Mount Morrison CCC Camp Vision, Site and Space

Concept Plan

VOLUME 1

Prepared for: City and County of Denver Department of Parks and Recreation

Prepared by: Mundus Bishop with Anderson Hallas Architects

Appendices

Appendix C: 1990 DMP NRHP Nomination Form

Appendix D: 1990 Red Rocks Park and Mount Morrison CCC District Nomination Form

Appendix E: 2012 Mount Morrison CCC

Appendix F: 2013 Red Rocks Park and Mount Morrison CCC National Historic Landmark District Nomination Form

Appendix G: 2016 Building Assessment

Appendix H: 1936 History of the CCC in Colorado

Appendix I: History of the CCC - Colorado and Wyoming District

Introduction

About Mount Morrison CCC Camp

Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Camp and Morrison Park, collectively known as the CCC Camp, are located seventeen miles from the center of Denver at the convergence of the great plains and the Rocky Mountains. The camp is set within a regional network of parks, open spaces, and trails owned and managed by the City and County of Denver (the city), the Town of Morrison, and Jefferson County Open Space. Bear Creek Canyon Scenic Mountain Drive (SH-74) and C-470 connect the CCC Camp to Denver and the larger front range region.

The site was purchased by the city in 1928 as part of the larger Red Rocks Park acquisition. The CCC occupied the site from 1935 to 1941 while building Red Rocks Amphitheatre—one of the largest projects in the nation undertaken by the CCC and Denver’s most ambitious mountain park project. The site represents the largest intact collection of CCC Camp buildings and is significant as one of the few remaining CCC Camps in the nation. The 19-acre CCC Camp is owned and managed by the city and has served as the headquarters for Denver Mountain Parks (DMP) since 1942.

The CCC Camp is within the larger Red Rocks Park and Mount Morrison CCC Camp National Historic Landmark district. The district is nationally significant for its association with the CCC and its embodiment of CCC-era workmanship and landscape design overseen by the National Park Service.

Despite its significance, daily use has decreased since CCC occupation. This has resulted in the loss of historic features and the diminished integrity of the CCC Camp. An immediate need exists to protect and repair historic features and to ensure facilities support modern use of the site.

The CCC Camp provides a unique setting for the city and its partners to provide stewardship training and programming. The desire to activate the CCC Camp is reflected in recent improvements and funding allocated through the voter approved 2017 GO Bond.

About this Plan

This plan builds upon the 2008 Master Plan for Denver Mountain Parks and the 2019 Game Plan for a Healthy City. It reflects the city’s commitment to stewardship of the CCC Camp and provides the city with guidance to improve, manage, and program the site. It establishes a framework for resiliency by providing flexibility for phased implementation. This will enable the city to respond to new opportunities, challenges, and trends while maintaining the vision for the CCC Camp.

PLANNING PROCESS

This plan was developed through engagement with city staff and subject matter experts including representatives from HistoriCorps, Denver Mountain Parks Foundation, Mile High Youth Corps, and the Town of Morrison. City staff and subject matter experts guided development of a vision for the CCC Camp that honors its legacy and ensures activation and continued stewardship.

Historical Context

The establishment of Camp SP-13-C (Mount Morrison CCC Camp) is associated with the Great Depression and subsequent creation of the CCC. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6101 on April 5, 1933. The Act of Congress, “An Act for the relief of unemployment through the performance of useful public work,” marked the establishment of the first national recovery organization. The program mobilized unemployed men to camps across the country “to work quickly on projects which would not only enhance the present value of…natural resources, but which would increase their usefulness to future generations.”1

The focus of the CCC broadened in the mid-1930s from strictly conservation projects to recreational development. Denver’s Manager of Parks and Improvements, George Cranmer, recognized this expanded focus as an opportunity to develop its ambitious plan for the mountain parks. This included Red Rocks Park—present-day Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre, Mount Morrison CCC Camp, and Morrison Park.2

Cranmer utilized New Deal work relief programs in 1935 to secure labor and materials necessary to build Red Rocks Amphitheatre. The National Park Service provided technical assistance and the Works Progress Administration and CCC provided labor for the Red Rocks Amphitheatre (amphitheatre) project.3

CCC enrollees first occupied the CCC Camp in 1935.4 The CCC Camp was located to the south of the amphitheatre and was built to house between 200 and 215 men. The application for the camp noted the site was well protected from weather, well drained, and had access to major roads, electricity, and potable water (Bear Creek).

The layout of the CCC Camp followed the U.S. Army’s 1933 standard design for rigid camp construction.5 The site design of rigid camps was adapted to reflect each camp’s unique landscape, terrain, and geographic location. Rigid camps were typically comprised of eleven lumber buildings including four barracks, a mess hall, a recreation hall, an infirmary, officers’ quarters, truck garages, latrine, and shower building. Purchases were made through local competitive bidding processes and local labor built the camps. This ensured adjacent communities experienced an economic benefit from the CCC and supported their presence.6

Plans for the amphitheatre were not complete when Company 1848 arrived at the CCC Camp in 1935. Enrollees built picnic tables, parking areas, roads, bridges, ovens, trails, and a craft shop/school room at Red Rocks Park and the CCC Camp.7 The focus of all work shifted to the amphitheatre on May 9, 1936.8

Company 1860 arrived at the CCC Camp in 1937. Before starting work at the amphitheatre, enrollees worked at the CCC Camp to establish lawns and recreational amenities—a golf course, croquet court, horseshoe courts, and ball diamond.9

Mount Morrison CCC Camp closed in 1941 with the completion of the amphitheatre. The War Department held all abandoned CCC camps for possible use associated with World War II.10 A Camp Disposition Completion Report was filed for each camp and most were transferred to the USDA Forest Service. Local groups occasionally requested buildings for use as a community center or camp. Throughout the country few CCC camp buildings were desired and buildings were largely removed or salvaged.11

The City and County of Denver applied for ownership of the CCC Camp structures for development and administration of its mountain parks. The CCC Camp was transferred to the city in 1942. The CCC Camp has continuously served as the base of DMP and its buildings have been used by summer camps, Chapter 7 of the National Association of CCC, and HistoriCorps.12 DMP’s continued use and occupation of the site contributed to what is now one of the largest intact collections of CCC Camp buildings and one of the few remaining CCC Camps in the nation.

1913

1933

President Roosevelt created the Civilian Conservation Corps.

1928

Denver purchased present-day Red Rocks Park, Mount Morrison CCC Camp, and Morrison Park.

Denver hired the Olmsted Brothers to develop a plan for its mountain parks.

1936

The focus of Company 1848 work shifted exclusively to Red Rocks Amphitheatre.

1937

CCC enrollees built a stone pond and foundation between Barracks 5 and the Headquarters Building. Company 1860 moved to Mount Morrison CCC Camp on May 15, 1937.

1948

The City and County developed a planting plan for the Barracks area of the CCC Camp. No documentation of implementation exists.

1950s

A small sitting room and massive exterior sandstone fireplace were built off the south side of the Recreation Hall.

Barracks 1 was divided into two buildings (Barracks 1a and Barracks 1b)

1910 20 30 40 50 60

George Cranmer, Denver’s Manager of Parks and Improvements, looked to the newly organized work relief programs to construct several projects for Denver Mountain Parks during the depression.

The city of Denver selected architect Burnham F. Hoyt to design Red Rocks Amphitheatre.

The federal government established Camp SP-13-C (Mount Morrison CCC Camp). Camp establishment included the road system, Bear Creek Bridge; Bear Creek retaining wall; Mess Hall and Kitchen; Recreation Hall; Barracks 1; Barracks 2; Barracks 3; Barracks 4; Barracks 5; Bath House and Latrine; Garage 1; Garage 2; Blacksmith Shop; Work Shop; Commander’s Garage; and CCC Camp Headquarters, Infirmary, Supply, Technical Service Quarters and Officers’ Quarters.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) workers built long stone wall along both sides of Bear Creek for flood protection.

CCC enrollees (Company 1848) first occupied Mount Morrison CCC Camp on June 30th, 1935.

1935

The Civilian Conservation Corps program was terminated.

The War Department transferred the CCC Camp to the City and County of Denver. The War Department retained the right to use and occupy the camp if required for military purposes at during the present emergency (World War II) and for six months thereafter.

1942

The grand opening for Red Rocks Amphitheatre was held on June 15, 1941. Mount Morrison CCC Camp was closed with completion of the amphitheatre.

1941

1980s

Denver Parks and Recreation covered several buildings with nine-inch horizontal composite siding. The composite siding was placed over the original siding and, In some instances, historic windows.

CCC alumni planted trees at the camp.

2019

Denver Parks and Recreation, HistoriCorps, and Denver Mountain Parks Foundation completed rehabilitation of Barracks 3.

70 80 90 2000 10 2020

Denver Mountain Parks constructed a 24-foot addition for offices on the east end of Garage 1 (present-day DMP HQ).

1974

Denver Parks and Recreation replaced Bear Creek Bridge decking and painted the ironwork green.

2000

City and County of Denver voters approved the GO Bond. The bond allocated $1.5M for Mount Morrison CCC Camp.

2017

Denver Parks and Recreation completed rehabilitation of Barracks 5.

2021

Contributing Features

Contributing features are individual elements or landscape characteristics that contribute to the cultural landscape of the CCC Camp. Contributing features date from 1935 to 1941—the period the CCC occupied the camp.

Feature Name

Description

CCC Camp 19-acre camp including CCC Camp and Morrison Park

Morrison Park Two-acre recreational area north of Bear Creek

Road System CCC Camp roads

Bear Creek Bridge 40’ by 17’ fixed timber deck bridge covered in asphalt

Bear Creek Retaining Wall +/- 600’ rubble sandstone and concrete mortar wall

Garage 2 Mechanic’s “Pit” Riser Concrete Walls east of Garage 2

Barracks 1 Retaining Wall 98’ by 3’ rock and mortar retaining wall south of Barracks 1

Barracks 2 Retaining Wall 60’ by 3’ rock and mortar retaining wall north of Barracks 2

Recreation Hall Retaining Wall 95’ by 2’ rock and mortar retaining wall north of Recreation Hall

Stone Pond and Fountain 4’ diameter fish pond made of rough-cut stone

Bath House and Latrine 48’ by 20’ building with a shed roof vestibule on the north side and two wood entry doors covered by a small roof porch on the southeast

Blacksmith Shop 20’ by 20’ building with historic tongue-and-groove, flush wood siding and gable-roof cupola

Barracks 1a (west) 52’ by 20’ building with concrete block foundation and non-historic composite siding

Barracks 1b (east) 45’ by 20’ building with concrete block foundation and non-historic composite siding

Barracks 2 120’ by 20’ building with a gable-roof and non-historic composite siding

Barracks 3 120’ by 20’ building with a gable-roof and wood siding

Barracks 4 120’ by 20’ building with a gable-roof and non-historic composite siding

Barracks 5 120’ by 20’ building with a gable-roof and non-historic composite siding

Commander’s Garage 20’ by 20’ timber garage with gable roof

Garage 1 138’ by 24’ building with gable roof

Garage 2 70’ by 20’ building with tongue-and-groove wood, flush board siding

Headquarters (east) 81’ by 20’ gable-roof building with enclosed porch on the front and shed extensions to the north and south sides

Headquarters (west) 92’ by 20’ gable-roof building

Mess Hall and Kitchen 176’ by 20’ building with concrete block foundation and gabled entry vestibule on the north side

Recreation Hall 105’ by 20’ building with historic composite siding

Work Shop 80’ by 20’ building with composite lap siding

A Vision for Mount Morrison CCC Camp

A Vision for Mount Morrison CCC Camp

Vision

Mount Morrison CCC Camp comprises the largest intact collection of CCC Camp buildings and is one of a few remaining CCC Camps in the nation. What was founded as a temporary camp to train and house men has served as the headquarters of Denver Mountain Parks (DMP) for nearly 80 years. Continued use by DMP has ensured preservation of the camp. Today the collection of CCC-era buildings and site features are invaluable. Decreased use of the camp since CCC occupation has resulted in the loss of historic features and the diminished condition of the camp. An immediate need exists to protect and repair CCC features. Rehabilitation of CCC infrastructure and new facilities are needed to support activation.

The city recognizes the significance of the camp’s connection to two monumental initiatives that were and remain unprecedented in scale and vision—the Civilian Conservation Corps and Red Rocks Amphitheatre. The city is committed to continued stewardship of the camp and the ideals associated with its creation. Mount Morrison CCC Camp is envisioned as a mountain destination to learn, work, and participate in engaging programming within an authentic CCC Camp.

The camp’s setting and connection to the CCC make it a unique destination to see stewardship principles in practice and to learn and advance skills necessary to sustain natural and cultural resources for future generations. Outdoor gathering spaces, rehabilitated CCC facilities, and sensitively sited new facilities will establish the camp as a preeminent center to learn about its legacy and engage in hands-on stewardship programs. Engaging programming and strong partnerships will attract established and new audiences, inspire connections to Denver Mountain Parks, and ensure the continued legacy of the CCC Camp through a sustained constituency.

The desire to activate the camp challenges the city to maintain the integrity of the historic CCC Camp while providing for evolving needs. The city will protect the camp’s elite National Historic Landmark status by limiting improvement to areas developed by the CCC and ensuring new additions preserve the established pattern, arrangement, and scale of the historic camp. Historic features will be protected and rehabilitated to reveal components of the historic CCC Camp and provide for contemporary use of the camp. Vegetation management activities will protect and enhance the CCC Camp’s 14.25 acres of natural areas. Trails will re-establish CCC routes, provide low impact visitor experiences, and connect visitors to Bear Creek.

The CCC Camp was founded as a temporary camp and exists over 80 years later as a place of national significance. This vision reflects a commitment to the legacy of Denver Mountain Parks and the unprecedented ambition of the Civilian Conservation Corps to conserve resources for future generations and invest in individuals and, in turn, the larger community.

The CCC Camp will be a focal point for the City and County of Denver and a source of civic pride.

Mount Morrison CCC Camp is envisioned as a mountain destination to learn, work, and participate in engaging programming within an authentic CCC Camp.

The setting of Mount Morrison CCC Camp will be preserved by protecting the design and features of the historic camp and limiting complementary uses to areas historically developed by the CCC.

Morrison Park will be improved as the gateway to the CCC Camp. Morrison Park will establish a sense of arrival to the CCC Camp and offer areas for interpretation, exploration, small gatherings, and events. A shade shelter, trails, and lawn will provide safe and inviting experiences. Trails will connect Morrison Park to the larger CCC Camp and a regional network of trails through a connection to Bear Creek Trail.

CCC Garages and adjacent gathering areas will be improved for visitor contact and continued use by DMP operations. Bear Creek Bridge will mark the entrance to the historic camp and the point where public use of Union Avenue is controlled. This will establish the camp as a primarily pedestrian campus. Garage 1 will serve as a base of operations for DMP rangers as a point of visitor contact and offer opportunities for outdoor stewardship and visitor programming. An outdoor gathering area at Garage 2 will provide physical and visual connections to Bear Creek and a setting for planned and informal programming and events.

Primary DMP operational functions and hands-on vocational activities will be at work shops near the Commander’s Garage. New facilities—a heated garage, work shop, large indoor gathering space, parking, and staging—will be considered to support activation and use. Indoor and outdoor gathering spaces will be located to capitalize on views to Red Rocks Amphitheatre and the Barracks.

The Barracks will serve as the administrative and programmatic center of the CCC Camp. It will offer a premier setting to work, learn, and gather. Rehabilitated Barracks will provide office space, lodging, and multi-use space for informal gatherings, programming, and events.

The Kitchen and Mess Hall will serve as the short-term center for programming and provide essential facilities to support activation of the camp—indoor and outdoor gathering space, a catering kitchen, restrooms, storage, and accessible parking and access to the building.

New indoor and outdoor uses will be considered at the site of the non-extant Chapel. Uses include gathering space, museum exhibits, work shop, a heated garage, and parking and staging.

Outdoor gathering areas at the Barracks will include lawns, terraces, and Flagpole Circle. Flagpole Circle will be established as the focal point of the historic CCC Camp and provide an opportunity to gather and participate in programming within an authentic CCC Camp setting.

Historic buildings, features, and circulation patterns will be repaired.

CCC buildings will continue to be rehabilitated for operational, administrative, and programmatic uses. The building program will evolve as needs or programming, partnerships, and funding opportunities arise.

Circulation will facilitate daily operations of the camp, visitor experiences, and protection of natural and cultural resources. Contributing circulation routes will

be repaired and re-established. New circulation features will be integrated with the setting and capitalize on views. Circulation facilities include pedestrian trails, improved roads, and formalized parking areas at Morrison Park and activated buildings.

Walls, fountains, and other features built by the CCC will be repaired. This will contribute to the historic character of the camp and aid in the understanding of the site as a working CCC camp.

Vegetation will be managed for the long-term ecological health of the CCC Camp and to reestablish historic vegetative patterns.

Native riparian and upland shrub plant communities will be actively managed to ensure the protection and enhancement of native vegetation, habitat, and soils. Use will be limited to low impact visitor experiences including trails. Small scale visitor amenities will be provided at defined locations to guide visitor use. Amenities include trails, seating, bridges, and defined access points along Bear Creek.

Vegetation will be managed to preserve historic patterns. The allee of trees at the Headquarters Buildings will be managed with a successional approach. Vegetation will be selectively thinned where it encroaches upon historic views. Historic patterns of open lawns in areas of active use will be preserved. Native grasses will be established in passive use areas to reduce water use and enhance the ecological value of the CCC Camp.

Goals

Five goals guide the Mount Morrison CCC Camp. Developed collaboratively with the City and County of Denver and subject matter experts, these goals assert the importance of achieving a balance of activation and stewardship throughout the camp. At full implementation, the camp will be a place of civic pride and a premier destination to work, learn, and visit for future generations.

EXPERIENCE A MOUNTAIN LEARNING DESTINATION

Create a destination for innovative vocational, interpretive, and stewardship activities for all ages.

Provide opportunities for visitors to experience the camps’ history and natural setting.

Provide high quality skills development and training that responds to evolving needs.

RESTORE THE CCC CAMP COLLABORATE AND PARTNER CONNECT THE CAMPUS FUNDING

Re-activate the nationally significant Red Rocks Civilian Conservation Corps as a working campus that accommodates operational functions, partner spaces, and vocational uses.

Rehabilitate and adaptively re-use the CCC Camp’s buildings, features, and setting to support the campus as a place of lifelong professional and personal growth.

Cultivate vision-based partnerships to support lifelong learning and skills development for all ages including youth and under served communities. Develop partnerships to support the repair and adaptive re-use of the CCC Camp and its setting. Collaborate with partners to provide opportunities for training and occupational skill development in land conservation and stewardship.

Create an inclusive campus with equitable means for access, programming, and facilities.

Connect the CCC Camp to the Denver Mountain Parks System including Red Rocks.

Connect to the natural environment.

Cultivate partnerships to support facility and program development.

Continue to financially support programs and improvements to meet the vision.

Audience and Programming

Audience and Programming

This plan establishes a shared vision to activate the CCC Camp and provides the city and its partners with an adaptable long-term framework for improvement, management, operations, and use. This plan identifies audience and programming recommendations to support the vision.

The CCC Camp will be a premier destination to learn about the Civilian Conservation Corps, stewardship, and Denver Mountain Parks. Programming will provide opportunities to engage in hands-on training—e.g., trail construction, masonry, woodwork, ecological restoration—and specialized skill development for the preservation of historic places.

The CCC Camp will continue to support administrative and operational uses while offering programming appealing to stewardship and visitor audiences. The city and its partners will facilitate onsite programming. Programming for all audiences will align with the vision for the CCC Camp.

The identified audiences and associated user numbers were developed based on input from city staff and subject matter experts, the capacity of CCC buildings, and the limited potential for new facilities within the footprint of the historic CCC Camp.

City of Denver

Audience: Ops • Admin • Forestry • Rangers

Stewardship Visitors

Audience: Vocational and occupational trainees • Educational Skills/ hands-on trainees City and partners

1 Trainee program is anticipated to include three groups of ten participants with two leaders

2 Training/orientation sessions of up to two groups of fifty participants

Audience: Interpretive Educational • Recreational • City and partners

Framework and Design Guidance

Framework and Design Guidance

Framework

Mount Morrison CCC Camp framework recommendations and design guidance instruct the rehabilitation and improvement of the CCC Camp and Morrison Park. Criteria for evaluating proposed improvements or modifications to the camp is provided for new additions; use of materials; and measures to protect and repair historic features. This guidance is supplemented by Denver Mountain Parks Design Guidelines and The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties.

Rehabilitated and new facilities will ensure the CCC Camp is a premier destination for vocational/ occupational training, interpretation and education, and events. The program identifies infrastructure needed to support the vision for visitor contact, gathering, education, skills development, administration, operations, circulation, and exhibits/ interpretation.

The historic spatial organization of the CCC Camp will be preserved by utilizing buildings, circulation features, and spaces established by the CCC and limiting new building and site facilities to previously developed areas.

BUILDINGS: The building program includes activation of 16 historic CCC buildings. Potential new buildings include a heated garage to support operations, a work shop to support DMP and partner operations and training, a visitor pavilion to support large gatherings and museum exhibits, and a shade shelter to support programming and gathering.

CIRCULATION: The circulation program includes 3,677 lf of roads, 3,850 lf of trails, 86 parking spaces, 1 loading dock, and staging for 4 trailers. Parking is based on projected increased daily programming and staffing to accommodate 125 users.

OUTDOOR GATHERING AREAS: The outdoor gathering program includes 9 areas of various sizes to accommodate informal gatherings, outdoor classrooms, interpretation, training, special events, and overflow gathering space for programming.

POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT AREAS: The program includes two areas of potential development within areas previously developed by the CCC. These include an area at the Commander’s Garage and the Barracks.

NATURAL AREAS: Roughly 75% of the site is composed of natural areas. These areas include native riparian and upland shrub plant communities.

General Guidance

The CCC Camp reflects site planning and design guidance developed by the U.S. Army and NPS. The components of the camp conformed to the U.S. Army’s standards for CCC rigid camp construction. The typical rigid camp building program was utilized at the CCC Camp and was uniquely adapted to facilitate everyday utilitarian functions and respond to its natural setting. The CCC Camp was organized as a complex of distinct spaces defined by use and topography.

The unique application of rigid camp components expressed site planning and design qualities the NPS developed for the CCC. This naturalistic design approach applied the principles of the regional park movement on a national scale—including the harmonization of roads and structures with the surrounding landscape through meticulous use of natural materials in an appropriate scale, design, color, and texture, the protection of natural features, and the use of hand tools. The planning and design principles developed by the NPS complemented the CCC’s conservation mandate.13

RECOMMENDATIONS AND GUIDANCE

Thoughtful consideration of orientation, siting of facilities and features, and integration within the natural and cultural setting will ensure protection of the historic CCC Camp and create distinctive settings for a range of uses.

Protect natural and cultural features.

• Protect buildings, features, and qualities that contribute to the historic character of the CCC Camp.

• Ensure all modifications affecting historic buildings, structures, objects, and the cultural landscape are carried out in accordance with the camp’s design guidance and the Secretary of the Interior’s Treatment of Historic Properties

• Minimize modifications to topography and removal of natural areas.

• Avoid development in the floodplain.

• Determine the location, condition, and significance of archeological features.

Respect the CCC development of the CCC Camp.

• Cluster development to protect natural resources, capitalize on views and vistas, locate development and features out of key views, and organize facilities by use.

• Ensure buildings and gathering spaces are set within areas previously developed by the CCC and are organized by use.

• Design new features to blend with the setting through sensitive site planning, use of materials, colors, a cohesive aesthetic, and color palette.

• Protect contributing buildings, structures, and site design while allowing for modifications for contemporary use and needs.

Provide for new construction, compatible repairs, modifications, and additions that are in keeping with the original development of the camp and conform with this design guidance.

• Complement the original design with new manmade elements that are designed to be in harmony with the natural topography and surroundings and to showcase scenic qualities.

Use native materials.

Match original craftsmanship and construction.

Showcase scenic qualities, including views and natural and historic features.

Showcase natural characteristics such as variations in topography and natural features such as Bear Creek, vegetation, and rock outcroppings.

Conserve and reuse original structures, buildings, and materials.

Site new buildings to be subordinate to the broader natural landscape, respecting characteristic site features such as topography and rock outcrops.

Preserve and restore original materials using accepted preservation practices before replacing them with new materials.

• Repair original materials to preserve their original character, using original materials for patching or replacing.

• If replacement materials are necessary, use materials similar in type, variety, color, and quality.

• Use a workmanship standard that equals the quality of the original construction. Match craftsmanship of the original element when doing restoration or rehabilitation. Finish materials to match the original workmanship, for example, finish joints to match original technique, and cut stone and lay in courses to match the original construction.

For new construction, use materials similar to the existing historic materials in type, variety, color, and quality.

• New materials should be compatible with the design of the original features, structures, and buildings.

• Stone: Matching stone to original stone used in the camp. Use irregular, native stone that is similar to original materials in type, variety, color, and quality.

• Timber and Dimensional Lumber: Use material of a scale and dimension that complements the original materials.

• Color: Select and finish exterior materials so that the color assists in blending or assimilate the building with its setting.

Encourage measures for accommodating sustainability, accessibility, and contemporary use.

• Meet or exceed current design imperatives for sustainability and accessibility requirements while protecting the historic character of the CCC Camp.

• Ensure the health, safety, and welfare of visitors and staff are protected.

• Encourage measures to accommodate sustainability and resiliency.

Natural Systems and Features

Natural systems and features are linked to the CCC Camp’s physical development. Topography influenced circulation patterns and limited development to four man-made terraces. Morrison Park’s low-lying location and susceptibility to flooding informed its use as undeveloped recreational land. Barracks and utilitarian buildings were sited at the higher, flatter topography of the site where the native topography was terraced for development. Bear Creek provided a source of freshwater for the CCC.

RECOMMENDATIONS AND GUIDANCE

Native riparian and upland shrub plant communities comprise 75% of the site and will be managed to ensure environmental resiliency, conserve the native landscape, and assist in long-term land protection through enhancement of soils, vegetation, and habitat. An enhanced riparian buffer along Bear Creek will improve water quality, provide a wildlife corridor, increase bank stability, and reduce flooding during heavy rain events by absorbing run-off throughout the floodplain. Defined use areas along Bear Creek will provide opportunities to interact with the creek through hands-on stewardship programming and passive recreation. Protection and enhancement of natural systems will ensure the CCC Camp’s continued legacy of stewardship.

Ensure long-term protection and enhancement of functional riparian and upland shrub ecosystems.

Manage Bear Creek to maintain and improve natural qualities, ecological function, and provide for visitor experiences.

• Repair erosion and enhance native riparian plantings throughout the floodplain.

• Focus creek use and access to formalized areas in Morrison Park and north of Garage 2 to maintain a healthy riparian edge.

• Provide green infrastructure at parking, buildings, and roads to capture and infiltrate rainfall and surface runoff.

Implement integrated best management practices for soil, vegetation, and control of exotic plant species and noxious weeds.

Complete a study to establish a floodway boundary within the CCC Camp.

Locate new buildings outside the 100-year floodplain. Obtain a FEMA Conditional Letter of Map Revision (CLOMR) for buildings currently in the 100-year floodplain.

Preserve and protect natural rock outcroppings.

Enhance the ecological qualities of Bear Creek and provide opportunities to access the creek.

Vegetation

The planting design of the historic CCC Camp was minimal. Large deciduous trees lined Bear Creek and low shrub vegetation grew along steep road embankments in the northwest section of the camp. The southeast section of the camp was cleared of all vegetation when the native topography was terraced to build the Barracks.14 CCC enrollees planted lawns, flowers, and shrubs. Planting areas and plant species are not documented but were described as “the pride of the company.”15 The allee of trees at the Headquarters Buildings likely dates to CCC occupation of the site.16

RECOMMENDATIONS AND GUIDANCE

Vegetation will be managed for historic integrity, ecological health, and programming of the camp. The allee of trees at the Headquarters Buildings will be managed with a successional approach. Trees and invasive plants will be selectively pruned and removed to preserve historic patterns and views. Lawn will be provided to facilitate active use on the site. Native grasses will be provided in passive use areas to reduce water use and enhance the ecological value of the CCC Camp.

Manage vegetation to preserve historic patterns and enhance ecosystem health.

• Follow a successional approach that preserves significant trees and respects historic patterns. Historic patterns include the allees of trees at the Headquarters Buildings.

Implement horticultural best maintenance practices such as pruning for form and health to ensure longevity.

Allow new infill trees in anticipation of the removal of aging trees.

Allow replacement where trees are missing or diminished to retain or reestablish openings and enclosures. Replace trees when they become hazards or die.

Infill or replace missing trees with plantings of the same or similar species. If the same tree species is not desirable due to disease or for horticultural reasons, allow the use of a similar form and habit as the original.

Ensure consistent tree spacing, species selection, and form.

Protect and repair the historic allees of trees at the Headquarters Buildings.

• Protect significant and notable trees for longevity through sound horticultural practices.

• Plant new trees to provide shade for gathering areas and to frame or to screen views as was done historically.

• Protect and preserve historic patterns of open lawn at active use areas.

Provide an irrigated hardy playfield bluegrass mixture in Morrison Park.

Provide an irrigated hardy bluegrass mixture for lawns around the Barracks and under tree allees to ensure health and longevity of trees.

Provide a hardy native grass mixture in passive use areas of Morrison Park and the Barracks for a naturalized aesthetic and ecological function.

• Remove non-contributing ornamental and invasive or exotic species.

Remove ornamental foundation plantings at the Kitchen/Mess Hall and lilacs at Flagpole Circle.

Selectively thin vegetation where it encroaches upon historic views. Consider views and spatial patterns when replacing or determining locations of new trees.

• Re-establish views from Commander’s Garage to the Barracks, views along Union Avenue to buildings, and views to Bear Creek. Allow removal of trees where they are hazards. Provide selective removal and pruning of trees that compromise roof drainage or structural systems or impede building stabilization/ rehabilitation projects.

Incorporate native species into new plantings, ensuring new plant species are consistent with the historic character of the complex and to assist in meeting sustainability goals.

Establish native trees and shrubs north of the Town of Morrison Water site to buffer views from the Commander’s Garage.

Implement best management practices to remove invasive species.

Bear Creek Canyon Scenic Mountain Drive SH-74

Respect historic patterns and relationships to ensure the spatial composition is preserved when adding new buildings, gathering areas, and parking.

• Limit new buildings, gathering areas, and parking to portions of the site previously developed— Morrison Park and areas near Garage 1, Garage 2, Commander’s Garage, Flagpole Circle, Recreation Hall, non-extant Chapel, and Kitchen and Mess Hall.

• Repair Flagpole Circle as an outdoor gathering area and center of the historic CCC Camp. Provide a terrace with perimeter seating and a flagpole. Protect extant CCC stone steps.

• Provide outdoor gathering areas at Morrison Park, Garage 1, Garage 2, Commander’s Garage, Kitchen and Mess Hall, and Overlook (site of the non-extant Chapel).

Locate outdoor gathering areas to complement indoor uses, facilitate programming and interpretation, and capitalize on views. Ensure gathering areas are subordinate to and placed in context to the CCC Camp, respecting views and natural and cultural resources.

Preserve the topography of the camp.

• Limit modification to those needed for drainage, circulation, or gathering areas within areas previously developed by the CCC.

Preserve views that contribute to the historic character of the camp.

• Preserve views and vistas from the camp to monolithic rock formations, hogback mountains, and foothills of the Rocky Mountains.

• Preserve views and vistas from Bear Creek Canyon Scenic Mountain Drive (SH-74) to the camp.

Establish the Kitchen/Mess Hall as the short-term center for programming. Provide an outdoor gathering area with amenities to facilitate daily use of the camp. Provide an accessible parking space and route to the building and outdoor gathering space.

Repair views that contribute to the historic character of the camp.

• Repair the view from Commander’s Garage to the

Bear Creek Canyon Scenic Mountain Drive SH-74

Circulation and Access

CCC circulation patterns were utilitarian in function. The curvilinear road system followed the native topography of the site and provided direct access to facilities. The CCC established a larger, non-extant network of trails providing direct connections to buildings, gathering spaces, and Bear Creek. Trails provided functional connections throughout the camp and assisted in defining outdoor spaces.

RECOMMENDATIONS AND GUIDANCE

Circulation routes for all modes will be enhanced to support daily and special event use of the site, minimize conflicts, and protect natural and cultural resources. Contributing circulation routes will be repaired and new circulation features will be integrated with historic patterns to capitalize on views and reinforce the historic setting of the camp.

Union Avenue will retain its historic alignment and be improved to provide continuous two-way travel. Vehicle access along the road will be controlled to promote a pedestrian campus while accommodating daily operations and special events. Parking and staging will be formalized to accommodate use, protect resources, and ensure access for all.

Trails will provide pedestrian access throughout the CCC Camp and along Bear Creek and contribute to historic setting of the camp as a primarily pedestrian campus.

Bear Creek Canyon Scenic Mountain Drive SH-74

ACCESS AND ENTRY

Provide primary access from Union Avenue and emergency/secondary operational access via Red Rocks Vista Lane.

Establish Union Avenue as a route for buses, operational equipment, emergency vehicles, and administrative use by the city and its partners.

• Control public use of Union Avenue west of Bear Creek Bridge to establish Mount Morrison CCC Camp as a primarily pedestrian campus.

Provide clear visitor arrival spaces at Morrison Park and Garage 1.

• Provide accessible parking and basic amenities to support visitor use and protect resources. Amenities include shade, seating, trash receptacles, wayfinding, interpretive signage, and a vault toilet.

• Provide space for bus staging at Morrison Park.

ROADS

Provide primary access from Union Avenue and emergency/secondary operational access via Red Rocks Vista Lane.

Preserve the camp’s system of contributing roads— Union Avenue and access roads to the Commander’s Garage.

• Maintain historic alignments.

• Widen Union Avenue to accommodate two-way travel.

• Ensure turning radii safely accommodates large

vehicle use and minimizes impacts to adjacent vegetation.

• Provide asphalt paving to accommodate contemporary use and prevent impacts to natural and cultural resources.

Repair and maintain drainage swales along roads.

Preserve existing topography, vegetation, and building patterns along roads.

Integrate new access roads with the landscape’s sloping topography and vegetation.

Continue the practice of pedestrians sharing routes with vehicles where pedestrian paths are not feasible.

BRIDGES

Maintain vehicular access across Bear Creek.

• Maintain Bear Creek Bridge abutments as contributing features of the historic CCC Camp.

• Provide a new bridge structure to meet environmental and structural requirements, limit environmental impact, and support personal, operational, and emergency vehicle use requirements.

Provide a pedestrian bridge south of Bear Creek Bridge.

Maintain the pedestrian footbridge south of Garage 1.

Design new bridges and crossings to be products of their time while also being compatible in material, mass, form, scale, and detail to the original bridges in the Mountain Parks system.

Establish a sense of arrival at Morrison Park.

VEHICULAR PARKING AND LOADING

Minimize the number of parking and loading spaces to those needed to accommodate the program of uses.

• Provide restricted administrative and accessible parking at Garage 1, Garage 2, the Blacksmith’s Shop, Commander’s Garage, Recreation Hall, Kitchen/Mess Hall, and Overlook.

• Provide parking at the Overlook for city and partner staff working in the Barracks. Restrict staff parking and staging within pedestrian areas to essential administrative or operational functions.

• Provide designated loading areas at work shops. Ensure loading areas respect and do not diminish significant views or the historic setting.

• Provide asphalt or stabilized gravel paving to prevent impacts to natural and cultural resources. Consider porous paving.

Rehabilitate large, visually unattractive parking areas at Morrison Park and along Union Avenue including areas to the north and east of Garage 2, near Commander’s Garage, and at Barracks 1 to 5 and Headquarters East.

Integrate parking areas with the landscape’s sloping topography and vegetation.

Improve water quality by using best management practices including water harvesting, use of native materials, and by implementing revegetation and erosion control at parking areas.

Coordinate off-site parking and shuttle transportation for large special events. Potential overflow parking may include Red Rocks Amphitheatre.

TRAILS

Establish a network of trails providing connections throughout the CCC Camp.

• Preserve established and historic trails. Repair original materials and features such as stone steps and native soil surfacing before replacing them with new materials. Retain alignments of historic trails. Realign historic trails as close to original alignments as possible where reestablishment is not feasible due to erosion or functional concerns.

Allow new trails along alignments of nonextant historic routes, particularly connections between Barracks and gathering areas.

Provide accessible trails where readily adaptable to standards for accessibility.

Integrate trails with the landscape’s sloping topography and vegetation.

Use best management practices to address drainage and erosion control.

Consider connections to regional trail networks—Bear Creek Trail, Red Rocks Park, and Mount Falcon.

ACCESSIBILITY

Meet applicable standards for accessibility requirements. Provide accessibility in a manner that respects the historic character and preserves contributing features.

• Ensure accessible routes complement the historic setting.

Provide universally accessible parking areas with accessible routes to key public and private use facilities—Morrison Park, Garage 1, Commander’s Garage, Recreation Hall, Kitchen/Mess Hall, and Overlook.

Provide a universally accessible bus/van loading area at Morrison Park.

Buildings and Structures

CCC buildings were intended to be temporary and were designed for quick erection and removal. They

Bear Creek Canyon Scenic Mountain Drive SH-74

BUILDING PROGRAM

CCC buildings will support programmatic use of the camp—operations and administration, overnight lodging, vocation/occupation, interpretation/education, and special events.

New buildings will be considered to support activation of the CCC Camp and provide essential functions that cannot be accommodated in existing buildings due to constraints associated with accessibility; life, health, and safety; or the size of existing buildings. Uses may include heated garages, work shops, museum exhibits, and large gathering spaces.

This building program will continue to evolve as needs or programming, partnerships, and funding opportunities arise. This program recommends use by building. Multiple uses are identified for many buildings to enable the campus to adapt to evolving needs—e.g., the demand for overnight lodging vs. the demand for classroom vs. the demand offices in the Barracks.

The identified building uses maximize the limited footprint of the CCC Camp by creating flexibility for shared multi-use space between audiences.

GATHERING SPACE - LARGE INDOOR GATHERING SPACE

Capacity Up to 50, breakout space for groups of 12

Amenities Flexible furnishings (chair and tables) for events and small gatherings; restrooms; storage; projector and screen; wifi, fiber, water, and electric. Building Recreation Hall

Additions Interpretive displays, visitor contact

kitchen

exhibits, visitor contact Floor Plan

GATHERING SPACE - SMALL INDOOR GATHERING SPACE

Capacity Break out space for groups of 12

Amenities Flexible furnishings (chair and tables) for small gatherings/classes; storage; projector and screen; wifi, fiber, water, and electric.

Building Barracks 1a

Barracks 1b

Barracks 2-5

Square Footage 1,060 SF 990 SF 2485 SF

Floor Plan

Building Use Legend

Gathering Space

Accessible Restroom

Mechanical/Storage

GATHERING SPACE - SHADE STRUCTURE

Capacity Up to 50, break out space for groups of 12

Amenities Flexible furnishings (tables) for small gatherings/classes; storage; wifi, fiber, water, and electric.

LATRINE

Capacity 12

Amenities

Building Latrine

Building Commander’s Garage Garage 2 New Shade Shelter

Square Footage 570 SF 1960 SF

Capacity up to 50

Floor Plan

Square Footage 1,095 SF

Capacity 4 WC, 4 Lavs, and 4 showers in each mens and womans restroom, 2 accessible family restrooms

Floor Plan

OFFICE

Capacity Varies

Amenities Workstations, offices, storage, restroom, wifi, fiber, water, fire suppression, and electric.

Building Barracks 1a Barracks 1b Barracks 2-5 Garage 1 HQ West HQ East

ROOM COLOR LEGEND ACCESSIBLE RESTROOM MECHANICAL STORAGE REDROCK CCC CAMP -PROGRAMMING BARRACKS 1A / 1B-OFFICE PROGRAM

GENERAL NOTES: AREA:1,063 SF (EXISTING BUILDING A) 990 SF (EXISTING BUILDING B) ASSUMPTIONS: PROVIDE A PROPOSED OFFICE SPACE WITHIN THE EXISTING FOOTPRINT OF A BARRACKS ROOM COLOR LEGEND ACCESSIBLE RESTROOM MECHANICAL STORAGE

GENERAL NOTES: AREA:1,063 SF (EXISTING BUILDING A) 990 SF (EXISTING BUILDING B) ASSUMPTIONS: PROVIDE A PROPOSED OFFICE SPACE WITHIN THE EXISTING FOOTPRINT OF A BARRACKS

3 Private Offices, 4 Shared Workspaces, Open Work Area ROOM COLOR LEGEND ACCESSIBLE RESTROOM MECHANICAL STORAGE

OFFICE 1/8" = 1'-0" REDROCK CCC CAMP -PROGRAMMING JANUARY 25, 2020 1/8" = 1'-0" BARRACKS 1A / 1B-OFFICE PROGRAM 1

OFFICE/WORKSPACE 1/8" = 1'-0" REDROCK CCC CAMP -PROGRAMMING JANUARY 25, 2021 1/8" = 1'-0" GARAGE -VISITOR CONTACT 1

GENERAL NOTES: AREA: ~2,235 SF (EXISTING BUILDING) CAPACITY: REHAB FOR OFFICE USE: 4 PRIVATE OFFICES AND 6 SHARED WORKSPACES/OPEN WORK AREA ASSUMPTIONS: PROVIDE OFFICE USE WITHIN THE EXISTING FOOTPRINT Building Use Legend Meeting Space Gathering Space Accessible Restroom Mechanical/Storage Office/Workspace

1/8" = 1'-0" SMALL BARRACKS -OFFICE 1 1 GENERAL NOTES: AREA: ~2,055 SF (EXISTING BUILDING) CAPACITY: REHAB FOR OFFICE USE: 3 PRIVATE OFFICES AND 4 SHARED WORKSPACE/OPEN WORK AREA ASSUMPTIONS: PROVIDE OFFICE USE WITHIN THE EXISTING FOOTPRINT ROOM COLOR LEGEND ACCESSIBLE RESTROOM INTERPRETIVE DISPLAYS/VISITOR CONTACT MECHANICAL STORAGE

MEETING ROOM OFFICE/WORKSPACE

ROOM COLOR LEGEND ACCESSIBLE RESTROOM GATHERING SPACE

STORAGE 1/8" = 1'-0" REDROCK CCC CAMP -PROGRAMMING OCTOBER 09.2020

4 Private Offices, 6 Shared Workspaces, Open Work Area Floor Plan MEETING ROOM OFFICE 1/8" = 1'-0" REDROCK CCC CAMP -PROGRAMMING JANUARY 25, 2021 1/8" = 1'-0" BARRACKS -OFFICE PROGRAMMING 2-5 2

MEETING ROOM OFFICE/WORKSPACE

ROOM COLOR LEGEND ACCESSIBLE RESTROOM GATHERING SPACE

STORAGE 1/8" = 1'-0" SMALL BARRACKS -OFFICE 2 1

LODGING - SEASONAL USE WITH RESTROOMS

Capacity 12

Amenities Flexible furnishings (chair, tables, bed), accessible accommodations, storage, fire suppression, and electric. Restroom provided in Latrine.

Building Barracks 1a Barracks 1b Barracks 2-5

Square Footage 1,060 SF 990 SF 2485 SF

Capacity 12 beds with a lounge area and 2 single user restrooms Floor Plan

WORK SHOP

Capacity up to 12

Amenities Workbenches, storage, fiber, water, electric, ventilation, and fire suppression.

GARAGE - HEATED

Capacity 4 heated bays

Amenities Water, fire suppression, electric, and heat.

Building New Garage

Building Blacksmith Shop Barracks 2-5 Work Shop (Carpenter’s Shop) New Work Shop

Square Footage 570 SF 2485 SF 1725 SF 2150 SF

Additions Blacksmith/Fabrication Shop Adaptable for Carpentry Adaptable for Fabrication or Carpentry Use

Floor Plan

Adaptable for Fabrication or Carpentry Use

Square Footage 1510 SF

Floor Plan

CCC BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

Continue to adaptively reuse CCC buildings and structures, restoring and rehabilitating them for operations, administration, and programming uses where needs do not diminish the historical or architectural integrity or significance. Follow the Secretary of Interior Standards.

• Protect CCC contributing buildings recently updated for city and partner use.

Contributing buildings include Barracks 3 and Barracks 5.

• Protect and plan for the future rehabilitation of CCC contributing buildings currently occupied by city and partner staff. Ensure buildings comply with life, health, safety, and accessibility requirements. Perform measures necessary to prevent further deterioration, failure, or loss of contributing features.

Contributing buildings include Barracks 4, Garage 1, Garage 2, Headquarters (east), Headquarters (west), and Work Shop.

• Stabilize unoccupied CCC contributing buildings. Perform measures necessary to prevent further deterioration, failure, or loss of contributing features.

Contributing buildings include Bath House and Latrine, Blacksmith Shop, Barracks 1a (west), Barracks 1b (east), Barracks 2, Commander’s Garage, Mess Hall and Kitchen, and Recreation Hall.

• Stabilize and rehabilitate CCC contributing structures.

Contributing structures include Bear Creek retaining wall, Garage 2 mechanic’s “pit” riser, Barracks 1 retaining wall, Barracks 2 retaining wall, and Recreation Hall retaining wall.

• Do not reconstruct missing CCC buildings without adequate documentation.

The Work Shop included a 20x20 addition to the northwest of the present-day building and a Chapel was located to the northeast of the Barracks during the period of significance. Adequate documentation necessary for reconstruction does not currently exist. Barrack 1 and Headquarters were single structures during the period of significance and were divided into separate buildings—Barrack 1a and 1b and Headquarters east and west— after the period of significance. Adequate documentation necessary for reconstruction does not currently exist.

Respect and preserve the historic design of CCC buildings including orientation and siting, mass, form and scale, materials, and fenestration.

Adaptively reuse original buildings, restoring and rehabilitating them for use before constructing new buildings.

Remove non-contributing or impacting buildings when opportunities arise for replacement structures.

Meet or exceed applicable standards for sustainability.

• Consider renewable and energy-efficient infrastructure where it is feasible and does not conflict with historic preservation goals.

• Consider environmentally conscious materials.

Consider future rehabilitation of Morrison Water House for a use compatible with the vision for the CCC Camp (e.g., lodging).

Coordinate with the Town of Morrison to ensure Town of Morrison building improvements complement the historic CCC Camp.

BUILDING ORIENTATION AND SITING

Preserve the original building orientation and siting of CCC buildings.

• Respect and preserve views and vistas to and from each CCC building.

• Maintain the uniform parallel orientation and spacing of CCC buildings to one another.

Site new buildings to be subordinate to their broader natural setting, respecting characteristic site features such as topography, boulder outcrops, trees, and vegetation.

• Complement the original design of the CCC Camp. Ensure man-made elements are in harmony with the natural topography and surroundings and showcase scenic qualities.

Orient new buildings to capitalize on significant natural settings of each park.

• Capitalize on significant site features on the immediate site and surrounding lands such as scenic views to rock outcroppings, hogback mountains, and foothills of the Rocky Mountains.

Site new building additions—e.g. mechanical units and ramps—to be subordinate to the original buildings.

• Preserve primary facades and original relationships between landscape and building.

Orient utilitarian portions of buildings outside of significant viewsheds and outdoor gathering spaces.

Ensure a flow between interior and exterior spaces with direct access to outdoor uses—e.g., work shop, classroom, gathering.

MASS, FORM, AND SCALE

Preserve the original mass, form, and scale of original CCC buildings.

Design new buildings to be of their time while also being compatible in mass, form, and scale with the original buildings in the CCC Camp.

Historic CCC buildings share a consistent scale. Ensure new features are proportional in height, mass, and scale, but are subordinate to historic buildings and structures.

Commander’s Garage Garage Blacksmith Shop Work Shop Recreation Hall Barrack

NEW BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

Provide new buildings to support activation and programming of the site.

• Consider a new open-air shade structure and restroom at Morrison Park, near Commander’s Garage, or at the Overlook.

• Consider a heated garage near Commander’s Garage or at the Overlook.

• Consider a visitor pavilion near Commander’s Garage or at the Overlook.

Design new buildings and structures to be compatible with the historic CCC Camp

• Design new buildings and structures in a contemporary style and practice, as products of their own time, and reflective of their function and location.

• Ensure new buildings and structures are compatible in material, mass, form, scale, and detail to the historic CCC Camp.

• Respect the historic architectural scale when designing new park buildings and structures.

Ensure new features are proportional in height, mass, and scale, but are subordinate to historic buildings and structures.

Ensure new buildings and structures provide a human scale.

Design the entire setting of a new building or structure so it is a cohesive component of the building and compatible with park character.

Allow natural stone or wood as primary materials with similar materials for accents and detailing, and metal or shingle roofing.

Site shade shelters in prime locations slightly elevated above their immediate settings. Orient to be prominently viewed from camp roads and to offer scenic and panoramic views to the surroundings.

• Site shelters to be subordinate to the broader natural landscape respecting characteristic site features such as topography, boulder outcrops, trees, and vegetation.

• Complement the original rustic naturalistic design of the Mountain Park’s system so that manmade elements are in harmony with the natural topography and surroundings, and showcase scenic qualities.

• Design new park structures to be products of their time while also being compatible in material, mass, form, scale, and detail to the original shelters and structures in the Mountain Parks system.

Provide a shade shelter at Morrison Park for programming, informal gatherings, and events.

Restrooms

• Design new restroom structures to provide privacy. Site restrooms at an appropriate distance from shelters and other park amenities but within clear sight.

• Design new restroom structures to be products of their time while also being compatible in material, mass, form, scale, and detail to the original shelters and structures in the Mountain Parks system. Meet or exceed applicable standards for sustainability.

• Orient facilities to capitalize on passive solar and daylighting.

• Consider renewable and energy-efficient infrastructure where feasible.

• Consider environmentally conscious materials.

Exhibits

Exhibits showcase the CCC Camp’s cultural and natural stories through physical features. These include the interior and exterior of CCC buildings, extant features associated with CCC occupation of the site (e.g. Flagpole Circle), interior displays of collections, and best practices showcasing the legacy of stewardship practices at the camp.

• Ensure exhibits focus on the camp’s association with the CCC program, its embodiment of CCC-era workmanship and design, and the daily life of CCC enrollees at the camp.

• Ensure exhibits express a character compatible with the historic camp.

Ensure exhibits are authentic and designed with the highest level of craftmanship and quality materials.

Use authentic materials and contemporary construction methods in design of exhibits.

• Follow established curatorial standards and best practices for handling, displaying, storing, and caring for objects.

Ensure objects are stored with appropriate environmental controls, including temperature and humidity, to prevent deterioration and minimize the need for conservation treatment.

Ensure collections areas are protected by lock and alarm systems and have a fire prevention/ suppression plan and equipment in place.

Ensure collection areas are free of insects, pests, mold, and mildew.

Small Scale Features

The CCC built small scale features including a stone pond and fountain and Flagpole Circle. The stone pond and fountain near Barracks 5 were built of native roughcut stone with a center stone fountain. Flagpole Circle was built at the center of the Barracks and included a flagpole, a drinking fountain, and three steps to the north and south leading to a circular depression.

RECOMMENDATIONS AND GUIDANCE

Treatment recommendations identify measures to preserve small scale features that convey the historic character of the study area and enhance operations, stewardship, and visitor use.

Repair contributing small scale features for their original use Flagpole Circle and the stone pond and fountain.

Remove non-contributing small scale features.

• Remove the chain link fence north of Barracks 2 and concrete block grill at Kitchen/Mess Hall, and bathtub at Recreation Hall.

• Maintain non-contributing features that provide an essential function. These include exterior mechanical systems, picnic tables, seating, and signage.

• Remove gas tanks south of Garage 1.

Allow the addition of compatible small scale features to provide contemporary amenities for operations, stewardship, and visitor uses.

• Design new small scale features to be products of their time while being compatible in material, mass, form, scale, and detail to the historic CCC Camp. Ensure new features respect but do not imitate historic features, are designed in a contemporary style, and are products of their own time.

• Ensure the design and placement of new small scale features do not detract from the historic setting.

• Ensure new features respect the established spatial organization and do not diminish or obstruct views.

Provide a unified set of site furnishings that are carefully detailed and built of quality materials and craftsmanship. Refer to Denver Mountain Parks Design Guidelines for benches, picnic tables, trash receptacles, fencing, parking barriers and bollards, gates, and bicycle racks.

Provide signage at select locations for site identification, building identification, wayfinding, and interpretation if the number is minimized, and the design and placement do not detract from the historic setting.

• Ensure sign design and placement follows the Denver Mountain Parks Design Guidelines for signage.

Allow architectural and security lighting at buildings.

• Design lighting to illuminate specific architectural features, ensuring that lighting complements and does not detract from the building or site.

• Design lighting to be unobtrusive. Do not attach ancillary equipment to historic materials.

Use energy conservation measures and sustainable sources when designing lighting.

• Consider the use of alternative energy sources such as solar and wind for park-wide needs. Consider the use of fixtures such as solar fixtures or photovoltaic lighting for individual installations.

• Ensure that lighting is energy efficient.

Provide appropriate lighting levels for safety and security while minimizing light pollution and negating impacts to the historic character where lighting is provided.

• Lighting is not recommended for trails and natural areas.

• Design lighting to minimize glare, obtrusive light, and light trespass.

• Design security and safety lighting to be compatible with the rustic character of the Mountain Parks, placing fixtures to be unobtrusive and to protect important views and vistas.

• Use low-voltage, shielded landscape lighting where appropriate.

Underground utility lines where feasible.

Stewardship and Resiliency

The City and County of Denver is committed to continuing the CCC Camp’s stewardship legacy and to being a national leader in climate action, sustainability, and resiliency. The CCC Camp will serve as an incubator for innovation in land conservation and stewardship; management of parks, recreation, and natural resources; and evolving stewardship workforce trends.

This plan recognizes emerging trends and broad social, economic, environmental, and political factors will continue to evolve. This plan establishes a framework that will provide flexibility for the phased implementation of the vision. This will enable the camp to continue to respond to new opportunities, challenges, and trends while maintaining the vision and goals of the CCC Camp.

The CCC Camp will build upon established principles for sustainability and guiding principles presented in the 2019 Parks & Recreation Game Plan for a Healthy City. The following illustrates how the CCC Camp will support Game Plan’s guiding principles of Every Drop, Every Person, Every Dollar, and Uniquely Denver.

Every

Every

Best

Native vegetation is climate resilient and drought tolerant.

Every Person

Training supports growth and development of residents. Partnerships support facility and program expansion.

Uniquely Denver Rehabilitation protects and activates the CCC Camp.

Expanded access, programming, and amenities improves visitor experience and encourages use by Denver residents.

Every

Programming promotes equity by providing all residents with access to educational, stewardship, and vocational training.

Every Drop Erosion repair and riparian plantings improve Bear Creek’s water and habitat quality.

Drop New and upgraded facilities reduce energy and water use enhancing the sustainability of operations.

Every Drop Roads and parking improvements create opportunities to implement stormwater BMPs.

Every Drop

Restored riparian and grassland vegetation enhances biodiversity and provides valuable habitat.

Person

Open lawn, trails, and gathering areas provide recreation opportunities.

Outdoor gathering areas provide educational opportunities for all ages.

Every Drop Development occurs within areas previously developed by the CCC and prioritizes natural area protection and enhancement.

Every Drop

Every Dollar

New and upgraded facilities improve daily operations and create cost savings.

sustainable practices create operational resilience.

Person

Implementation Strategy

Implementation Strategy

This Vision, Site and Space Concept Plan is ambitious. Full implementation will ensure activation and continued stewardship of the CCC Camp. Vision plan recommendations are described as discrete projects supporting the vision and expanded visitor use. Funding sources for phased implementation will include capital funds, partnerships, and county, state, and federal grant funding. This vision plan provides a resource to leverage contributions from partners and pursue grant funds.

This plan recognizes the opportunity to leverage the skills and expertise of city staff and existing partners— HistoriCorps and Mile High Youth Corps—to assist in the short-term improvement of the CCC Camp. This will include hands-on opportunities for training—e.g., vegetation management, CCC building stabilization, and trail construction. These projects will address preservation and activation priorities and provide staff, partners, and the larger community with opportunities to engage in the care and stewardship of the camp.

This plan recognizes the opportunity to leverage the skills and expertise of city staff and partners to improve and engage in the stewardship of the CCC Camp.

Priority Recommendations

Priority recommendations were identified through an on-site work session with city staff and partners in June 2022 to identify projects essential to daily operations and shortterm activation of the CCC Camp. Projects ranked 1 to 2 are currently in scoping, planning, and design phases and are anticipated to be completed by 2024. Projects ranked 3 to 8 will be initiated as higher priorities are completed. Priorities will likely shift to reflect site and visitor needs, safety and maintenance concerns, or opportunities to leverage partnerships and funding.

Priority Project

Notes

1 Mount Morrison CCC Camp Signage Plan 2022 design and phase 1 implementation for building identification and wayfinding

1 Maintenance Facility Assessment Study 2022 planning to determine short- and long-term O&M needs

1 Barracks 1a and Barracks 1b Rehabilitation 2022 planning and design for rehabilitation including ACM/lead-based paint assessment and remediation; 2023 groundbreaking

1 Mess Hall and Kitchen Rehabilitation 2022 planning and design for rehabilitation including ACM/lead-based paint assessment and remediation; 2023 groundbreaking

2 Flagpole Circle Improvement 2023 design and construction

2 Bear Creek Floodway and Morrison Water Treatment Plant Overflow Study 2023 planning and development of Phase 1 Vision for Bear Creek

2 Bear Creek Phase 1 Improvement 2023 removal of concrete, building material, and debris along Bear Creek; removal of equipment at Garage 2 and Black Smith Shop; implementation of vegetation management recommendations

3 Operations Facility (new) Design new operations building (four bay heated garage), access road, and parking/staging. Study the feasibility of gas pump relocation. Cleanup and relocation of boneyard use at Commander’s Garage to another location (consider Katherine Craig)

3 Work Shop Improvements Modernize for staff and partner use (ensure health, safety, welfare, and functionality)

3 Garage 1, Headquarters East, and Headquarters West Rehabilitation Garage 1 rehabilitation for Visitor Contact and Natural Resources (forestry, ecology, weed management, rangers/ other staff for visitor contact)

HQ East and West rehabilitation for operations and lodging

4 Recreation Hall Planning and design for museum use (artifact exhibits, meeting/lecture space, archival mechanical and security systems)

5 Bear Creek Phase 2 Improvement Vegetation management; access to water; trail(s) and a pedestrian crossing; study to establish trail access to Red Rocks Amphitheater

5 Bear Creek Vehicular Bridge and CCC Circulation Improvements

Improve existing bridge for future use

6 Garage 2 and Black Smith Shop Rehabilitate Garage 2 as outdoor education open-air pavilion and Black Smith Shop as storage or restrooms; potential for new restroom between Garage 2 and Black Smith Shop

7 Morrison Park Improvements

Provide parking, restrooms, pavilion, trails, and plantings

8 Commander’s Garage Pavilion Rehabilitation as an open-air pavilion

Shared DPR/Partner

Bear Creek Canyon Scenic Mountain Drive SH-74

Bear Creek Study, Vision, Improvement, and Access (Priority 2 and 5)

Garage 2 Rehabilitation (Priority 6)

Black Smith Shop Rehabilitation (Priority 6)

Garage 1 Rehabilitation (Priority 3)

Public/Recreation

Bear Creek Vehicular Bridge (Priority 5)

Union Avenue

Morrison Park Improvements (Priority 7)

Work Shop Improvements (Priority 3)

UnionAvenue

Commander’s Garage Pavilion (Priority 8)

Shared DPR/Partner

Morrison Water Treatment Plant Overflow Study (Priority 2)

HQ East and West Rehabilitation (Priority 3)

DPR Administration/Operations

New Operations Facility (Priority 3)

Flagpole Circle (Priority 2)

Barracks 1a and 1b Rehabilitation (Priority 1)

Recreation Hall Rehabilitation (Priority 4)

Mess Hall and Kitchen Rehabilitation (Priority 1)

Shared DPR/Partner

MANAGEMENT

This plan recommends a site manager and a program coordinator position within Denver Mountain Parks to support activation and daily operations of the camp. They will manage and oversee daily functions of the CCC Camp, coordinate programming and special events, and establish and maintain partnerships.

The size and distribution of programs will evolve with activation of the camp. This management structure will ensure a framework is in place to support the long-term implementation of the vision and contribute to the successful activation of the camp.

PARTNERS

Programming and implementation of the vision will require more resources than Denver Parks and Recreation currently has available. Partners will facilitate and provide resources and audiences for special events, vocation/occupation training, and interpretation/ education—e.g., tours of the camp, special programs, and visitor contact.

Each partnership will require approval to ensure the partners’ missions align with the vision and goals of Mount Morrison CCC Camp.

Events (DPR)

RED ROCKS CCC CAMP =

Site Manager

Program Coordinator (DPR)

Interpretation/ Education (DPR & Partner)

Audience: DPR (Recreation), Future Partners, Conference/ Meetings

Vocation/Occupation (Partner)

Audience: DPR, HistoriCorps, Mile High Youth Corp, Office of Sustainability, Future Partners

Audience: DPR (Recreation), Denver Mountain Parks Foundation, Future Partners (History Colorado, Zoo, DMNS, JCOS)

Endnotes

1 “History of the Civilian Conservation Corps Colorado and Wyoming District” (Denver, CO: O’Brien Printing Company, n.d.), pp. 6.

2 United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, “National Historic Landmark Nomination Red Rocks and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp,” 2013. 37, 38

3 United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, “National Historic Landmark Nomination Red Rocks and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp,” 2013. 44-45.

4 L.A. Gleyre and C.N. Alleger, “History of Civilian Conservation Corps in Colorado Summer - 1936” (Denver, CO: Press of the Western Newspaper Union, 1936), pp. 78-80.

5 “Rigid Camp Construction” refers to camps with lumber buildings.

6 Alison T. Otis et al., “Chapter 12: Civilian Conservation Corps Camp Features and Land Use Improvements,” in The Forest Service and the Civilian Conservation Corps: 1933-42 (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1986).

7 L.A. Gleyre and C.N. Alleger, “History of Civilian Conservation Corps in Colorado Summer - 1936” (Denver, CO: Press of the Western Newspaper Union, 1936), pp. 78-80

8 L.A. Gleyre and C.N. Alleger, “History of Civilian Conservation Corps in Colorado Summer - 1936” (Denver, CO: Press of the Western Newspaper Union, 1936), pp. 78-80.

9 “History of the Civilian Conservation Corps Colorado and Wyoming District” (Denver, CO: O’Brien Printing Company, n.d.), pp. 83.

10 United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, “National Historic Landmark Nomination Red Rocks and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp,” 2013. 55

11 Alison T. Otis et al., “Chapter 12: Civilian Conservation Corps Camp Features and Land Use Improvements,” in The Forest Service and the Civilian Conservation Corps: 1933-42 (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1986).

12 United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, “National Historic Landmark Nomination Red Rocks and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp,” 2013. 21

13 United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, “National Historic Landmark Nomination Red Rocks and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp,” 2013. 41

14 United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, “National Historic Landmark Nomination Red Rocks and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp,” 2013. 22

15 “History of the Civilian Conservation Corps Colorado and Wyoming District” (Denver, CO: O’Brien Printing Company, n.d.), pp. 83

16 Colorado Aerial Photography, Frame DV7-113, October 21, 1948

17 United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, “National Historic Landmark Nomination Red Rocks and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp,” 2013. 22

Acknowledgments

City and County of Denver

Gordon Robertson, Director of Parks Planning, Design, and Construction

Bob Finch, Director of Natural ResourcesDirector of Denver Mountain Parks

Brad Eckert, Project ManagerMountain Parks Planner

Consultant Team

Mundus Bishop

Tina Bishop, PLA, Principal

Kelly Ream, AICP, Senior Planner

Paige Ida, Landscape Architect Anderson Hallas Architects

Liz Hallas, AIA, LEED AP BD+C, Principal

Andy Duckett-Emke, AIA, Associate

Subject Matter Experts

Towny Anderson, HistoriCorps

Bart Berger, HistoriCorps and Denver Mountain Parks

Foundation

Kate Fritz, HistoriCorps

Brigid McRaith, Mile High Youth Corps

Shannon Dennison, Denver Mountain Parks

Theresa Marchetta, Mayor’s Office and HistoriCorps

Leslie Pickard, Denver Parks and Recreation

Grace Rink, Mayor’s Office of Sustainability

Appendix A: Treatment Terminology

Treatment Terminology

In recognition of Mount Morrison CCC Camp’s NHL status, all future work planned will be guided by The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties. The following terminology is used in this plan to describe recommended actions. Consider is to routinely evaluate if a treatment action can be undertaken. Budget restraints and long-term maintenance may result in delayed treatment action. As circumstances change, the treatment action should be reevaluated and eventually completed.

Design intent refers to the creative objectives that were applied to the development of a historic property.

Introduce is the addition of a new, non historic feature that is compatible with the cultural landscape. This may also include the replacement of a missing historic feature.

In-kind refers to the replacement of feature that is extensively deteriorated or missing parts of features using materials that match the historic detail, configuration, and appearance as closely as possible.

Maintain refers to measures that sustain the form, integrity, and materials of contributing features, either on a regular basis or as a nonrecurring event.

Preserve refers to those measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of contributing features. It includes initial stabilization work, where necessary, as well as ongoing preservation maintenance and repair of historic materials and features.

Protect refers to actions to safeguard a historic feature by defending or guarding it against further deterioration or loss. Such action is generally of temporary nature and anticipates future preservation treatment.

Reconstruct refers to the act or process of depicting, by means of new work, the form, features, and detailing of a non-surviving historic structure or any part thereof, for the purpose of replicating its appearance at a specific time in its original location.

Rehabilitate refers to the act or process of allowing a compatible use through repair, alteration, or additions as long as those features that convey the historical, cultural, or architectural values are preserved.

Repair refers to those measures that are necessary to correct deteriorated, damaged, or faulty materials of features. These measures are more extensive than regular maintenance and undertake work necessary to bring a contributing feature or area to good condition.

Restore refers to those measures necessary to accurately depict the form, features, and character of a property as it appeared during a particular period of time by means of the removal of features from other periods in history and reconstruction of missing features from the restoration period.

Retain are those actions that are necessary to allow a feature (contributing or non-contributing) to remain in place in its current configuration and condition.

Stabilize refers to those measures that require more work than standard maintenance practices, and that are necessary to prevent the further deterioration, failure, or loss of contributing features.

Appendix B: Existing Condition

Natural System and Features

Natural systems and features create an iconic setting and define the character of the CCC Camp. The CCC Camp is set at the convergence of the high plains and Rocky Mountains. Views to red sandstone monoliths to the north and south, hogback mountains to the east, and foothills of the Rocky Mountains to the west contribute to the scenic qualities of the camp.

The camp rises nearly 300’ in elevation from Bear Creek (5805’) to a high point at the southeast corner of the site (6100’). Drainage throughout the camp flows to Bear Creek. Two major flood events occurred in the 1930s and prompted establishment of stone retaining walls along Bear Creek for flood protection. Lower elevations, including Morrison Park and Garages 1 and 2, are within the floodplain.1 A man-made waterway conveys water from the Town of Morrison Water Plant to Bear Creek.

Natural systems and features are linked to the CCC Camp’s physical development. Topography influenced circulation patterns and limited development to four man-made terraces. Morrison Park’s low-lying location and susceptibility to flooding informed its use as undeveloped recreational land. Barracks were sited at the higher, flatter topography of the site where the native topography was terraced to accommodate residential structures and ancillary uses. Bear Creek provided a source of freshwater for the CCC and was cited as a factor for the camp’s location. Water for the camp, with the exception of the Garage and HQ Buildings, was drawn through a pipeline from Bear Creek.2

Natural Features

Tributary

Floodplain Hogbacks

Sandstone Formations

Park/Open Space

Waterway

Town of Morrison

Water

0.2% Annual Chance

Flood Hazard

1% Annual Chance

Flood Hazard

0.2% Annual Chance

Flood Hazard

Floodway

Rocky Mountain Foothills

Rocky Mountain Foothills

Park (JCOS) BearCreek

Mount Falcon Park (JCOS)

Lair o’ the Bear Park (JCOS)

CCC Camp (DMP)

Vegetation

Trees Maintained by DPR Forestry

Ornamental Plantings

Natural Vegetation

Understory / Ground Cover

Riparian Corridor

HQ Allee

Bear Creek Canyon Scenic Mountain Drive

Titans Road

allee of trees south of the Headquarters buildings appears in aerial photography taken two years after the camp was decommissioned and likely date to CCC occupation of the site.5

The City of Denver produced a planting plan for the Barracks in 1948.6 No documentation of implementation exists. Present-day species and locations vary from the plan but reflect the general intent of the 1948 planting plan to establish groupings of trees between Barracks and along Union Avenue to the south of the Recreation Hall.

The lilacs encircling the flagpole do not appear in CCCera photographs and were likely planted after 1948.

Views to Red Rocks

Amphitheatre

Bear Creek Canyon

Views to CCC Camp

Views to DMP Ops

Scenic Mountain Drive

Views to Barracks

Views to Foothills

Views to Barracks

Circulation

Shared Use Road

Operations Access Route

Non-extant CCC Road

Trail

Non-extant CCC Trail

Stairs

Parking Area

Bear Creek Bridge and a footbridge to the south provide access across Bear Creek. Bear Creek Bridge, a fixed free span bridge has a timber deck covered with asphalt and I-beam deck plate girders. The foundations and abutments are rubble stone walls, and the railing is decorative ironwork.7 The decking and decorative ironwork are not historic. A timber footbridge south of Garage 1 provides pedestrian access across the drainage from the Town of Morrison Water to Bear Creek.

Circulation patterns developed for CCC use of the site were utilitarian in function. The curvilinear road system followed the native topography of the site and provided direct access to facilities. Known modifications to the historic road network system include the replacement of gravel or dirt roads with asphalt surfacing, the addition of a road to the Town of Morrison Water, and replacement of a small circular drive south of Commander’s Garage with the present-day native and gravel surface parking area.8 The CCC established a larger, non-extant network of trails providing direct connections to buildings, gathering spaces, and Bear Creek. Trails provided functional connections throughout the camp and assisted in defining outdoor spaces. CCC trails are largely overgrown due to decreased use.

Buildings and Structures

Contemporary Building

CCC Buildings and Structures

Extant Building

Extant Structure

Non-Extant Building

Further investigation is needed to document the chronology of the Work Shop and non-extant Chapel to the northeast of the Barracks. The Work Shop appears as a 20’ x 20’ building in aerial photography from 1937. 1948 aerial photography illustrates an addition to the 1937 building extending at a slight angle to the southeast. The addition corresponds to the present-day Work Shop and building described in the 1942 transfer to the War Department. The transfer does not indicate the transfer of the Chapel. The Chapel appears in aerial photography from 1937 to the mid-1950s and is labeled as a library on a 1939 site plan and library/chapel on a photograph.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) workers built nearly 600 feet of retaining wall along both sides of Bear Creek for flood protection (ca. 1935). The wall was built of uncoursed rubble sandstone with concrete mortar and thin-coat coping.11 CCC enrollees built stone steps on the north side of the wall.12

The overall arrangement of CCC-era buildings remains. Significant modifications to historic buildings include covering historic siding and windows with horizontal composite siding, removal of the oil shed, removal of the west wing of the Work Shop, removal of several outhouses, and the division of two buildings— Headquarters and Barracks 1. The center of each building was removed to divide the buildings into two separate buildings. The buildings remain in their historic locations.

Small Scale Features

Small scale features facilitate visitor and administrative functions. Typical features include Park ID signage, interpretive signage, regulatory signage, benches, Adirondack chairs, grills, propane tanks, and features necessary for DMP operational functions. The 20th century farm equipment located between the Recreation Hall and Barracks 1a and 1b does not have a historical association to the camp.

Extant features built by CCC enrollees include a stone pond and fountain and Flagpole Circle. The stone pond and fountain is located north of Barracks 5 and built of native rough-cut stone with a center stone fountain. The circular pond no longer holds water and contains overgrown grass. The historic flagpole site between Barracks 1 and 5 is marked by mature lilacs and three steps to the north and south leading to a large circular depression. The flagpole no longer remains. Two pipes mark the location of a non-extant drinking fountain within the lilac circle.

Endnotes

1 The FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map dated February 4, 2014 identified lower elevations of the camps as 1% Annual Change Flood Hazard (base flood or 100-year flood) and 0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard (500-year flood).

2 Halpin, Kelly. “Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp, Red Rocks Park. HALS NO. CO-8-A 7,” (HABS/HAER/HALS Collection at the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, 2004), 7.

3 Wolfenbarger, Deon and Susan Baird. National Historic Landmark Nomination: Red Rocks Park & Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp. 2010 Draft. NHL, 22

4 “History of the Civilian Conservation Corps Colorado and Wyoming District” (Denver, CO: O’Brien Printing Company, n.d.), pp. 83

5 Colorado Aerial Photography, Frame DV7-113, October 21, 1948

6 Planting Plan for CCC Camp, November 30, 1948

7 United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, “National Historic Landmark Nomination Red Rocks and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp,” 2013, 24

8 United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, “National Historic Landmark Nomination Red Rocks and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp,” 2013, 24.

9 United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, “National Historic Landmark Nomination Red Rocks and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp,” 2013, 22.

10 United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, “National Historic Landmark Nomination Red Rocks and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp,” 2013, 6.

11 United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, “National Historic Landmark Nomination Red Rocks and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp,” 2013, 31.

12 United States Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, “National Historic Landmark Nomination Red Rocks and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp,” 2013, 31.