My World 29 by Rondeli Foundation

2020 29

saqarTvelos Soreuli megobari hans fugti

qarTuli diplomatia da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba

mxatvroba

kapitan vitold pileckis gmiruli cxovreba

didi adamianebi

musika juzepe verdi

Tur heierdali â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mousvenrobis kaci

istoria

nikola teslas didebuli da uiRblo cxovreba

gamogonebebi

qalebi eleonor ruzvelti

mogzauroba

saqarTvelos megobrebi

geopolitika axlo aRmosavleTi (II nawili)

`feradebiT xatvis profesori~ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; gigo gabaSvili

29 2020

lebelia organizmis nivTierebaTa cvlisa da normaluri funqcionirebisTvis. 60. privilegirebuli qveiTi jari an jariskaci osmaleTSi (XIV-XIX ss.). 62. Znelad gadasawyveti, Znelad Sesasrulebeli sakiTxi. 67. saxelmwifo dasavleT aziaSi, xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. 68. dedamiwis qerqis zeda Sre, romelSic mcenare fesvs idgams. risame safuZveli, sayrdeni. 69. saCvenebli an sasinji, sacdeli nawarmi. 70. dawesebuleba, romelSic inaxeba werilobiTi Zeglebi, istoriuli mniSvnelobis sabuTebi; istoriuli masalebisa da sabuTebis erToblioba. 72. uSiSari, gmiri, Tavdadebuli mebrZoli; gadat. keTilSobili, Rirseuli mamakaci. 73. patara gemi mokle manZilze samogzaurod. 76. mnaTobis simrgvale. 80. sagnebis an movlenebis ama Tu im jgufis zogadi saxeoba, romelsac garkveul TvisebaTa erToblioba axasiaTebs. 82. raime saqmianobaSi visime monawileobis xvedriTi wona, mniSvneloba.

TinaTin evdoSvili

revaz gaCeCilaZe nino axvlediani arCil qiqoZe qeTevan qanTaria mixeil WabukaSvili rusudan dauSvili maia sigua daviT bataSvili nino xundaZe

1. mzis sistemaSi siSoriT meoTxe planeta. 3. kontinentis wyalqveSa gagrZeleba 200 metramde siRrmeSi. 10. mxatvruli nawarmoebis moqmedi piri. 12. xelovnebis raime nawarmoebis nawili, nawyveti. 13. filosofiis nawili, romelic swavlobs, Tu ra aris is, rac safuZvlad udevs arsebobas, rogorc aseTs. 16. bandituri dajgufebis wevri aSS-Si. 17. rwmenis uqonloba, undobloba. 18. qali masze daqorwinebuli mamakacisTvis, meuRle. 19. visime keTilganwyobili, dadebiTi (werilobiTi an zepiri) daxasiaTeba. 21. filosofiuri disciplina, romelic Semecnebisa da codnis sakiTxebs swavlobs. 23. risame safuZveli, sayrdeni. 24. safrangeTis pirveli respublikis umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli organo, mTavroba 1795 wlis 26 oqtombridan 1799 wlis 9 noembramde. 27. igivea, rac ialqani. 28. qalaqi CrdiloeT bavariaSi, sadac tradiciulad imarTeba rihard vagneris musikaluri festivalebi Tavad vagneris mier daproeqtebul safestivalo TeatrSi. 30. Teatraluri warmodgena, romlis monawilenic mRerian orkestris TanxlebiT. 33. qirurgiuli Careva zogi daavadebis an Wrilobis samkurnalod. 34. mcired SemaRlebuli adgili. 37. ZvelberZeni filosofosi da maTematikosi (Zv.w. 570-daaxloebiT 500). 38. piri, romelic organizebas uwevs koncertebis, Teatraluri warmodgenebis, sanaxaobebis Catarebas, calkeuli msaxiobebis gastrolebs. 39. qali, romelic saojaxo saqmeebs uZRveba. 40. qariSxali (Cveulebriv, zRvaze). 41. saxelmwifo an kerZo dawesebulebis mmarTveli organo. 42. ritmulad, mwyobri nabijiT siaruli. 43. risame SesrulebisaTvis saWiro drois monakveTi. 50. ZiriTadi motivi, Tema, romelic meordeba musikalur nawarmoebSi. 51. ZvelberZeni filosofosi (Zv.w. 428 an 427 - 348 an 347 w.w.) 52. specialisti, romelic literaturulpublicistur saqmianobas eweva presaSi, radioSi an televiziaSi. 54. mimzidveloba, silamaze. 56. didi formatis ramdenimegverdiani perioduli gamocema, romelic beWdavs sxvadasxva saxis informacias, gancxadebasa da misT. 57. qalaq los-anjelesis erT-erTi ubani, amerikis kinoxelovnebis ZiriTadi centri. 59. igivea rac tatu. 61. risame xelmZRvaneli organo. 63. SemTxveviTi warmatebis imediT wamowyebuli saeWvo saqme. 64. administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli mefis ruseTSi. 65. dabali socialuri fenis warmomadgeneli. 66. garkveuli wesiT Sedgenili sia, erTgvarovani sagnebis CamonaTvali. 69. piri, romelic monawileobs naTlobis ritualSi, embazidan amoyvanili axalmonaTlulis mimrqmeli (xelSi amyvani). 71. liTonis Tavbrtyeli da bolowvetiani Rero, ixmareba risame dasaWedeblad, dasamagreblad. 72. mosalodneli safrTxe, saSiSroeba. 74. reaqtiuli Zravis mqone safreni aparati. 75. vinmeze Zaldataneba, zewola, Zalismieri zemoqmedeba. 77. operis, baletis, operetis da sxv. saorkestro Sesavali. 78. sacnobaro wigni, sadac Tavmoyrilia anbanurad dalagebuli sityvebi da maTi ganmartebani. 79. oTaxi, darbazi, sadac kiTxuloben leqciebs, moxsenebebs da misT., atareben seminarebs. 81. periodul gamocemaTa (Jurnal-gazeTebis) erToblioba. 83. saxelmwifo samxreT aziaSi. 84. foladis mavTulisagan, mcenareuli an qimiuri boWkosagan damzadebuli Toki. 85. erTad mcxovreb uaxloes naTesavTa jgufi.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

garekanze: kolaJi statiisTvis `qarTuli diplomatia da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba~

1. pragmatizmi 2. admirali 3. filosofia 4. stiqia 6. aWara 7. saWe 8. done 9. iaraRi 10. alegoria 12. ca 16. peticia 18. qorwineba 19. plantacia 21. gezi 23. alJiri 26. telefoni 27. kritika 32. represia 33. aeroplani 35. okeane 36. gariJraJi 37. qimera 39. vilniusi 42. arqiteqtura 44. troa 46. qadageba 47. orientacia 48. SiSi 50. cinizmi 51. furori 54. biblioTeka 56. pantomima 57. nomeklatura 58. epistole 60. aqcenti 63. izolacia 64. udabno 65. prezentacia 68. amnistia 69. pamfleti 70. impulsi 75. taepi 76. Taoba 77. qaaba 78. piroba 80.qula 81. aqti 86. azia

3. farsi 5. rakursi 8. divizia 11. prezidenti 13. orTqli 14. kairo 15. peripetia 17. egzemplari 20. qomagi 22. lirika 24. pikniki 25. imuniteti 28. biZgi 29. otava 30. integracia 31. prioriteti 34. Suri 35. oligarqia 38. tempi 40. nadiroba 41. macne 43. mistika 45. Sifri 48. Sarlemani 49. interpretacia 51. filanTropi 52. ieri 53. gamoqvabuli 55. profesionali 57. normandia 59. kampania 61. marSali 62. procesi 66. portreti 67. koncentracia 69. paraSuti 70. idea 71. miTi 72. diqtatura 73. sfero 74. ekipaJi 79. sqema 82. batalia 83. kamera 84. strategia 85. suna 87. ambicia 88. informacia 89. kvali 90. blokada

29 / 2020

geopolitika revaz gaCeCilaZe axlo aRmosavleTis cvalebadi geopolitika (II nawili) saqarTvelos megobrebi nino axvlediani saqarTvelos Soreuli megobari hans fugti

mogzauroba arCil qiqoZe Tur heierdali â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mousvenrobis kaci

qalebi

qeTevan qanTaria eleonor ruzvelti

gamogonebebi

mixeil WabukaSvili nikola teslas didebuli da uiRblo cxovreba istoria rusudan dauSvili qarTuli diplomatia da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba

musika maia sigua juzepe verdi

didi adamianebi daviT bataSvili kapitan vitold pileckis gmiruli cxovreba

mxatvroba

nino xundaZe `feradebiT xatvis profesori~ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 84 gigo gabaSvili

geopolitika

axlo aRmosavleTis II nawili

cvalebadi geopolitika

geopolitikuri metoqeoba Tanamedrove axlo aRmosavleTSi

revaz gaCeCilaZe

axlo aRmosavleTSi ZiriTadi samxedro-politikuri Zala da uryevi politikuri avtoriteti XIX saukunidan moyolebuli, asze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi, didi britaneTi iyo. XX saukunis Sua wlebidan ki II msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli, magram mkveTrad dasustebuli didi britaneTi mTel msoflioSi ganlagebul Tavis mravalricxovan koloniaze nebayoflobiT da mSvidobianad ambobda uars, gansxvavebiT safrangeTisagan, romelmac uqmad daRvara didi sisxli vietnamsa da alJirSi. londonma axlo aRmosavleTis regionidanac daiwyo gasvla, rodesac 1946 wels datova iordania da 1948 wels – palestina. es ar niSnavs, rom mas ar darCa ekonomikuri interesebi am regionSi, Tumca interesebi Seicvala: axla axloaRmosavlur navTobs aRar aqvs sasicocxlo mniSvneloba britaneTisaTvis – is yvelgan SeiZleba SeiZinos! londoni ufro dainteresebulia gayidos Tavisi samxedro mrewvelobis nawarmi sparseTis yuris qveynebSi da gamdidrebuli yofili proteqtoratebidan moizidos investiciebi Tavis kunZulze. saudieli mefiswulebi, kataris, quveiTis, abu-dabis, dubais amirebi (yofili Seixebi) da elitebis sxva mdidari wevrebi did fuls ixdian inglisSi sasaxleebis, maRaziebis, kompaniaTa aqciebis an safexburTo klubebis SesaZenad. didi britaneTis oficialuri politikuri gavlena regionSi sabolood 1971 wels dasrulda, rodesac gaeros damoukidebeli wevrebi gaxdnen yofili proteqtoratebi – omani, katari, bahreini, gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebi (SemoklebiT – gasi, romelic Svidi saamiros federaciaa da 1971 wlamde cnobili iyo „SeTanxmebiTi omanis“ saxeliT). quveiTi ukve 1961 wlidan iyo gaeros wevri. 1967 wels damoukidebeli gaxda adeni.

axlo aRmosavleTi

abu-dabis saamiro farTobi – 67 340 km2 dedaqalaqi – abu-dabi mosaxleoba – 2,785 mln

gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebi Svidi saamiros federacia

dubais saamiro farTobi – 3 885 km2 dedaqalaqi – dubai mosaxleoba – 4,177 mln

omani ras-al-xaima

Sarjas saamiro

farTobi – 2 590 km2 dedaqalaqi – Sarja mosaxleoba – 2,374 mln

um-al-kaiuvaini ajmani dubai Sarja

sparseTis yure doha

katari

jebel-ali

um-al-kaiuvainis saamiro farTobi – 777 km2 dedaqalaqi – um-al-kaiuvaini mosaxleoba – 72 aTasi

abu-dabi

ras-al-xaimas2 saamiro

al-aini

farTobi – 2 486 km dedaqalaqi – ras-al-xaima mosaxleoba – 345 aTasi

gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebi

fujairas saamiro 2

farTobi – 1 165 km dedaqalaqi – fujaira mosaxleoba – 152

an-naSaSi

omani

ajmanis saamiro 2

farTobi – 259 km dedaqalaqi – ajmani mosaxleoba – 373 aTasi

saudis arabeTi

magram regioni dominantis gareSe ar darCenila. XX saukunis Sua xanebidan axlo aRmosavleTis hegemonis rolSi did britaneTs umtkivneulod Caenacvla amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, romlis ZiriTadi metoqe regionSi gaxda sabWoTa kavSiri. ukve 1945 wlis 14 Tebervals, rodesac II msoflio omi arc iyo damTavrebuli, amerikul mZime kreiser „kuinsis“ gembanze erTmaneTs Sexvdnen amerikis prezidenti franklin delano ruzvelti da saudis arabeTis mefe abdulaziz al-saudi. garigebis Tanaxmad (romelic axla aRaraa saidumlo!), navTobis stabiluri miwodebis sanacvlod, demokratiis mTavarma bastionma usafrTxoebis garantia misca Sua saukuneebSi CarCenil absolutur monarqias, sadac 1964 wlamde oficialurad arsebobda monoba. adamianis uflebaTa damcvelebi am SeTanxmebas „eSmakiseul garigebas“ uwodeben.

rub al-xalis udabno dubaisTan

fujaira

geopolitika bareli (kasri, inglisurad „barrel“) – XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan gamoiyeneba nedli navTobis sazomad. is udris daaxloebiT 159 litrs. Seilgazi – Tixafiqlidan specialuri da ZviradRirebuli meTodiT mopovebuli sawvavi airi. analogiuri meTodiT xdeba navTobis mopovebac.

WaburRili gazis nakadi fiqali

naprali

wyali, qviSa da qimikatebi Sedis WaburRilSi

wyali, qviSa da qimikatebi

gazis nakadi

fiqali napralebi

„civi omis“ periodSi, 1946-1990 wlebSi, rodesac arsebobda globaluri dapirispireba amerikasa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris, amerikis politikas axlo aRmosavleTSi, erTi ingliseli mecnieris sityvebiT, gansazRvravda sami ram – „israeli, navTobi da komunizmis SeCereba“. dReisaTvis es triada Zalian daviwrovda da erT amocanamde davida. rac Seexeba navTobs, XXI saukuneSi amerika uzrunvelyofilia sakuTari navTobiTa da airiT (ZiriTadad es aris Seilgazi). ufro metic, rodesac erTi bareli navTobis msoflio fasi 50-60 dolaris farglebSi meryeobs, amerika am nedleulis eqsportSi konkurentulic ki aris. 2019 wels is iyo pirveli navTobmwarmoebeli qveyana

msoflioSi, uswrebda saudis arabeTsac da ruseTsac. magram ufro dabali fasebis SemTxvevaSi, rac 2020 wels gardauvali Cans, amerikuli navTobi da airi arakonkurentunariania da axlo aRmosavleTis nedleuls upiratesoba SeiZleba mieces. Tumca, axloaRmosavluri navTobiT momarageba aSS-s axla naklebad esaWiroeba, radgan SeuZlia moaxdinos importi mezobeli da sxva, ufro axlomdebare, qveynebidan. samagierod, amerikis sasicocxlo interesebSia, rom navTobiT vaWroba mTel msoflioSi mxolod amerikuli dolariT xorcieldebodes. es, upirvelesad, damokidebulia axlo aRmosavleTis navTobmompovebel qveynebze, gansakuTrebiT, navTobis udides eqsportior saudis arabeTze. amitomac TeTri saxli saocrad lmobieria arabuli reJimebis, maT Soris, saudis arabeTis samefo ojaxis mier adamianis uflebaTa uxeSi darRvevebis mimarT. gasakviri araa, rom sparseTis yuris qveynebis aTeul miliardobiT Rirebulebis samxedro SeiaraReba, ZiriTadad, SeerTebul StatebSia damzadebuli: misi warmoeba amerikul kompaniebs amdidrebs da milionobiT amerikels asaqmebs. „komunizmis SeCerebis“ amocana amerikisaTvis gulisxmobda sabWoTa kavSiris gavlenis gavrcelebis winaaRmdeg brZolas, Torem sakuTriv „komunizms“ axlo aRmosavleTis konservatiuli sazogadoebrivi azri isedac ar swyalobda! stalinis droindelma sabWoTa kavSirma Tavdapirvelad fsoni dado israelze, romlis damoukideblobac 1948 wlis maisSi dauyovnebliv cno da arabul qveynebTan omisas samxedro saWurvliTac ki moamaraga. aSS-is prezidenti franklin delano ruzvelti kreiseris gembanze xvdeba saudis arabeTis mefe abdulaziz al-sauds, 1945

axlo aRmosavleTi

magram kremlis geopolitikuri gaTvla, rom ebrauli saxelmwifo sabWoTa marioneti gaxdeboda, ar gamarTlda. 1950-iani wlebis Suidan sabWoTa kavSirma daiwyo arabuli qveynebis e. w. „antiimperialisturi“ reJimebis mxardaWera, romlebmac ver miiRes saTanado daxmareba dasavleTidan da sanacvlod moskovs mimarTes. am reJimebis sagareo-politikuri veqtori araviTar ideologias ar eyrdnoboda: reJimi imis mxares iyo, vinc mets ixdida. magaliTad, 1956 wlidan kremli samxedro da ekonomikur daxmarebas uwevda egviptis prezidents (faqtobrivad – diqtators) gamal abdel nasers. magram rodesac naseris memkvidrem, momdevno prezidentma anvar sadaTma meti daxmarebis piroba miiRo vaSingtonisagan, egviptis sagareo-politikuri orientacia umal Seicvala da proamerikuli gaxda. moxda „geopolitikuri Zvra“! ufro metic, sadaTma iqamde arabebis mtrad miCneul israelis saxelmwifosTan diplomatiuri urTierToba daamyara, ris gamoc egvipte danarCeni arabuli qveynebis risxvis obieqti gaxda: egvipte garicxes „arabul saxelmwifoTa ligidan“ (marTalia, es droebiTi zoma aRmoCnda!). sadaTi, sxvaTa Soris, arabma nacionalistma mokla. kairo ki dRemde iRebs finansur daxmarebas vaSingtonisagan.

axlo aRmosavleTSi sabWoTa kavSirs ar hqonda iseTi ekonomikuri interesebi, romlebmac Tavis droze regionSi miiyvana didi britaneTi (satransporto komunikaciebi da navTobi) an amerika (navTobi). kremls regionSi, ZiriTadad, geopolitikuri miznebi amoZravebda: is amocanad isaxavda „imperialisturi qveynebis“, anu, arsebiTad, amerikisa da didi britaneTis, poziciis dasustebas da TavisTvis samxedro-politikuri sayrdenis mopovebas. amisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiri mzad iyo, didi xarji gaeRo samxedro da ekonomikuri daxmarebisaTvis. misi komunisturi xelmZRvaneloba xSirad Tvals xuWavda imazec ki, rom diqtatoruli, magram „antiimperialisturi“ reJimi sastikad devnida adgilobriv komunistebs (magaliTad, egvipteSi, eraySi, siriaSi). sabWoTa kavSirs realuri mokavSire axlo aRmosavleTSi ar hyolia, gansxvavebiT amerikisagan, romelsac periodulad hyavda mokavSireebi da mudmivad hyavs erTi mokavSire – israeli. egviptesTan, siriasa da iordaniasTan 1967 wlis „eqvsdRian omSi“ israelis gamarjvebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirma gawyvita diplomatiuri urTierToba israelTan. israelis ugulebelyofiT kremlma sababi misca amerikas mkveTrad proisraeluri gamxdariyo.

nikita xruSCovi (1894-1971) da gamal abdel naseri ( 1918-1970)

anvar sadaTi (1918-1981)

geopolitika

eqvsdRiani omis kadrebi

israel-sabWoTa kavSiris urTierToba aRdga mxolod 1991 wels, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministri iyo eduard SevardnaZe – amitomac israelSi is dRemde sakmaod popularuli figuraa. 1991 wlamde bevri arabuli qveyana da palestinelebi TavianT mTavar „megobarsa da imeds“ kremlSi xedavdnen. 1991 wlis Semdeg ki, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala da mis samarTalmemkvidres, ruseTis federacias, Tavad Seeqmna rTuli saSinao da sagareo viTareba, man Seuwyvita daxmareba regionis arabul qveynebs. amrigad, „komunizmis SeCerebis“ amocana amerikas moexsna. vaSingtonis erT-erT ZiriTad amocanad axlo aRmosavleTSi rCeba israelis usafrTxoebis sruli dacva. amas vaSingtonis yvela administracias daJinebiT Seaxsenebs xolme umdidresi ebrauli lobi, romelic did gavlenas axdens amerikis axloaRmosavlur politikaze. 1950-iani wlebidan amerikis yvela administracia ekonomikur da samxedro sferoSi exmareboda israels, romelic amJamadac amerikuli samxedro daxmarebis udidesi beneficiaria, Tumca umaRlesi donis sakuTari samxedro mrewvelobac aqvs. 1967 wlis „eqvsdRian omSi“ gamarjvebis Sedegad, israelma kontroli dauwesa yofili britanuli samandato palestinis mTel teritorias da saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis ugulebelyofiT daiwyo ebrauli axalSenebis mSenebloba arabebiT dasaxlebul md. iordanes „dasavleT napirze“, romelic istoriulad marTlac iyo iudea da Somroni (samaria). ori aTasi wlis winandeli istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgena Tanamedrove pirobebSi gamouval Cixs qmnis sicocxlisunariani palestinis saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad. palestineli arabebis gansaxlebis arealSi Rrmad SeWrili ebrauli axalSenebi da satransporto infrastruqtura arabul dasaxlebebs erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel an Zneli gziT dakavSirebul „kunZulebad“ aqcevs.

mixail gorbaCovi (dab.1931) da ronald reigani (1911-2004)

eduard SevardnaZe (1928-2014)

axlo aRmosavleTi

დღეს

1949-1967 xaifa

xaifa

xmelTaSua zRva

Tel-avivi

ierusalimi

beTlemi

Raza

mkvdari zRva

iranis islamuri revoluciis lideri aiaTola xomeini (1902-1989)

iordania egvipte

israeli

iordania egvipte

palestinelebi

amerikis prezidentebis kritika israelis saaxalSeno politikis mimarT formalur xasiaTs atarebs xolme. prezidentma donald trampma ki 2020 wels faqtobrivi legitimacia mianiWa am axalSenebs. manve gadaitana aSS-is saelCo ierusalimSi da amiT faqtobrivad cno ierusalimi israelis dedaqalaqad. maSin, roca gaeros 1980 wlis rezolucia ukanonod acxadebs aRmosavleT ierusalimis aneqsirebas israelis mier. amerikis gavlena gavrcelda regionis sxva qveynebzec. 1940-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi vaSingtonma faqtobrivad ixsna TurqeTi sabWoTa agresiisagan. SemdgomSic amerika TurqeTis mTavari mokavSire iyo. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ki ankaras moexsna moskovis SiSi da man ufro damoukidebeli sagareo politika wamoiwyo. XXI saukunis dasawyisidan amerikul-Turquli urTierTobebi naklebad guliTadi xdeba, magram isini mainc natoeli mokavSireebi arian.

vaSingtoni damoukideblobis garantad moevlina sparseTis yuris qveynebs. 1991 wels aSS-is mier Seqmnilma koaliciam brZoliT aRudgina damoukidebloba quveiTs, romlis aneqsireba 1990 wels moaxdina erayis diqtatorma sadam huseinma. aseTi qcevis upasuxod datoveba regionisaTvis cudi precedenti iqneboda. Tanac, sadam huseini did safrTxes uqmnida ufro samxreTiT mdebare saudis arabeTs, navTobis mTavar mimwodebels dasavleTisaTvis, im dros – amerikisTvisac. 2003 wels amerikis prezidentma jorj buSma (umcr.) wamoiwyo samxedro operacia „Tavisufleba erays“, romelic miznad isaxavda sadam huseinis diqtatoruli reJimis damxobas. es mizani marTlac sakmaod swrafad iqna miRweuli, magram, saboloo jamSi, am operaciam daarRvia myife politikuri wonasworoba eraysa da mTel regionSi. dagegmili „patara Zlevamosili omis“ nacvlad, amerikul armias rva welze metxans mouwia darCena eraySi, sadac daiwyo samoqalaqo omi sunitebsa da Siitebs Soris, rasac Zalian

monarqiuli iranis mfarveli amerika iyo, Tumca Sahis reJimi sulac ar iyo „demokratiis Suqura“: ufro piriqiT! 1979 wlis islamuri revoluciis Semdeg ki iranis religiurma xelmZRvanelobam moaxdina „geopolitikuri Zvra“ da Tavis mTavar mtrebad dasaxa amerika da israeli. es dapirispireba dRemde grZeldeba. iranis Sahi mohamed reza fehlevi (1919-1980) da amerikis prezidenti riCard niqsoni (1913-1994)

geopolitika

sadam huseini loculobs quveiTze Tavdasxmis Semdeg

sparseTis yuris omi, 1991

didi msxverpli mohyva; erayis 1,5-milioniani qristianuli umciresoba TiTqmis xuTjer Semcirda, misi didi nawili ltolvilad iqca; TiTqmis damoukidebeli gaxda erayis qurTistani; amerikelebis mier iranis mtris, sadam huseinis, damxobam eraySi gamoacocxla proiranuli Zalebi, Siitebi, romlebic qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgenen da met-naklebad demokratiulad Catarebuli arCevnebis Semdeg maTi mxardaWerili partiebi dResac marTaven erays; erayis armiis umuSevrad darCenilma oficrebma daxmareba gauwies 2014 wels gamocxadebul teroristul warmonaqmns – „islamur saxelmwifos“. zemoxsenebuli operaciis arapirdapiri Sedegi iyo e. w. „arabuli gazafxuli“ 2011 wels da imave wels antisamTavrobo gamosvlebis dawyeba siriaSi, rac, sabolood, samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda. siriaSi omi ukve meaTe welia grZeldeba. siriis samoqalaqo omSi monawile Zalebi warmoudgenlad Wrelia. xSirad Wirs imis gageba, vin visi mokavSirea an visi mteri. siriis „memkvidreobiTi prezidenti“ baSar al-asadi ukve 20 welia marTavs qveyanas, mamamisis – hafiz asadis Semdeg, romelic 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi rkinis xeliT marTavda sirias. asadis reJimis opozicia SeiZleba demokratiulic iyos da islamisturic. met-naklebad demokratiuli mimarTulebis, magram sust opoziciur Zalebs dasavleTi – aSS da evrokavSiri – uWerda mxars; jamSi, ufro Zlier, magram sxvadasxva mimarTulebis, xSirad urTierdapirispirebul, isla-

erayis armiis ieriSi quveiTze

hafiz al-asadi (1930-2000)

axlo aRmosavleTi

sadam huseinis Zeglis Camogdeba omis Semdeg

mistur jgufebs ki afinansebs katari, saudis arabeTi, gaerTianebuli arabuli saamiroebi. zogadad, siriis opozicias Tavidanve miemxro TurqeTi, baSar al-asads ki – irani. sirieli qurTebi, romlebic adre al-asads mtrad miiCnevdnen, damaskos winaaRmdeg ar gamosulan, magram kontroli dauweses qveynis teritoriis meoTxeds, umeteswilad dausaxlebel udabnos, magram iq arsebuli navTob-sarewebiTurT. maSin, roca qurTebs amerika aiaraRebs, amerikis natoeli mokavSire TurqeTi qurTebis SeiaraRebul nawilebs „teroristebad“ miiCnevs“ da a. S. siriis omSi CaerTnen rogorc axlo aRmosavleTis regionis saxelmwifoebi (samxedro Zalis meSveobiT – TurqeTi da irani, vladimir putini da baSar al-asadi

siriis samoqalaqo omi

finansurad – sparseTis yuris qveynebi), ise regionsgareSe Zalebi, upirvelesad – amerika da ruseTis federacia. ruseTi 2015 wels mxsnelad moevlina siriis TiTqmis damarcxebuli prezidentis baSar al-asadis represiul reJims. formalurad ruseTi siriaSi mivida baSar al-asadis TxovniT teroristul warmonaqmn „islamur saxelmwifosTan“ sabrZolvelad, romelic im dros marTlac warmoadgenda globalur safrTxes. es e. w. „saxelmwifo“ Seqmnes radikalma sunitma islamistebma. amitomac isini daupirispirdnen islamis sxva mimarTulebas – Siitebs, maT Soris, iranis islamur respublikasac, romelic Siituri saxelmwifoa. 2016 wels „islamuri saxelmwifo“ erayisa da siriis teritoriis did nawilze batonobda.

mama-Svili buSebi

geopolitika siriis samoqalaqo omis metoqe mxareebisa da omSi CarTuli saxelmwifoebis kontrolis qveS myofi teritoria, 2020 wlis dasawyisSi

siriis samTavrobo Zalebi afrini

kamiSli

tel-abiadi

manbiji alepo

raka

deir ez-zori

xmeimimi tartusi

ras al-aini

jarablusi

palmira

damasko kuneitra

tulul al-safa

deraa

sirieli qurTebi (aSS-is mxardaWeriT) TurqeTis armia da TurqeTis mxardamWeri meamboxe Zalebi

islamistebi da sxva meamboxeebi

israelis mier okupirebuli golanis maRlobi

ruseTis samxedro bazebi

„islamuri saxelmwifos“ fanatikosma mebrZolebma faqtobrivi genocidi mouwyes adgilobriv iezid da qristian mosaxleobas, gaanadgures miwaze ganlagebuli da muzeumebSi daculi „warmarTuli“ istoriuli Zeglebi, romlebic evropelma, erayelma, sirielma arqeologebma da sxva mecnierebma msoflios SeunarCunes. magaliTad, siriaSi „islamurma saxelmwifom“ gaanadgura berZnul-romauli palmiras naqalaqari.

qurTi mebrZoli qalebi siriis samoqalaqo omSi

teroristuli warmonaqmni erayisa da siriis teritoriaze faqtobrivad daamarcxes adgilobrivi qurTebis gasamxedroebulma nawilebma, amerikis armiis daxmarebiT, da erayis Siiturma Zalebma, romelTac iranis „islamuri revoluciis mcvelTa“ nawilebi exmarebodnen. ruseTis samxedro moqmedeba siriaSi, ZiriTadad, xdeba sahaero-saraketo Zalebis meSveobiT. „islamur saxelmwifosTan“ brZolis garda, da ufro gametebiTac ki, rusulma aviaciam ieriSi miitana baSar alasadis ZiriTad mterze, Wrel da erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel, urTierTdapirispirebul opoziciur Zalebze, rogorc islamistebze, ise e. w. „demokratebze“.

islamuri saxelmwifos mebrZolebi maT mier aRebul qalaq rakaSi, 2014

axlo aRmosavleTi

„islamuri saxelmwifo“ maqsimaluri gafarToebis dros, 2016 wlis dasawyisSi TurqeTi kobani el-hasaqa

mosuli erbili

alepo

raka

sinjari kirkuki baiji

dair el-zavri homsi

siria damasko

el-qaimi

hadita

irani

ramadi

baRdadi faluja

erayi

`islamuri saxelmwifos~ uSualo kontrolis qveS `islamuri saxelmwifos~ sruli moqmedebis areali erayis qurTistanis mTavrobis kontrolis qveSi

siriis konfliqtSi CarTva kremlis Sorsmimavali geopolitikuri miznis nawilad moCans: mas unda samxedro TvalsazrisiT damkvidrdes xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi. 2015 wels kremlma uvadod miiRo xmeimimis samxedro-sahaero baza, xolo 2017 wlidan, 49 wlis vadiT – farTobi siriis tartusis navsadgurSi, sadac ukve sabWoTa periodidan arsebobda ruseTis samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis materialur-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofisa da SekeTebis punqti. formalurad tartusSi baza ar aris, radgan is sakmaod mcire zomisaa, magram „punqti“ ruseTis flotisaTvis jerjerobiT sakmarisia. siriis samxedro konfliqti saSualebas aZlevs ruseTs sabrZolo viTarebaSi gamoscados axali SeiaraReba da kargad gawvrTnas Tavisi oficrebi da rigiTi Semadgenloba.

kremls damaskoSi esaWiroeba masze damokidebuli reJimi, romelsac jer kidev 2005 wels Camoawera sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli 13,4 miliardi dolaris odenobis valis 73 procenti da axlac amaragebs samxedro SeiaraRebiT. axlo aRmosavleTis eqspertma stiven kukma ase Seajama ruseTis moqmedeba: „siriaSi rusebma moaxdines politikuri nebisa da gamZleobis demonstracia... rusebi ar apireben wasvlas, maT aqvT dasavleTis dasustebis strategia, romelic axlo aRmosavleTSi iwyeba“. siriis samoqalaqo omis kidev erTi, ase vTqvaT, „arapirdapiri“ monawile gaxda israeli, romlis aviacia periodulad ayenebs winmswreb saraketo dartymebs siriis teritoriaze ganlagebul iranisa da proiranuli Zalebis samxedro bazebsa da sawyobebs. gasagebia, rom israeli saxifaTod miiCnevs iranuli Zalebis miaxloebas mis sazRvrebTan. ruseTs xels ar aZlevs dapirispireba israelTan da saTanado zomebs iRebs, raTa Tavidan aicilos ori qveynis samxedro aviaciis urTierTSexla siriis sahaero sivrceSi. siriis konfliqtSi Cabmuli ruseTis taqtikuri mokavSire gaxda Siituri iranis islamuri respublika, romelic ibrZvis rogorc sunitebis mier daarsebuli „islamuri saxelmwifos“ winaaRmdeg, ise sakuTari interesebisaTvis siriaSi. ruseTs da irans siriaSi aqvT ara saerTo, aramed „paraleluri“ miznebi. Teiranis saboloo mizania libanis navsadgurebamde saimedo satransporto wvdomis miReba, rac lojistikurad advili gansaxorcielebeli ar aris. amisaTvis irani mWidrod TanamSromlobs siriis mmarTvel reJimTan da libanis Siitur organizacia „hezbolasTan“. siriis samoqalaqo omis dawyebisTanave irani uzrunvelyofda baSar al-asadis reJimis sicocxlisunarianobas.

sirieli qali uyurebs rusi da amerikeli jariskacebis Sexvedras

geopolitika palmira afeTqebamde da afeTqebis Semdeg

sakuTriv iranelebTan erTad siriaSi ibrZvian Siiti moxaliseebi avRaneTidan, pakistanidan, erayidan. es mTlianad saxmeleTo Zalebia. siriis konfliqtSi baSar al-asadis mowinaaRmdege Zalebis mxares Tavidanve aqtiurad CaerTo TurqeTi. am TvalsazrisiT is ruseTisa da iranis mowinaaRmdegea, magram imavdroulad maTi partnioricaa siriis krizisis mowesrigebis sakiTxSi. TurqeTi iSviaTi saxelmwifoa, romelic gverds uvlis iranisaTvis dawesebul sanqciebs. Tavis mxriv, iranic ufrTxildeba TurqeTTan partniorul (magram ara strategiul) TanamSromlobas. ankaras da moskovs, ufro zustad ki, TurqeTisa da ruseTis prezidentebs – rejef Taif erdoRansa da vladimir putins CamouyalibdaT ucnauri „megobroba“: isini TanamSromloben, magram Tan metoqeebic arian. ankaras, romelic uSualod emezobleba sirias, uxdeba Segueba im faqtTan, rom 2015 wlidan samxreTidan mas „daumezoblda“ ruseTi, baSar al-asadis mTavari dasayrdeni. TurqeTs ar SeuZlia aqtiurad SeewinaaRmdegos ruseTs siriaSi, radgan mis moqmedebas zRudavs misi ekonomikuri mibmuloba ruseTze: TurqeTi iqidan iRebs moxmarebuli bunebrivi airis or mesameds; ruseTi uSenebs mas atomur eleqtrosadgurs, romlis birTvuli sawvavi ruseTidan Semova, xolo naxmari sawvavis narCenebi ruseTSi wava; rusi turistebi TurqeTis sakurorto zonis

ZiriTadi momxmareblebi arian; ruseTi Turquli saqonlis erT-erTi udidesi bazaria; ruseTma mihyida TurqeTs uaxlesi sahaero-sazenito sistema S-400. yvelafers Tavi rom davaneboT, ruseTi samxedro TvalsazrisiT TurqeTze Zlieria. meore mxriv, Savi zRvis erTaderTi gasasvleli ruseTis samxedro da savaWro flotisaTvis – bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebi – TurqeTis xelSia! TurqeTi natos wevria da amis gaTvaliswineba ukve moskovs uxdeba. TurqeTis geopolitikuri amocanaa ar dauSvas qurTuli avtonomiis Seqmna siriis teritoriaze, radgan sazRvris gadaRma, TurqeTis teritoriaze, aTjer meti qurTi cxovrobs. axla ise Cans, rom vaSingtoni cdilobs rogorme ganeridos axlo aRmosavleTis problemebs, magram Seqmnili viTareba amis saSualebas mas ar aZlevs. 2019 wels prezidentma trampma gaiyvana is amerikuli Zalebi, romlebic qurTebis gasamxedroebul nawilebs da TurqeTis armias aSoriSorebdnen siriis CrdiloeT sazRvris mimdebare zonaSi, Tumca SezRuduli raodenobis amerikuli samxedro kontingenti mainc rCeba siriaSic da eraySic. katarsa da bahreinSi ganlagebulia didi amerikuli samxedro-sazRvao da samxedro-sahaero bazebi. sparseTis yureSi xSirad morigeobs erTi an ori amerikuli aviamzidi.

axlo aRmosavleTi

bosforis srute

kosmosidan danaxuli bosforis srute (CrdiloeTiT), marmarilos zRva da dardanelis srute (samxreT-dasavleTiT)

vaSingtonis amJamindeli administracia Seecada minimumamde daeyvana amerikis roli siriis konfliqtis daregulirebaSi. pasiuroben dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebic, riTac kargad sargeblobs kremli. rogorc vxedavT, axlo aRmosavleTis politika aRsavsea konfliqtebiT, paradoqsuli kavSirebiTa da dapirispirebiT, rac regions urTulebs mSvidobian ganviTarebas. geopolitikuri viTareba regionSi stabiluri ar aris. axlo aRmosavleTis istoriulad cvalebad geopolitikas hqonda da momavalSic eqneba garkveuli, Tundac iribi, gavlena saqarTvelos sve-bedze. saqarTvelo garkveulwilad CarTulia axlo aRmosavleTis problemebSi. amis magaliTebia qarTuli samxedro nawilebis monawileoba erayisa da avRaneTis samxedro operaciebSi, saqarTvelos muslimi moqalaqeebis CarTva â&#x20AC;&#x17E;islamuri saxelmwifosâ&#x20AC;&#x153; mxares. marTalia, aseTi CarTuloba TiTqos ukve warsulSia, magram regioni metismetad axlosaa CvenTan, rom is ugulebelvyoT! qarTuli samxedro nawilebi erayisa da avRaneTis samxedro operaciebSi

saqarTvelos megobrebi

s n a H strup Kam gt Vo saqarTvelos Soreuli megobari

hans fugti

nino axvlediani

norvegieli enaTmecnieri, qarTvelologi da kavkasiologi hans kamstrup fugti daibada 1903 wlis 1 ivniss q. fredrikstadSi. 1921-1928 wlebSi swavlobda oslos (im dros â&#x20AC;&#x201C; qristiania) universitetSi. 1924-1925 wlebSi parizSi gaemgzavra, sadac im drois yvelaze cnobili frangi lingvistebis leqciebs eswreboda. 1928 wels ki oslos universitetSi Seudga laTinuris swavlas. Tumca, rogorc Cans, hanss yvelaze metad parizSi frang lingvistebTan swavla moswonda, radgan 1929 wels osloSi, magistraturis dasrulebis Semdeg, nansenis fondis stipendiiT parizSi dabrunda somxuri filologiis Sesaswavlad da yvelaferi iq daiwyo. im dros parizSi cxovrobda hansis mamida, maia fugti, romelic cnobili qarTveli mecnieris, politikosis, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis damfuZneblis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; zurab avaliSvilis meuRle iyo. rogorc Cans, maia Zalian gonebagaxsnili da progresuli adamiani iyo, colad gahyva kacs Soreuli qveynidan, cxovrebis umetesi nawili sazRvargareT gaatara da Zalian dramatul politikur procesebSic miiRo monawileoba. oslos nacionalur biblioTekaSi, fritiof nansenis arqivSi, inaxeba werili, romelic maia fugt-avalovma 1922 wels aSS-Si myof nansens gaugzavna norvegiidan. nanseni im dros ruseTSi SimSilobis daZlevis sakiTxze muSaobda da amerikelebisagan didi raodenobiT marcvleulis mopoveba moaxerxa moSimSileebisTvis gasagzavnad.

hans fugti

zurab avaliSvili (1874 (an 1876)-1944) – gamoCenili qarTveli iuristi, istorikosi, literaturaTmcodne, diplomati, publicisti, politikuri da sazogado moRvawe. 1918 wlis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtisa da 1921 wlis saqarTvelos konstituciis avtori, saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli (1917). monawileobda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenaSi, didi wvlili miuZRvis qarTuli universitetis daarsebaSic. ganaTleba miiRo peterburgsa da parizSi. zurab avaliSvili, romelmac SesaniSnavad icoda rusuli da evropuli enebi (franguli, inglisuri, germanuli) iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis diplomatiis uSualo Semoqmedi – saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg dainiSna saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mTavar mrCevlad sagareo politikis dargSi. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciisa da faqtobrivi aneqsiis (1921 wlis Teberval-marti) Semdeg zurab avaliSvili politikuri emigranti gaxda. moRvaweobda safrangeTsa (1921-1940) da germaniaSi (1940-1944). 1922 wlis 6-12 ianvars kanSi antantis umaRlesi sabWos wevri qveynebis Sekrebaze qarTulma delegaciam, sadac zurab avaliSvilic Sedioda, Sekrebas gadasca saqarTvelos mTavrobis nota, romliTac saqarTvelodan ruseTis jarebis gayvanasa da eris samarTliani uflebebis aRdgenas moiTxovda. diplomatiur saqmianobasTan erTad z. avaliSvili aqtiur politikur da sazogadoebriv saqmianobasac eweoda. monawileoba miiRo safrangeTSi gatanili erovnuli saganZuris gadarCenaSi. igi eqvTime TayaiSvilsa da ioseb eligulaSvils marselSi daxvda mTavrobis saqmeTa rwmunebul andria dekanoziSvilTan erTad da ganZis marselis bankSi dabinavebaSi daexmara. zurab avaliSvils ekuTvnis qarTul, rusul, inglisur, frangul da germanul enebze gamocemuli ramdenime fundamenturi gamokvleva saqarTvelos istoriisa da Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebze, agreTve, uamravi werili Tu SeniSvna qarTul emigrantul Jurnal-gazeTebSi. 1940 wels zurab avaliSvili da misi norvegieli meuRle, maia fugti, sacxovreblad miunxenSi gadavidnen. maT STamomavloba ar darCeniaT. meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg zurab avaliSvili al. nikuraZis ojaxSi cxovrobda da iqve gardaicvala 1944 wels. is daasaflaves qalaq SvandorfSi. 1993 wlis 22 maiss zurab avaliSvilis neSti saqarTveloSi gadmoasvenes da 25 maiss mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa didubis panTeonSi dakrZales.

maia wers, rom misi meuRlec (zurab avaliSvili) vaSingtonSia da sTxovs nansens, rom mas herbert huverTan SexvedraSi daexmaros, raTa marcvleulis raRac nawilis gagzavna saqarTveloSic moxerxdes. aqve is madlobas uxdis did mogzaursa da filanTrops saqarTvelosa da misi damoukideblobis mxardamWeri sityvisaTvis JenevaSi 1920 wels da gamoTqvams imeds, rom nanseni amjeradac gamoucxadebs Tanadgomas am patara da mamac ers. swored avaliSvilebis saxlSi moxvda hans fugti qarTveli emigrantebis wreSi da aqve daiwyo qarTuli enis Seswavlac. fugti Tavis mogonebebSi wers: „mamaCemis biZaSvili, maia avalovi (avaliSvili), nils kolet fugtis – norvegieli poetis da gaxldaT qarTveli emigrantis, Zveli Taobis gamorCeuli didgvarovnis, Tavad zurab

avalovis (qarTulad – avaliSvili) meuRle. avaliSvilebis ojaxSi gavicani qarTvel emigrantTa wre da bevri megobaric gaviCine: babeta erisTavi, eka CerqeziSvili (romelic inglisSi cxovrobda, mogvianebiT qarTulinglisuri leqsikonis avtori), vera faRava (SemdgomSi cnobili mxatvari. im wlebSi Tavs qsoviT irCenda), agreTve RambaSiZeebisa da nikolaZeebis ojaxebi, viqtor nozaZe. babeta erisTavi gaxda qarTuli enis Cemi pirveli maswavlebeli. swored am dros gavecani akaki SaniZis pirvel qarTul gramatikas da gerhard deetersis SesaniSnav naSroms `Das Kartwelische Verbum“. amis Semdeg hans fugts SesTavazes stipendia, raTa samxreT kavkasiaSi kavkasiuri enebi Seeswavla. gansakuTrebuli aqcenti iyo qarTuli enis kvlevaze. man miiRo es SeTavazeba da 1932 wels TbilisSi gaemgzavra.

saqarTvelos megobrebi

vera faRava (1907-1988)

babeta erisTavi

TbilisSi hans fugtma gaicno Tbilisis universitetis lingvistebi, romlebsac umaRlesi donis profesionalebad moixseniebda. mis maswavleblebs Soris iyvnen gamoCenili qarTveli mecnierebi: ilia abulaZe, akaki SaniZe da varlam Tofuria. fugtis sadoqtoro disertacia ‘Grammaire de la lang Géorgien’ SemdgomSi ramdenjerme gamoica frangulad da qarTuladac iTargmna. 1971 wlis mniSvnelovnad Sevsebuli gamocema man Tavisi megobrisa da maswavleblis – ilia abulaZis xsovnas miuZRvna. mogonebebSi hans fugti wers, rogori mZime dro iyo saqarTveloSi, rogor uWirdaT, rogori deficiti iyo yvelafris. aRwers purisa da navTis rigebs da aRniSnavs, rom zamTarSi paltoTi Zili uxdeboda. TbilisSi igi filosofos kita megreliZis ojaxSi cxovrobda. fugti ise dauaxlovda Tavis maspinZlebs, rom maTi patara Svilis naTliac gaxda. urTierToba naTlulsa da naTlias Soris mTeli cxovreba gagrZelda. werilebs da baraTebs erTmaneTs qarTulad swerdnen. cota xnis Semdeg fugti dimitri SevardnaZis wreSi Sevida. SevardnaZes xelovnebis muzeumis sardafSi hqonda bina. swored iq ikribebodnen qarTveli inteleqtualebi yovel kviras. fugti wers, rom Tavisuflad laparakobdnen yvelaferze, magram cdilobdnen Tavi aeridebinaT politikisTvis. am saRamoebze sagangebod aravis epatiJebodnen, SeiZleboda erTi-ori megobris miyvanac. karze yoveli dakakunebis eSinodaT, magram Sekrebebs ar wyvetdnen. 1932 wlis SobisTvis, saqarTveloSi Camosvlidan sami Tu oTxi Tvis Semdeg, fugts SeeZlo azris gamoTqma qarTulad da esmoda, rasac sxvebi eubnebodnen, Tu pirdapir mas mimarTavdnen. erTi wlis Semdeg ki ukve Tavisuflad flobda qarTuls.

akaki SaniZe (1887-1987)

enaTmecnieri da filologi, akademikosi mzeqala SaniZe (akaki SaniZis qaliSvili) ixsenebs: „me maSin Zalian patara viyavi, is rom Camovida, sul eqvsi wlis. maxsovs misi saxe rogori iyo, Zalian keTili gamometyveleba hqonda, xSirad modioda CvenTan da yovelTvis vamCnevdi, rogori pativiscemiT da rogori siyvaruliT ekideboda mamaCems da, sazogadod, qarTvel megobrebs. wynari da Zalian simpaTiuri kaci iyo. erTxel alaverdobaze wavidnen kaxeTSi da SuaRamisas daikarga kaci. Sewuxdnen Zalian, dauwyes Zebna. maSin urmoba iyo kidev, Cardaxiani urmebiT iyo xalxi Camosuli soflebidan. bolos romeliRaca aseT Cardaxian uremSi ipoves, xalxSi Camjdari laparakobda“.

hans fugti

devid langi, levan menabde da hans fugti rusTavelis kabinetSi

mzeqala SaniZe (dab.1926)

megobrebTan erTad saqarTvelos bevri cnobili adgili moinaxula. gadaiRo Zalian bevri foto. samoyvarulo kinokamerac hqonda da TavisTvis saintereso movlenebs asaxavda. am kamerasTan dakavSirebiT hqonda problema sabWoTa sasazRvro jarebTan, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirs tovebda. mesazRvreebma SeniSnes, rom qveyanaSi Semosvlisas foto da kinoaparatura Semoitana, ukana gzaze ki Tan ar hqonda. fugtma upasuxa, rom aparatura TbilisSi mopares da qurdobis yvela detali dawvrilebiT gaacno. mas ar daujeres, CaTvales, rom gayida. sinamdvileSi es aparati man muzeumis fotografis asistents, elo erisTavs dautova – fotografs fotoaparati unda hqondeso.

elo erisTavi

dimitri SevardnaZe (1885-1937) – qarTveli fermweri, Teatrisa da kinos mxatvari, sazogado moRvawe, erovnuli samxatvro galereis fuZemdebeli. didi muSaoba gaswia xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumisa da samxatvro akademiis daarsebisTvis. gansakuTrebuli Rvawli miuZRvis XVIII-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli portretuli mxatvrobis nimuSebis da niko firosmanis suraTebis TavmoyraSi, gamofenaSi, Seswavlasa da popularizaciaSi. misi TaosnobiT 1916 wels daarsda „qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoeba“, romelic mxatvarTa pirveli profesiuli organizacia iyo saqarTveloSi. aqtiurad monawileobda saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis saqmianobaSi. Seewira sabWoTa represiebs – daxvrites 1937 wlis dekemberSi.

saqarTvelos megobrebi 1933 wlis Semodgomaze hans fugtma vizis gagrZeleba iTxova, razec sabWoTa xelisuflebam uari uTxra da dekemberSi iZulebuli gaxda saqarTvelodan norvegiaSi dabrunebuliyo. bevri nivTis waReba mouxda – wignebi, Canawerebi, maT Soris qeTevan maRalaSvilis daxatuli misi ferweruli portreti, romelic mxatvarma, ukve CarCoSi Casmuli, swored matarebelSi asvlisas miurbenina sadgurze. ase, iRliaSi amodebuli naxatiT gaiara mTeli evropa. es portreti dResac kidia misi vaJis – piter fugtis saxlSi, dramenSi. didi xani ar iyo gasuli, rodesac hansma SeamCnia, rom visac ki saqarTveloSi werili miswera, baraTi an mokiTxva gaugzavna, yvelas, uklebliv, didi Tu patara problema qeTevan maRalaSvili (1894-1973) – cnobili qarTveli mxatvari portretisti, dimitri SevardnaZis meuRle. saSualo ganaTleba TbilisSi miiRo. 1911 wels Sevida saxviTi xelovnebis wamaxalisebeli kavkasiis sazogadoebis skolaSi, sadac mas aswavlidnen mose ToiZe da iakob nikolaZe. 1915 wels swavla ganagrZo moskovis ferweris, Zerwvisa da xuroTmoZRvrebis skolaSi. 1917 wels dabrunda samSobloSi da muSaoba daiwyo biblioTekarad. aq igi Sexvda dimitri SevardnaZes, romlis rCeviTac dainteresda qarTvel moRvaweTa portretebis SeqmniT. 1923 wels saqarTvelos ganaTlebis komisariatma safrangeTSi gaagzavna mxatvruli xelovnebis dasaxvewad. 1926 wels qeTeven maRalaSvili samSobloSi dabrunda da muSaoba daiwyo xelovnebis muzeumSi, sadac saqarTvelos sxvadasxva taZarSi Zveli qarTuli freskebis da mozaikebis pirebs iRebda. qeTevan maRalaSvili iTvleba pirvel qarTvel portretist qalad.

Seeqmna. kita megreliZe da misi meuRle Soreul aRmosavleTSi, gulagSi, gadaasaxles, saidanac kita aRar dabrunebula. sxvebi, zogi metad, zogi naklebad, magram evropuli gadmosaxedidan friad sagulisxmo Seviwroebas ganicdidnen. da hans fugtma, ziani rom aravisTvis mieyenebina, yovelgvari urTierToba gawyvita qarTvel megobrebTan. 1930-iani wlebis Semdeg, mxolod e.w. „ottepelis“ (stalinizmis periodis Semdgomi daTbobis) pirobebSi, 1960-ian wlebSi gaxda SesaZlebeli zogierTi kontaqtis aRdgena. erT mSvenier saRamos hans fugtis saxlSi gaisma telefonis zari, rekavda fugtis qarTveli naTluli manana megreliZe, romelic osloSi turistul jgufTan erTad iyo Casuli. sul raRac saaT-naxevriT miirbina manana megreliZem Tavis naTliasTan stumrad. fugtis Svilebi ixseneben am stumrobas. saqarTveloSi am ambis sxva mxares gviamboben. yvela sabWoTa turistul jgufs uTuod axlda sus-is warmomadgeneli. mananas megobarma Turme es sus-is warmomadgeneli kinoSi dapatiJa da amiT misca megobars dro – saaT-naxevari – naTliasTan stumrobisTvis. qarTvel lingvistebTan hans fugtis pirveli kontaqti 1960 wels aRdga, rodesac moskovSi orientalistebis kongress daeswro. am kongresis Sesaxeb swerda ilia abulaZes, uxaroda, rom bolos da bolos Sexvdeboda Tavis „oxCumos da maswavlebels“ (erTerT werilSi, sadac abulaZes mimarTavs „Cemo oxCumo“, bolos wers „Tu sityva oxCumi ar iciT, rac warmoudgenelia, waikiTxeT griSaSvilis wigni saiaTnovas Sesaxeb (Tbi-

qeTevan maRalaSvili da elene axvlediani

hans fugti da akaki SaniZe kongresze moskovSi

hans fugti

lisi 1918)!)“ /oxCumi = Zmadnafici/ ilia abulaZe moskovSi ar Cavida. etyoba, ar gauSves. qarTvelma kolegebma hans fugts SesTavazes konferenciis Semdeg ori kviriT saqarTvelos stumroboda, magram sabWoTa xelisuflebam hans fugts 1960-ian wlebSic uari uTxra vizis gagrZelebaze. 1966 wels saqarTveloSi da mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi SoTa rusTavelis 800 wlis iubiles aRniSnavdnen. hans fugti, rogorc oslos universitetis reqtori, sagangebod miipatiJes sazeimo dReebze TbilisSi. ilia abulaZis STamomavlebi yvebian, rom rodesac hans fugtma mis Sesaxvedrad misuli ilia abulaZe dainaxa, qarTulad dauZaxa: „iliko, Sen isev is qudi gaxuravs?!“ fugti am dReebs aRwerda, rogorc Tavisi cxovrebis Zalian mniSvnelovan movlenas. rusTavelis TeatrSi iyo didi sxdoma, sadac sxvadasxva qveynis warmomadgenlebi gamodiodnen sityviT. mis gamosvlamde yvela, sul yvela, rusulad laparakobda. arc erTi sityva ar iyo naTqvami qarTul enaze. hansma ki sityva qarTulad Tqva. didxans absoluturi siCume iyo da bolos taSma iquxa. meore dRes hans fugtis sityva gazeT „komunistSi“ daibeWda. man qarTulad misca interviu qarTul radios da, rogorc misi Svili ambobs, Sexvda „pionerfilmis“ wevrebs. „Cven saxlSi gvqonda qarTuli wignebi, Zalian ucnauri asoebiT. me da Cems das saqarTvelo zRaprul qveynad warmogvedgina“, – ambobs hans fugtis vaJiSvili, piter fugti. misi da, eli, misgan gansxvavebiT, arasdros yofila saqarTveloSi. ambobs, ar mivdiodi, zRaprad mindoda darCeniliyoo. hans fugti gardaicvala1986 wlis seqtemberSi. nekrologSi, romelic gazeT „samSoblos“ 1986 wlis dekembris nomerSi fugtis gardacvalebis Semdeg daibeWda, avtors mohyavs misi sityvebi:

liTa g i v gu , eT ng f sa re ov cx „ dx s vi c g r iT gavm dr , vicxovre saq Tv o , ew os“. un dbun ovn

x s gaviCine; r iT cota ki a, q Tv i xalx

ilia abulaZe (1901-1968) hans fugti (1903-1986)

mogzauroba

Tur heierdali

mousvenrobis kaci

arCil qiqoZe

am adamianis saxeli icis yvelam, visac mogzauroba da Tavgadasavali itacebs. Tur heierdalis wignebi msoflios mraval enazea naTargmni, maT Soris, qarTulad. kaci, romelic namdvili meocnebe iyo, adamiani romelmac teqnologiur XX saukuneSi moaxerxa da yvelaze araordinaluri cxovrebiT icxovra. misi mecnieruli mignebebis umetesoba dRes ugulebelyofilia, marTalia, maT Tavis drozec eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen, magram yvelaze did skeptikosebsac ki misi udidesi pativiscema hqondaT, radgan heierdali riskis da Tavgadasavlis kaci iyo, adamiani, romelmac Tavad gamoWeda sakuTari bedi, romelsac axalgazrdobaSi wylis panikuri SiSi hqonda da imdeni qna, rom martivi xis tiviT uzarmazari okeane gadacura. Tur heierdali iyo kaci, romelmac sakuTar patara qveyanas kidev ufro gauTqva saxeli, rogorc mogzaurTa samSoblos. dabolos, Tanamemamuleebma Tur heierdali XX saukunis yvelaze gamoCenil norvegielad aRiares! momavali mogzauri 1914 wels daibada norvegiis samxreTiT, zRvis piras mdebare arafriT gamorCeul daba lavrikSi, ludis mwarmoeblis ojaxSi. bavSvobidan itacebda zoologia da saxlSi patara zooparkic hqonda, romlis yvelaze gamorCeuli binadari Sxamiani gvelgesla iyo.

Tur heierdali

daba lavriki

bior krepelini (1890-1966) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; komersanti bergenidan, romelic gatacebuli iyo polineziiT. cnobilia polineziuri kulturis Sesaxeb Tavisi unikaluri biblioTekiT.

momavalma mogzaurma oslos universitetis sabunebismetyvelo fakultetze Caabara da swored iq Sexvda gamoCenil norvegiel mecniers bior krepelins, romelsac taitisa da wynari okeanis sxva kunZulebze mravali weli hqonda gatarebuli. masTan saubrebi da misi mdidari biblioTekis gacnoba heierdalis cxovrebaSi gadamwyveti aRmoCnda. universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg axladmoyvanil colTan erTad heierdali taitize gaemgzavra, iqidan ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; kunZul fatu-hivaze, sadac arc erTi TeTrkaniani adamiani ar cxovrobda. heierdalis mizani iyo civilizaciisgan Sors ecxovra, pirvelyofil samoTxeSi, Tavad moepovebina sarCo-sabadebeli da daufleboda pirvelyofil pirobebSi gadarCenis xelovnebas. faqtobrivad, is da misi meuRle pirveli hipebi iyvnen, magram maTi hipuri cxovreba sul ar iyo advili da uxifaTo. kunZulze jer kidev arsebobda kanibalizmi, garda amisa, maT win mravali saxifaTo Tavgadasavali da manamde maTTvis ucxo daavadebebi elodaT. erT-erTma avadobam kinaRam misi meuRlis, livis, sicocxle Seiwira, xolo bolos, roca adgilobrivebTanac gaufuWdaT urTierToba, wyvils saswrafod mouwia kunZulis datoveba. Tumca manamde, fatu-hivaze gatarebuli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, heierdali marTla iqca tropikebSi gadarCenis specialistad, bevri ram Seityo adgilobrivTa wes-Cveulebebze, xolo tomis beladisgan moismina legenda uxsovar droSi didi kunZulidan navebiT mosuli adamianebis Sesaxeb. heierdalma maSinve CaTvala, rom didi kunZuli samxreT amerikis kontinenti unda yofiliyo. swored maSin gauCnda Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom wynari okeanis kunZulebi SeiZleba samxreT amerikidan navebiT mosuli adamianebiT iyo

dasaxlebuli da am Teoriis damtkicebac gadawyvita, risTvisac karga didi dro dasWirda, radgan win msoflio istoriis yvelaze sisxlismRvreli omi iyo. meore msoflio omma Tur heierdals kabiormouswro, krepelini nadaSi sadac adgilobrivi indielebis yofas swavlobda. 1940 wlis aprilSi germaniam norvegiis okupacia moaxdina da samSoblodan Sors myof patriot axalgazrdas erTi suli hqonda, rodis Caebmeboda brZolaSi, Tumca amisTvis didxans mouwia lodini, inglisSi samxedro kursebi gaiara da norvegiaSi diversiuli jgufis SemadgenlobiT gadavida. manamde gemi, romliTac norvegiisken miemarTeboda, germanulma wyalqveSa navma kinaRam CaZira.

Tur heierdali meuRlesTan erTad kunZul fatu-hivaze

mogzauroba rodesac evropasa da msoflioSi mSvidobam daisadgura, heierdalma Tavis cxovrebis proeqtisTvis moicala. 1947 wels, xuT TanamemamulesTan erTad, mogzauri peruSi Cavida sruliad fantastikuri ganzraxviT – xisagan agebuli martivi tiviT wynari okeane gadaecura da samxreT amerikis napirebidan polineziis kunZulebamde Casuliyo. polinezielTa miTologiaze dayrdnobiT, heierdali varaudobda, rom es kunZulebi samxreT amerikidan zRviT misuli inkebis STamomavlebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. dRes, rodesac genetikuri analizis saSualebiT mecnierebs SeuZliaT msoflioSi adamianis gansaxlebis sakmaod mkafio suraTi Seqmnan, norvegielis Teoria uaryofilia. am Teorias mecnieruli wreebi arc maSin eTanxmebodnen, xolo tiviT okeanis gadacurva mezRvaurebs gaugonar sigiJed miaCndaT. perus mTavari portidan – kaliaodan – norvegiul eqspedicias ise acilebdnen, rogorc ueWvel sikvdilze mimaval gunds, magram heierdalma da misma Tanamoazreebma icodnen, ras akeTebdnen. rodesac XV saukunis bolodan espanelebma samxreT amerikis nawili daipyres da sisxlis zRva daatriales, maT sakmaod kargad aRweres adgilobrivTa wes-Cveulebebi. swored espanel konkistadorTa wignebSi aRmoaCina heierdalma xseneba balsis xis

Tur heierdali kanadaSi

msubuqi merqnisgan damzadebuli tivebisa, romlebiTac indielebi karga Rrmad Sediodnen okeaneSi. imave wignebSi ipova am tivebis suraTebi. oRond problema is iyo, rom Zvirfasi xeebi didi xnis win gaeCexaT okeanis sanapiroze da maT mosapoveblad norvegielebs kontinentis SigniT mouwiaT SeRweva. ekvadorSi moWres cxra xe da maTi Zvirfasi merqani peruSi Caitanes. radgan mogzaurebis mizani iyo, yvelaferSi Zveli inkebis msgavsad moqceuliyvnen, tivis agebis dros ar gamouyenebiaT rkinis arc erTi lursmani. tivis Ziri erTmaneTze TokebiT gadabmuli balsis xis cxra sqeli morisgan Sedgeboda, am Zirze zevidan perpendikularulad iyo gadakruli cxra ufro mcire zomis mori, xolo maTze damagrebuli iyo bambukisgan gakeTebuli iataki. tivis centrSi idga bambukisganve awyobili balsis tivi

axalgazrda Tur heierdali

Tur heierdali

ekvatori galapagosi

peru 30 ivnisi 7 agvisto

taiti

wynari okeane

aRdgomis kunZulebi

mzadeba `kon-tikiT~ mogzaurobisTvis

`kon-tikis~ marSruti

qoxi, romelSic mogzaurebi dRisiT Takara mzisgan afarebdnen Tavs, RamiT ki eZinaT. tivs hqonda saWe da ialqnebi. es ucnauri konstruqcia, romelsac heierdalma inkebis RmerTis saxeli „kon-tiki“ uwoda, 1947 wlis 28 aprils wyalSi CauSves da daiwyo jer arnaxuli mogzauroba, romlis Sedegsac mTeli msoflio interesiT eloda.

welze Toki moiba, wyalSi gadaeSva da ase moaxerxa navamde miRweva da operatoris tivze dabruneba. am SemTxvevis mere eqspediciis wevrebi mxolod TokiT dabmulebi Tu tovebdnen tivs da isic Sors verc micuravdnen, radgan wynari okeane zvigenebiT iyo savse. norvegielebs dabmulebsve eZinaT, rom morig talRas zRvaSi ar gadaeyara.

ra Tqma unda, heierdals Tavgadasavali brmad ar wamouwyia, mas Seswavlili hqonda okeanis dinebebi da qaris mimarTuleba, romelic perus sanapirodan mudmivad dasavleTisken uberavda. am qaris da dinebis wyalobiT `kon-tikim~ maSinve iseTi tempi aiRo, rom pirvelive cdaze, rodesac jgufis operatori rezinis navSi gadajda, raTa „kontiki“ gverdidan gadaeRo, aRmoCnda, rom niCbebis mosmiTac ki ver daeweoda tivs. maSin, ukanasknel wams, jgufis sxva wevrma

mogzaurebs Tan hqondaT erTi tona mtknari wyali, romelsac ekonomiis mizniT okeanis wyalTan azavebdnen da ise svamdnen. erTi-erTze gazavebuli mariliani da mtknari wyali sasmelad vargisi iyo da wyurvilsac klavda. norvegielebi svamdnen daWerili Tevzis limfur siTxesac, risTvisac Tevzs xvretdnen da naxvretidan naJur siTxes agrovebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom am gziTac SeiZleboda wyurvilis mokvla.

`kon-tikis~ ekipaJi. marcxnidan: knut hauglandi, bengt danielsoni, Tur heierdali, erik heselbergi, torsten rebi, herman vacingeri

mogzauroba

Turi `kon-tikis~ anZaze

zvigenze nadiroba

mogzaurTa sakveb racionSi mTavari maT mier primitiuli meTodebiT mopovebuli Tevzi iyo. norvegielebi Zalian advilad iWerdnen gaumaZRar zvigenebsac. sakmarisi iyo kauWiT daboloebuli joxis wyalSi Cayofa, rom mtacebeli maSinve datakeboda kauWze wamocmul xorcis naWers. mTavari samuSao maSin iwyeboda, rodesac zvigens tivze aaTrevdnen da iq misi mokvla Subebis da xelketebis saSualebiT uwevdaT. aqve unda iTqvas, rom zvigenebi, romlebzec isini nadirobdnen, patara zomisa iyvnen, magram heierdalis eqspediciis wevrebma kameriT gadaiRes scena, rodesac maT tivs uzarmazari vefxvisebri zvigeni mosdevda. es unikaluri kadrebia, pirdafCenili zRvis urCxuli lamis tivze amoxtes, barjebmomarjvebuli norvegielebi ki daZabulebi ucqeren mis yovel moZraobas. bolos erT-erTs nervebi umtyunebs da barjs mTeli ZaliT Caasobs zvigens. mtacebelma dayvinTa, Toki, romliTac barji mobmuli hqonda tivs, daiWima da gawyda, magram zvigeni meti aRar gamoCenila. mogzaurebisTvis usiamovno iyo veSapebis gundTan Sexvedrac. okeanis goliaTebma TiTqos alya Semoartyes tivs, romlis gadabruneba kudis erTi dartymiT SeeZloT, mis qveS curavdnen, ise axlos iyvnen, rom amoyvinTvisas maTgan gaSvebuli wylis Wavli mogzaurebs wuwavda, magram yvelaferma mSvidobiT Caiara. â&#x20AC;&#x17E;kon-tikiâ&#x20AC;&#x153; dReSi saSualod 80 kilometrs gadioda, rekordi ki dReSi 120 kilometri iyo. mTlianobaSi norvegielebs amindSi gaumarTlaT, mxolod orjer moxvdnen saSinel qariSxalSi, romlis merec tivs seriozuli SekeTeba dasWirda, oRond saremonto samuSaoebic gzadagza tardeboda, radgan gaCerebis saSualeba ubralod ar iyo. mogzaurobis 99-e dRes atexilma qariSxalma Seiwira perudan wamoyvanili yvelasTvis sayvareli TuTiyuSis sicocxle. es molaparake frTosani Zalian axalisebda ekipaJis yofas. marTalia, TuTiyuSma espanuri sityvebi icoda, magram Tavis wignSi heierdali werda, rom sul male frinveli norvegiu-

Tur heierdali

nem daiwia da muxlamde wyalSi mogzaurebi fexiT mividnen kunZulamde. es moxda mogzaurobis dawyebidan 103-e dRes. xis tivi, romelmac Ria zRvaSi 8 000 kilometri gaiara, rifze darCa. norvegielebma ki amdeni xnis manZilze pirvelad gaiares xmeleTze, gadaitanes gadarCenili bargi, gaaSres da aawyves dasvelebuli da dazianebuli racia da im dros auwyes msoflios eqspediciis warmatebiT dasruleba, rodesac daTqmuli 35 saaTidan, mxolod 5 iyo darCenili.

torsten rebi TuTiyuSTan erTad

li aqcentiT alaparakda. im didi Stormis dros ki TuTiyuSi ubralod gaqra, etyoba, talRam zRvaSi gadaagdo. sabednierod, TuTiyuSi maSin erTaderTi danakargi aRmoCnda. ramdenime dReSi mogzaurebma jer wylis Tavze frinveli SeniSnes, rac miwis siaxlovis utyuari niSani iyo da mere – polineziis erT-erTi kunZuli, romliskenac tivis mibruneba ver SeZles, radgan qari maT win miaqanebda. kidev ramdenime kunZuls gascdnen da bolos erTerTisken moaxerxes tivis mitrialeba, magram xmeleTamde ramdenime aseuli metriT dacilebuli `kon-tiki~ marjnis rifze Sejda. im momentSi, rodesac marjnis rifTan Sejaxeba gardauvali gaxda, eqspediciis radisti morzes anbaniT elaparakeboda radiomoyvaruls axali zelandiidan, romlis signalis daWerac SemTxveviT SeZlo. mogzaurebma axalzelandiels sTxoves, rom 35 saaTi moecada da Tuki maTgan aranairi signali aRar iqneboda, msoflio gangaSi aetexa. rifTan Sejaxeba mogzaurobis finaluri da yvelaze dramatuli momenti iyo. tivi gadarCa, ubralod, rifze SerCa da gaiWeda. misi iqidan daZvra SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda, napiramde ki sul orasiode metri iyo darCenili. male daiwyo okeanis miqceva. wylis do-

„kon-tikis“ mogzaurobis mere Tur heierdali msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze popularul adamianad iqca. ra Tqma unda, igi miRweuls ar dasjerda da Cveuli cxovreba gaagrZela – qmnida absoluturad aramecnierul, magram popularul Teoriebs da mere piradi magaliTiT cdilobda maT damtkicebas. mas arasodes ainteresebda profesionali mecnierebis azri, misi wignebi samecniero wreebze metad farTo mkiTxvelisTvis iyo gankuTvnili, magram es kaci, romelic arafrad agdebda dabrkolebebs da faTeraks, Tavisebur msoflio keTili nebis elCad iqca. xolo rodesac heierdalma atlantis okeanis gadacurva ganizraxa, transportad ki lerwmisgan agebuli navi airCia, iseTi, rogoriTac nilosze dacuravdnen Zveli egviptelebi, man norvegiuli ekipaJis nacvlad, navze msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan sxvadasxva aRmsareblobisa da rasis xalxi miiwvia. amiT heierdals undoda eCvnebina, rom msoflio yvelasia. navs egvipturi RmerTis saxeli „ra“ uwodes. amjerad mousvenar norvegiels undoda sakuTari magaliTiT eCvenebina,

`kon-tikis~ bortze mibmuli mezRvaurebi

mogzauroba rom amgvari transportiT Zvel egviptelebs SeeZloT mieRwiaT amerikis napirebamde da egvipturi da samxreTamerikuli piramidebis msgavseba mxolod imis niSani iyo, rom isini erTma da imave xalxma aago. dRes misi es Teoriac ugulebelyofilia, magram Tavgadasavali dResac yvelas aRafrTovanebs.

maroko safi kanaris kunZulebi

`ra-2~ barbadosi 12 ivl. 1970 `ra~ 18 ivl. 1969

afrika

ekvatori

samxreTi amerika atlantis okeane `ras~ da `ra-2-is~ marSrutebi

xomaldi `ra-2~

„ras“ ekipaJis Svidive wevri sxvadasxva qveynidan iyo. heierdalma eqimad rusi mogzauri iuri senkeviCi miiwvia, rac im droisTvis sakmaod uCveulo ram iyo, radgan sabWoTa kavSiri dasavluri samyaros dauZinebel mtrad ganixileboda, magram norvegieli mogzauri am yvelaferze maRla idga. eqspediciis operatori da fotografi iyo gamoCenili italieli mTamsvleli da mogzauri karlo mouri, romelic msoflios araerT urTules mwvervalze iyo asuli da fexiT hqonda gavlili marko polos gza italiidan CineTamde. im dros ukve dawyebuli iyo jerac dausrulebeli konfliqti israelsa da arabul samyaros Soris, heierdalma isic moaxerxa, rom ekipaJSi erTi arabi da erTic ebraeli wevri hyoloda. saerTodac, eqspediciis arc erTi wevri ar iyo ubralo adamiani, yvelaze saintereso ki isaa, rom erTaderTi profesionali mezRvauri navze iyo mesaWe – amerikeli norman beikeri. aqve vityviT, rom pirveli cdiT atlantis okeanis gadacurva ver moxerxda, radgan „ras“ konstruqcia ar aRmoCnda srulyofili – navi cal mxares ixreboda da wyals xapavda. heierdali da misi xalxi warmoudgeneli Seupovrobis da sijiutis xarjze ganagrZobda gzas. yoveli morigi qariSxali CaZirviT emuqreboda sifrifana navs, romelic mogzaurobis 51-e dRes ubralod Suaze gadatyda da ekipaJs misi mitoveba mouwia. heierdalma Semdeg wels imave masaliT aago

xomaldi `ra~

Tur heierdali

ukeTesi navi – „ra-2“ da imave ekipaJiT marokodan wasulma, mSvidobiT CaaRwia barbadosamde. wynari okeanis kvaldakval boboqari atlantis okeanec damorCilda jiuti norvegielis nebas. „kon-tikis“ da „ras“ mogzaurobebs Soris 22 welia. am xnis ganmavlobaSi heierdali wamiT ar gaCerebula, awarmoebda arqeologiur gaTxrebs aRdgomis kunZulze, qmnida axal-axal Teoriebs da werda wignebs. misi erT-erTi Teoriis mixedviT, dRevandeli skandinavielebis istoriuli samSoblo dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriaze mdebareobda, xolo uZvelesi kavkasieli xalxis – udebis saxeli vikingebis warmarTuli RmerTis saxels, odins, daukavSira. heierdalma ramdenjerme imogzaura azerbaijanSi da baqos samxreTiT, gobustanSi, kedlebze amotvifruli Zveli naxatebi Zvel skandinaviur simboloebTan daakavSira. 1977 wels heierdalma kidev erTi lerwmis navi aago, man mdinare tigrosiT, erayidan, sparseTis yuris gavliT indoeTis okeaneSi Secura, Semdeg arabeTis naxevarkunZuls Semouara, magram wiTel zRvaSi aRar Sesula. aRmosavleT afrikis patara qveynis, jibutis, sanapirosTan mogzaurebma navi dawves, riTac regionSi warmoebuli omebis winaaRmdeg protesti gamoxates. Tur heierdali imiT aris unikaluri, rom misi arseboba ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre misi sruliad fantastikuri da daumtkicebeli Teoriebi. es unikaluri adamiani uyvardaT yvelgan, sadac ar unda Casuliyo. albaT, iSviaTad moiZebneba vinme sxva, romelic amdeni sxvadasxva saxelmwifos jildoebis mflobeli iyos. ra Tqma unda, is gansakuTrebiT mSobliur norvegiaSi uyvarT, radgan patara, xuTmilioniani erisTvis TiToeuli saxelganTqmuli Svili gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasia.

Tur heierdali aRdgomis kunZulebze

1994 wels msaxiob liv ulmanTan erTad swored 70 wlis Tur heierdals ergo pativi lilehameris zamTris olimpiuri TamaSebi gaexsna. mogzaurs arasodes hyolia amxela auditoria, im dRes is miliardze meti telemayureblis winaSe wardga. 87 wlis Tur heierdali 2002 wlis 18 aprils ojaxis wevrebis garemocvaSi, italiis patara qalaq alasioSi gardaicvala.

xomald `ras~ ekipaJi

qalebi

Eleanor Roosevelt qeTevan qanTaria Cvens samyaros iseTs, rogoric axlaa, msoflios xalxebi erTad qmnidnen – sxvadasxvagvari wvlili SehqondaT mis ganviTarebaSi: zogi xalxi, rogorc Cven, aTaswleulebi „idga iq“, sadac Seiqmna; iq icavda Tavis unikalurobas da Tavisuflebas da „sxvagvarad ar SeeZlo“, zogi – qveynierebis Secnobis, „axali zecis da axali miwis“ ZiebiT, axali samyaros, axali samarTlianobis, kanonebis Seqmnis wadiliT. „amerika erTaderTi qveyanaa, romelic ideebisgan iSva“, – Tqva am qveynis erT-erTma saukeTeso mweralma. da aq, ra Tqma unda, is „samuSao“ igulisxmeba, romelic amerikelebis araerTma Taobam demokratiisa da Tavisufali pirovnebis cnebaTa CamoyalibebaSi, Semdeg ki sinamdviled qcevaSi Seasrula. 1933 wlis 20 aprils amerikis 26-e prezidentis, franklin delano ruzveltis meuRle, eleonor ruzvelti, TeTr saxlSi amelia erharts maspinZlobda, amerikis legendas – msoflioSi pirvel qalsa da meore mfrinavs, romelmac aviaciis, SeiZleba iTqvas, gariJraJze, 1932 wels, atlantis okeanes gadaufrina. am orma qalma formaluri sadilis mdinareba spontanuri saqcieliT daarRvia – erhartma ruzvelts baltimorSi gadafrena SesTavaza, iqve, imwuTas. maT saRamos kabebiT miaSures saaviacio bazas, gezi baltimorisken aiRes, mere ukan, vaSingtonSi, gadmofrindnen da TeTr saxlSi iseT dros dabrundnen, roca stumrebs desertiT umaspinZldebodnen. es Zalian cnobili saRamoa amerikis, ufro ki – amerikeli qalebis istoriaSi. Tumca, eleonor ruzvelti, romelmac, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qorwinebis pirveli 20 weli fexmZimobasa da bavSvebis movlaSi gaatara, TandaTanobiT gamoamJRavnebs yvela im Tvisebas, romelic mogvianebiT „msoflios pirveli ledis“ statuss SesZens.

eleonor ruzvelti

amelia erharti (1897-1937) da eleonor ruzvelti

eleonor ruzveltis deda ana holi (1863- 1892)

Tu vinme eleonor ruzveltis cxovrebis wina wlebze am Tamami gamoxdomiT Seiqmnis warmodgenas, Secdeba. mis cxovrebaSi iyo bevri upiratesoba, rasac privilegirebul, kulturul da mdidar ojaxSi dabadeba TavisTavad gulisxmobs, magram iyo dabrkolebebic, travmebica da araerTi „sabrZoli“ sakiTxi, romelTa qomagobiT eleonor ruzvelti Tavis wil samuSaos Seasrulebs axali amerikis istoriaSi. eleonori daibada 1884 wels niu-iorkis sazogadoebaSi kargad cnobili, lamazi, SeZlebuli wyvilis ojaxSi. mas, wesiT, bednieri bavSvoba unda hqonoda, magram mamamiss, eliot ruzvelts, amerikis erT-erTi saukeTeso prezidentis Zmas, aRmosavleTis qveynebSi cxovrebisas SeZenilma mavne Cvevebma mouRo bolo. deda, ana holi, rogorc werdnen, „niu-iorkis salonebis mSveneba“, qmris alkoholizmisa da Tavawyvetili cxovrebisagan ise iyo gamofituli, rom mas bavSvebTan urTierTobis Tavi aRar hqonda. eleonors mamasTan werilebiT uwevda urTierToba. rva wlis asakSi eleonors difteriiT gardaecvala deda da umcrosi Zma, elioti, ori wlis Semdeg – „akrZaluli“ mama. mama, romelic xandaxan ZaRlebTan erTad aseirnebda, Semdeg ki saaTobiT alodinebda romelime gasarTobi dawesebulebis karTan. amis miuxedavad, Zalze Zvirfasi iyo igi eleonorisTvis, mis gardacvalebasTan erTad ki axal garemoSi mouwia gadasvla: jer dedis dedasTan – meri livingston ladlousTan, romlis warCinebul saxlSi ganaTlebuli, daxvewili garemo da lamis sicocxlisaTvis saxifaTo cxovrebis wesi daxvda: ojaxis qalebi mas enebsa da istorias aswavlidnen, mamakacebi „dardimanduli“ cxovrebiT cxovrobdnen da zogjer isec momxdara, romelime nasvam biZas sagvareulo parkSi Semosuli stumrisTvis Tofidan usvria. amnairma bavSvobam mZime kvali datova gogonaze: mas mTeli cxovrebis manZilze axsenebda Tavs depresia. eleonor ruzvelti mamasTan, eliot ruzveltTan (1860-1894) erTad

qalebi 15 wlis asakSi eleonori londonis saukeTeso qalTa pansionSi, alensvudis akademiaSi, gagzavnes sami wliT. skolis frangi damaarsebeli da direqtori, mari suvestri, sruliad gansakuTrebuli, damoukideblad moazrovne, socialurad mgrZnobiare qali iyo da Tan eleonoris mimarT did yuradRebas iCenda – albaT, is iyo eleonoris erT-erTi udidesi inspiratori da avtoriteti, romelTanac Semdeg ramdenime weli xSiri mimowera SeinarCuna, suvestris gardacvalebis Semdegac ki swerda mas werilebs da fotosuraTTan uwyobda, romelic mudam sawer magidaze edga. eleonori suvestris mzrunvelobas droze adre moaSores bebiis daJinebiT: eleonori 18 wlis gaxda da, niu-iorkis maRali wris wesisamebr, sazogadoebisaTvis (da, almari suvestri baT, potenciuri saqmrosaTvis) misi gacnobis dro (1830-1905) dadga. Tumca, eleonorma da misma Soreulma naTesavma – franklin delano ruzveltma erTmaneTi momdevno wels aRmoaCines da dainiSnen. isini ruzveltebis erT Stos, magram sxvadasxva ganStoebas miekuTvnebodnen. XVII saukuneSi evropidan amerikis kontinentisaken manamde arnaxuli raodenobis xalxi daiZra. eseni metwilad evropidan devnili an gamoqceuli protestantebi iyvnen. holandielebi am nakadis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgendnen. maT didi roli Seasrules niu-iorkis ganviTarebaSi. aq, manhetenze, dRevandeli Empire State Building-is adgilas SeiZines niderlandidan Camosulma ruzveltebma miwebi, Semdeg ki iq maTi didi saxli idga. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ruzveltebi amerikis uZveles, pirvelmosaxleTa aristokratias miekuTvnebodnen. am politikurma dinastiam erTdroulad misca qveyanas araerTi gamorCeuli figura, maT Soris, ori prezidenti, swored im xarisxis amerikelebi, romlebic qveyanas ideebisa da Tavisufali adamianis msaxurebiT Zerwavdnen. roca 1876 wels Teodor ruzvelti, amerikis 26-e da usayvarlesi prezidenti, harvardis unverisitetSi Sedioda, mamamisma, eleonoris babuam, ase daariga: „jer Sens zneobaze izrune, Semdeg – janmrTelobaze, mere – swavlaze“. bolos eleonor ruzvelti alensvudis akademiaSi da bolos swored Teodor ruzvelti iyo, visac pativi ergo maunt

eleonor ruzvelti

eleonor da franklin ruzveltebi

raSmorze amerikis sami diadi „mamis“ – vaSingtonis, jefersonisa da linkolnis – gverdiT qvaSi amoekveTaT. rac Seexeba col-qmar ruzveltebs, amerikis istoriaSi isini erTmaneTs mniSvnelobiT ar Camouvardebian da Tu delano ruzveltis wvlili imTaviTve iyo gansazRvruli, rogorc prezidentisa, eleonor ruzveltis roli sruliad gamorCeulia. safiqrebelia, rom col-qmars maTi STamagonebeli erT-erTi figura ojaxSi eguleboda – Teodor ruzvelti, qmediTi, mxne, patiosani da idealisti politikosi, nobelis premiis laureati mSvidobis dargSi, mwerali, odesRac – samxedro piric. ruzvelti, rogorc aSS-is mdidari elitis warmomadgeneli, Tavidan respublikuri partiis wevri iyo, romelic istoriulad mdidari amerikelebis finansur interess icavs, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi Teodorma gaacnobiera, rom didi kapitalis zemoqmedeba politikaze TviT demokratiis principebs ewina-

Teodor ruzvelti (1858-1919)

1912 wels Tedi ruzveltma respublikuri partia gaxliCa da mesame politikuri Zala daaarsa – progresuli/progresistuli partia, romelsac, samwuxarod, didxans ar uarsebia. progresistebis programa marTlac saocrad mowinave iyo imdroindeli msofliosTvis, kerZod: muSaTaTvis profkavSirebSi gaerTianebis ufleba; saarCevno kampaniebisTvis Tanxebis SezRudva; qalebisTvis saarCevno uflebis miniWeba; rvasaaTiani samuSao dRe; sawarmoebSi mkurnalobis xarjebis anazRaureba, janmrTelobis dazRveva; umuSevrobis dazRveva; bavSvTa da qalTa socialuri dacva; emigrantebis ufleba, „amerikisagan SesaZleblobebis kuTvnili wili mieRoT“. Tedi ruzveltis saxels dRemde erTdroulad iCemeben amerikeli konservatorebi da liberalebi, memarjveneebi da memarcxeneebi.

qalebi aRmdegeba – „Cveni saxelmwifoebriobis umTavresi mizani am uxilavi mTavrobis mospoba, uzneo biznesisa da uzneo politikis arawminda kavSiris aRkveTaa“. 1905 wlis martSi, eleonoris da franklin delano ruzveltis jvriswerisas, ZmisSvili (raki mama, elioti, cocxali ar iyo) sakurTxevelTan swored Tedi ruzveltma miiyvana da moswrebulad aRniSna: „kargia, rom gvari ojaxSi rCeba“. ojaxSi mxolod gvari ar darCenila. brwyinvale wyvilma, romelic piradi cxovrebis qartexilebis miuxedavad, mudam inarCunebda megobrul, partniorul grZnobas, saerTo naTesavisgan memkvidreobiT miiRo idealebi – xalxis, adamianis, moqalaqis msaxurebis movaleoba, misdami socialuri pasuxismgebloba. franklin delano ruzvelti TeTr saxlSi 1933 wels Sevida, umZimes dros, rodesac qveyana didi depresiis pikze imyofeboda, inflaciis, umuSevrobis, ganuxreli ekonomikuri vardnis mdgomareobaSi, romelmac erTnairad daTrguna qveynis mdidari da Raribi mosaxleoba. Semdegi 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi, socialuri da finansuri reformebis, proeqtebisa da saxelmwifo regulaciebis

wyalobiT, ruzveltis (romelsac kidev sami vadiT airCevs amerikeli xalxi) administraciam viTarebas TandaTanobiT misca is kalapoti, romelic 40-ian wlebSi qveyanas mTlianad gamoiyvans am krizisidan. am axal politikas NEW DEAL – axali garigeba, sakuTar xalxTan axali SeTanxmebis dadeba ewoda. eleonor ruzvelti, rogorc qali da rogorc liberalurad da socialurad moazrovne pirovneba, axal garigebas sakuTar ganzomilebas hmatebda. franklin delano ruzveltis RonisZiebebs Soris iyo bunebis konservaciis samoqalaqo korpusi (Civilian Conservation Corps) – umuSevari mamakacebis dasasaqmeblad SemuSavebuli programa, romelic „or kurdRels erTad iWerda“ – asaqmebda adamianebs da bunebrivi resursebis movla-patronobis masStabebsac aasmagebda. eleonor ruzveltma gaacnobiera, rom samoqalaqo garemosdacviTi korpusi ar iTvaliswinebda qalebis problemebs da amave programis farglebSi umuSevar qalTa banakebis (She-SheShe Camps) gaxsnis iniciatori gaxda. ruzveltis prezidentobis 12-wlian periodSi eleonorma 300-ze meti preskonferencia gamarTa TeTr saxlSi qali JurnalistebisaTvis, romelTac informaciaze xelovnurad, angariSgauwevlobiTa da upativcemulo damokidebulebiT uzRudavdnen wvdomas mamakaci politikosebi.

eleonor ruzvelti

umuSevarTa protesti didi depresiis dros

1936 wels eleonori, pirveli ledi, romelic Jurnalistis profesias xSirad iyenebda sakuTari ideebisa Tu qmris politikis mxardsaWerad, Jurnalistebis profkavSiris wevri gaxda da advili warmosadgenia, rogor gaabraza amerikeli amomrCevlis konservatiuli nawili. rac yvelaze sainteresoa, frensis perkinzs, romelic franklin ruzveltma Sromis sakiTxebSi mdivnad daniSna da amgvarad, igi prezidentis kabinetis pirveli wevri qali gaxda, eleonori didad arasdros swyalobda. Tumca rodesac ruzveltis gardacvalebis Semdeg igi am Tanamdebobidan gadaayenes, eleonorma misi wasvla qalTa saqmisaTvis did danaklisad gamoacxada, Tavis tradiciul sagazeTo svetSi ki dawera: „qali yovelTvis ukeT gauZRveba im saqmes, romelsac xeli mohkida, vidre mamakaci. dRes ministrTa kabinetSi qali aRar gvyavs, magram momavalSi aucileblad gveyoleba“.

Civilian Conservation Corps-is saagitacio posteri

eleonor ruzvelti umuSevar qalTa banakSi

1939 wels qalTa organizaciam, saxelwodebiT „amerikuli revoluciis Svilebi“, Tavis RonisZiebaSi monawileobaze uari uTxra cnobil Savkanian amerikel kontraltos – merion andersons. eleonor ruzveltma aRSfoTebis Semcveli depeSa ar akmara organizatorebs. male andersoni TeTr saxlSi miiwvia, gansakuTrebuli stumrebis – inglisis mefisa da dedoflis winaSe gamosasvleeleonor ruzvelti da frensis perkinzi (1880-1965)

qalebi lad, Semdeg ki qalTa am organizacias wevrobis baraTi ukan daubruna. Tavis yovelkvireul sagazeTo svetSi „Cemi dRe“ ki milionobiT amerikel mkiTxvels, romlis didi nawilisTvis rasobrivi segregacia jerac yoveldRiurobis nawili iyo, ganucxada: „wevrad darCena momdxarze Tanxmobis niSani iqneboda, amitom organizaciidan wamovedi“. „sruliad aSkaraa, rom Cvenze dabla mdgar adamianebTan qristianulad ar viqceviT, – werda eleonor ruzvelti Tavis erTerT wignSi, – aq vxedavT, rom demokratiis warmatebisTvis iseTi religiac ki Zalian mniSvnelovania, romelic gvavaldebulebs, moyvasis keTildReobis saWiroebebisadmi Rrma interesiT vicxovroT. Cven, ra Tqma unda, erTgvar revolucias gavdivarT axla da gacilebiT did azrs vdebT xalxis, rogorc erTianobis, mimarT socialur pasuxismgeblobaSi. bevris miRweva moxerxda imiT, rom Cvenma mTavrobam socialur pirobebTan dakavSirebiT sakuTari pasuxismgebloba aRiara. magram jer kidev aRiarebas moiTxovs zogi fundamenturi faqti. aSkara unda iyos, rom demokratiaSi yvela bavSvs unda mieces usafrTxoebis minimaluri standarti – Tanabari SesaZleblobebis misaRwevad, rac demokratiis saZirkvelia. es iseTi ekonomikuri donis miRwevas gulisxmobs, romlis dabla arc erTi adamiani ar unda daeSvas – am donesa da cxovrebis minimalur xarjs Soris mudam samarTlianad da stabilurad unda iqnes wonasworoba daculi“.

eleonor ruzvelti da merion andersoni

eleonor ruzveltis wigni `Cemi dRe~

1940 wels ruzveltis administraciam did industriul qalaqebSi milionobiT dolaris Cadeba daiwyo, magaliTad, detroitSi, samanqano mrewvelobaSi. Zalian male ki amerika meore msoflio omSi CaerTveba da prezidenti evropeli mokavSireebis daxmarebis aucileblobaze daiwyebs saubars. misi TqmiT, amerikis industriulma Zalmosilebam Tavisufali samyaro unda daicvas. izolacionistebi mas did winaaRmdegobas uweven, magram prezidenti antihitleruli koaliciis daxmarebas materialurad da iaraRiT upirebs da am didi sawarmoo Zalisxmevis talRa milionobiT amerikels asaqmebs. arsebiTad, es didi depresiis ufskrulidan amosasvleladac mZlavri nabiji gamodga.

eleonor ruzvelti

meore msoflio omis dros samxedro warmoebad gadakeTebuli detroitis samanqano warmoeba

leon basi

erTianad, 40-ian wlebSi, 1.5 milioni „Savi“ amerikeli daiZra samxreTis Statebidan CrdiloeTis industriuli centrebisaken. Tumca, did qalaqebSi Casulebs, samsaxurebSic ki, maT kvlav diskriminacia da meorexarisxovani adamianebis roli ergoT. eleonor ruzveltis xma qveynis samoqalaqo aqtivistebis protests SeuerTdeba: nuTu saxelmwifo, romelic nacizmis dasamarcxeblad evropaSi asobiT aTas Savkanians agzavnis, sakuTar qveyanaSi maT fundamentur uflebebs ver daicavs? arc evropaSi, sasaklaoze gagzavnilebs daxvdaT ukeTesi garemo – „mSieri, ganrisxebuli axlagazrda Savi jariskaci viyavi. vgrZnobdi, rom Cemi qveyana miyenebda, Tan Seuracxmyofda da meubneboda, „leon, Rirsi ar xar, is sikeTeebi Seirgo, risTvisac aq ibrZvi!“ (leon basi, omis veterani). „ra xarisxis demokratia gvaqvs? – kiTxulobs eleonori am periodSi daweril eseSi, – an Cvens ekonomikur sistemas yvela adamianis saWiroebas movargebT, an ukiduresad gagviWirdeba brZola... hitlers missave TamaSSi ver davamarcxebT“. da yvela Tavis radio Tu telegamosvlaSi, wignebSi, romlebsac dawers, namdvili amerikis Rirebulebebs qomagobs, imas, ris dasamkvidreblad, swored ideidan da ara gvartomobrivi erTobis safuZvelze, Seiqmna es diadi qveyana; amerikel xalxTan axali garigebis sikeTeebs – uflebas sacxovrisze, ganaTlebaze, samuSaoze – yvela jgufi erTnairad unda imkides – miaCnda eleonors.

filip rendolfi TeTr saxlSi, linkolnis qandakebasTan

qalebi

filip rendolfi da eleonor ruzvelti

franlkin ruzveltis mier xelmowerili #8802 brZaneba

1940 wels amerikelma Savkanianma aqtivistebma, filip rendolfis meTaurobiT, aTasobiT Savkaniani demonstranti miiyvanes TeTr saxlTan mas Semdeg, rac prezidentma ruzveltma uaryo maTi moTxovna, ukanonod gamocxadebuliyo kanis feriT diskriminacia Tavdacvis sferoSi samuSaoze miRebisas. maSin eleonorma mTel qveyanaSi daiwyo mogzauroba Savkanian aqtivistebTan gasacnobad da maTi ndobac moipova. maT dayoliebasac Seecada qmris interesebis sasargeblod (cnobili iyo, rom vaSingtonSi 100 000-iani manifestaciis mowyoba da sxva amnairi RonisZiebebi mzaddeboda), magram ukan dabrunebulma erTaderTi is informacia Cautana frankln ruzvelts, rom mxolod antidiskriminaciuli kanoni aaridebda qveyanas areulobas. prezidentis brZaneba 8802 (qveynis Tavdacvis warmoebaSi rasobrivi diskriminaciis ukanonod gamocxadebis Sesaxeb) iyo precedenti, romelsac qveynis Semdegdroindeli antidiskriminaciuli kanonebi daefuZna. „marSis saWiroebas veRar vxedavT“, miiRo eleonorma rendolfisgan samadlobeli telegrama. sam weliwadSi sawarmoo Zala Savkaniani moqalaqeebis xarjze eqvsi procentiT gaizarda, Savkanianebs pirvelad gaexsnaT gza maRalanazRaurebadi samuSaosken. amave dros eleonors vinme s.b. eligzanderisgan, tenesis Statidan, aseTi Sinaarsis werilic miuRia: „Cven, samxreTelebi, vicnobT zangebs; viciT, rogor vakontroloT es xalxi. ar gvZuls eseni. ise veqceviT, rogorc yvelgan eqcevian, sanam TavianTi adgili ician, magram yovelTvis unda gvax-

1943 wlis quCis Setakebebi detroitSi

eleonor ruzvelti

sovdes, rom arseboben meorexarisxovani, mdabali adamianebi, iseve, rogorc arian mdabali cxovelebi. Tqvenc iciT – arseboben jiSiani ZaRlebi, jiSiani pirutyvi, jiSiani Rori da a.S.“ detroitSi rasobriv niadagze dapirspireba ufro da ufro mZimdeboda. 1943 wels qalaqSi quCis Setakebebi daiwyo. policiisa Tu brbos sisastikem eleonors Tavzari dasca. „guli mtkiva, – werda igi. – radgan Cvenma xalxma Cveni Tavi nacistebs gauTanabra.“ – Semdeg ki – „mSvidobiani samyarosTvis mzadeba ver daiwyeba, Tu gonebas ar gavixsniT, samarTlis saqmnelad Cvens qveyanaSi gambedaobas ar gamoviCenT, maSinac ki, Tu es Cveni tradiciuli azrovnebis Secvlis, zogi CvenganisTvis ki materialur interesebze uaris Tqmis tolfasi iqneba“. pirad saubrebSi ki nacnobebisaTvis eleonors uTqvams, rom es saTqmelis is maqsimumi iyo, rac franklins misaRebad miaCnda, radgan omTan dakavSirebul kanonebSi samxreTeli kongresmenebis mxardaWera esaWiroeboda. 1945 wlis 12 aprils franklin delano ruzvelti gardaicvala. qveyanam didi pativiT dakrZala erTaderTi prezidenti, rome-

prezidentebi hari trumeni da franklin ruzvelti

lic meoTxe vadiT darCa TeTr saxlSi. eleonors misi gardacvalebis ambis gagebisas uTqvams: „Cems Tavze metad me Cvens qveyanas TanavugrZnob“. axla prezidenti hari trumeni iyo, romelmac winamorbedis pativsacemad ocdaaTi dRiT dauSva qveynis droSa TeTr saxlze, romelic manamde uxmaurod da mokrZalebulad datova eleonor ruzveltma. Jurnalistebs interviuze uari uTxra: „is ambavi dasrulda“. mogvianebiT werda (arc franklinis arCevisas yofila aRfrTovanebuli sajaro cxovrebis pers-

eleonor ruzvelti da prezidenti hari trumeni franklin ruzveltis saflavTan

qalebi peqtiviT, amaSi Tavisi pirovnuli ganviTarebisaTvis safrTxes xedavda): „adre iseTi gancda mqonda, TiTqos sadRac, Cems gareT, prezidentis colis figura myavda „aRmarTuli“... axla Cemsave TavSi davikarge“.

eleonor ruzvelti da rene kaseni

Carlz maliki

eleonori SedarebiT mSvidi cxovrebis dawyebas apirebda, magram TeTri saxlidan wasvlis momentSi, prezident ruzveltis meuRlis rolisagan damoukideblad, ukve Zalze gavleniani politikuri figura iyo. eleonors moswonda prezidenti trumeni. maT miwer-moweraSi Cans, rom igi gakvirvebuli iyo, Tu ra cota ram icoda Turme trumenma sagareo politikaze, magram kritikis magier, misi daxmareba surda. axalma prezidentma icoda, rom Tu ruzveltis saqmis gamgrZeleblis saxels eZebda (man ki marTlac gamoacxada Tavi misi politikis gamgrZeleblad), maSin eleonor ruzvelts advilad ar unda Seleoda, amitom dauyovnebliv daiTxova Tavisi mTavari TanaSemwe – edi makkimi, romelsac eleonoris rolis dakninebis mcdeloba Seatyo: makkimma gankarguleba gasca, yofili pirveli ledisaTvis dagvianebiT gamogzavnili samZimris werilebisTvis aRar epasuxaT. Tavad ki siamovnebiT da interesiT agrZelebda eleonor ruzveltTan miwer-moweras da yuradRebiT ecnoboda mis gamocdilebas, romelic eleonors samoqalaqo uflebebis damcvelis sarbielze, diplomatiuri da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli misiebis aRsrulebisas dagroveboda. Zalian male yofili pirveli ledi im samSvidobo organizaciis yoveldRiur muSaobaSi CarTo, romlis Seqmnac ruzveltebs meore msoflio omis dros surdaT. iaponiis qalaqebSi atomuri bombebis afeTqebis Semdeg eleonor ruzvelti werda: kacobriobam unda iswavlos saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis mSvidobianad mog-

eleonor ruzvelti

vareba an unda Seeguos azrs, rom erTxelac veRar gaiRviZebs. imave 1945 wels trumenma mas axalSeqmnil gaeroSi aSS-is delegatoba SesTavaza. konservatiuli Zalebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen eleonorisaTvis – liberalis, qalis, SavkanianTa da seqsualur umciresobaTa qomagisaTvis aseTi mniSvnelovani rolis miniWebas, magram 1948 wels is am organizaciaSi ukve adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis miRebas Tavmjdomareobda. deklaraciis teqstze kanadeli iuristi da mecnieri jon hemfri, frangi iuristi rene kaseni, libaneli filosofosi maliki da ramdenime rusi diplomati muSaobdnen. eleonori maT samuSao process warmarTavda da formulirebebs amartivebda. rogorc erT-erTi avtori wers, mas is Tvisebebi hqonda, romelTa erToblioba gacilebiT ukeTes muSakad aqcevda, vidre masze safuZvliani akademiuri ganaTlebis mqone komisiis wevrebs. aqve imis damatebac ar iqneba zedmeti, rom eleonori mudam sakuTari moraluri principebisamebr cdilobda samuSao procesis warmarTvas. *** eleonoris danatovars Sorisaa 555 statia, 27 wigni da 8000 sagazeTo sveti – 1935-dan 1962 wlamde, anu mTeli darCenili cxovreba eleonori sxvadasxva gazeTSi TiTqmis yoveldRe werda svets „Cemi dRe“. manamde arcerT pirvel ledis ar gamouyenebia msgavsi xerxi sakuTari idealebis warmosaCenad. eleonors ki, safiqrebelia, ideebi, Sefasebebi, nafiqralic sxvebze gacilebiT meti hqonda da Tan ruzveltis „axali garigebis“ arsic xom es iyo – axali, axleburi xarisxis urTierToba moqalaqeebTan. 1959 wels gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom eleonor ruzvelti msoflios yvelaze aRiarebul da sayvarel qalebs Soris pirvel adgilze iyo. mas asaxelebdnen XX saukunis yvelaze gavlenian adamianebs Soris. prezidentma trumenma franklin ruzveltis gardacvalebis Semdeg mas „mTeli msoflios pirveli ledi“ uwoda. frenk sinatras misTvis ukiTxavs, erTi sityvis datoveba rom SegZlebodaT samyarosTvis, ra iqneboda es sityvao, „imedi, – sakmaod moulodnelad upasuxia ruzvelts, – Cvens samyaroSi yvelaze daviwyebuli sityva“. albaT – adamianis imedi, icxovros ufro dacul, ufro Rirseul da adamianur msoflioSi da mudam hqondes am winsvlis imedi. eleonor ruzvelti adamianebis msaxuri iyo bednierebisa da Rirsebisaken maT marad swrafvaSi. frenk sinatrasTan erTad

gamogonebebi

nikola teslas

didebuli da uiRblo cxovreba

mixeil WabukaSvili

didebuli da amave dros tanjuli cxovrebis miwuruls didi serbi fizikosi, inJineri da gamomgonebeli nikola tesla srul siRatakeSi, niu-iorkis erT-erTi sastumros patara oTaxSi cxovrobda. uRimRamo dReebs axlomdebare parkSi atarebda, sadac mravlad iyvnen misi usayvarlesi arsebebi – mtredebi. uZilo Rameebs maTematikuri gantolebebis amoxsnasa da samecniero problemebze fiqrSi aTenebda. 1943 wels tesla gardaicvala, magram misi eqscentriuli cxovreba kidev didxans abnevda mecnierebsa da swavlulebs. saocaria, magram yvela misi gamogoneba missave warmosaxvaSi daibada da daixvewa. teslas sjeroda, rom ganumeorebeli goneba hqonda da xSirad ar eTanxmeboda Tavis Tanamedroveebs, magaliTad, saxelganTqmul amerikel gamomgonebels – Tomas alva edisons, romelTanac is erT dros muSaobda. „Tivis zvinSi nemsis mosaZebnad edisoni futkris gulmodginebiT gadaqeqavda Calis saTiTao Rers iqamde, vidre nemss ipovida. xSirad viyavi misi aseTi qcevis mwuxare mowme, arada erT patara Teorias da gamoTvlas misi Sromis 90 procentis dazogva SeeZlo“, – werda tesla. miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba teslas Tanamedrove mecnierebs samecniero niWi akldaT (teslasve SefasebiT), magram edisoni da jorj vestinghauzi aSkarad flobdnen erT iseT Tvisebas, rac teslas ar hqonda – biznesSi gamWriaxobas. amerikis e. w. mooqrovili xanis bolos nikola teslas Zalisxmevam samudamod Secvala komunikaciebisa da eleqtrogadamcemebis momavali mTel msoflioSi. man moaxerxa da daarwmuna amerikeli bankiri jon pirpont morgani, rom raRac didi teqnologiuri aRmoCenis zRvarze iyo da amisaTvis Tanxa sWirdeboda; morganma teslas marTlac misca 150 000 aSS dolari, romliTac niu-iorkSi, long-ailendis SuagulSi, daiwyo giganturi, futuristuli da gansacvifrebeli koSkis mSenebloba. saqme isaa, rom 1898 wels teslam SeimuSava gegma, Seeqmna msoflio masStabis ukabelo gadacemis sistema, risTvisac man morganis fuliT zemoT xsenebuli nageboba – vordenklifis koSki aago; es koSki teslas bolo Sansi iyo aRiarebisa da simdidris mosapoveblad, rac mas mudmivad aklda...

nikola tesla

Tomas alva edisoni (1847-1931) – amerikis udidesi gamomgonebeli da mewarme. man Seqmna fonografi, telegrafis, telefonis, kinoaparaturis yvelaze daxvewili formebi, yvelaze srulyofili eleqtronaTura. mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra dRevandeli industrializebuli samyaro. edisoni iyo pirveli gamomgonebeli, romelmac gamogonebebisaTvis SemoiRo organizebuli samecniero gunduri muSaoba, daamkvidra mravali mkvlevrisa da TanamSromlis erToblivi muSaoba. Seqmna pirveli kvleviTi labratoria.

jorj vestinghauzi (1846-1914) – amerikeli inJineri, gamomgonebeli, eleqtroindustriis pioneri.

nikola tesla daibada 1856 wlis 10 ivliss avstria-ungreTis imperiis sofel smilianSi, Tanamedrove xorvatiis teritoriaze, serbul ojaxSi; mama, saxelad milutini, serbeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mRvdeli iyo; dedas skolac ar hqonda damTavrebuli, magram Zalian gonieri qali iyo. nikola sul raRac Svidi wlisa iyo, rodesac mis cxovrebaSi iseTi ram moxda, ramac mTeli misi cxovreba Secvala – sakuTari TvaliT naxa ufrosi Zmis, danis, tragikuli sikvdili – jiriTisas cxenidan gadmovarda da daiRupa. tragediis Semdeg teslas wlebis ganmavlobaSi awuxebda xilvebi, TiTqos irgvliv cecxlis enebi ertya. ymawvilobisas nikolam am xilvebis kontroli iswavla, Tumca wlebis Semdeg xilvebma kvlav Seaxsena Tavi. nikolas pataraobidan hqonda ucnauri, akviatebuli azrebi, romlebic garSemomyofT sagonebelSi agdebda. SeeZlo zepirad moeTxro mTliani wigni da daemaxsovrebina logariTmuli cxrilebi. advilad swavlobda enebs da SeeZlo gadabmulad emuSava dReebisa da Rameebis ganmavlobaSi ise, rom mxolod ramdenime saaTi daeZina. 19 wlis asakSi eleqtroinJineriis swavla daiwyo avstriis qalaq gracis politeqnikur institutSi, sadac swrafad miiqcia yuradReba da namdvili varskvlavi gaxda. erTxel cxare debatebSi CaerTo profesorTan leqciaze, gansaxilvelad Setanil mudmivi denis (DC) ZravSi arsebuli xarvezebis Sesaxeb. „problemasTan SeWidebis Semdeg sul vnasaxli smilianSi, sadac daibada nikola tesla

gamogonebebi nobdi, rom brZola Zalian male mTavrdeboda, – werda mogvianebiT tesla, – Zalian bevri Tavisufali energia mqonda. rodesac raime davalebas Cems Tavze viRebdi, gadaWras ar vudgebodi ise, rogorc adamianTa umetesoba. CemTvis es wminda fici iyo, sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi. vicodi, rom warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi daviRupebodi. axla vgrZnob, rom brZola movige. gamosavali yovelTvis imaleboda Rrmad, tvinis miyruebul kunWulebSi“. cxovrebis momdevno eqvsi weli teslam eleqtromagnitur velebsa da cvlad denze momuSave hipoTetur Zravze fiqrebSi gaatara. igi am fiqrebiT Zlier iyo Sepyrobili da uWirda sauniversiteto mecadineobaze gadarTva. universitetis profesorma mamamisi gaafrTxila kidec, rom nikolas muSaobisa da Zilis araswori Cvevebi TandaTanobiT klavda. swavlis dasrulebis magivrad, tesla azartulma TamaSebma gaitaca, TamaSebze damokidebuli gaxda, swavlis mTeli fuli waago, universiteti miatova, rasac nervuli aSlilobac daemata, rac cxovrebis manZilze, sxva drosac Seawuxebs.

nikola teslas mSoblebi – milutini da duka tesla

nevrozis damarcxebis Semdeg, 1881 wels, tesla budapeStSi gadasaxlda. erT mSvenier dRes is qalaqis erT parkSi megobarTan erTad seirnobda, Tan aqtiurad ganixilavdnen poezias, rodesac raRac idea mouvida. iqve, parkSi, nikolam miwaze joxiT daxaza diagrama – Zrava, romelic ori an meti cvladi denis mier warmoqmnil mbrunavi magnituri velis princips iyenebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom cvladi deni ukve gamoiyeneboda, is sakmaod arapraqtikuli iyo; tesla cvlad denze momuSave Zravebze iqamde muSaobda, vidre sabolood, ramdenime wlis Semdeg, safrangeTSi muSaobisas, induqciuri Zrava ar gamoigona, rac im drois namdvili miRweva iyo. 1884 wlis ivnisSi tesla niu-iorkSi gaemgzavra. jibeSi edo mxolod oTxi centi da misi yofili damsaqmeblis, Carl beCeloris, sarekomendacio werili Tavis megobar Tomas edisonisadmi, sadac ewera: „Zvirfaso edison, cxovrebaSi mxolod or diad adamians vicnob. erTi maTgani Tqven xarT, meore ki es axalgazrda kacia!“.

axalgazrda nikola tesla serbul nacionalur tansacmelSi

nikola tesla

Sexvedra Sedga da mas Semdeg, rac teslam sakuTari sainJinro gamocdileba aRwera, miuxedavad skepticizmisa, edisonma samuSaod mainc aiyvana. rogorc tesla ixsenebda, edisonma mas 50 000 aSS dolari SesTavaza, Tuki mis sasargeblod, misi saxeliT daxvewda mudmivi denis (DC) sadgurebs. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg teslam amerikel gamomgonebels acnoba, rom es marTla SeZlo edisonis Zravebze dayrdnobiT. tesla ixsenebda, rom edisonma fulis gadaxdaze uari uTxra. „rodesac srulfasovani amerikeli gaxdebi, daafaseb amerikul xumrobas“, – uTxra mas edisonma. amis Semdeg teslam edisoni dauyovnebliv miatova da samuSao daiwyo arxebis gamTxrelad, raSic dReSi 2 dolars uxdidnen. Tumca, mis mier Seqmnili cvladi denis (AC) ZraviT male dainteresda Western Union Company, romelmac tesla samuSaod miiwvia laboratoriaSi, romelic edisonis ofisis axlos mdebareobda. swored am laboratoriaSi Seqmna teslam cvladi denis (AC) energiis sistemebi, romlebic dRemde gamoiyene-

axalgazrda nikola tesla

ba mTel msoflioSi. „Zravebi, romlebic iq Sevqmeni, swored iseTi iyo, rogorebsac warmovidgendi. dizainis gaumjobeseba arc micdia, ubralod frTebi Sevasxi im suraTebs, romlebmac Cems gonebaSi gaielva; isini ise muSaobda, rogorc yovelTvis warmomedgina“, – ambobda tesla.

saxlebsa Tu qarxnebSi eleqtroenergiis miwodeba cvladi denis (AC) meSveobiT xdeba (gansxvavebiT saTamaSoebisa da telefonebisgan, romelTa denis wyaroc aris mudmivi deniT (DC) momaragebuli patara batareebi), rac niSnavs, rom deni mimarTulebas wamSi 60-jer icvlis. Sesabamisad, Tu gvinda saxlSi, magaliTad, sayofacxovrebo teqnikisTvis Zrava cvladi deniT movamaragoT, maSin mudmivi denis Zravisgan gansxvavebuli Zrava unda gamoviyenoT. swored aseTi induqciuri Zrava Seqmna nikola teslam. mudmivi deni aris erTi mimarTulebis da erTi Zalis mqone eleqtruli muxti. misi upirvelesi magaliTia eleqtroqimiuri batarea.

Tomas alva edisoni da Carlz beCelori

gamogonebebi teslam Tavis AC Zravebi da eleqtroenergetikuli sistemebi daapatenta; ambobdnen, rom es yvelaze Rirebuli gamogonebebi iyo telefonis Semdeg. maleve jorj vestinghauzma, mixvda ra, rom teslas gamogonebebi SeiZleba swored is yofiliyo, rac edisonis mudmivi denis „CamogdebisTvis“ sWirdeboda, misi patentebis licenzia 60 000 dolarad iyida, raTa Semdeg eleqtroenergiis gayidva gaadvileboda. maT Soris iyo sapatento uflebebi teslas cvladi denis dinamoebis mravalfaziani sistemebis, transformatorebisa da Zravebis gamoyenebisaTvis. vestinghauzis mizani edisonis mudmivi denis sistemebis titanur ZalauflebasTan SebrZoleba iyo. sabolood teslasa da vestinghauzis cvladi denis midgomam moigo „denebis omi“, magram es vestinghauzis kompanias edisonis kompania General Electric Company-sTan dapirispirebisa da konkurenciis fasad daujda. gakotrebis SiSiT, vestinghauzma teslas masTan gaformebuli salicenzio SeTanxmebis Semsubuqeba sTxova. „Sens gadawyvetilebaze iqneba damokidebuli Westinghouse Company-s bedi“, – uTxra man teslas. tesla misi madlieri iyo, radgan vestinghauzs mis-

nikola tesla sakuTar laboratoriaSi cdis Catarebisas

gan arasodes ucdia raime gamoeZala. amitom salicenzio kontraqti mouxsna, riTac, faqtobrivad, uari Tqva im milionebze, ra odenobis misi valic vestinghauzs ukve hqonda da im miliardebze, romelsac is momavalSi am licenziiT miiRebda da namdvilad gaxdeboda msoflios umdidresi adamiani, mooqrovili xanis titani. amis Semdeg teslam sakuTari laboratoria Seqmna, sadac mas ukve sruliad Tavisuflad SeeZlo muSaoba. 1890-ian wlebSi tesla cnobil mweral mark tvens daumegobrda. mwerali gansakuTrebiT iyo gatacebuli teqnologiebiTa da axali gamogonebebiT. erT Rames, laboratoriaSi stumrobisas, mark tvenma erT-erTi pirveli foto gadaiRo varvarebis naTuris gamoyenebiT. 1895 wels teslam da fotografma eduard ringvud hevetma mwerali laboratoriaSi kvlav miiwvies sxva fotos gadasaRebad, risTvisac amjerad unda gamoeyenebinaT eleqtronuli mowyobiloba, saxelad kruksis mili. teslam aRmoaCina, rom gadaRebuli foto negativi iyo, zed laqebic emCneoda da CaTvala, rom foto gafuWda. ramdenime kviris Semdeg germanelma mecnierma vilhelm rentgenma msoflios amcno sakuTari aRmoCenis

nikola tesla

vilhelm rentgeni

teslas mier gadaRebuli mark tvenis foto

Sesaxeb, romelsac man X sxivebi (rentgenis sxivebi) uwoda da romelsac kruksis mili warmoqmnida. swored maSin mixvda tesla, rom mark tvenis foto sinamdvileSi gaafuWa kameris liTonis WanWikebis rentgenuli sxivebis Crdilebma. samwuxarod, rentgenma mas aRmoCenis gasajaroeba daaswro. teslas cvladi denis sistemebiT vestinghauzma 1893 wels CikagoSi gaanaTa kolumbis msoflio gamofena. am warmatebam mas moutana kontraqti – niagaris CanCqerze daamontaJa eleqtroenergiis misaRebi pirveli meqanizmebi, romlebic teslas saxelsa da sapatento nomrebs atarebda. am proeqtma 1896 wels eleqtroenergiiT moamaraga qalaqi bufalo. eleqtroenergiaze muSaoba teslas niWis gamovlinebis mxolod erTi aspeqti iyo. aSS-is moqalaqeobis miRebamde erTi wliT adre, 1891 wels, man gamoigona mZlavri eleqtromagnituri koWa, romelsac maRali Zabvisa da sixSireebis gamomuSaveba SeeZlo da iwvevda sinaTlis axal formebs, magaliTad, neonurs, fluorescenciursa da rentgenuls. es koWa dRemde gamoiyeneba teleradio mowyobilobebsa da sxva eleqtronul aRWurvilobaSi. teslam aseve aRmoaCina, rom es xviebi, romlebsac maleve uwodes „teslas xviebi“, radiotalRebis gagzavnisa da miRebis saSualebasac iZleoda. 1897 wels man saswrafod Seavso sapatento ganacxadi da cotaTi daaswro italiel gamomgonebel gilermo markonis. 1898 wels, amerika-espaneTis omis dros, tesla paralelurad muSaobda miniaturuli navis proeqtze, romlis daqoqva, gaCereba da marTvac SesaZlebeli iqneboda eleganaTebuli bufalo

gamogonebebi mentaruli radiosignalebiT. rodesac man mowyobilobis sapatento ganacxadi Seavso, aSS-is sapatento ofisma ar daijera, rom es mowyobiloba muSaobas SeZlebda da teslas manhetenis laboratoriaSi Sesamowmeblad agenti gagzavna. teslam Tavisi navi sxva mniSvnelovan mnaxvelebsac aCvena, maT Soris, bankir jon pirpont morgansa da biznesmen uiliam kisam vanderbilts. gamocema New York Post-s teslam ganucxada, rom misi gamogoneba, romelsac sabrZolo moqmedeba ise SeeZlo, rom adamianebisaTvis safrTxe ar Seeqmna, yvela saomar saSualebas moZvelebulad aqcevda. „sabrZolo gemebis warmoeba Sewydeba da yvelaze Zlevamosili saartilerio flotic ki ubralod jarTis grova gaxdeba“, – prognozirebda tesla. 1899 wlis zafxulSi kolorados Statis qalaq kolorado-springzSi teslam savele laboratoria moawyo, raTa maRla mdebare sadgurebi gamoeyenebina informaciisa da eleqtroenergiis did manZilze gadacemisaTvis. ivlisis erT dRes, Weqa-quxilze dakvirvebisas, teslas aRWurilobam xmovani signalebi daiWira. mas Semdeg, rac mzisa da miwispira mizezebi gamoricxa, teslam daaskvna, rom signalebi sxva planetidan unda yofiliyo wamosuli. momdevno Sobas, ameri-

teslas daproeqtebuli radiosignaliT marTvadi navis naxazebi

kis wiTeli jvris sazogadoebis SekiTxvaze, Tu ra SeiZleba yofiliyo momdevno saukuneebis udidesi samecniero miRweva, teslam upasuxa: „Zmebo, Cven gvaqvs Setyobineba sxva, Soreuli da ucxo planetidan. masSi weria: erTi,… ori,… sami“…. 1996 wels Catarebulma samecniero kvlevam, romelmac teslas eqsperimenti gaimeora, daaskvna, rom teslas mier saukunis win daWerili signali warmoqmnili iyo iupiteris bunebriv Tanamgzavr ios gavliT iupiteris magnitur velSi. tesla ukabelo gadacemis ideebze muSaobas ganagrZobda, rodesac usadeno msoflios idea morgans SesTavaza. mas Semdeg, rac morganma giganturi gadamcemi koSkis asagebad 150 000 dolari gamoyo, teslam dauyovnebliv daiqirava saxelganTqmuli arqiteqtori stenford uaiti, romelic niuiorkSi kompania McKim, Mead & White-isTvis muSaobda. uaiti teslas ideiT moixibla. garda amisa, tesla ukve Zlier dafasebuli kaci iyo cvlad denSi vestinghauzis mier miRweuli warmatebis gamo da Tan partniorebTan saubaric sakmaod damajereblad SeeZlo.

nikola tesla

„koSkis dasrulebisTanave biznesmens niu-iorkSi SeeZleba sakuTari instruqciebis karnaxi, rac myisierad gamoCndeba mis ofisSi, londonSi Tu msoflios nebismier adgilas, – ambobda tesla. – mas SeeZleba sakuTari ofisidan darekva da msoflios nebismier abonentTan saubari ukve arsebuli aRWurvilobis yovelgvari cvlilebis gareSe. saaTis zomis iaffasiani instrumentiT SesaZlebeli iqneba nebismier adgilas moisminos musika an simRera, politikuri lideris gamosvla, romelime gamoCenili adamianisa Tu mecnieris mimarTva, mRvdlis qadageba sul sxva, Tanac Zalian Soreuli adgilidan. amave gziT SesaZlebeli iqneba erTi adgilidan meore adgilze nebismieri suraTis, naxatisa Tu nabeWdis gadagzavna. milionobiT aseTi instrumentis muSaoba SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod erTi aseTi sawarmodan“

1901 wels uaitma swrafad daiwyo vordenklifis koSkis daproeqteba, magram mSeneblobis dawyebidan maleve naTeli gaxda, rom teslas mSeneblobis dasrulebisTvis fuli ar eyofoda. morganisTvis meti fulis Txovnam Sedegi ar gamoiRo. amasobaSi, investorebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen, rogor daefinansebinaT italieli gilermo markoni. amave wels markonim warmatebiT gagzavna radiosignali inglisidan kanadis kunZul niufaundlendze. tesla aprotestebda, rom italieli mecnieri mis 17 patents iyenebda, magram sasamarTlo davebma ganaCeni markonis sasargeblod gamoitana, ramac teslas didi komerciuli ziani miayena (sabolood, aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom teslas moTxovnebi daakmayofila, aRiara misi roli radios gamogonebaSi, magram, samwuxarod, es teslas sikvdilis Semdeg moxda). gamomdinare aqedan, italieli mecnieri radios gamomgoneblad aRiares, ramac mas didZali simdidre moutana. vordenklifis koSkis mSenebloba 56 metris simaRlemde miRwevisas Sewyda (daingra 1917 wels) da proeqti CaiSala; teslam marcxi ganicada da kvlav nervulma aSlilobam Seutia. „es ar aris ocneba. es ubralod samecniero eleqtroinJineriis ostatobaa, magram, rogorc Cans, zedmetad Zviria brma, uRimRamo, gaubedavi msofliosTvis“, – ambobda sasowarkveTili nikola tesla. 1912 wels tesla am gaubedavi samyarosgan ganmartovda da turbinebsa da sxva proeqtebze muSaobas Seudga. paralelurad, mas aSkarad hqonda obsesiur-kompulsiuri aSlilobis niSnebi da savaraudod, Zlieri autizmisac. 1915 wels teslam mZafrad ganicada, rodesac gaigo, rom mcdari aRmoCnda cnoba, rom mas da edisons nobelis premia misces. tesla sisufTaviT Sepyrobili gaxda da aikviata cifri sami; adamianebs samjer arTmevda xels da Semdeg samjer ibanda. sadilis dros magidaze unda hqonoda 18 xelsaxoci, siarulisas ki, sadac ar unda wasuliyo, yovelTvis iTvlida nabijebs. ambobda, rom aranormalurad grZnobda xmebs, hqonda mZafri mxedveloba; mogvianebiT ki werda, rom hqonda sastiki zizRi qalis sayureebis mimarT, margalitebis danaxva ki TiTqmis acofebda. sicocxlis miwuruls teslam mtredebi amoiCema, gansakuTrebiT, erTi TeTri, dedali mtredi, romelic, rogorc Tavad ambobda, adamianiviT uyvarda. „es mtredi ise miyvarda, rogorc kacs qali; masac vuyvardi. rodesac is myavda, Cems cxovrebas azri hqonda“. ambobda, rom erT Rames, sastumros oT-

gamogonebebi axSi, mis fanjaraSi es TeTri mtredi Sefrinda da aniSna, rom kvdeboda. mogvianebiT tesla ambobda, rom mtredis TvalebSi man sinaTlis ori Zlieri sxivi dainaxa. „diax, namdvili sinaTle iyo, mZlavri, TvalismomWreli, damabrmavebeli sinaTle, ufro Zlieri, vidre odesme Semiqmnia laboratoriaSi Cemi yvelaze mZlavri lampebiT“. mtredi mis xelSi mokvda; rogorc gamomgonebeli ambobda, im momentSi mixvda, rom misi cxovrebac sruldeboda.

Jurnal `Taimis~ garekanze

sakuTar laboratoriaSi

niu-iorkis erT-erTi sastumros 33-e sarTulze mcxovrebi nikola tesla drodadro axal ambebSic Cndeboda. yoveli wlis 10 ivliss, sakuTar dabadebis dReze, tesla iq preskonferencias marTavda. 1931 wels Jurnal Time-is ydaze moxvda; teslas 75-e iubilesTan dakavSirebiT JurnalSi daweres mis gamogonebebze. 79-e iubileze teslam sazogadoebas amcno jibis zomis oscilatoris gamogonebis Sesaxeb, romelsac, misi TqmiT, empair-steit-bildingis dangrevac ki SeeZlo. 1934 wels New York Times-i iuwyeboda, rom tesla „sikvdilis sxivze“ muSaobda, romelsac caSi mtris 10 000 sahaero xomaldis Camogdeba SeeZleboda. mecniers imedi hqonda, rom es prototipuli TavdacviTi iaraRi msoflio mSvidobis samsaxurSi Cadgeboda; dafinansebis TxovniT amerikel bankirs, jon pirpont morgansa da britaneTis premier-ministr nevil Cemberlens mimarTa, magram pasuxi arasodes miuRia. marTalia, 25 000 dolaris odenobiT dafinanseba sabWoTa kavSirisgan miiRo, magram proeqti mainc CaiSala. 1943 wlis 7 ianvars niu-iorkis sastumros oTaxSi, nomriT 3327, nikola tesla simartoveSi gardaicvala. cxedari sastumros mosamsaxure qalma ipova, mas Semdg, rac karze gamokrul niSans – „ar SemawuxoT“ ori dRis Semdeg yuradReba aRar miaqcia da nomerSi mainc Sevida. eqspertizis daskvniT, sikvdilis mizezi koronaruli Trombozi gaxda. 12 ianvars ori aTasamde adamiani daeswro teslas sajaro panaSvids manhetenze, wminda ioanes taZarSi. panaSvidis Semdeg teslas cxedari fernklifis sasaflaoze gadaasvenes da kremacia Cautares. 1952 wels, teslas ZmisSvilis, sava kozanoviCis ZalisxmeviT, teslas danatovari nivTebi belgradSi waiRes. 1957 wels aSS-dan serbeTis dedaqalaq belgradSi Caitanes

nikola tesla

teslas ferflic, romelic mis sayvarel geometriul figuraSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sferoSi moaTavses da dResac gamofenilia nikola teslas muzeumSi. nikola tesla udavod iyo msoflios yvela drois erT-erTi yvelaze Sorsmxedveli inJineri. is namdvili pioneri iyo mraval dargSi da misi xedva swvdeboda mzisa da zRvis energiis gamoyenebis kvlevebsac. prognozirebda planetaTSoris komunikaciebsa da xelovnur Tanamgzavrebs. misma Sromebma safuZveli daudo usadeno komunikaciebs, lazerebs, rentgenul sxivebs, radarebs, ganaTebas, robotikas da ase Semdeg. miuxedavad aseTi geniisa, tesla araerTxel aRmoCnda mZlavri korporaciebisa da xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan pirispir marto. dasanania, rom teslas dRemde ar miuRia is dafaseba, rasac realurad imsaxurebs. misi zogierTi naSromi aSS-is xelisuflebas dRemde gasaidumloebuli aqvs. sicocxlis 86 wlis ganmavlobaSi teslam daapatenta 300-ze meti gamogoneba, romelTac niadagi moumzades cvlad dens (AC), eleqtroZravebs, radioebs, fluorescenciul naTebebs, lazerebs, distanciur marTvas da sxva mraval inovacias. advili misaxvedria, rom teslas yoveli gamogoneba fundamenturi teqnologiaa, ramac Semdeg dasabami misca am teqnologiebis kidev ufro mravali mimarTulebiT ganviTarebas. rom ara tesla, Tqven albaT saxlSi arc eleqtroenergia geqnebodaT da verc am winadadebas waikiTxavdiT. teslas AC-ze dafuZnebuli sistema dRemde msoflio standartad rCeba eleqtromomaragebis sferoSi. daskvnis saxiT ki vityviT, rom mis yvelaze gamorCeul gamogonebebs Soris aris cvladi denis eleqtrosistema, hidroeleqtrosadguri, teslas transformatori (koWa), radio, distanciuri marTvis teqnologia da ganaTeba. nebismieri maTganis gareSe dRevandeli yofa ubralod warmoudgenelia. rom ara nikola tesla, dRevandeloba SeiZleba sruliad sxvanairi yofiliyo, albaT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; droSi gacilebiT CamorCenili.

nikola teslas ferfli mis muzeumSi

nikola teslas gardacvalebis Semdeg aRebuli TabaSiris niRabi

teslas mier daproeqtebuli hidroeleqtrosadguri niagaraze, 1896

istoria

qarTuli diplomatia da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba

rusudan dauSvili

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaken mimarTuli diplomatiuri saqmianoba qarTvelebma damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde, I msoflio omis dros daiwyes. omi 4 weli gagrZelda (1914-1918), moicva 38 saxelmwifo da 1,5 miliardi adamiani. mobilizebuli 73,5 milionidan daiRupa 10 da daiWra 20 milioni kaci. saqarTvelom, evropa-aziis damakavSirebelma mniSvnelovanma strategiulma qveyanam, imTaviTve miipyro meomar saxelmwifoTa yuradReba. antanta (ruseTi, safrangeTi, inglisi) qarTveli xalxis erovnul interesebs ugulebelyofda, germania Tavisi mokavSireebiT ki saqarTvelos ruseTidan gamoyofas da damoukideblobas uwyobda xels. omSi Cabmul saxelmwifoebs Tavisi politikuri da strategiuli miznebi hqondaT kavkasiasTan mimarTebaSi: germanias surda TurqeTis omSi Cabma, raTa kavkasiis fronts ruseTis samxedro nawilebi miezida. Turqebs undodaT ruseTis damarcxeba da osmaleTis imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToeba, ruseTis mizani ki iyo stamboli ruseTis qalaqi gamxdariyo, xolo Savi zRva ruseTis tba. pirveli msoflio omisas rusul jarSi, rogorc ruseTis imperiis moqalaqeebi, 300.000 qarTveli gaiwvies, maT Soris iyvnen rogorc qristiani (234.900 kaci), ise muslimi qarTvelebi. mamakacebis umravlesoba omis sxvadasxva frontze ibrZoda. maTgan 10.000 – kadris oficeri iyo, 25 qarTveli generlidan 23 – ruseTis yvelaze sapatio sabrZolo jildos – wm. giorgis ordenis mflobeli. omSi bevrma isaxela Tavi. erT-erTi brwyinvale epizodia `SaiTan-kapitnis~ istoria. 1914 wels, `sariyamiSis operaciis~ dros, isxan-faSas meTaurobiT TurqeTis me-3 armiis IX kor-

qarTuli diplomatia

samxedro jildo `Medaille Militaire~

wminda giorgis ordeni

kapitan tarasi vaSakiZis portreti

vaJa-fSavela lazareTSi mowyalebis debTan erTad

pusis Semadgenloba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3 diviziis meTauri TavianTi StabebiTurT, 107 oficeri, samedicino personali, 2000 askeri, 8 zarbazani, 24 tyviamfrqvevi, banaki, hospitali, cxenebi, molebi da a.S. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; daatyveva rusi jariskacebis erTma aseulma, kapitan tarasi vaSakiZis meTaurobiT. Tavdasxmis Semdeg vaSakiZem, viTomda mravalricxovani jaris meTaurma, Turqebs danebeba mosTxova, `pativiscemis niSnad~ iaraRi arc ki ahyara danebebul Turqebs, TviTonve atarebina da rusTa jaris gaognebul meTaurs Caabara. roca isxan-faSam am afioris ambavi gaigo, vaSakiZes `SaiTan-kapitani~ uwoda. es gaugonari faqti gaxmaurda, ruseTis farglebs gascda da msoflio presaSi moxvda. wm. giorgis ordenis garda, vaSakiZes gadaeca safrangeTis sapatio samxedro jildo `Medaille Militaire~. misi gmiroba or romanSia asaxuli: mixeil javaxiSvilis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZesa~ da konstantine gamsaxurdias `mTvaris motacebaSi~.

istoria

niko dadiani-mingrelski (1847-1903)

petre surgulaZe (1873-1931) – politikuri da sazogado moRvawe, `separatistTa jgufis~/`saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis~ damaarsebeli, erovnuldemokratiuli partiis erT-erTi damaarsebeli, `qarTuli erovnuli sabWos~ da `qarTuli damfuZnebeli krebis“ wevri, 1921 wlis okupaciis Semdeg emigranti.

fronts exmarebodnen saqarTvelosa da ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi. peterburgSi niko dadiani-mingrelskis mier Seqmnili `qarTvel daWril jariskacTa sazogadoeba~ 20.000 daWrils exmareboda. awvdidnen sursaTs, tansacmels, wignebs, ojaxebs ki fulad daxmarebas uwevdnen. TbilisSi `kavkasiel qalTa sazogadoebam~ ufaso sasadiloebi gaxsna, daiwyo jariskacebisTvis tansacmlis kerva. `qarTvel qalTa sazogadoebam~ gaxsna saCaie da misi SemosavliT fronts daexmara. qarTveli qalebi lazareTebSi mowyalebis debad muSaobdnen. cnobili foto, romelzec 1915 wels avadmyofi vaJa-fSavelaa mowyalebis debTan erTad aRbeWdili, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis I korpusSi gaxsnil lazareTSia gadaRebuli. amavdroulad, qarTvel moRvaweTa erTma jgufma saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba germanias daukavSira. cnobili erovnuli da politikuri moRvawis petre surgulaZis mier 1910 wels JenevaSi Seqmnili e.w. `separatistTa jgufi~ leo da giorgi kereseliZeebis, nestor maRalaSvilis, varlam CerqeziSvilis, meliton qarcivaZisa da sxvebis SemadgenlobiT, omis dawyebisTanave germaniis politikur wreebTan dasakavSireblad berlinSi gadavida da `damoukideblobis komiteti~ (damkomi) ewoda. omma giorgi maCabels belgiaSi mouswro. jer kidev berlinSi swavlisas is saidumlo `tevtonTa ordenis~ wevri da germanul aristokratiul salonebSi miRebuli piri gaxda, ramac gza gauxsna germaniis umaRlesi samTavrobo wreebisaken. is ewvia belgiis general-gubernator fon der holcs, germaniis daxmarebiT saqarTvelos da kavkasiis ganTavisuflebis gegma gaacno da imdenad moxibla, rom feldmarSalma Tavisi avtomobiliT gauSva haidelbergSi mixako wereTelTan, iqidan ki orivem berlins miaSura da damkoms SeuerTda.

leo kereseliZe (1885-1943) – iuristi, samxedro, politikuri da sazogado moRvawe, erovnul-demokrati, `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis~ wevri, I msoflio omis dros `qarTuli legionis~ damaarsebeli da xelmZRvaneli, erovnuli darazmuloba `TeTri giorgis~ erT-erTi damaarsebeli, II msoflio omis dros germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministros aRmosavleTis saqmeTa komisris, graf Sulenburgis mier Seqmnili „qarTuli politikuri komitetis“ wevri.

qarTuli diplomatia

mixako wereTeli

varlam CerqeziSvili (1846-1925)

mixako wereTeli (1878-1965) – aRmosavleTmcodne, qarTuli universitetis profesori, politikuri, erovnuli da sazogado moRvawe, anarqisti, 1921 wlis okupaciis Semdeg emigranti, berlinis universitetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis kaTedris gamge, erovnuli darazmuloba `TeTri giorgis~ erT-erTi damaarsebeli, II msoflio omis dros germaniis aRmosavleTis saministros mier Seqmnili „qarTuli erovnuli centris“ xelmZRvaneli (mixako wereTlis Sesaxeb statia ix. „Cemi samyaro“, VI)

Tavis mxriv, germanelebic cdilobdnen saqarTveloSi moeZebnaT partia an jgufi da maTi saSualebiT gaeRvivebinaT germaniis proteqtoratiT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis idea, amiT ki Signidan daeSalaT ruseTis imperia. did imedebs amyarebdnen ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze, maT Soris, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb germanel kolonistebze, romlebic pangermanuli orientaciisa iyvnen. damkomis wevrebis gamoCenam berlinSi germanul samTavrobo wreebs saSualeba misca gegmis ganxorcielebaze ezrunaT. 1914 wlis 24 seqtembers berlinSi giorgi maCabelma da mixako wereTelma germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministros warudgines gegma `kavkasiis neitralizaciisa da misi momavali politikuri mowyobis proeqti~, romelic iTvaliswinebda 3 neitraluri saxelmwifos – saqarTvelos samefos, somxur-TaTruli kantonisa da mTielTa federaciis Seqmnas. konstituciur monarqias saqarTveloSi prusieli princi Caudgeboda saTaveSi, danarCen or saxelmwifos – muslimi princebi. somxur-TaTruli saxelmwifo kulturul avtonomiaze iqneboda damyarebuli, mTielTa ki – Cerqezebis, yabardoelebis, CeCnebis, inguSebis, osebisa da lekebis gaerTianebaze. sazRvrebs germaniis, avstria-ungreTis, TurqeTis mier Seqmnili komisia daadgenda. samive saxelmwifos valuta, sabaJo, floti da jari saerTo eqneboda. vilhelm II-m gadawyvita Tavisi vaJis, princ ioaximis daqorwineba qarTvel princesaze. rogorc bulgareTsa da rumineTSi, saqarTveloSic es dasabams miscemda axal germanul dinastias. germanelebi am sakiTxs seriozulad moekidnen: dedofalma da princma avstriis tyveTa

giorgi maCabeli (1885-1935) – politikuri da sazogado moRvawe, Seqspiris mTargmnelis – ivane maCablis ZmisSvili, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis (edp), `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis~ wevri, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos elCi italiaSi, 1921 wlis okupaciis Semdeg emigranti, 1931 wels niu-iorkis qarTuli saTvistomos erT-erTi damaarsebeli da Tavmjdomare, aSS-Si parfiumeriuli firma Prince Matcabelli~-s damaarsebeli.

istoria

noembris revolucia germaniaSi, 1918

spiridon kedia (1884-1948)

banakSi qarTveli tyveebi moinaxules. ioaximi qarTuli legionis sanaxavad trapizonSic Cavida. qarTvelebma sapatarZlod giorgi maCablisa da daviT vaCnaZis axlo naTesavi, erovnul-demokrat mixeil (miSo) maCablis qaliSvili, ulamazesi marine SearCies. magram 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos saxelmwifo aRdga, rogorc demokratiuli respublika. 1918 wels noembris revoluciam daamxo monarqia germaniaSi da germanelTa daxmarebiT qarTuli monarqiis aRdgenis mcdelobac amiT damTavrda. princma ioaximma holandiaSi daido bina, marine maCabeli ki Tbi-

lisSi italiis konsul franzonis gahyva colad da romSi dasaxlda, misi orive vaJi diplomati gaxda. germania-TurqeTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiT, damoukidebelobis aRdgenis Semdeg germania daicavda saqarTvelos, TurqeTi aRiarebda saqarTvelos mis istoriul sazRvrebSi, damkomi ki TurqeTs ruseTis winaaRmdeg omSi daexmareboda. am mizniT leo kereseliZem TurqeTSi 1800-kaciani qarTuli legioni Seqmna. misi birTvi gaxda 70-kaciani jgufi, romelic umokles droSi gawvrTna. aseTive razmebi unda Seqmniliyo TurqeTSi mcxovrebi kavkasielebisa da germaniasa da avstria-ungreTSi tyveobaSi myofi

vilhem II (1859-1941) da princi ioaximi (1890-1920)

marine maCabeli (1899-1986)

qarTuli diplomatia

daviT vaCnaZe

revaz gabaSvili

daviT vaCnaZe (1884-1962) – politikuri da samxedro moRvawe, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis erT-erTi damaarsebeli, `qarTuli erovnuli sabWos~ da `qarTuli damfuZnebeli krebis“ wevri, 1924 wlidan emigranti, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis sazRvargareTuli biuros wevri, II msoflio omis dros germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministros aRmosavleTis saqmeTa komisris, graf Sulenburgis mier Seqmnili „qarTuli politikuri komitetis“ wevri. revaz gabaSvili (1882-1969) – politikuri da sazogado moRvawe, mweral eketerine gabaSvilis vaJi, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis erT-erTi damaarsebeli, `qarTuli damfuZnebeli krebis“ wevri, 1921 wlidan emigranti, gaxmaurebuli wignis `rac maxsovs~ avtori.

qarTvelebisagan. 1914-1918 wlebSi `Tavisufal saqarTvelosTan~ erTad gamodioda `qarTuli gazeTi~, romelic propagandas uwevda erovnuli damoukideblobis ideas da ufasod egzavneboda qarTvel tyveebs, romelTa ricxvi marto germaniaSi 15.000-s aRwevda. l. kereseliZem Tavisi legioniT ramdenime reidi moawyo rusuli teritoriebis siRrmeSi. TurqebSi eWvs iwvevda germania-saqarTvelos daaxloeba, qarTvel muslim legionerTa aqtiuroba. germanias legi-

onis daSla mosTxoves da manac dauTmo mokavSires. legionis 120-kaciani razmi damkomma mainc SeinarCuna, rumineTSi gadaiyvana, Semdeg ki damoukidebel saqarTveloSi daabruna Tavisi formiTa da droSiT. damkomma urTierToba gaaba saqarTveloSi erovnul-demokratTa jgufTan (daviT vaCnaZe, spiridon kedia, revaz gabaSvili, Salva qarumiZe) da social-demokratTa nawilTan noe Jordanias meTaurobiT. giorgi maCablis Camosvlis Semdeg Seiqmna `qarTuli erovnuli komiteti~ – damkomis filiali. mas eris konsolidacia da emigrantebTan kontaqti evaleboda. komiteti daukav-

istoria Sirda CrdiloeT kavkasias da azerbaijans. 1915 wlis Semodgomaze Camovidnen giorgi maCabeli, mixako wereTeli da quTaisSi 3 partiis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; social-demokratebis, socialist-federalistebis da erovnul-demokratebis konferencia Caatares.

spiridon kedia da vasil dumbaZe vasil (vaso) dumbZe (1881-1943) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; politikuri, erovnuli da sazogado moRvawe, morganTa bankis rusuli filialis erT-erT damaarsebeli, 1921 wlis okupaciis Semdeg emigranti, morganTa bankis finansisti, saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis warmomadgeneli amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, 1931 wels niu-iorkis qarTuli saTvistomos erT-erTi damaarsebeli da Tavmjdomare.

aneta andronikaSvili (1891-1916)

sazRvargareT da saqarTveloSi myof damkomis wevrTa urTierTobisTvis problemas qmnida kavSiris gzebi. raki mTeli evropa omis alSi iyo gaxveuli, gadawyvites kavSiri gaebaT germanuli wyalqveSa navebiT. giorgi maCabelma germaniis sazRvao da samxedro StabebTan SeaTanxma stambolidan saqarTvelosTan wyalqveSa navebiT kavSiris gabmis saqme. saqarTveloSi darCenilebs fantastikad moeCvenaT es gegma, radgan wyalqveSa navebis viziti dagvianda. daviT vaCnaZis davalebiT axalgazrda oficeri lado mZinariSvili frontze wavida, tyved Cavarda da ase moZebna maCabeli, romelmac 1916 wels wyalqveSa naviT 3 kaci gamogzavna. meore eqspedicias maCabelic Camohyva da Tbilisis komitetis wevrebs daavala wyalqveSa navebis daxvedra Savi zRvis sanapiroze iaraRisa da fulis misaRebad. 1917 wels ruseTSi, Tebervlis revoluciisa da monarqiis damxobis Semdeg, mTeli simwvaviT dadga saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi. gadawyda wyalqveSa navebiT eqspediciebis gagrZeleba. giorgi maCabelma Seadgina eqspedicia, romelSic qarTvelebTan erTad Sediodnen azerbaijaneli da CeCeni mebrZolebi. iaraRiT datvirTuli wyalqveSa navi 6 dRis Semdeg saqarTvelos napirs miadga md. Wurias SesarTavTan, gadatvirTes iaraRi. wereTeli da qarcivaZe TbilisSi Cavidnen da vaCnaZesa da qarumiZes mozrdili Tanxa gadasces. Semdeg, noe Jordanias binaSi Catarebul krebaze gadawyda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. eqspediciis wevrebi axali wyalqveSas dasaxvedrad dabrundnen WuriasTan, raTa iaraRi mieRoT da imave naviT stambolSi, iqidan ki berlinSi Casuliyvnen. magram meore eqspedicia warumateblad damTavrda: wyalqveSa navis mzveravebi rusebis posts gadaawydnen. eqspedicia, petre surgulaZisa da stambolis qarTvel kaTolikeTa monastris beris Salva vardiZis meTaurobiT, gabrunda da fuli da iaraRi ukan waiRo. gzad wyalqveSa navs Sexvda rusuli gemhospitali `portugali~, romelsac iaraRiT datvirTuli navi mihyavda. wyalqveSam, romelSic marcxiT gulmokluli qarTvelebi isxdnen, javri gemze iyara da CaZira. samwuxarod, gemTan

qarTuli diplomatia

erTad daiRupa qarTveli mowyalebis da aneta andronikaSvili. ase damTavrda germanuli wyalqveSa navebis epopea, `daigviana Cvenma damoukideblobam 6 TviT, radgan veRar movaswariT imdeni iaraRis (Tofebis, yumbarebis, tyviamfrqvevebis) Semotana, raki reguliaroba wyalqveSa mimosvlisa mere veRar avawyeT da iaraRic sakmao ar aRmoCnda didi razmebis SesaiaraReblad~, – werda r. gabaSvili. miuxedavad amisa, es epizodi qarTul-germanul samxedro-diplomatiur urTierTobebSi erT-erT yvelaze saintereso, momxibvlel istoriad rCeba. germaniis momxreTa kidev erTi saocari epizodi mixeil javaxiSvilis roman `kvaWi kvaWantiraZis~ prototips, morganTa bankis rusuli filialis erT-erT damaarsebel vasil dumbaZes ukavSirdeba da saerTaSoriso skandalis saxe SeiZina. ruseTis samxedro uwyebam dumbaZes amerikaSi yumbarebis dasamzadeblad 15 milioni oqros maneTi gadasca. vasom da giorgi maCabelma omSi ruseTis dasamarcxeblad da saqarTvelos gasaTavisufleblad mzakvruli gegma SeimuSaves. es Tanxa germanelebs gadasces da rusuli qvemexebis kalibrze odnav didi Wurvebi daamzadebines. Wurvebi ar moergo qvemexebs da generaluri Setevis win ruseTis armia Wurvebis gareSe darCa, daiwyo rusebis ukandaxeva karpatebidan. vasos dabruneba ru-

Tebervlis revolucia ruseTSi, 1917

seTSi `Wurvebis skandals~ daemTxva. jildos nacvlad daapatimres da saidumlo dokumentebis germanelebisTvis gadacemis braldebiT sikvdili miusajes, romelic nikoloz II-m mogvianebiT 20-wliani katorRiT Seucvala. vaso dumbaZes Tebervlis revoluciam mouswro, gaTavisuflebis mere ki emigraciaSi wavida. I-ma msoflio omma daamsxvria 4 imperia – avstria-ungreTi, germania, ruseTi da osmaleTi. qarTvel patriotTa mcdelobam Sedegi gamoiRo – germaniisa da antantis mxares mebrZol qarTvelTa samxedro Tu diplomatiur Tavdadebas, zurgSi moqmed patriotTa Zalisxmevas uSedegod ar Cauvlia. saqarTvelom sanukvari damoukidebloba moipova, qarTuli diplomatia ki damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo struqturebma gadaibares.

musika

juzepe verdi maia sigua gasul saukuneSi da ufro meti xnis winac TbilisSi, ojaxur da megobrul wveulebebsa Tu quCebSi, xSirad daamRerebdnen xolme an ilias leqss „tyem moisxa foToli“, an „lamazi qali sando ar ari“. es simRerebi uyvardaT, Tumca, miuxedavad qarTuli sityvebisa, melodiebi, romlebsac momRerlebi asrulebdnen, saqarTveloSi Zalian popularuli maT gamoCenamde gaxda. erTi („tyem moisxa foToli“) aRebulia operidan „traviata“, meore – operidan „rigoleto“. orive da kidev 24 (amaSi ar Sedis gadamuSavebebi) operis avtori ki am Janris albaT yvelaze cnobili da popularuli warmomadgeneli – juzepe verdi gaxlavT. verdi operaSi cariel niadagze ar mosula. misi Semoqmedebis ukan idga italiuri operis uzarmazari tradicia – es Janri xom swored italiaSi daibada verdimde bevrad adre, XVI saukunis miwuruls. kompozitoris uSualo „winaprebi“ ki adreuli romantikuli italiuri operisa da lamazi, mokazmuli simReris – „bel kantos“ tradiciis sami didi figura – joakino rosini, vinCenco belini da gaetano doniceti iyvnen. swored maT Semoqmedebaze dayrdnobiT amoizarda da ganviTarda verdis saopero genia, romelic mogvianebiT Tavad iqca italiuri operis simbolod. dRes verdi italiis yvelaze saamayo Svilia da am qveynisaTvis daaxloebiT iseTi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc saqarTvelosTvis SoTa rusTavels. TiTqmis yvela qalaqSi erT-erTi centraluri quCa verdis saxelobisaa, mis saxels atarebs am qveynis uricxv konservatoriaTa didi nawili, xolo gundi Va, pensiero, misi operidan „nabuko“, italiis araoficialur himnadac ki iTvleba. italiis CrdiloeTSi, meduqnis Rarib saxlSi dabadebuli glexis biWi sicocxleSive aRiares msoflios nomer pirvel saopero kompozitorad. rogor moxda es ambavi – qvemoT giambobT.

juzepe verdi

joakino rosini (1792-1868)

vinCenco belini (1801-1835)

duqnidan Teatramde juzepe fortunino franCesko verdi sofel le ronkoleSi, patara qalaq busetos maxloblad daibada 1813 wlis oqtomberSi. TviTon dabadebis dRes 9 oqtombers aRniSnavda, magram dResdReobiT oficialur TariRad 10 oqtomberi miiCneva. mama, karlo verdi, sofelSi traqtirs flobda, romelic mis vaJiSvils unda gadascemoda memkvidreobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom biWi adreuli wlebidan soflis samuSaoebSi iyo CarTuli, musikis siyvaruli Zalian male gamoamJRavna. saaTobiT usmenda eklesiaSi organs da miuxedavad imisa, rom notebis kiTxva ar icoda, xandaxan Tavis mogonil musikasac ukravda. es siyvaruli iqamde mivida, rom mSoblebma danazogi fuliT patara, gacveTili spineti (momcro klaviSiani sakravi, klavesinis nairsaxeoba) uyides. kompozitors is sul Tan dahqonda. dRes es spineti verdis mSobliur busetoSi im eklesiaSi inaxeba, sadac patara pepino musikas pirvelad eziara. instruments istoriuli warwerac amSvenebs: „me, stefano kavaletim, Tavidan gavakeTe da tyaviT Sevmose CaquCebi, pedalic ufasod SevakeTe, davinaxe ra ymawvil juzepe

gaetano doniceti (1797-1848)

verdis keTili midrekileba am instrumentze dakvris swavlisadmi. es sruliad sakmarisia, yovelgvari anazRaurebis gareSe Tavi kmayofilad vigrZno. qristeSobidan 1821 weli“. am dros momavali kompozitori sul rva wlis iyo. Zalian male igi adgilobrivi eklesiis oficialuri organisti gaxda da xelfassac ki iRebda. mogvianebiT ymawvilobis wlebis Sesaxeb verdi werda: „13-dan 18 wlamde asakSi uamravi sxvadasxva juris piesa davwere: asiode marSi; daaxloebiT amdenive patara simfonia, romelTac eklesiaSi, TeatrSi da koncertebze viyenebdiT; 5-6 koncerti da variaciebi fortepianosTvis, romlebsac Tavadve vasrulebdi; bevri serenada, kantatebi; sxvadasxvagvari saeklesio nawarmoebi, romelTagan „Stabat Mater“ maxsovs mxolod“. busetoSi verdis mfarveli hyavda, SeZlebuli da keTilSobili antonio bareci, romelmac miznad daisaxa, am moRuSuli da sevdiani mozardisTvis saTanado musikaluri ganaTleba mieca. male verdi barecis saxlSi gadavida da mis Svilsa da Tavis Tanatol margeritas fortepianoze dakvras aswavlida. gakveTilebi male ufro naz grZnobebSi gadaizarda.

saxli le ronkoleSi, sadac daibada juzepe verdi

musika lil mizezebs daerTo misi asakic, romelic metismetad didi iyo konservatoriisTvis, ar iyo lombardiis samefos moqalaqe da konservatoriaSi adgilebi gadavsebuli iyo swavlis msurvelebiT.

juzepe verdis spineti

18 wlis asakSi verdim gaugonrad gabeduli saqcieli Caidina: barecis da adgilobrivi saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis stipendiis amaram lombardiis dedaqalaqs, milans, miaSura da konservatoriaSi Cabareba scada, Tumca amisTvis igi ukve sakmaod asakovani iyo. is, rac Rrmad provinciul busetoSi eklesiis organistisa da adgilobrivi sakoncerto scenisTvis damakmayofilebelic iyo da aRmafrTovanebelic, milanisTvis sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. misi dakvra sakmaod civad Seafases: verdim ar icis da verc verasodes iswavlis fortepianoze dakvraso. odnav ukeT wavida saqme kompoziciis gamocdaze. komisiam daaskvna, rom Tu seriozulad Seiswavlida kontrapunqts, SeZlebda emarTa Tavisi fantazia da iqneb kompoziciaSi warmatebisTvisac mieRwia. sabolood, verdi konservatoriaSi ar miiRes. zemoT CamoTv-

antonio bareci (1787-1867)

saSineli imedgacruebis miuxedavad, verdis milani ar dautovebia. konservatoriis erT-erTi profesoris, „maestro“ vinCenco laviniasgan kerZo gakveTilebs iRebda. lavinia Teatr „la skalaSic“ muSaobda, misi waxalisebiT verdim am TeatrSi abonementi SeiZina da mudmivad eswreboda speqtaklebs. usmenda im drois saukeTeso momRerlebs, romlebic rosinis da belinis operebSi gamodiodnen. laviniam is adgilobriv „filarmoniul sazogadoebasac“ warudgina, sadac verdi meorexarisxovan musikalur samuSaoebs asrulebda. male ukan, busetoSi, mouxda dabruneba, sadac margeritaze daqorwinda da ramdenime weli musikas aswavlida. maSin daiwyo Tavis pirvel operaze – „roCesterze“ muSaobac, romelic arasodes Sesrulebula. samagierod, am operidan epizodebis didi nawili gadavida mis axal namuSevarSi „oberto, grafi di san bonifaCo“. ojaxTan erTad milanSi sacxovreblad gadasuli verdi yvelanairad cdilobda es opera ramenairad daedga. swored am mcdelobebisas gaicno momRerali juzepina streponi, romelmac igi „la skalas“ mmarTvels, impresario bartolomeo merelis warudgina. am orma adamianma yvelaze mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula verdis cxovrebaSi. „obertoze“ muSaobisas verdis Tavs ubedureba daatyda – mas meore Svili gardaecvala. erTi Tvis Semdeg „la skalaSi“ warmatebiT Sedga misi sakompozitoro debiuti,

margerita bareci (1814-1840)

juzepe verdi

magram, samwuxarod, verdis cxovrebaSi ubedurebebi ar dasrulebula. momdevno wels meuRle dakarga, im dros, roca komikur operaze „mefe erTi dRiT, anu cru stanislaoze“ muSaobda. nawarmoebi, romelic Tavadac lamis sZulda, „la skalaSi“ premierazeve Cavarda da saorkestro ormoSi mjdarma verdim am Cavardnis mTeli saSineleba sakuTari yuriT moismina. sasowarkveTilma kompozitorma musikis weraze saerTod aiRo xeli. mxolod imaze ocnebobda, busetoSi dabrunebuliyo da fermaSi miwaze emuSava. ori wlis Tavze verdi quCaSi SemTxveviT bartolomeo merelis gadaeyara. impresariom SesTavaza, kvlav dabruneboda kompozicias. verdi uarze iyo, magram merelis mier xelebSi SeCeCebuli libreto mainc wamoiRo. Sin misulma, sqeli rveuli magidaze moisrola. es iyo momenti, romelmac, verdisave TqmiT, misi cxovreba samudamod Secvala. SemTxveviT, romeliRac gverdze gadaSlil libretoSi Tvali mohkra sityvebs „gafrin„oberto, grafi di san bonifaCos~ di fiqro, oqrovan frTebiT“. am sityvebma klaviris yda Seipyro, aiZula kiTxva gaegrZelebina da ori wlis win miRebuli gadawyvetilebac Seecvala. ase Seiqmna saxelganTqmuli gundi Va, pensiero („gafrindi fiqro, oqrovan frTebiT“) da masTan erTad – verdis mesame opera „nabuqodonosori“, SemoklebiT – „nabuko“, romlis triumfalurma premieram sagrZnoblad gaamyara verdis mdgomareoba „la skalaSi“. „nabukos“ warmatebas mravalma garemoebam Seuwyo xeli, es garemoebebi ki, wlebis Semdeg legendebad iqca. dRes miiCneva, rom „nabukos“ daweriT verdi italiel patriotebs gamoexmaura avstrielebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da „risorjimentos“ idealebs TanaugrZno, magram sinamdvileSi, „nabukoc“ da momdevno operac „lombardielebi pirvel jvarosnul laSqrobaSi“ dampyroblebs eZRvneba. „nabuko“ – avstriis saimperatoro ojaxis wevrs, mis umaRlesoba princesa adelaida avstriels, xolo „lombardielebi“ – parmis sahercogos mmarTvels, napoleonis cols, maria luizas. es ucnauroba arc ise xSirad ganixileba farTo wreebSi, radgan verdi ukve

juzepina streponi (1815-1897)

bartolomeo mereli (1794-1879)

musika didi xania italiis gaerTianebisTvis brZolis musikalur simbolod iqca, magram esec garemoebebis saintereso da CaxlarTuli damTxvevis wyalobiT moxda. „nabukos“ daweris periodSi ajanyebis piras mdgari milanelebi xSirad gahyvirodnen Viva Verdi – gaumarjos verdis. miiCneva, rom es SeZaxili, sinamdvileSi, verdis sulac ar eZRvneboda. misi gvari mxolod abreviatura iyo da iSifreboda, rogorc akrZaluli lozungi – Viva Vittorio Emanuele Re D'Italia – gaumarjos vitorio emanueles, italiis mefes. xolo Semdeg, roca italia gaerTianda, am erTianobis kulturul simbolod msoflioSi yvelaze cnobil italiel kompozitorze ukeTess vis ipovidnen?! amitom yvela es miZRvna daviwyebas mieca da im lamaz legendasac, TiTqos umSvenieres gunds „nabukodan“ – Va, pensiero-s meore premieraze mayurebeli artistebTan erTad mReroda, dasabami misca gazeTma, romelsac verdis oficialuri gamomcemeli, Zalze gavleniani julio rikordi flobda. verdi ki im droisaTvis parmis regionis deputati gaxldaT gaerTianebuli italiis pirvel parlamentSi. asea Tu ise, „nabuko“ verdis pirvel oficialur da Zalian warmatebul Sedevradaa aRiarebuli , romelsac momdevno wels mohyva „lombardielebi“. rogorc verdis Tanamedrove mweralma SeniSna, „Tu „nabukom“ am axalgazrda kompozitors reputacia Seuqmna, „lombardielebma“ sabolood daadastura igi“. axla verdis ukve aRar uxdeboda SemkveTebis Zieba, SemkveTebi Tavad poulobdnen mas. misi operebi TandaTan italiis sazRvrebsac scdeboda.

scena operidan `nabuko~

miuxedavad warmatebebisa, am periods imedgacruebisa da winaaRmdegobebis gareSe ar Cauvlia. veneciaSi, „ori foskaris“ premierasTan dakavSirebiT verdi werda: „imisda miuxedavad, Tu rogor miiReben mas, bednieri var da yvelafrisadmi sruliad indiferentuli. erTi suli maqvs, momdevno sami weli rodis gaivlis. eqvsi opera unda davwero da mere yvelafers davemSvidobebi“. premierebi premierebs mosdevda neapolSi, romSi, veneciaSi, triesteSi da, ra Tqma unda, milanis „la skalaSi“. swerdnen da operebis daweras sTxovdnen londonidan, madrididan, parizidan, peterburgidan. miuxedavad imisa, rom mis operaTagan yvela rodi iyo Tanabrad warmatebuli, isini mainc ganagrZobdnen sasceno sicocxles italiisa da evropis sxvadasxva TeatrSi. drakonuli kontraqti, romelic sami wlis ganmavlobaSi Seusvenebel Sromas aiZulebda, iwureboda, magram sul ufro da ufro saxelganTqmul maestro verdis operebis wera, ra Tqma unda, ar Seuwyvetia. dawera „atila“, romelic hunebis winaaRmdeg romaelTa brZolas da veneciis daarsebas aRwers; pirquSi da sabediswero „makbeti“, romelze muSaobisasac pirvelad Seexo Seqspirs – mis erT-erT usayvarles avtors. amis Semdeg verdi Seqspirs mxolod ukanasknel or operaSi, Rrmad moxuci, daubrundeba da or absolutur Sedevrs – tragedias da komedias Seqmnis.

Teatri `la skala~

juzepe verdi

pirvel wlebSi verdis warmateba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom, vagnerisgan gansxvavebiT, is yovelTvis angariSs uwevda saopero modas, imas, Tu ras moiTxovda operisagan mayurebeli: lamaz musikas, momRerlebis virtuozobisTvis gasaqanis micemas, efeqtur gundebs, CauxlarTav siuJetebs. amitom, vagnerisganve gansxvavebiT, mas ar dasWirda mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi dauRalavad emtkicebina mayureblisa da impresarioebisTvis, Tu ra did Rirebulebas warmoadgenda misi Semoqmedeba. verdi werda mSvenier, gulSi Camwvdom da yuris damatkbobel, xandaxan banalur melodiebs, xSirad – Zalze martivi saorkestro TanxlebiT, ris gamoc vagnerma mwared dascina, verdis orkestri erTi didi gitaraao. ar iyenebda laitmotivebs da arcTu didad zrunavda sityvis Sinaarsisa da musikis urTierTSesabamisobaze. am mxrivac, verdi italiuri saopero mReradobis im tradiciis memkvidrea, romelic XVII saukunidan moyolebuli operaSi did upiratesobas swored musikas, lamaz, mgrZnobiare, morTul-mokazmul, rTulad Sesasrulebeli vokaluri „triukebiT“ savse melodiur xazs aniWebda da ukana fonze gadahqonda sityvebiT gamoxatuli Sinaarsi. magram, gansxvavebiT misi uricxvi saopero „winaprisagan“, orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, verdi mudmivad win midioda, xvewda, aviTarebda da aumjobesebda sakuTar SemoqmedebiT xerxebsa da meTodebs da arasdros hqonia SemoqmedebiTi ukusvla. 1848 wels evropaSi politikuri situacia Zalian swrafad icvleboda. sanam verdi parizSi iqauri operisTvis sagangebod gadakeTebuli „lombardielebis“ (axali saxelwodebiT – „ierusalimi“) dadgmas xelmZRvanelobda, italia brZolas ganagrZobda. verdi Sin dabrunebas ar Cqarobda, Tanac, parizSi is kvlav Sexvda juzepina streponis da masTan erToblivi cxovrebis dawyeba gadawyvita, Tumca qorwinebaze ar ufiqria da am metismetad Tamamma gadawyvetilebam, mogvianebiT, mis mSobliur busetoSi sazogadoebis mZafri aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. 18-22 marts milanSi quCis brZolebis e.w. „xuTi dRe“ am qalaqidan avstrielebis droebiTi gandevniT dasrulda. rogorc ki amis Sesaxeb Seityo, verdi dauyovnebliv gamoemgzavra parizidan da megobars patriotuli werili miswera: „gandevneT yovelgvari wvrilmani municipaluri idea! julio rikordi (1840-1912) Cven Zmuri xeli mTel qveyanas unda gavuwodoT da italia pirveli eri gaxdeba msoflioSi... sixaruliT var mTvrali! warmoidgine, aq aRar arian germanelebi“. swored am suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli axali opera „lenianos brZola“ momdevno wels warmoadgines romis TeatrSi Argentina. magram verdi premieridan meore dResve dabrunda parizSi, sadac ukve karga xania cxovrobda. is maleve daiRala am brZolebiT da ajanyebebiT da gadawyvita, revoluciebze Relvas sjobda sakuTari saqmisTvis miexeda. amiT damTavrda kompozitoris cxovrebis pirveli periodi. 36 wlis asakSi le ronkoleli glexis biWi evropis masStabiT cnobili da yvelasTvis sayvareli kompozitori gaxda. ukan princesa adelaida avstrieli (1822-1855)

musika darCa katorRuli Sromis wlebi da gaWirveba. gamdidrda da mSobliur adgilebSi miwis mozrdili nakveTi da SesaniSnavi, mdidruli vila sent’agata iyida. hyavda juzepina, romelic mis yoveldRiurobas mSvidi, harmoniuli wesrigiT avsebda da misi autaneli xasiaTis miuxedavad, mudam gverdiT edga. cxovrebaSi Tavis damkvidrebisTvis brZolis dasrulebasTan erTad sabrZolo, istoriuli Tematikac TandaTan gaqra misi operebidan. dadga didebis xana, romlis drosac verdi ubralo, xSirad SeumCneveli, adamianebis tragediebma gaitaca. am gatacebam ki kacobriobas aCuqa misi sami yvelaze cnobili opera – „rigoleto“, „trubaduri“ da „traviata“. mwvervalze da... `atilas~ afiSa kuziani masxara mwared dascinis aristokrats. aristokrati wyevlis mas da masxara kargavs erTaderT sixaruls, rac gaaCnia – sakuTar qaliSvils. udardeli, enamware xumrobebis, maxinji, damanWuli saxis da zanzalakebiani CaCis miRma moxuci mamaa, romelsac Tavisi gaRmerTebuli, ucodveli, mSvenieri gogona umowyalod gaTelili da Seuracxyofili, bolos ki – mTavari damnaSavis sanacvlod mokluli SerCeba xelT. im droisTvis gaugonari siuJetia!

nawarmoebs safuZvlad udevs viqtor hiugos winaaRmdegobrivi istoriis mqone drama „mefe erToba“. italiuri libreto verdis didi xnis partniorma, franCesko maria piavem dawera. hiugos drama akrZaluli iyo safrangeTSi. Sesabamisad, didi riski arsebobda, rom avstriuli cenzurac, romelic CrdiloeT italiis Teatrebs akontrolebda, am siuJets dablokavda. miuxedavad amisa, verdi mtkiced iyo darwmunebuli Tavisi gadawyvetilebis sisworeSi: „siuJeti grandiozulia, xolo personaJi – erT-erTi yvelaze didebuli qmnilebaa, riTac nebismieri drois nebismieri qveynis Teatrma SeiZleba daitrabaxos“. miuxedavad damkveTi Teatris – veneciis la feniCes warmomadgenlis dapirebisa, rom am siuJetis gamo cenzurasTan problema ar SeeqmnebodaT da verdic da piavec cdilobden saidumlod SeenaxaT igi, informaciam mainc gaJona da cenzuram opera „uzneobisa da uxamsi trivialurobis“ braldebiT mainc akrZala. piavem teqstSi cvlilebebi Seitana, magram verdis imdenad ar moewona, rom mzad iyo Tavad ganexila cenzorebTan TiToeuli striqoni. male SeTanxmebas miaRwies: operis moqmedebis adgili da dro Seicvala. safrangeTis mefe mantuis hercogma Caanacvla. istoriulad, mantuis hercogebi gonzagas gvarisa iyvnen da XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi es gvari ukve gamqraliyo, xolo mantuis sahercogo aRar arsebobda. masxara tribules saxeli rigoletoTi Seicvala, romelic Jiul-eduar albuazis piesis „Rigoletti, ou Le dernier des fous“ (rigoletebi, anu ukanaskneli sulelebi) parodias warmoadgenda.

`makbeti~ `la skalas~ scenaze

juzepe verdi

milanis `xuTi dRe~ „lenianos brZolis“ afiSa

„rigoletos“ repeticiebi TiTqmis gasaidumloebul viTarebaSi mimdinareobda. orkestrantebs da momRerlebs verdim sastikad aukrZala Teatris Senobis gareT musikis „waRiRineba, stvena da masze fiqric ki“. akrZalva gansakuTrebiT mkacrad mesame aqtis hercogis cnobil arias exeboda, romlis notebic orkestris msaxiobebma triumfalur premieramde ramdenime saaTiT adre miiRes. marTlac, aria elvis siswrafiT gavrcelda xalxSi. am hangs yovel fexis nabijze RiRinebdnen premieris meore dRidanve. msoflio premiera veneciis Teatr „la feniCeSi“ 1851 wels, anu zustad im wels gaimarTa, roca TbilisSi pirveli saopero Teatri gaixsna. or weliwadSi, 1853-1854 wlis sezonze „rigoletos“ Tbilisurma premieram msoflio premieris warmateba gaimeora. hercogis aria ki „niaRvariviT moedo Cveni dedaqalaqis klaknia quCebs. Tumca sityvebi bevrs ar esmoda, mainc mRerodnen. „mRerodnen qoxmaxebSi da mdidrulad morTul binebSi, samzareuloebSi da samikitnoebSi. mRerodnen naswavlni da uswavlelni: „xaxvis frantebi“, Cinosnebi... mRerodnen Segirdebi da laqiebi, romelTac eqvsSaurian qandaraze samoTxeSi egonaT Tavi“, – werda Tbilisis operis istorikosi Salva kaSmaZe. kuziani masxaris Semdeg moxuci, tragikuli boSa qalis jeri dadga. verdi „trubaduris“ siuJetma moxibla. miuxedavad imisa, rom opera ara boSa azuCenas, aramed misi Svilobilis – trubadur manrikos saxels atarebs, is mainc centralur, STambeWdav, erTdroulad Sesazar da Sesabralis saxed rCeba operaSi.

azuCenas surda, moxuc graf di lunaze Suri eZia dedamisis koconze dawvis gamo. im Rames, roca boSa qals sikvdiliT sjidnen, Tavis patara SvilTan erTad grafis sasaxleSi Seipara, moitaca misi umcrosi Svili da im cecxlSi Seagdo, romelic dedamiss ferflavda. magram saSineli SemTxveviTobis wyalobiT, dawva ara grafis, aramed sakuTari Svili. motacebuli bavSvi ki Tan waiyvana. biWi trubaduri, anu moxetiale poetimomRerali gaxda. grafis ufrosi vaJi mosisxle mtrad moekida boSebs da, kvlav saSineli SemTxveviTobis wyalobiT, boSebTan gazrdil sakuTar Zmas, manrikosac. maT erTi qali SeuyvardaT da araerTi Setakebis Semdeg ufrosma Zmam mokla misTvis ucnobi, umcrosi Zma, xolo moxucma boSam misi vinaoba mxolod mkvlelobis Semdeg gaamxila. ase aRsrulda azuCenas SurisZieba di lunaTa ojaxze. aseTi CaxlarTuli da daZabulobiT savse siuJeti gasul saukuneSi espanurenovani serialebisTvis iqneboda zedgamoWrili, milionobiT mayurebels rom xiblavda mTel msoflioSi. verdim ki es mimzidveloba XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi amoicno. erT-erTi biografi werda, rom kompozitori gansakuTrebiT gatacebuli iyo moxuci boSis saxiT, radganac „SeuZlebeli iyo misi bolomde amocnoba, TiTqos gansakuTrebuli, uCveulo, simarTlisa da sicruis narevi eniT laparakobda. gamudmebiT mianiSnebda ulmobel bedze, rac adre Tu gvian yvelas daatydeboda Tavs. qali orsaxovani iyo, winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse. mis arsebaSi Serwymuli iyo siyvaruli da siZulvili. TiTqos TviT verdis asli iyo, oRond qalis saxiT“.

musika „trubaduri“ iseve, rogorc „rigoleto“, savsea gulmodgined damuSavebuli scenebiT, sadac verdi ukve bevrs fiqrobs, rogor aaJReros sityva, rogor gadmosces zustad ambis Sinaarsi musikaSi. orive es opera savsea fragmentebiT, romlebic operis gareSec Zalian xSirad sruldeba ama Tu im koncertze. da yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, ioli misaxvedria, ra warmatebiT Caivlida „trubaduris“ premiera. ucnauria, magram igive bedi ar ewia verdis „genialuri sameulis“ mesame, yvelaze lirikul da gulSiCamwvdom, dRes msoflioSi yvelaze popularul operas – „traviata“. jer kidev „trubadurze“ muSaobisas, verdim veneciis `la feniCesgan~ axali dakveTa miiRo. kontraqti ukve xelmowerili iyo, premieris TariRic dadgenili, magram kompozitors jer kidev ar hqonda saWiro siuJeti. „martivi da banaluri ambis moZebna advilia. saaTSi ormocdaaTs vipovi, magram Zalian, Zalian Znelia iseTis naxva, romelic mayurebelze imoqmedebs da, amasTanave, originaluri da provokaciulic iqneba“, – werda verdi. saWiro siuJets kompozitorma parizSi miagno. es iyo aleqsandre diumaSvilis romani „qali kameliebiT“, romelic am droisaTvis parizSi piesad idgmeboda da romelsac uzarmazari warmateba da aseTive skandali mohyva. es iyo ambavi tuberkuloziT daavadebul axalgazrda qalze, romelic Tavs prostituciiT irCenda da ar icoda, ra iyo namdvili siyvaruli, sanam swovila `sent’agata~

franCesko maria piave (1810-1876)

red namdvil siyvaruls ar gadaeyara. magram am siyvaruls win imdroindeli sazogadoebis morali da wesCveulebebi gadaeRoba da gaanadgura. amas ki ukve aRaraferi hqonda saerTo pirveli periodis istoriul Tu bibliur moTxrobebTan. es ambavi diumasa da verdis awmyos motanili iyo da mas safuZvlad realuri adamianis realuri istoria edo. verdim diumas am piesis mixedviT dagegmil operas „traviata“, anu dacemuli qali uwoda, Tavdapirvel versiaSi – „siyvaruli da sikvdili“. pirvelma reaqciamac ar daayovna: erT-erTma momReralma Teatris xelmZRvanelobasTan uCivla, verdi operis mTavar gmirad „Cveulebrivi meZavis“ gamoyvanas apirebso. xelmZRvanelobam cnobil kompozitorTan dapirispireba ver gabeda, magram im dRidan safosto yuTi negatiuri anonimuri werilebiT aivso. verdis mosTxoves, moqmedebis dro Seecvala da siuJeti Soreul warsulSi, vTqvaT, 1700 wels gadaetana.

juzepe verdi

magram es ar iyo yvelaze didi saSiSroeba, rasac verdi am nawarmoebTan dakavSirebiT grZnobda – seriozul problemas warmoadgendnen momRerlebi. feliCe varezi, romelsac iqamde verdis „rigoletosa“ da „makbetSi“ mTavari partiebi hqonda Sesrulebuli, Jermonis ariam „Di Provenza“ („provansis zRva da mze“) verafriT moxibla (arada, es swored is popularuli ariaa, romelzec mogvianebiT TbilisSi mRerodnen „tyem moisxa foTolio“). asakovani venecieli primadonac tuberkulozisgan sikvdilis piras myof axalgazrda qalis rols sruliad ar Seefereboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom calkeuli monakveTebi auditoriam kargad miiRo, opera, saboloo jamSi, mainc Cavarda, raSic, kerZo saubrebSi, kompozitori swored momRerlebs adanaSaulebda. miuxedavad amisa, verdis imedi ar daukargavs. „ar mgonia, rom „traviatas“ Sesaxeb saboloo sityva wuxel iTqva“, – swerda igi megobars. or TveSi misi winaswarmetyveleba gamarTlda: 6 maiss, kvlav veneciaSi, Teatr `san benedetoSi~, momReralTa ukeTesi SemadgenlobiT „traviatam“ arnaxuli warmateba moipova. es TavisTavadac uprecedento operaa. mTavari gmiri qali, violeta, TiTqmis sul scenazea, rac momRerlisgan arnaxul gamZleobas moiTxovs; da esaa opera, sadac yvelaferi romantikuli valsis ritmSi xdeba: siyvarulic, bednierebac, gakicxvac, ganxeTqilebac, ubedurebac, avadmyofobac, Serigebac da sikvdilic. TiTqos valsi mTel `rigoletos~ kostiumebis eskizebi

operas laitmotiviviT gasdevs dasasrulamde. „traviatas“ mTavari gmiris, violetas, miRma erTgvarad juzepina streponis figurac gamokrTis. mSobliur busetoSi verdisac da juzepinasac gamudmebiT esmodaT Tanamoqalaqeebis kicxva da qiliki qalis warsulisa da maTi dauqorwinebeli Tanacxovrebis gamo. magram kompozitori sxva gziT wavida. Worikana da moqirqile Tanaqalaqelebs zurgi Seaqcia, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi maTTvis yuradRebac ar miuqcevia, 1858 wels ki juzepinaze daqorwinda kidec. dabolos, „traviata“ iSviaTi nawarmoebia imitomac, rom roca publikam am, im droisTvis uCveulo, musikas premieraze daustvina da dascina, mis dasacavad xma aimaRles kritikosebma. dRes „traviata“, „trubaduri“ da „rigoleto“ msoflios yvela saopero Teatris programaSia. „traviata“, bizes „karmenTan“ da mocartis „jadosnur fleitasTan“ erTad, msoflioSi yvelaze xSirad Sesrulebuli operaa. bolo 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi ki dadgmebisa da premierebis raodenobiT is pirvel adgilzea. 1858 wels verdi politikaSi gaeria – mefe vitorio emanuele II-is winaSe parmis regionis warmomadgenlis rangSi warsdga da SesTavaza, es regioni piemontisTvis mieerTebina. sami wlis Semdeg turinSi kompozitori pirveli italiuri parlamentis arCeuli deputati gaxda. Tumca, parlamentSi verdis muSaoba ufro pirobiTi iyo, vidre realuri. mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi `rigoletos~ Tanamedrove dadgma san-franciskos operis TeatrSi

musika wlebi gadioda. maestro operebs Zveleburi siswrafiT aRar werda, Tumca yovel axal nawarmoebs didi aRiareba mohyveboda. misi dideba ki evropis kontinents karga xania gascdenoda.

`trubaduris~ klaviris yda

daamtkica, rom politikaze metad musikis wera undoda, kidev ufro metad – miwaTmoqmedeba da fermeroba. amitom operebis Txzva da mamulis movla arc parlamentarobisas Seuwyvetia. 1862 wels, sanqt-peterburgis „saimperatoro TeatrSi“ pirvelad warmoadgines „bedisweris Zala“. 1867 wels ki parizSi „don karlosis“ franguli premiera gaimarTa. am giganturma, bnelma, pirquSma nawarmoebma, verdisTvis uCveulo musikiT, araerTgvarovani komentarebi daimsaxura. Tuki mwerali da kritikosi Teofil gotie aqebda operas, kompozitor JorJ bizes verdis stilSi cvlilebebma imedi gaucrua: verdi italieli aRar aris, vagneris gzas dasdgomiao. bizes naTqvamSi namdvilad aris simarTlis marcvali. ufro saintereso isaa, rom „don karlosze“ muSaobis dawyebamde, erTxel, rogorRac verdim koncertze vagneris „tanhoizeris“ uvertiura moismina. STabeWdilebebi ki mokled, sul erTi sityviT gamoscra: „SeSlilia“! mogvianebiT, sent’agataSi, mis biblioTekaSi, vagneris TiTqmis yvela operis partituram, misma biografiam da nawerebmac ki daido bina. da Tumca bolomde arasodes uRiarebia, am „SeSlilma“ garkveuli gavlena maszec ki moaxdina. an, iqneb, verdis geniam Tavad gaikvala gza banaluri, pirobiTi ambebidan dramatuli, fsiqologizebuli, damajerebeli da marTali musikaluri dramisaken, romliskenac mTeli cxovreba miiswrafoda vagneri? nebismier SemTxvevaSi, cxovrebis bolo aTwleulebSi, mas sul ufro da ufro xSirad awerdnen vagneris gavlenas, rac verdis saSinel brazs gvrida.

amasobaSi, verdis cxovrebaSi axali siyvaruli SemoiWra. Cexi soprano tereza Stolci verdis erTguli Semsruleblis, diriJor marianis megobari qali iyo. Stolci-verdi-marianis sasiyvarulo samkuTxedi ramdenadme vagneris, kozima listis da hans fon biulovis samkuTxeds waagavda. am ukanasknelTagan gansxvavebiT, mariani da Stolci erTmaneTs ki daSordnen, magram verdi masze ar daqorwinebula, Tumca am urTierTobam sakmao xans gastana. samagierod, kompozitori yvelanairad cdilobda momRerlisTvis kariera gaeumjobesebina, sakuTar operebSi rolebSi daekavebina da Tavadve emecadinebina. mariani ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi ganagrZobda misi operebis diriJorobas da Tan – SurisZiebasac. swored man dadga pirvelad italiaSi, boloniis TeatrSi, vagneris „loengrini“, Tan maSin, roca im sezonze Teatris programaSi verdis arc erTi opera ar Seutania. amis Semdeg diriJorma da kompozitorma urTierToba sabolood gawyvites. CvenTvis yvelaze saintereso ambavi ki isaa, rom tereza Stolcma, jer kidev damwyebma momReralma, Tavisi pirveli saopero partiebi Seasrula Tbilisis axalgaxsnil operis TeatrSi, swored TbilisSi, swored verdis „lombardielebSi“, misi gamosvla aRwera didma frangma mweralma, „sami

`trubaduris~ kostiumebis eskizebi

juzepe verdi

muSketeris“ avtorma aleqsandre diumam Tavis wignSi „mogzauroba kavkasiaSi“. tereza Stolcma verdis xelmZRvanelobiT araerTi partia moamzada mis nawarmoebebSi. magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo misi gamosvla verdis morig uCveulo SedevrSi, romelic xanSi Sesuli maestros kidev erT wingadadgmul nabijad iqca. es opera iyo „aida“. ...ufro maRla „aidas“ sruliad gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs verdis SemoqmedebaSi da zogadad, saopero musikaSi. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, roca kompozitorma ara romelime evropuli qveynis, aramed egzotikuri egviptis operis TeatrisTvis opera dawera aseTive uCveulo siuJetze. eTiopiis princesa aida egviptelebma daatyveves da faraonis asul amnerisis mona gaxda. axla orive qals erTi mamakaci – radamesi uyvars, romelic, RmerTebis brZanebiT, ajanyebuli eTiopiis winaaRmdeg egviptis jarebis sardalia. radamessac uyvars aida, magram movaleoba misi samSoblos winaaRmdeg brZolas aiZulebs. amnerisis risxvas sazRvari ar aqvs – mas yvelaferi SeuZlia, magram sayvareli kacisTvis brZolas sakuTar monasTan waagebs... radamesi da egviptis jari eTiopias amarcxebs. tyveTa Soris imaleba aidas mama, mefe amonasro. faraoni ki gamarjvebisTvis radamess princesa amnerisze daqorwinebas sTavazobs. amonasros daJi-

`traviatas~ Tanamedrove dadgma niu-iorkis metropolitenis TeatrSi

aleqsandre diuma (Svili) (1824-1895)

nebiT aida daarwmunebs radamess, masTan erTad gaiqces eTiopiaSi, magram radamess qurumebi gamoiWeren da cocxlad damarxvas miusjian. miwisqveSeTs uzarmazari lodiT gmanaven da radamesi aRmoaCens, rom masTan erTad sasikvdilod miwisqveSeTSi Semoipara aidac. xolo sasowarkveTili, ubeduri amnerisi RmerTebs mSvidobas SesTxovs akldamis zemoT, taZarSi. egviptis mmarTvel ismail faSas surda, kairos axali operis Teatris kurTxeva msoflios yvelaze cnobili kompozitoris mier am movlenisaTvis sagangebod Seqmnili nawarmoebiT aRniSnuliyo – mas ekuTvnoda „aidas“ Seqmnis iniciativa. erTi wliT adre ismail faSam kompozitors SeukveTa suecis arxis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebuli sazeimo himnic, magram verdim uari Tqva. axali operisTvis siuJeturi xazi Seqmna frangma egviptologma, kairos muzeumis damaarsebelma ogiust marietim. verdis sxva operebisagan gansxvavebiT, „aidas“ ar hqonia literaturuli pirvelwyaro, Tumca arsebobda XVIII saukunis cnobili libretistis – metastazios libreto operisaTvis „niteti“. nawarmoebis dekoracia, kostiumebi da aqsesuarebi, romelTa eskizebis avtoric aseve marieti iyo, parizis operaSi damzadda da kairoSi gemiT gadaizida.

musika premiera 1871 wlis Sobis saRamos, 24 dekembers, gaimarTa. kompozitori mas ar daswrebia, Tumca, warmatebis miuxedavad, Zalze ukmayofilo darCa im faqtiT, rom operis naxvis SesaZlebloba mxolod maRalCinosnebs, politikosebsa da kritikosebs miecaT. amis gamo verdim gadawyvita, nawarmoebis namdvili premiera italiaSi gaemarTa. igi dadgmis umciresi detalebis gadawyvetaSic ki aqtiurad monawileobda. uCveulod didi dro dauTmo mTavari partiis momzadebas sayvarel momReralTan, romlis xmasa da SesaZleblobebzec specialurad iyo gaTvlili aidas roli: tereza Stolcma premieraze milanis `la skalaSi~, 1872 wlis 8 Tebervals, iseTive didi warmateba moipova, rogorc Tavad nawarmoebma. verdi scenaze 32jer gamoiZaxes. akademiur SemfasebelTa azfeliCe varezi riT, es iyo erT-erTi yvelaze daxvewili da fa(1813-1889) qizi adamianuri drama sasiyvarulo samkuTxedis maradiul Temaze, Seqmnili yvela drois udidesi italieli musikaluri dramaturgis – juzepe verdis mier. amasTan, miuxedavad brwyinvalebisa da pompezurobisa, egzotikuri cekvebisa Tu grandiozuli gundebisa da marSebisa, yvelaze gulSiCamwvdomi swored ori adamianis unazesi siyvaruli da erTis ukiduresi sasowarkveTa da saSineli mrisxanebaa. es is iSviaTi operacaa, romelic ar sruldeba guguna, efeqturi akordebiT, dauyovnebliv taSis daquxebisken rom ubiZgebs msmenels. da mainc, romeli xmauriani efeqti Seedreba erTdroulad aJRerebul im mSvid, gasxivosnebul musikas, romliTac Seyvarebuli wyvili sikvdils egebeba da amnerisis ukiduresi mwuxarebiT da usasoobiT gaJRenTil locvas, TandaTan rom qreba sibneleSi. es udavod didi siaxle xandazmuli kompozitoris kidev erTi wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. 1874 wels, mweral alesandro manZonis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT, verdim samgloviaro mesa – „rekviemi“ dawera, romelic 22 maiss milanSi, san-markos eklesiaSi, misive xelmZRvanelobiT Sesrulda da momdevno wlebSi evropis sxvadasxva qalaqi triumfiT moiara. es TiTqos maestros ukanaskneli nawarmoebi iyo, romelmac, rogorc misi biografi werda, „daadastura, rom verdi iyo italiuri musikis genialuri, unikaluri Tavkaci. kompozitorebs Soris aravin iyo, vinc mis popularobas an reputacias miuaxlovdeboda“. imave wels verdi italiis samefos senatori gaxda.

tereza Stolci (1834-1902)

60 wels gadacilebuli kompozitori ganzrax erideboda sajarod gamoCenas da axal proeqtebs. maestro TiTqos daiRala, misi niWi – daiSrita. musikis wera aRar undoda, TamaSi damTavrebuliao, acxadebda. man miiRo yvelaferi, rac surda da bevrad metic, magram bednieri mainc ar iyo. „Cven, sawyali boSebi, bazris komediantebi da yvelaferi, rac gindaT, iZulebuli varT gavyidoT Cveni Sroma, grZnobebi, fiqrebi. xolo sazogadoeba yidulobs uflebas, roca moundeba an gvistvinos, an mogveferos“, – mwared SeniSnavda igi.

juzepe verdi

wadSi or operas werda. „otelo“ Zalian nela, SfoTviT, eWvebiT, yoymaniT, wuwuniT da buzRuniT iwereboda. amasobaSi ki, veneciaSi gardaicvala verdis mTavari konkurenti – rihard vagneri. miuxedavad imisa, rom am or genioss erTmaneTi saerTod ar hyvarebia, verdim gulwrfeli sinanuli gamoxata: „samwuxaroa, samwuxaro! gardaicvala vagneri. guSin am depeSis wakiTxvam SemaZrwuna! nu vikamaTebT! Caqra udidesi pirovneba, kaci, romelmac Rrma kvali datova xelovnebis istoriaSi!“

rihard vagneri (1813-1883)

mwuxare erTferovnebaSi wlebi gadioda. am qveynidan erTmaneTis miyolebiT midiodnen Zvirfasi megobrebi. italiaSi cxovreba sul ufro arastabiluri xdeboda, Teatralur wreebSi sul ufro xSirad da xmamaRla JRerda vagneris saxeli. verdi ki dumda. da maSin juzepinam da uaxloesma megobrebma gadawyvites kvlav gaeRvivebinaT masSi mimqrali SemoqmedebiTi naperwkali. gakvriT, frTxilad da viTom SemTxveviT saubari wamoiwyes niWier kompozitorsa da libretistze, arigo boitoze, romelic Seqspiris mixedviT „otelos“ siuJetze muSaobda. am mcdelobas nayofi TandaTanobiT, Znelad, Tumca mainc gamohqonda. verdis Seqspiri isedac Zalian uyvarda da axla iagos – mTavari borotmoqmedis saxem sruliad moicva. magram is droc Sors darCa, roca weli-

verdim Tavisi Semoqmedebis gadaxedva da gadafaseba daiwyo. zog operaze gadawyvita, ara uSavso, zogze – uimedod moZvelebuliao, zogze – xelis Sevleba sWirdebao. axal nawarmoebze muSaoba win grZel-grZeli pauzebiT miizlazneboda da damTavrebas piri ar uCanda. maSin gamomcemelma julio rikordim moifiqra, wamoego verdi ankesze da eiZulebina, wera daeCqarebina: man presaSi patar-patara informaciis gaSveba daiwyo. verdi boitos libretoze axal operas werso – gazeTebma maSinve atexes Jriamuli. verdi ki gabrazda, magram rikordis oinma Sedegi gamoiRo. male „otelo“ praqtikulad dasrulebuli iyo, magram maestro mainc Wirveulobda: „unda davasrulo? unda Sevasrulo? Zneli saTqmelia, CemTvisac ki!“ gviani iyo: axali operis ambavi ukve gaxmaurda da verdi mTeli evropis saopero Teatrebisa da momRerlebis moTxovnebis zewolis qveS aRmoCnda. milanSi repeticiebi daiwyo. verdi yvelafers Tvalyurs adevnebda, yvelaferSi ereoda da xandaxan imasac ki aCvenebda momRerlebs, rogor unda eTamaSaT esa Tu is

scena `aidadan~

musika scena. sibereze dardi da SiSi gaqra, kvlav aenTo. 1887 wels „la skalaSi“ triumfaluri premiera Sedga.

juzepe verdi ojaxTan erTad

ova sull'Arda hospitali Villan

„otelos“ warmateba verdis saxelisa da didebis wyaloba ar yofila. es iyo sruliad axleburi, gansxvavebuli, tragikuli, marTali, daxvewili, sunTqvis Semkvreli opera, romelic verdis arc erT wina namuSevars ar hgavda da amave dros, ukanasknel notamde verdiseuli iyo. adrindel modurobaTa da pirobiTobaTa kvalic ar Canda. personaJebi uCveulod namdvili, mravalmxrivi da STambeWdavi iyvnen, drama – gamWoli, cocxali da qmediTi. mravalwlian dumils amaod ar Cauvlia. maSin, roca yvelas egona, rom verdi, rogorc moqmedi kompozitori, warsuls Cabarda, man „oteloTi“ daamtkica, rom SemoqmedebiTi zrda maSinac SesaZlebelia, roca 70 weli ukve karga xania ukanaa Camotovebuli. 1888 wels sent’agatis maxloblad verdim aaSena hospitali Villanova sull'Arda, romelze mzrunvelobac arasodes Seuwyvetia. erTi wlis Semdeg ki milanSi miwis nakveTi SeiZina da xandazmul musikosTa saxli daaarsa, romelic misi gardacvalebis Semdeg gaixsneboda da iq pensiaze gasuli musikosebi uzrunvelad icxovrebdnen. es saxli dResac arsebobs da masSi kvlav cxovroben musikosebi, romlebmac TavianTi artistuli kariera daasrules. mas mere, rac umowyalod gavJlite amdeni gmiri, qalebic da kacebic, bolosdabolos cotaodeni sicilis nebac maqvso, – Tqva verdim „otelos“ warmatebis Semdeg. mravali aTeuli wlis Semdeg, cxovrebaSi meored, is kvlav ubrundeboda komikur operas da sanam Sesaferis siuJetze fiqrobda, boito uCumrad Seudga muSaobas libretoze, romelsac safuZvlad Seqspiris „uinZoreli mxiaruli qalebi“ da „henri IV-is“ calkeuli fragmentebi daudo. mogvianebiT verdim libretos Savi piri miiRo da Zalian moewona, magram sakuTar asakTan, janmrTelobasTan, proeqtis dasrulebis SesaZleblobasTan dakavSirebuli eWvebi mainc ar asvenebda.

juzepe verdis saflavi

sabolood, 1889 wlis 10 ivliss, man dawera: „ase iyos! iyos „falstafi“. modi, nuRar vifiqrebT axla dabrkolebebze, asakze, avadmyofobebze!“. da mogvianebiT boitos miswera: „ra sixarulia kvlav SegeZlos publikas uTxra: Cven isev aq varT!!! modiT da gvnaxeT!“

juzepe verdi

1893 wels „la skalaSi“ gaimarTa oTxmoci wlis juzepe verdis ukanaskneli operis – „falstafis“ premiera. verdim, romelsac xumroba saerTod ar exerxeboda da komikuri operis Janri „cru stanislaos“ im saSineli Cavardnis Semdeg SeiZula, kidev erTxel gadaaWarba sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar asaks, sakuTar travmebs da Seqmna naTeli, msubuqi, Seqspiris sakadrisi Sedevri. premieraze evropis TiTqmis yvela qveynidan Camovidnen musikosebi da kritikosebi, italiis mTavrobis wevrebi, gamoCenili adamianebi. mefemac ki depeSa gamougzavna verdis, sadac piradad bodiSs uxdida, rom premieras ver eswreboda! maestro erTi meoris miyolebiT iRebda jildoebs, ordenebs, ama Tu im qalaqis sapatio moqalaqeobas, „la skalaSi“, romelic verdis SemoqmedebiT saxlad iqca, sicocxleSive daudges Zegli. mainc guli mSobliuri busetosken miuwevda, sadac ukve idga misi saxelobis operis Teatri. XX saukunis pirvelsave kvirebSi milanSi kompozitors dambla daeca. qalaqi gairinda. im sastumros win, sadac maestro sikvdils ebrZoda, quCa CaliT dafares, etlebi da manqanebi ki svlas anelebdnen, avadmyofi xmaurs rom ar Seewuxebina. juzepe verdi 1901 wlis 27 ianvars, mocartis dabadebis dReze, gardaicvala. erTi Tvis Semdeg milanis sasaflaodan mis aSenebul xandazmul musikosTa saxlis samlocvelos akldamaSi gadaasvenes. procesias 300 000 adamiani mihyveboda. specialurad am SemTxvevisTvis Sekrebil 820-kacian gunds ki, romelic „nabukodan“ saxelganTqmul Va, pensiero-s asrulebda, legendaruli maestro arturo toskanini diriJorobda. juzepe verdis saflavze warweraa: „is yvelam daitira, is yvelas uyvarda“.

didi adamianebi

daviT bataSvili im droidan moyolebuli, rac 6 aTasi wlis win adamianebma saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba daiwyes, xSirad xdeba ise, rom maTi interesebi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba. aseT dros es saxelmwifoebi iwyeben moqmedebas erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg, sxvadasxva formiT. yovel istoriul periodSi am WidaobaSi zogi saxelmwifo mogebuli gamodis, sxva ki – wagebuli. yofila SemTxvevebi, roca mTlianad kacobriobisTvis ar hqonia didi mniSvneloba, romeli saxelmwifo gaimarjvebda, roca es saxelmwifoebi sakmaod hgavdnen erTmaneTs TavianTi Sida mowyobiTa da sagareo qceviT. magram aris sxva SemTxvevebic – roca paeqrobaSi CarTul saxelmwifoebs Soris Zalian didi gansxvavebaa. erTis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, mTlianad kacobrioba xdeba ufro Tavisufali, mdidari da warmatebuli. meoris gamarjvebas ki Zalian mZime Sedegebi mohyveba – mravali qveynis mTlianad damoneba da milionobiT adamianis datyveveba, SimSili da sikvdili. rodesac aSkarad da saSinlad boroti Zala cdilobs Sens qveyanasa da mTlianad adamianTa modgmaze gabatonebas, wesieri adamianis valia am Zalas winaaRmdegoba gauwios, visac rogorc SeuZlia. es ase iyo warsulSi da asea dResac. am mxriv Znelia istoriaSi ufro samagaliTo adamianis povna, vidre iyo poloneli patrioti vitold pilecki. igi adreuli asakidan sicocxlis bolomde ebrZoda XX saukunis or mTavar borotebas – sabWoTa ruseTs da nacistur germanias. amas igi sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva gziT akeTebda, magram yovelTvis moqmedebda adamianTa Tavisuflebis sasargeblod da borotebis winaaRmdeg.

vitold pilecki

cxenosani meomari vitold pilecki daibada 1901 wels poloneli aznaurebis ojaxSi. bavSvoba man ruseTis imperiaSi gaatara, radgan poloneTis is nawili, sadac vitoldis ojaxi cxovrobda, ruseTis mier iyo dapyrobili. pirvel msoflio omSi jer ruseTis, Semdeg ki germaniis imperiebis marcxis Semdeg, 1918 wlis 11 noembers, aRdga damoukidebeli polonuri saxelmwifo. axalSobil poloneTs maSinve mouwia brZolaSi CarTva bolSevikur, anu sabWoTa ruseTTan, romelic dacemuli ruseTis imperiis dakarguli teritoriebis xelaxla dapyrobas cdilobda. 17 wlis vitoldi Tavidanve CaerTo am brZolaSi, 1918 wlis Semodgomas Seqmnili moxaliseTa samxedro danayofebis SemadgenlobaSi. 1919 wels vitoldi SeuerTda poloneTis armiis sakavalerio nawils da amgvarad ganagrZo brZola rus bolSevikebTan. 1920 wlis zafxulSi bolSevikebma poloneTze didi Seteva wamoiwyes. Tavdapirvelad isini warmatebiT miiwevdnen win. maTi mizani poloneTis gasabWoeba iyo â&#x20AC;&#x201C; igive, rac

vitoldi kavaleristis formaSi, 1923

polonuri jari varSavis brZolaSi

1921 wlis Teberval-martSi maT saqarTveloSi SeZles. poloneTis dedaqalaqi, varSava, dacemis piras aRmoCnda da bevrs miaCnda, rom polonelTa marcxi gardauvali iyo. 1920 wlis 12-25 agvistos gaimarTa ganTqmuli varSavis brZola. Wkvianuri strategiuli Canafiqris wyalobiT, polonelebma win gaWril sabWoTa jars moulodneli mimarTulebidan daartyes da sastikad daamarcxes. amis Semdeg omi maleve dasrulda. poloneTi sabWoTa okupacias gadaurCa. varSavis brZolis dros vitoldi kvlav kavaleriis SemadgenlobaSi ibrZoda. es iyo ukanaskneli omi kacobriobis istoriaSi, romlis drosac didi kavaleriuli brZolebi gaimarTa.

vitoldi samxedro aRlumze

didi adamianebi brZolaSi dabruneba mas Semdeg, rac poloneTSi mSvidobam daisadgura, 1921 wlis dasawyisSi vitoldi jaridan wamovida. daiwyo erTaderTi periodi mis cxovrebaSi, bavSvobis garda, rodesac mSvidi yofis saSualeba mieca. ase 1939 wlamde gagrZelda. am wlebSi vitoldma daibruna Tavisi winaprebis kuTvnili mamuli, aRadgina iq arsebuli da omebSi dangreuli saxli da Seqmna ojaxi. mas ori Svili SeeZina – anJei da sofia. 1939 wlis 23 agvistos adolf hitleris nacisturi germania da ioseb stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri aRmosavleT evropis erTmaneTSi gayofaze SeTanxmdnen. 1 seqtembers germania poloneTs daesxa Tavs. 17 seqtembers ki nacistebTan mebrZol polonelebs zurgSi sabWoTa kavSirmac daartya. poloneTze es Tavdasxma meore msoflio omis dasawyisi gaxda. vitoldi kavaleriis oceulis meTauri iyo da omis dawyebisTanave agresorebs ebrZoda.

warsulSi poloneTi evropis erT-erTi Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo, magram Sida areulobam TandaTan daasusta. es imiT dasrulda, rom XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi poloneTi gaiyves ruseTis imperiam, avstriis imperiam da prusiis samefom, romelic SemdgomSi germaniis imperiad gadaiqca. 1914-1918 wlebis pirveli msoflio omis Sedegad, samive es imperia daeca. polonelebma amiT maSinve isargebles da aRadgines sakuTari saxelmwifo. 1939 wlis 23 agvistos daido garigeba, romelic istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc „molotov-ribentropis paqti“. am garigebiT poloneTi isev gaiyves, oRond amjerad – bevrad ufro borotma Zalebma, vidre XVIII saukunis imperiebi iyvnen. sabolood, poloneTma SeZlo daebrunebnia Tavisufleba da dRes is mdidari da Zlieri qveyanaa.

poloneTi damarcxda, ris Semdegac nacisturma germaniam da sabWoTa kavSirma is or nawilad gaiyves. Zalian bevri poloneli ar Seurigda Tavisuflebis dakargvas. mtruli okupaciis pirobebSi, maT faruli winaaRmdegobis moZraoba daiwyes. vitoldi bolomde omobda, sanam polonur jars jer kidev SeeZlo winaaRmdegobis gaweva, Semdeg ki faruli winaaRmdegobis moZraobis wevri gaxda.

vitoldi da misi coli maria qorwilis dRes

vitoldi mariasTan da SvilebTan erTad, 1934

vitold pilecki

nacistebis mier okupirebuli varSava

osvencimis banaki

mzveravi osvencimSi vitold pilecki winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi Tavidanve aqtiurad iyo CarTuli. am dros igi germanelebis mier okupirebul varSavaSi cxovrobda da Tavisi vinaobis dasamalad erTi komerciuli organizaciis menejerad muSaobda. nacisturma germaniam kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze mZime danaSauli Caidina – Seqmna sakoncentracio banakebi, sadac gamoamwyvdies milionobiT ebraeli da nacisturi reJimis sxvadasxva mowinaaRmdege. am banakebSi nacistebi tyveebs saSinel pirobebSi amyofebdnen da uamravi adamiani daxoces. poloneTis dapyrobis Semdeg germaniam aseTi banakebi iqac Seqmna. erT-erTi aseTi banaki, yvelaze cnobili Tavisi saSinelebebiT, iyo osvencimis banaki. vitoldma gadawyvita osvencimSi gangeb moxvedriliyo, patimris statusiT, raTa informacia Seegrovebina banakSi arsebul viTarebaze da iq adgilobrivi winaaRmdegobis organizacia Seeqmna. amisTvis man moipova yalbi piradobis dokumenti „tomaS serafinskis“ saxelze, raTa germanelebs ar scodnodaT, vin CauvardaT xelSi. 1940 wlis 19 seqtembers germanelebma varSavis quCebSi masobrivad daapatimres polonelebi. vitoldi gangeb moyva am dapatimrebaSi. is osvencimSi moaTavses, „patimar nomer 4859-is“ saxeliT.

patimari #4859, gadaRebulia osvencimSi nacistebis mier nacistebisa da komunistebis yvelaze masStaburi da mZime danaSaulebic ki Tavdapirvelad TiTqmis ar icoda gare samyarom. amitom vitold pileckis mcdeloba, osvencimidan informacia gamoetana, Zalian mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo. es aseve iyo didi Tavdadeba, radgan Zalian Znelia sakuTari Tavi gangeb Caugdo mters xelSi, Tanac iseT verag da warmoudgenlad sastik mtrs, rogoric nacistebi iyvnen. osvencimi ki iyo swored is adgili, sadac nacistebis sisastike yvelaze mZafrad gamJRavnda. vitoldma simarTlisaTvis da nacistebis namdvili saxis gamosaaSkaraveblad gangeb daaWerina Tavi, osvencimis jojoxeTSi moxvda, raTa iqauroba Tavad enaxa da gamoecada.

didi adamianebi

pileckis angariSi

marTalia, vitoldi mzad iyo, rom osvencimSi mZime pirobebi daxveboda, magram nanaxma da gancdilma yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba. amis miuxedavad, igi Seudga osvencimSi winaaRmdegobis qselis Seqmnas. droTa ganmavlobaSi vitoldis organizacia sakoncentracio banakis yvela nawils moedo. vitoldi da misi megobrebi axerxebdnen osvencimis banakSi arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb informaciis polonuri winaaRmdegobis moZraobis mTavari StabisTvis miwodebas. osvencimSi yofnis dros vitoldi samjer iyo mZimed avad, magram amis miuxedavad, iq TiTqmis sami weli gaatara da sadazvervo saqmianoba arasdros Seuwyvetia. 1943 wlis dasawyisSi nacistebma daiwyes osvencimSi vitoldis da misi megobrebis faruli qselis garRveva, maT gamoavlines am qselis bevri monawile. gaCnda cnobebi, rom osvencimis tyveTa nawils sxvadasxva banakSi gadaanawilebdnen. amis gamo vitoldma gadawyvita osvencimidan gaeRwia. 1943 wlis 27 aprils vitoldi da kidev ori patimari osvencimidan gaiqcnen. osvencimis tyveebSi arsebobda ajanyebisTvis momzadebuli organizebuli jgufebi. banakidan gaqcevis Semdeg vitoldi cdilobda daerwmunebina polonuri winaaRmdegobis moZraobis meTaurebi, am jgufebTan koordinaciiT dasxmodnen Tavs banaks, rom banakis tyveebs gaqceva moexerxebinaT. samwuxarod, banakTan axlos germanuli Zalebis koncentraciis gamo, meTaurebma es gegma zedmetad sariskod miiCnies.

osvencimis banakSi patimrebis xeliT damzadebuli sanTebela, romelic vitolds aCuqes

1943 wels vitoldma dawera dokumenti, romelic istoriaSi Sevida „vitoldis angariSis“ an „pileckis angariSis“ saxelebiT. es iyo pirveli masala nacisturi sakoncentracio banakidan, romlis meSveobiTac gare samyarom iqauri ambebis Sesaxeb miiRo informacia. vitoldma aRwera is saSinelebebi, rasac nacistebi osvencimSi sCadiodnen – adamianebze eqsperimentebi, gazis kamerebi, xalxis tanjva-damcireba.

vitold pilecki

varSavis ajanyebis muzeumi

varSavis ajanyebis monawileebi

varSavis ajanyebis mebrZoli vinc qalaq varSavaSi moxvedeba vfiqrob, saintereso unda iyos varSavis ajanyebis muzeumis monaxuleba. es muzeumi Zalian kargad, sainteresod da STambeWdavad aris mowyobili. TviTon ajanyeba 1944 wlis 1 agvistodan 2 oqtombramde grZeldeboda da es iyo erT-erTi didi da Rirseuli epizodi poloneTis istoriaSi. ra Tqma unda, ajanyebaSi vitoldmac miiRo monawileoba. 1944 wels gasagebi gaxda, rom nacisturi germania meore msoflio omSi damarcxdeboda. okupirebuli poloneTisTvis es imas niSnavda, rom erT totalitarul monstrs Caanacvlebda meore – sabWoTa kavSiri. polonelebma gadawyvites, sabWoTa jaris moaxloebasTan erTad, Tavad gaeTavisuflebinaT varSava germanelebisgan, raTa sabWoTa okupaciaSi ar moqceuliyvnen. ajanyeba daiwyo 1 agvistos. meamboxeebma gaaTavisufles varSavis centraluri ubnebi, Tumca, Semdeg rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. dasavlelma mokavSireebma ver SeZles polonelebisTvis qmediTi daxmarebis gaweva. rogorc ki polonelebi varSavaSi ajanydnen, sabWoTa jarma winsvla gaaCera – moskovs ar awyobda polonelebis mier qalaqis gaTavisufleba, amitom ajanyebis mimdinareobis dros sabWoelebs germanelebis winaaRmdeg varSavaSi ar umoqmediaT. sabWoTa jari axlodan uyurebda rogor anadgurebdnen nacistebi qalaqs da maT xelaxla mxolod imis mere Seutia, rac varSava miwasTan gaaswores. moskovisTvis xelsayreli iyo nacistebis xelSi poloneTis maqsimalurad ganadgureba da rac SeiZleba meti poloneli patriotis daRupva – es patriotebi xom Semdeg komunistur borotebas aRudgebodnen win iseve, rogorc nacisturs ebrZodnen. moskovis mizani ki iyo ara poloneTis gaTavisufleba, aramed germanuli batonobis sakuTriT Canacvleba. ajanyebamde vitoldi, romelsac 1944 wlis TebervalSi meTaurobam kapitnis samxedro wodeba mianiWa, CarTuli iyo axali saidumlo organizaciis SeqmnaSi. misi daniSnuleba iyo winaaRmdegobis organizeba axlo momavalSi mosalodneli sabWoTa okupaciis dros. magram roca varSava ajanyda, vitoldma ver gaZlo da brZolaSi CaerTo, Tavidan – rogorc rigiTi meomari, Tavisi vinaobis gamxelis gareSe. varSavaSi germanelebsa da polonelebs Soris Zalian mZime quCis brZolebi gaimarTa. bevri poloneli oficeri daiRupa. amis gamo vitoldma Riad gamoacxada vin iyo da amis Semdeg maleve gaxda aseulis meTauri. polonelebi 63-dRiani brZolebis Semdeg damarcxdnen. vitoldi 5 oqtombers tyved Cavarda, germanelebma igi samxedro tyveTa banakSi gagzavnes. meamboxeTa jvari – samxedro jildo, romelic pileckis varSavis ajanyebaSi brZolisTvis mianiWes

didi adamianebi vitold pileckis ukanaskneli brZola 1945 wlis 8 maiss nacisturi germania danebda. evropaSi meore msoflio omi dasrulda. magram evropis aRmosavleT nawilSi nacisturi tirania sabWourma Caanacvla. ase moxda poloneTSic, sadac batonobdnen komunistebi da umZimesi danaSaulebiT cnobili sabWoTa uSiSroebis samsaxuris – enkavedes agentebi. Semodgomaze vitoldi poloneTSi dabrunda. nacistebTan umZimesi brZolebis, Semdeg ki sabWoTa represiebis gamo, polonuri winaaRmdegobis moZraoba Zalian dasustebuli da daSlili iyo. vitoldma TiTqmis nulidan daiwyo axali faruli qselis awyoba, raTa poloneTis TavisuflebisTvis brZola gagrZelebuliyo. iseve, rogorc nacisturi okupaciis dasawyisSi, mas hqonda sxvadasxva Cveulebrivi samsaxuri, raTa komunisti okupantebi mis vinaobas ar mimxvdariyvnen. 1946 wlis ivlisSi vitolds dasavleTidan Seatyobines, rom misi poloneTSi yofna komunistebisTvis cnobili gaxda da rom mas ukve eZebdnen. amis gamo poloneTidan dasavleTSi gadaxvewa SesTavazes, magram vitoldma uari Tqva. amave dros, komunistebma poloneTSi represiebi gaamkacres. isini apatimrebdnen da klavdnen nacistebTan brZo-

vitoldi komunistebis e.w. `sasamarTloze“

lis liderebs da aseve yvelas, visganac poloneTis TavisuflebisTvis brZolas elodnen. 1947 wlis 8 maiss komunistebma vitoldi daapatimres. komunisturi e. w. „sasamarTlo“ Semdegi wlis gazafxulze gaimarTa. vitoldTan erTad „asamarTlebdnen“ sxva polonel patriotebsac. sinamdvileSi, aranairi sasamarTlo ar yofila. komunistebs surdaT Tavisufali, demokratiuli poloneTis momxreebis Tavidan moSoreba. „sasamarTlos“ speqtakli maT dadges mxolod amis gasaformeblad da vitoldisa da sxvebis mimarT ciliswamebis gasavrceleblad.

vitoldi komunistebis patimrobaSi

vitold pilecki

gariSi osvencimis Sesaxeb 2012 wels inglisurad gamosces da mas udidesi mniSvnelobis istoriuli dokumenti ewoda. vitold pileckim Tavisi cxovreba XX saukunis or udides borotebasTan – sabWoTa ruseTTan da nacistur germaniasTan brZolas miuZRvna. am brZolaSi mters yovelTvis ufro didi Zala hqonda, magram vitolds es ar aCerebda. man yvelaferi gaakeTa, rac ki SeeZlo, raTa adamianebs ecxovraT Tavisuflad da ara – totalitarul monobaSi. amiT man bolomde moixada Tavisi adamianuri vali. beWedi vitold pileckis sagvareulo gerbiT

komunistebis „sasamarTlom“ vitolds sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana. igi sikvdiliT dasajes 1948 wlis 25 maiss. misi cxedari saidumlod damarxes, raTa veravis miego pativi misi saflavisTvis. mas Semdeg, rac 1989 wels poloneTi gaTavisuflda komunisturi diqtaturisgan, vitold pileckis xsovnas sakadrisi pativi ergo. pirvelad iTqva xmamaRla, rom vitoldi iyo qveynis TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli patrioti. mas sxvadasxva jildo da wodeba mianiWes, maT Soris, 2006 wels – poloneTis umaRlesi jildo – TeTri arwivis ordeni. vitoldze iwereba wignebi, iReben mxatvrul da dokumentur filmebs. misi dawerili an-

sabolood, nacizmic da komunizmic daemxo. is saqme, romelsac vitoldi emsaxureboda, sxvebma ganagrZes da poloneTSi Tavisuflebam gaimarjva – swored im mxarem, romelzec vitoldi iyo. rac Seexeba im or borot Zalas, isini iyvnen ara mxolod poloneTis, aramed mTeli kacobriobis mtrebi. ase rom, maT winaaRmdeg brZolaSi vitoldi yvela CvenganisTvis iRvwoda, imisTvis, rom Cven dRes SegveZlos Tavisuflad cxovreba. kacobriobis istoria rTuli ram aris. boroteba dedamiwaze dResac arsebobs da iarsebebs momavalSic. vitold pilecki da misi cxovreba ki kvlavac kaSkaSa magaliTia yvelasaTvis, visac ar unda, rom borotebam gaimarjvos.

vitold pileckis memoriali

mxatvroba

„feradebiT weris profesori“

gigo gabaSvili

nino xundaZe

„usazRvro erTgulebiTa da siyvaruliT vuZRvni Cems ers Cem mravalwlian Sromas... Tu SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva galereebsa da dawesebulebebSi gabneul Cem suraTebs dauTmeT erTi darbazi an oTaxi muzeumSi...“ – es amonaridia gigo gabaSvilis anderZidan, romelic 1936 wlis 1 seqtembriT TariRdeba. anderZis daweridan or TveSi gigo gabaSvili cixisZirSi gardaicvala, sadac is mTavrobis davalebis Sesasruleblad – socialisturi Sromis Temaze didi zomis suraTis Sesaqmnelad iyo mivlinebuli. Seecadnen eiZulebinaT sazogadoebasTan sasaubrod „Tanamedrove“ mxatvruli ena, drois Sesatyvisi mxatvruli forma moeZebna mxatvars, romelmac 15 welze metxans ar SeimCnia socialisturi realobis „swrafi ganviTareba“. iZulebam Sedegi ar gamoiRo. gigo gabaSvils am viTarebam guli gauxeTqa an, „daumorCilebels“, sicocxle mouswrafes. ojaxma misi gardacvaleba mxolod 1 kviris Semdeg Seityo. 1921 wlidan, saqarTvelos „gasabWoebis“ Semdgom pirvel xanebSi, erovnuli kultura Cveuli formiT agrZelebda ganviTarebas. Tumca, sabWoTa saxelmwifos ideologiis ganmtkicebasTan erTad, viTareba icvleboda. xelovnurad inergeboda socialisturi realizmis principebi, rac, ZiriTadad, martivad aRsaqmeli formiT mSromelebis, glexebis, aqtivistebis, wiTeli

gigo gabaSvili

muzeumisTvis gadacemuli xevsuruli sabrZolo nivTebi

armiis Tematikaze Seqmnili ferweruli suraTebis da qandakebis nimuSebis Seqmnas gulisxmobda: adamianebi – bednieri da daculi, cxovreba – uzrunveli da mSvenieri. xelovanTa mier formalur ZiebebSi gamovlenili Sinagani Tavisufleba da individualizmi „formalizmis“ braldebiT, am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, isjeboda. cenzura ulmobeli iyo msgavsi gamovlinebebis mimarT. xelovnebam agitaciur-propagandistuli saxe SeiZina – sabWoTa xelisuflebisa da „diadi sabWoTa momavlis“ mexotbed iqca. Tumca am epoqaSi da am urTules viTarebaSi, kulturis yvela dargSi, xan SeniRbulad, xan farulad, xan ki gacxadebulad iqmneboda Tavsmoxveuli meTodisagan sruliad Tavisufali, WeSmaritad mxatvruli nimuSebi. gigo gabaSvili erTi maTgani iyo, vinc socrealizms sruliad „wauyrua“. mxatvarTa da saxelmwifo samsaxurebis warmomadgenelTagan Seqmnilma komisiam detalurad aRnusxa da xelovnebis muzeums gadasca mxatvris ara marto ferweruli da grafikuli memkvidreoba, aramed misi piradi biblioTeka da aveji, aseve piradi dokumentebi, Canawerebi, statiebi, gamofenebis katalogebi, minis negativebi. mtkiceba Znelia, Tumca amboben, rom misi suraTebisa da nivTebis erTi saintereso nawili komisias adgilze ukve aRar daxvda da, Sesabamisad, mxatvris memkvidreobam Cvenamde, albaT, arasruli saxiT moaRwia. cota mogvianebiT ki mxatvris dam, olRam, muzeums gigo gabaSvilis mier sicocxlis riskis fasad Segrovebuli xevsuruli sabrZolo nivTebisa da sakravebis mniSvnelovani nimuSebi usaxsovra. oficialuri mimarTvis werilSi qalbatoni olRa werda, rom es nivTebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi mxatvris suraTebisaTvis naturis rols asrulebda da mxatvars isini usazRvrod uyvarda. amitom gadawyvita man, rom am eTnografiul koleqciasac, gigo gabaSvilis SemoqmedebasTan erTad, xelovnebis muzeumSi miCenoda adgili.

g G igo gabaSvilis anderZi

„უსაზღვრო ერთგულებითა და სიყვარულით ვუძღვნი ჩემს ერს ჩემ მრავალწლიან შრომას. გულითადი თხოვნით მივმართავ ახლანდელ მთავრობას, გამოიჩინოს კეთილი ნება და მიიღოს ეს ძღვენი და თუ შესაძლებელია სხვადასხვა გალერეებსა და დაწესებულებებში გაბნეულ ჩემ სურათებს დაუთმეთ ერთი დარბაზი ან ოთახი მუზეუმში, რათა ჩემი სული მუდამ იქ ტრიალებდეს. სახალხო მხატვრის წოდების მონიჭებისთვის უღრმეს მადლობას მოვახსენებ ხალხს და მთავრობას.“

mxatvroba

oskar Smerlingi (1863-1938)

gigo gabaSvili, romlis Semoqmedebac udidesi „naxtomia“ qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriaSi da Tavisi masStaburobiTa da SemoqmedebiTi bunebiT erTgvarad moulodneladac ki gamoiyureba XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli mxatvrobis fonze, 1862 wels daibada TbilisSi. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumis axali da Tanamedrove qarTuli xelovnebis fondSi sxva mraval saintereso dokumentTan erTad daculia 1852 wels gamocemuli saeklesio krebuli. xmarebisagan gacrecili mcire zomis krebulis bolo gverdze gakruli xeliT Canaweria gakeTebuli: „giorgi 1862 daibada giorgobis Tvis cxrasa Tvarisa paraskebsa xuTs saaTze da SafaTs giorgoba Tendeboda Teu 3; giorgi moinaTla 1863 m(a)isisa 19 sulis fenvis dResa...“. es patara zomis locvani, romlis warweris kidev erTi nawili gigo gabaSvilis Zmis dabade-

ivane aivazovski (1817-1900)

bisa da naTlobis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs, Cans, mxatvris dedas ekuTvnoda da, rogorc uZvirfases nivTs, gigo cxovrebis bolomde saTuTad inaxavda. celqi da onavari patara gigo gabaSvili, rogorc iqve, fondSi daculi mxatvris germaneli meuRlis olimpia miulbaumis (gigom olimpia germaniidan saxlis saqmeebSi damxmared Camoiyvana, mogvianebiT ki colad SeirTo) mogonebebis stenografiul CanawerSi vkiTxulobT, dedam TbilisSi mcxovreb pedagogs, umkacres fon der nenies miabara, visTanac gigom franguli da germanuli enebi iswavla. momdevno xanebSi mxatvari realur saswavlebelSi swavlobda, sadac gansakuTrebul interess tanvarjiSis, xatvisa da geografiis mimarT iCenda. 1882-1883 wlebSi TbilisSi k. kepenis kerZo skolis moswavle iyo, 1884-1885 wlebSi ki asistentobas uwevda batalist mxatvars franc rubos, mefis ruseTis mTavrobis SekveTas rom asrulebda samxedro-istoriuli muzeumisTvis, igive „didebis taZrisTvis“. am muzeums kavkasiaSi ruseTis imperiis Zlevamosileba unda warmoeCina da rusuli iaraRis Zlierebisa da didebis simbolo unda gamxdariyo. am saqmisTvis, rubos garda, TbilisSi ramdenime saintereso mxatvari iyo mowveuli – maqs

gigo gabaSvili

bazari samaryandSi. 1895. tilo, zeTi. 80,6 X 160. kristis auqcionze 2006 wels gayiduli suraTi

tilke, ivane aivazovski, aleqsandre kolCini da sxvebi, romelTac im dros araerTi didi zomis ferweruli kompozicia Seqmnes. muzeumma saboloo saxe ver miiRo, Tumca am mxatvrebTan siaxlovem qarTvelebs saintereso gamocdileba SesZina. 1886 wels gigo gabaSvili jer Tavisufal msmenelad, cota mogvianebiT ki studentad Cairicxa peterburgis samxatvro akademiaSi, profesor vilevaldes batalur klasSi. sakmaod xelmokled cxovrobda, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, bevrs da didi mondomebiT muSaobda. misi suraTebi profesorTa yuradRebas gamorCeuli mxatvruli SesaZleblobebisa da kompoziciis agebis Seudarebeli unaris gamo ipyrobda. dainteresebuli, mondomebuli da mizanswrafuli mxatvari TandaTan finansuradac moZlierda. sxvadasxva saxis stipendiis garda, rac man akademiisgan daimsaxura, SekveTiT qmnida suraTebs da TanamSromlobda peterburgis JurnalebTan. mciredi Semosavali gauCnda Tu ara, mxatvari dedasac exmareboda TbilisSi da peterburgis akademiaSi – axlad SeZenil Tu Zvel megobrebsac. misi uaxloesi adamianebi am dros iyvnen arqiteqtori tiliakovski, oskar Smerlingi, Sio beriZe, samokiSi da romanoz gvelesiani. romanoz gvelesianis mimarT gigos sruliad gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqonda, siTbo-

Ti da pativiscemiT gajerebuli, romelTan urTierTobac mas Semdgom, sicocxlis umZimes wuTebSi, simSvides aniWebda. olimpia miulbaumis mogonebebSi erTi monakveTia, sadac romanoz gvelesianis gardacvalebidan mravali wlis Semdeg, ukve akademiis pedagogma gigo gabaSvilma, erTmaneTs wakidebuli da „dandurebuli“ uaxloesi megobrebis, misi mowafeebis gamo danaRvlianebulma, ase gamoxata sakuTari wuxili: isini xom iseTive axloblebi arian, rogorc me da romanozio. peterburgSi gigo gabaSvils studenti megobrebis garda saintereso saaxloblo wre hyavda, niko nikolaZis ojaxisa da mxatvar daviT guramiSvilis xSiri stumari iyo. daviT guramiSvils, rogorc warmosadegi garegnobis mamakacs da saucxoo mojiriTes, ungreli mxatvari mixai ziCi vefxistyaosnis ilustraciebisTvis cxenze jiriTisas naturidan xatavda. cocxali scenebis Canaxatebsa da eskizebs ziCTan erTad gigo gabaSvilic akeTebda. am urTierTobebma igi ilia WavWavaZesTan daakavSira. ziCis suraTebs rom aTvalierebda, ilia WavWavaZem gigos Canaxatebsac Seavlo Tvali, moewona axalgazrda mxatvris namuSevrebi da im droidan akvirdeboda mis SemoqmedebiT ganviTarebas, SigadaSig finansuradac exmareboda. jer kidev sruliad damwyeb Semoqmedze da momdevno wlebSic xSirad aqveynebda werilebs gazeT „iveriaSi“ mxatvris ga-

mxatvroba

mofenebisa da misi warmatebebis Sesaxeb. ilia WavWavaZesTan gigos megobroba mxatvris TbilisSi dabrunebis Semdeg kidev ufro gaRrmavda. swored ilia WavWavaZem gaugzavna mxatvars 200 maneTi peterburgSi, riTac gigo gabaSvilma fotoaparati SeiZina – momdevno wlebSi misi ganuyreli „megobari“. igi aqtiurad iyenebda winaswar Seqmnil fotokadrebs ferweraze muSaobis procesSi. garda damxmare masalisa, gigos fotoebs Soris bevria fotografiis TviTkmari da sakmaod maRalprofesionaluri rangis nimuSi. gigos fotografiis interesi mixai ziCis fotoaparatiT muSaobis maneram gauRviva. gigo gabaSvilma peterburgis akademia 1888 wels vercxlis medliTa da mxatvris wodebiT daasrula. samSobloSi dabrunebulma, erTgvari angariSi Caabara qarTul sazogadoebas da sakuTari suraTebis damoukidebeli, sakmaod warmatebuli gamofena gamarTa. msgavsi „saangariSo“ gamofenebi mxatvars Cvevadac ki eqca. wlebis ganmavlobaSi, sxvadasxva xangrZlivi mogzaurobidan dabrunebuli, igi yovelTvis marTavda did gamofenas da sazogadoebas drois im monakveTSi Seqmnil namuSevrebs warudgenda. peterburgidan dabrunebis Semdeg gigo gabaSvilma kavkasiaSi imogzaura, Seqmna uamravi Canaxati, etiudi, Seagrova eTnografiuli masalis udidesi koleqcia, romelic mogvianebiT saqarTvelos eTnografiul muzeums usaxsovra.

divanbegis auzi. samaryandi. 1897. tilo, zeTi. 80X160

1891 wels amerikeli milioneri Carlz kreni kavkasiaSi mogzaurobisas gaecno Tbilisel mxatvarTa Semoqmedebas. SeiZina qarTvel mxatvarTa suraTebi, maT Soris gigosic da amas garda, gigo gabaSvils kavkasiisa da Sua aziis Temaze suraTebi SeukveTa. SekveTis Sesasruleblad 1893-1894 wlebSi gigo gabaSvilma kavkasiasa da Sua aziaSi imogzaura. am mogzaurobisas Seqmnili 28 ferweruli suraTi man amerikaSi gagzavna (2006 wels gigo gabaSvilis 2 namuSevari krenis ojaxma saerTaSoriso auqcionze uzarmazar Tanxad gayida ). 1894 wels gigo gabaSvilma franc rubos rCeva gaiTvaliswina da amerikelisagan miRebuli anazRaurebiTa da Tavisi megobris, daviT sarajiSvilis, finansuri daxmarebiT

bazari samaryandSi. 1897. tilo,zeTi. 81X160

gigo gabaSvili

swavla miunxenis samxatvro akademiaSi gaagrZela. am periodSi gigo gabaSvilma mravali nawarmoebi Seqmna. Sua aziis Temaze Sesrulebuli ori suraTi – „bazari samaryandSi“ da „divanbegis auzi“ – warmodgenili iyo miunxenis gamofenaze. amave gamofenaze ilia repinis namuSevrebic iyo eqsponirebuli. repinis suraTebma gigo aRafrTovana. man sakuTari damokidebuleba mxatvrisaTvis gagzavnil werilSi gamoxata. repinma sapasuxo weriliT, sadac is mxatvars „momxibvlel ucnobs“ uwodebs, gigo ruseTSi, TavisTan dapatiJa. ilia repinTan uSualo urTierToba gigo gabaSvils arasodes hqonia, Tumca misi xelovnebis da zogadad, realizmis mimarT gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba miunxenSi yofnisas Tanamedrove mxatvrebTan uSualo kavSirisa da axal mxatvrul stilebTan siaxlovis fonzec ki ar Secvlila.

ze muSaobda, risi Seqmnac bunebrivi ganaTebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo, RamiT ki ufro xels iwafavda savarjiSo CanaxatebiT. zogjer Wamac ar axsendeboda. miunxenidan dabrunebulma gigo gabaSvilma moswavleTaTvis samxatvro studia daaarsa. 1901 wels ki kavkasiis natifi xelovnebis wamaxalisebeli sazogadoebis ferwerisa da qandakebis skola Caabares. 1922 wlidan, samxatvro akademiis daarsebisTanave, „feradebiT weris“ pirvel profesorad airCies (Tbilisis samxatvro akademiis pirveli reqtoris – giorgi CubinaSvilis xelmowerili mowmobaa gacemuli mxatvar gigo gabaSvilis saxelze 1922 wlis 22 noembers, sadac igi feradebiT weris profesorad aris moxseniebuli). igi akademiuri ganaTlebisa da realisturi formis erTguli darCa sicocxlis bolomde, imis miuxedavad, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi al-

1896-1897 da 1902-1903 wlebSi mxatvarma imogzaura evropis mraval qveyanaSi, xelovnebis Zeglebis gasacnobad. samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg ki saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxe moinaxula. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo misi mogzauroba xevsureTSi. saqarTvelos am kuTxiT aRfrTovanebulma Seasrula Canaxatebi da eskizebi suraTebisTvis, fotoze aRbeWda saintereso kadrebi da detalebi, xevsureTis Taviseburebebi, Seagrova mniSvnelovani eTnografiuli masala, swored is, rac Semdgom misma dam xelovnebis muzeums usaxsovra. dauRalavi da mudam interesiani mxatvari mTeli Segnebuli cxovrebis manZilze cdilobda daexvewa da srulyofilebamde aeyvana sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebi. muSaobda dRisiT da RamiT. dRe ima-

mxatvroba kiTa da siuJetiT, Janruli sistemiT XIX saukunis II naxevris rusuli da evropuli realisturi ferweris ZiriTad principebs iziarebs da, amave dros, individualobiTa da erovnuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. didi SemoqmedebiTi diapazonis mxatvris ferwera Janrul-Tematuri mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva: bataluri Janri, portreti, portreti-tipi, qalaqis scenebi, peizaJi, naturmorti. gigo gabaSvilisaTvis axlobelia samyaros movlenebisa da sagnebis ganzogadebuli aRqma. mis SemoqmedebaSi interesi realuri movlenis, mxatvruli saxis zogadi, tipuri xasiaTis mimarT Warbobs interess konkretulisa da ganumeoreblisa. gabaSvili qarTul mxatvrobaSi monumenturi tendenciebis damamkvidrebelia.

firosmanis portreti. tilo, zeTi. 32,5X30

egoriuli xasiaTis da metic, simbolizmiT STagonebuli mxatvruli saxeebis saintereso koleqcia Seqmna ara marto mxatvrobaSi, aramed fotografiaSic. rogorc amboben, akademiuri ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebulad momTxovni iyo studentebis mimarT. rodesac aanalizeb, Tu rogor mniSvnelobas aniWebda gigo gabaSvili klasikuri codnis SeZenas da mxatvruli ostatobis daxvewas, SeiZleba axsnac ki mouZebno mxatvar niko firosmanaSvilis TviTmyofadi Semoqmedebis mimarT mis uaryofiT damokidebulebas. rogorc Cans, igi miiCnevda, rom firosmanaSvilis fenomenis aRiarebiT niWieri axalgazrdebi ganaTlebis aucileblobas eWvqveS daayenebdnen. amitomac ar aRiarebda firosmans, rogorc movlenas. es mosazreba mas Semdeg gamiCnda, rac xelovnebis muzeumis qarTuli ferweris fondSi gigo gabaSvilis mier Sesrulebuli niko firosmanaSvilis portretis ferweruli eskizi vnaxe. mcire zomis tiloze keTili saxis, Tumca dardiani da cota mkacri WaRara kaci profilSia gamosaxuli. Cemi azriT, am suraTze warmodgenili adamianis mxatvrul saxeSi avtoris Tbili, keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba vlindeba. gigo gabaSvili realizmis udidesi warmomadgenelia. misi ferwera mxatvrul-saxeobrivi struqturiT, stilistikiT, Temati-

aseve uaRresad mniSvnelovania gigo gabaSvilis mier umetesad grafikuli teqnikiT Sesrulebuli suraTebis seriebi, sadac mxatvari sruliad gansxvavebuli rakursiT warmoCndeba. misi suraTebi fantaziebiTa da alegoriebiT, religiur-miTologiuri TematikiT, cotac erotikuli zmanebebiTaa ganmsWvaluli, riTac mxatvris isedac mravalferovani Semoqmedeba kidev ufro saintereso da mravalwaxnaga xdeba. Tu am suraTebs mxatvris foto namuSevrebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT, ueWvelad aRmovaCenT gigo gabaSvilis moulodnel interesebsa da Taviseburebebs. rogorc Cans, evropaSi mogzaurobam mis msoflmxedvelobas meti siTamame SesZina da samyaros mimarT damokidebuleba ufro ironiuli da mistikuric ki gaxada, sadac wamieri da warmavali maradiul faseulobebTan Tanaarsebobs.

arxotis dacva. 1899. tilo, zeTi. 55X113

gigo gabaSvili

de rozas portreti. 1902. tilo, zeTi. 91X68

buxarelebi 1894. qaRaldi, tuSi. 24X33.5

gigo gabaSvilis fotoxelovneba misi Semoqmedebis kidev erTi saintereso aspeqtis gamomxatvelia. mxatvari, rogorc naturalisti da kompoziciis WeSmariti ostati, iyenebda ra uaxles teqnologiur miRwevebs, winaswar, kinokadriviT dgamda kompoziciebs. rogorc Cans, Tavdapirvelad qmnida maT fotoversias da Semdeg, maT mixedviT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ferwerul kompozicias. Tumca, misi fotoebi mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT iseve Rirebulia, rogorc dazguri suraTebi. am nimuSebiT gigo gabaSvili, sruliad damsaxurebulad, fotoxelovnebis erT-erT fuZemdeblad unda miviCnioT. es fotoebi ara mxolod dazguri suraTisaTvis mosamzadebeli samuSaoa, aramed daxvewili mxatvruli formiT da xasiaTiT xelovnebis TviTkmar nimuSebs warmoadgens.

Zveli Tbilisi. 1885. tilo, zeTi. 62X47

Tbilisis samxatvro akademiis reqtorma grigol (guguli) buxnikaSvilma 1935 wlis 15 noembers, specialurad gigo gabaSvilisTvis gamarTul sadResaswaulo saRamoze, mas saqarTvelos saxalxo mxatvris wodeba mianiWa. ramdenime wliT adre akademiidan daTxovnis gamo uzomod guldawyvetili mxatvrisaTvis es RirSesaniSnavi movlena iyo, ramac didad gaabedniera. gigo gabaSvilma anderZSi amis gamo sazogadoebas uRrmesi madloba gadauxada. es wodeba WeSmaritad Seesatyviseba gigo gabaSvils, rogorc pirovnebas, aseve Semoqmeds â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mxatvarma mTeli Tavisi cxovreba da Semoqmedeba Tavis qveyanas, qarTvel xalxs miuZRvna da usaxsovra. 2017 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnaturmorti. tilo, zeTi. 61X75

mxatvroba Tavadis portreti. 1902. tilo, zeTi. 63X63

xevsuri qali dairiT da frinveliT. tilo, zeTi. 281X159

gigo gabaSvili

nebis muzeumSi gigo gabaSvilis 155 wlis iubilesaTvis did gamofenas vamzadebdiT. zafxulis erT cxel dRes muzeumSi gigo gabaSvilis koleqciiT dainteresebuli ori ucxoeli, sandomiani saxis momxibvleli qalbatoni gvestumra. saubrisas erTma maTganma, miqaela apelma, moridebiT miTxra, yvelaferi mainteresebs, rac gigos exeba, me misi SvilTaSvili varo. gavocdi. dokumentebsa da CanawerebSi gigo gabaSvilis mxolod erTi germaneli meuRlea naxsenebi – olimpia miulbaumi. qalbatonma mikim (gvTxova, ase migvemarTa misTvis) gviambo, rom miunxenSi cxovrebisas gigosa da mis did bebias – matilda francs, sasiyvarulo urTierToba hqoniaT. gigos TbilisSi dabrunebis Semdeg matilda TbilisSic yofila Camosuli, rac irkveva gigos mier matildasTvis miwerili werilidan. mikim es werili gviCvena kidec. 1902 wels gigo evropaSi mogzaurobisas miunxenSic Casula da matilda mounaxulebia. 1903 wels miunxenSi matilda francs gigosgan qaliSvili SeeZina – jeorjina paulina franci. rogorc misi SvilTaSvili darwmunebiT gviambobs, matilda, qaliSvilTan erTad, daaxloebiT 1906 wels saqarTveloSi Camovida da qveynis gasabWoebamde TbilisSi, gigosTan cxovrobda, rogorc misi kanonieri meuRle. 1921 wels matilda SeuSinda revoluciur represiebs, romelic germanelebis cimbirSi gadasaxlebas gulisxmobda da SvilTan erTad germaniaSi dabrunda. monayolidan Cans, rom gigos ar undoda matilda saqarTvelodan gamgzavrebuliyo, Tumca qalma mxatvari datova

gigo gabaSvili

gigo gabaSvili saxelosnoSi

bazari samaryandSi. 1896. tilo, zeTi. 79X125

da wavida. miki Tavisi bebiis monaTxrob bevr saintereso detals yveba saqarTveloSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. gigos misamarTi matildam 1932 wels germaniis saelCos saSualebiT moiZia, Tumca elCma mas urCia, ar dakavSireboda mxatvars sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT. matilda franci 1937 wels gardacvlila. qalma Svili da SviliSvilic, mariana (profesiiT xeze kveTis ostati), gigo gabaSvilis siyvaruliT gazarda, maT ki gigo SvilTaSvilsac Seayvares. 1968 wels gigos qaliSvili jeorjina (jina) Tavis SvilTan erTad Camosula saqarTveloSi da muzeumSi mamis gamofena mounaxulebia. Tavisi istoria maSinac gaumxelia muzeumis TanamSromlebisTvis. samaxsovrod Tbilisidan waRebul gigo gabaSvilis gamofenis katalogs dRemde inaxavs miki, iseve, rogorc gigos werils da misi didi bebiis Canawers, sadac Tbilisidan misi gamgzavrebis Sesaxebaa moTxrobili. mikis da mis megobars bevri ram davaTvalierebineT. saocrad sentimentaluri iyo gigos nivTebTan misi Sexeba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; cremlebs ver ikavebda. vigrZeni, rom es misTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani, mSobliuri, Tbili da Tan mtkivneulic iyo. 2018 wlis gazafxulze miki kvlav Camovida TbilisSi, didi babuis gamofenis dasaTvaliereblad. man, batoni gogi sarajiSvilis, gigo gabaSvilis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis mkvlevris, wyalobiT, gigo gabaSvilis naTesavebi gaicno da bednierma miTxra â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ise mimaspinZles, rogorc mefeso. naTesavebTan erTad miki qarTlSi im sofels estumra, sadac misi didi bebiis mogonebebis Tanaxmad, gigo xSirad Cadioda samuSaod, jeorjina ki iq bevrs jiriTobda da sasiamovnod atarebda dros. wasvlisas miki sinanuliT savse dagvemSvidoba: me Svilebi ar myavs, es imas niSnavs, rom gigo gabaSvilis genealogia Cemze Sewydebao. xevsuri wiTelSi. tilo, zeTi. 38,5X30,5

krosvordi

1 6 10

14 16

19 20

30 31

24 25

41 46

49 54

52 55

62 65

67 69

68 72

74 76

81 82

83 84

Sveulad 1. ciuri sxeuli, giganturi gavarvarebuli mnaTobi, romlis garSemo moZraobs dedamiwa da sxva planetebi. 2. logikis wesebis winaswar ganzraxul darRvevaze dafuZnebuli formalurad swori, magram arsebiTad mcdari daskvna. 4. TandaTanobiTi zrda, gafarToeba. ukanasknel xans xmaroben ufro metad samxedro konfliqtebTan dakavSirebiT. 5. TavazianobiT SeniRbuli dacinva. 6. saxelmwifos mier dadgenili sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis savaldebulo wesebisa da normebis erToblioba, romlis dacvasac uzrunvelyofs specialuri organoebi. 7. moqalaqeTa piradi qonebis daufleba an qonebaze uflebis miReba, agreTve qonebrivi gamorCena motyuebiT an ndobis borotad gamoyenebiT. 8. mecniereba adamianis daavadebaTa, maTi mkurnalobisa da Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb. 9. raimes SigniTa mxare, siRrmeSi, SuagulSi moqceuli nawili. 10. specialuri ganaTlebis mqone piri, romelic maswavleblis an aRmzrdelis saqmianobas eweva. 11. organizmTa gamravlebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone niSnebis erToblioba, romelTa mixedviTac gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan mdedri da mamri. 14. momTabare arabi. 15. msjelobis xerxi, zogadi debulebidan kerZo daskvnis gamoyvana. 20. rwmena, SexedulebaTa da faseulobaTa sistema, qcevis wesi. 22. qalTa moZraoba, romlis mizanic qalebisaTvis arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebis miniWeba da Tanabari samoqalaqo uflebebi iyo. 25. visime STagoneba, Segulianeba an waqezeba. 26. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi mimarTuleba literaturasa da xelovnebaSi, romelic win ayenebda pirovnebis interesebsa da grZnobebs. 28. sazeimo wveuleba vinmes pativsacemad an raime movlenis aRsaniSnavad. 29. ambavi vinmes cxovrebis calkeuli monakveTis, SemTxvevis an mTeli cxovrebis Sesaxeb. 31. erTxel daweril da gadafxekil etratze xelaxla Sesrulebuli xelnaweri. 32. igivea, rac kosmonavti. 34. piri, romelsac sazogadoebis garkveuli jgufi aRiarebs Tavis winamZRolad da mihyveba mas. 35. ramdenime cecxlsasroli iaraRidan erTdroulad gasrola. 36. biznesmenTa, mewarmeTa savaWro an samrewvelo gaerTianeba. 43. qarTuli literaturis umniSvnelovanesi Zegli. 44. msgavseba saganTa, movlenaTa an cnebaTa Soris. 45. mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis geografiuli rukebis Sedgenas. 46. cisa da dedamiwis an wylis zedapiris SemaerTebeli xazi. 47. calkeuli SemTxveva, momxdari ambavi. 48. C-vitaminis naklebobiT gamowveuli daavadeba. 49. enaTmecniereba. 53. umcrosi matrosi. 55. sagangebo, sapasuxismgeblo davaleba, daniSnuleba, roli. 58. organuli nivTiereba, romelic auci-

My World 29

Articles inside

mxatvroba

musika maia sigua juzepe verdi

didi adamianebi daviT bataSvili kapitan vitold pileckis gmiruli cxovreba

istoria

გეოპოლიტიკა

gamogonebebi

qalebi

saqarTvelos megobrebi

mogzauroba arCil qiqoZe Tur heierdali mousvenrobis kaci