad CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gaxiznes. 1916 wlidan „didebis taZari“ daiketa.
amave wels germaniidan saqarTveloSi dabrunebulma mxatvarma dimitri SevardnaZem (1885-1937) TanamoazreebTan erTad daaarsa qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoeba am organizaciam udidesi wvlili Seitana qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvisa da popularizaciis saqmeSi. maT Soris, aRsaniSnavia, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xelovnebis Zeglebis Seswavlisa da fiqsaciis mizniT mowyobili samecniero eqspediciebi eqspediciebis Sedegad mopovebuli masala – freskebis aslebi, taZrebis Canaxatebi da anazomebi 1917 wels gamoifina „didebis taZarSi“
1919 wlis maissa da dekemberSi qarTvel mxatvarTa sazogadoebam „didebis taZarSi“ Tanamedrove qarTuli mxatvrobisa da qandakebis ori gamofena gamarTa gamofenaze niko firosmanaSvilis 11 suraTic iyo warmodgenili
qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoeba 1918 wlidan, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis miRebidan, iTxovda „didebis taZris“ sazogadoebis mflobelobaSi ga-
ilia WavWavaZe, dimitri baqraZe da eqvTime TayaiSvili arqeologiur gaTxrebze mcxeTaSi
aleqsandre roinaSvili (1846-1898)
daviT sarajiSvili (1848-1911)
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samuzeumo saqmis saTaveebTan
dacemas 1919 wlis 20 marts samxedro-istoriuli arqivis da muzeumis xelmZRvanelsa da dimitri SevardnaZes Soris Sedga miRebaCabarebis aqti, romlis mixedviT „didebis taZris“ Senobis ganmkargveli qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoeba xdeboda erTi wlis Tavze ki, 1920 wlis 30 marts, saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis mTavrobis meTaur noe Jordanias da damfuZnebeli krebis Tavmjdomaris moadgile eqvTime TayaiSvilis xelmowerili dokumentiT, yofil samxedro-istoriul muzeumSi saqarTvelos erovnuli galerea daarsda.
am droidan erovnuli galerea qarTuli
saxviTi xelovnebis ganviTarebis saqmes emsaxureba
2007-2011 wlebSi galereis Senobas farTomasStabiani rekonstruqcia Cautarda, ucvleli darCa istoriuli nageboba, misi fasadi da sagamofeno sivrce. Senoba gafarTovda baRis mxridan miSenebis xarjze rekonstruqciis Semdeg Seiqmna axali sagamofeno sivrce. ganaxlebul galereaSi 8 darbazia. proeqti portugaliurma arqiteqturulma kompania „Ainda Arquitectura“-m
SeimuSava
dimitri SevardnaZis saxelobis erovnul galereaSi warmodgenilia XX saukunis xelovneba, xolo mis droebiTi gamofenebis darbazebSi Tanamedrove xelovanTa gamofenebi ewyoba
saqarTvelos muzeumi
saqarTvelos istoriis mecnieruli Seswavlis saqmeSi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da, SeiZleba iTqvas, saetapo movlena iyo 1919 wels kavkasiis muzeumis bazaze saqarTvelos muzeumis daarseba damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg saqarTvelos bunebis, eTnografiis, istoriis da arqeologiis
Seswavlas mieniWa saxelmwifo mniSvneloba dRis wesrigSi dadga respublikaSi gabneuli samuzeumo nivTebis da wignebis muzeumSi
Tavmoyris sakiTxi saqarTvelos muzeumi
gaxda qarTuli materialuri kulturis
ZeglTa meTvalyureobis da dacvis centri.
1920 wlis aprilSi saqarTvelos muzeumTan daarsda istoriuli mniSvnelobis sagnebis SeZenis fondi. amave periodSi safuZveli Caeyara muzeumis periodul gamocemebs – „saqarTvelos muzeumis moambes“ da „saqarTvelos muzeumis Sromebs“
muzeologia, moZRvreba muzeumebis Sesaxeb, igive muzeumTmcodneoba, es aris samecniero disciplina, romelic muzeumebis warmoSobas, ganviTarebis istorias da saqmianobas ikvlevs. is Seiswavlis samuzeumo saqmis sxvadasxva mimarTulebas: marTva-administrirebas, koleqciebis movlisa da nivTebis aRnusxvis meTodebs, konservaciisa da samecniero kvlevis, gamofenebis, samuzeumo ganaTlebisa da vizitorebTan komunikaciis sakiTxebs.
muzeumis roli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi
muzeumi sazogadoebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani dawesebulebaa. is gadamwyvet rols asrulebs qveynis kulturul cxovre-
moZRvreba muzeumis Sesaxeb
kultura 82
dimitri SevardnaZe
baSi, mosaxleobis ganaTlebasa da turizmis ganviTarebaSi. muzeumi aris erTgvari mizidulobis centri, romelic ipyrobs Sinauris Tu Camosuli stumrebis yuradRebas da awvdis informacias istoriasa da xelovnebaze. cnobili muzeumebi, magaliTad, parizSi – luvri, madridSi – prado, berlinSi – muzeumebis kunZuli, londonSi – britaneTis muzeumi, niu-iorkSi – metropolitenis xelovnebis muzeumi da a S –qalaqebis erT-erTi mTavari RirsSesaniSnaobebia, sadac daculia erovnuli Tu msoflio memkvidreobis Zeglebi. muzeumis, rogorc instituciis, istoria saukuneebis win iwyeba sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, axali gamowvevebisa da tendenciebis Sesabamisad, icvleba muzeumis roli da misia. Tumca, yvela droSi ucvleli rCeboda muzeumis mTavari funqcia – koleqciebze zrunva da gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba iq dacul nivTebTan. koleqciis mecnieruli Seswavla da Semdgom sazogadoebisTvis misi warmoCena – gamofena, aseve muzeumis ZiriTadi funqciaa
gamofena, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs muzeumis urTierTobas damTvalierebelTan swored gamofenis gziT xdeba vizitorisTvis rCeuli eqsponatebis Cveneba, maTTan dakavSirebuli samecniero informaciis gaziareba. saganmanaTleblo programebi, auditoriasTan komunikacia muzeumis saqmianobis mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa XXI saukuneSi kidev erTxel gamoikveTa muzeumebis, rogorc saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis, didi SesaZleblobebi. dRes warmatebuli muzeumis erT-erTi niSania misi saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis efeqturoba muzeumebi mWidrod TanamSromloben skolebTan, profesiul da umaRles saswavleblebTan. muzeumSi Catarebuli gasvliTi gakveTilebi, leqciebi da praqtikuli samuSaoebi bevrad ufro Sedegiania, vidre es rutinul garemoSia muzeumis gamofenebi, TvalsaCinoebis saukeTeso magaliTia, rac masalis aRqmasac aadvilebs da swavlis processac ufro sasiamovnos xdis. Tanamedrove muzeums didi roli akisria inkluziuri ganaTlebisa
Tu sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebis integraciis saqmeSic
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samuzeumo saqmis saTaveebTan
muzeumebis tipebi erTmaneTisgan SeiZleba Zalian gansxvavdebodes zomiT, koleqciebis raodenobiT, koleqciis TaviseburebiT, profiliT da a S Tu gadavxedavT msoflios an romelime konkretuli qveynis muzeumebis CamonaTvals, mivxvdebiT, rom es calke koleqciaa – erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli instituciebis mravalferovani didi ojaxi
muzeumebis saerTaSoriso sabWo –ICOM–aris asociacia, romelSic gaerTianebulia msoflios muzeumebi da aseve, individualurad samuzeumo saqmis specialistebi. ICOM qmnis muzeumis saqmianobis profesiul da eTikur standartebs gasuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi msjelobdnen, Tu ras unda emsaxurebodes muzeumi 2022 wels ICOM-is generalurma konferenciam daamtkica muzeumis axali ganmarteba, sadac muzeumis tradiciul funqciebTan erTad gansakuTrebuli aqcentebia dasmuli Semdeg sakiTxebze: muzeumi aqtiurad unda idges sazogadoebis samsaxurSi, muzeumis resursebi yvela dainteresebuli adamianisTvis unda iyos xelmisawvdomi, muzeumi unda iyos inkluziuri, emsaxuros mravalferovnebis dacvas da mdgrad ganviTarebas muzeumebi TanamSromlobisas unda icavdnen eTikis wesebs da uzrunvelyofdnen sazogadoebis wevrebis CarTulobas
muzeumebis tipebi
muzeumi SeiZleba iyos sabunebismetyvelo, qveynis istoriis, xelovnebis, Ria cis qveS, qalaqis istoriis, regionuli-mxareTmcodneobiTi, saxl-muzeumi da sxv
dRes saqarTveloSi 250-ze meti didi, saSualo Tu mcire zomis muzeumia. dedaqalaqis centralur nawilSi, Tavisuflebis moednis, rusTavelis gamzirisa da gudiaSvilis quCis mimdebare teritoriaze, ganTavsebulia yvelaze didi muzeumebi.
simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumi centraluri muzeumia. is aris mravaldargobrivi muzeumi, romelSic warmodgenilia Cveni qveynisa da kavkasiis regionis buneba da kacobriobis istoriis yvela periodi aq daculi koleqcia mravalferovania, dawyebuli geologiuri masaliT da im cxovelebis ganamarxebuli naSTebiT, milionobiT wlis win rom arsebobdnen, dasrulebuli XX saukunis fotoebiTa da dokumenturi masaliT.
Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumSi daculia sami kontinentis – evropis, aziisa da afrikis xalxebis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis nimuSebi. igi koleqciebis mravalferovnebiTa da farTo qronologiuri diapazoniT saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobisaa Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis muzeumis koleqciaSi yvelaze RirsSesaniSnavia qarTuli xelovnebis Zeglebi isini pirobiTad samad iyofa: winaqristianuli periodis arqeologiuri monapovari, Sua saukuneebis qristianuli memkvidreoba da XIX-XX ss-is xelovneba
amJamad Senoba reabilitacias saWiroebs da is damTvaliereblisaTvis daxurulia.
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Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumi
kultura
simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumi
metropolitenis xelovnebis muzeumi – niu-iorki
luvri – parizi
saweri mowyobilobis nakrebi
simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumSi, mudmivmoqmed gamofenaze „arqeologiuri saganZuri“, warmodgenili ax. w. III-IV saukuniT daTariRebuli saweri mowyobilobis nakrebi – oqros samelne, vercxlis saweri kalmebi da mooqruli detalebiT Semkuli vercxlis penali.
es eqsponatebi mravalmxriv saintereso da mniSvnelovania. sayuradReboa maTi aRmoCenis adgili – saweri mowyobilobis nakrebi arqeologebma sveticxovlis ezoSi mikvleul samarxSi ipoves rogorc Cans, am adgils qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebamdec hqonda mniSvnelovani sakulto da saero daniSnuleba albaT, amitomac dakrZales aq warCinebuli, romelsac es unikaluri nivTebi ekuTvnoda
am daniSnulebis nivTebis aRmoCena aris dasturi imisa, rom iberiaSi – antikuri periodis qarTul saxelmwifoSi – mwignobroba didad iyo ganviTarebuli es, zogadad, maRal kulturasa da did tradiciaze miuTiTebs
penalis zedapirze zemodan qvemoT, sam rigad gamosaxulia muza-qalRmerTebi – klio, evterpe, Talia, melpomene, terfsiqore, erato, polihimnia, urania, kaliope, Sesabamisi berZnuli warwerebiTa da im atributebiT, rac antikur ikonografiaSia miRebuli
saweri mowyobilobis nakrebi qronologiurad qristianobamdel periods miekuTvneba.
IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda, rasac mohyva bevri siaxle sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli mecnieruli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qarTuli anbanis Seqmnac qveyanaSi qristianobis Semosvlas ukavSirdeba. savaraudod, maSin gadmoiTargmna axali aRTqma qarTul enaze da safuZveli Caeyara qarTul literaturul tradicias (dRemde moRweuli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli uZvelesi epigrafikuli Zeglebi V saukuniT TariRdeba). qristianobamdel xanaSi ki qarTlis samefoSi arameul da berZnul damwerlobas iyenebdnen
aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvens muzeumebSi daculi nivTebi Cveni, yvelas, memkvidreobaa es is saganZuria, romliTac yvelas SegviZlia viamayoT
daakvirdiT fotoze gamosaxul nivTebs. aR- moaCineT TqvenTvis saintereso sami detali, ris gamoc mogewonaT da gauziareT STabeWdileba me- gobrebs.
85
simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumi Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumi
samuzeumo saqmis saTaveebTan
1. adamianTa Soris komunikaciis saSualeba. 2. istoriuli mxare da avtonomiuri respublika saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi. 3. romaul miTologiaSi Weqa-quxilis da elvis RmerTi. 5. datkepnili miwis brtyeli saxuravi. 7. garkveuli movlenis, procesisa da misT. ganviTarebis, xarisxis maCvenebeli. 9. warmoebis an biznesis romelime sferoSi warmoebisa da kapitalis Tavmoyra erTi organizaciis an erTi adamianis xelSi maqsimaluri mogebis miRebis mizniT. 10. mravalwlovani mcenare, romelic gamoiyeneba CanTebis, Wilobisa da misT. mosaqsovad an nagebobebis gadasaxurad. 11. mamaTa monastris winamZRvari an mRvdeli kaTolikur eklesiaSi. 12. nagebobis svetebze dayrdnobili konusis an naxevarsferos formis maRali TaRi. 13. umcros oficerTa Semadgenlobis samxedro wodeba mravali qveynis armiaSi. 14. calkeuli pirebis an jgufebis mier sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla gadasaxlebis mizezebisa da miznebis miuxedavad. 15. erTi sididis, mdgomareobis, xarisxis, mniSvnelobis, SesaZleblobebis qona. 17. wylis wisqvilis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili, farTo, brtyeli mrgvali qva, romelic aqucmacebs marcvleuls. 18. raime movlenis, procesis mizezi, mamoZravebeli Zala. 22. saxelmwifo atlantis okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebare imave dasaxelebis kunZulze. 25. winaswar momzadebuli qmedeba samxedro da saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis obieqtebis dasangrevad, mwyobridan gamosayvanad. 27. dedamiwis yvelaze vrceli nawili, rogorc teritoriisa da mosaxleobis raodenobis, ise mosaxleobis simWidrovis mixedviT. 29. Zveli qarTuli saxlis, darbazis mTavari boZi. 33. Zalian Raribi, arafris mqone. 34. berZnuli miTologiiT Rvinisa da lxinis RmerTi. 38. garkveuli wesiTa da TanmimdevrobiT ganxorcielebuli operaciebis erToblioba, romelTaganac Sedgeba masalis, nakeTobis damuSavebis procesi. 39. marcvleuli kultura, romlis fqvilisgan acxoben purs. 40. sagnis Semadgeneli nawili. 41. mxatvruli nawarmoebis an misi romelime nawilis Canaxati, winaswari monaxazi. 44. mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis mosaxleobis Semadgenlobasa da misi moZraobis kanonzomierebas. 47. (Zveli) dawesebulebis an obieqtis SeiaraRebuli mcveli. 48. meurneobis dargi – wiaRiseulis an nedleulis gadamuSaveba, warmoeba. 49. qristianuli RvdelTmsaxureba, romelic eklesiaSi sruldeba. 51. kavkasiis mkvidri mosaxleobis ZiriTadad iZulebiTi gadasaxleba osmaleTis imperiaSi XIX saukuneSi. 53. obieqturad arsebuli kanonzomierebebisa da pirobebis ugulebelmyofeli
TviTneburi gadawyvetileba. 57. zogierTi samecniero-kvleviTi an saswavlo dawesebuleba. 58. meCeTis koSki, saidanac muslimebs mouwodeben salocavad. 60. etiketi; saqonelze, produqtze mimagre-
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