Polish Medics’ Contributions to the World

Polish Medics’ Contributions to the World

P

LES FOR THE WORLD

Polish Medics’ Contributions to the World KNOWN UNKNOWN

Editing Programming Section at the Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

Bios Joanna Stachyra / Ministry of Foreign Affairs Henryka Karolewska / PBP Książnica Pedagogiczna im. Alfonsa Parczewskiego in Kalisz Róża Pomiecińska-Żarnowska / PBP Książnica Pedagogiczna im. Alfonsa Parczewskiego in Kalisz

Graphic design and layout Paweł Maszerowski

Proof reading of the Polish version Zuzanna Sala

Translation Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland

Published by Ministry of Foreign Affairs Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad © Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Poland) This publication is non-commercial and is not intended for commercial circulation.

Introduction Among the achievements and contributions of Poles around the world, there is no field more universal or beneficial to humanity than medicine. It encompasses both experiential science and the practice of healthcare, including the treatment and prevention of disease.

We naturally approach the work of physicians, motivated by the selfless desire to bring medical aid and serve their fellow human beings, with the utmost respect. Such was the motivation of the individuals introduced in this publication, Polish Medics’ Contributions to the World. Known Unknown. They were chosen from a broader circle of our compatriots who had to live and practise during the difficult time of the Partitions of Poland – amid realities dictated by three great European powers – or in more or less remote countries and regions of the world. These medics understood the Polish identity and dedication to the national cause as a daily devotion to the idea and practice of providing assistance. They were needed and appreciated for their professionalism and humanitarian attitude. What connects them is the use of their knowledge, wisdom, heart, and deep empathy to serve others. Apart from providing treatment and assistance to the sick, they devoted much time to the affairs of their motherland. They thought of it with pride and respect, and it was never far from their minds.

Among those pages of the history of Polish medics abroad that are yet to be fully uncovered, one can still chance upon many intriguing names. And although some may be known to the medical community, this does not make them any less deserving of recognition. Their contribution to progress in medicine and the often pioneering nature of their activities must be emphasised and appreciated. One cannot help but mention, for example, the pioneering role of Polish women in overcoming the taboo associated with women’s education. Having been the first to graduate with medical degrees and begin medical careers, they paved the way for women to practise the profession in several countries (it was one such Polish woman who wrote Les Femmes et le Progrès des Sciences Médicales, a publication that found wide recognition in the early 20th century). It is worth keeping in mind the contributions of our compatriot to establishing first primary and then specialist healthcare in one of the countries of Africa. Nor should we fail to commemorate the life story of a social and educational activist labouring under the Russian Empire and Soviet Russia.

No less merit in the global field of medicine can be claimed by such Poles as the pioneer of the Roentgen method in Switzerland; the most prominent Bulgarian dentist at the end of the 19th century; a surgeon in the French National Guard in Paris and one of Fryderyk Chopin’s physicians; and a precursor of vascular surgery who was one of the first to operate on brain tumours and pioneered the establishment and subsequent

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development of public healthcare in Türkiye. This publication also introduces the biographies of an internationally renowned specialist who studied the populations of Peru and Bolivia from the perspective of tropical diseases; a pioneer of neurology; a malariologist with world-class contributions to medicine; the creator of the first ophthalmology journal in France; a constructor of medical instruments; and an activist working on behalf of child victims of warfare (and thus a contributor to the establishment of UNICEF). By reading Polish Medics’ Contributions to the World…, you can learn about the fates of a co-founder of the medical academy in Rio de Janeiro and one of the most eminent physicians of 19th-century Brazil; the ailing Sultan Suleiman II’s doctor; the researcher who defined pressure points on the spine; the physician to Emperor Franz Joseph; the hero of the fight against the pneumonic plague in the Chinese city of Harbin; the chief medical officer to the Eastern Railway; an Austra­ lian medic and social activist; a co-founder of the Russian school of psychiatry; and a global precursor of healthy living and abstinence.

Having intentionally withheld their names and details of their activities in this introduction, we cordially invite you to read on. We hope this publication will provide insight into Polish physicians’ extraordinarily interesting lives, journeys, and experiences. After all, not only do we have a reason to take pride in them but also a duty to remember their legacy. And so we present this book, prepared by the Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad at the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as the fourth instalment in a series of publications commemorating our compatriots, titled Known Unknown. The Poles’ Contributions to the World. May your reading be an exploration of both the individual fates and the histories of the countries or local communities in which Polish names, Polish humanism, and Polish patriotism have taken root and lasted till the present day, taking different forms – be it tales passed from generation to generation, numerous academic monographs, or various ways of commemorating contributions to the development of medicine in the nation. Sometimes, the contributions are very tangible, such as a fully equipped Polish-funded hospital and multi-functional medical centre.

We hope you enjoy this book. We trust that learning about the achievements of Polish physicians around the world and their individual life stories – including those of the welldeserving medical women whom we especially commend to the reader’s attention – will not only enrich your knowledge but also evoke pride and joy as you visit all the different corners of the world.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

Polish Medic s’ Contributions to the World

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Ludwik Anigstein Józef Julian Babiński Adolf Abraham Beck Mojżesz Beiser (Baiser) Edmund Faustyn Biernacki Wanda Błeńska Teof il Chudziński Antoni Cieszyński Stanisława Dowgiałłówna Edward Flatau Ksawery Gałęzowski Seweryn Gałęzowski Jan Jonston Antoni Tomasz Aleksander Jurasz Antoni Stanisław Jurasz Władysław Augustyn Kuflewski Edward Landowski Antonina Leśniewska Melania Lipińska Joachim Midowicz Jan Lucjan Mierzejewski Jan Antoni Mikulicz-Radecki

Marceli Wilhelm Nencki Edmund Neusser Ewa Odachowska Wacław Olszak Jadwiga Olszewska Teodor Opęchowski Florenty Orzeszko Jadwiga Michalska Picado Salomea z Rusieckich II° voto Pilsztynowa Paweł Emilian Postempski (Postępski) Adam Raciborski Ludwik Rajchman Robert Remak Władysław Semerau-Siemianowski Lucjan Skupiewski Józef Struś Ludwik Karol Teichmann Teodor Teuttold Stilichon Tripplin Adam Ernest Narymunt-Waszklewicz Dionizy Wielobycki Seweryn Wielobycki Maria Zakrzewska

Ludwik

Anigstein

Ludwik Anigstein ( 1 891 –1975)

A delegation of experts from the League of Nations taking a break during their journey to the USSR; Ludwik Anigstein is second from the left; 1935

Physician specialising in communicable diseases.

Born in Warsaw, the son of a Polish Jewish industrialist, Izydor Anigstein, and Helena Anigstein née Steinkalk.

His father sent him to study natural sciences at Heidelberg, and his education included a year’s study of marine zoology in France. In 1913, he graduated magna cum laude, obtaining his doctoral degree. He earned another one – in medicine – from the University of Dorpat (now known as the University of Tartu) in Estonia. He also received a degree from the University of Poznań in 1923. He pursued postgraduate studies at the London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

In 1924, as a member of the League of Nations’ Malaria Commission, he completed a research tour of European Russia, the Balkan states, Italy, Spain, Palestine, and Syria.

In 1929, on behalf of the British government, he studied tropical typhus in the Malay Peninsula. In the 1920s and 1930s, he worked as a parasitologist with the National Institute of Hygiene in Warsaw. Having been delegated by the Polish Maritime and Colonial League to Liberia as the Polish advisor to its government, he published an illustrated report of that journey in 1938 in Warsaw, titled Choroby i Stan Sanitarny Liberii (Diseases and Sanitary Conditions in Liberia).

In 1940, seeking refuge from the Nazis, he migrated to the United States and went on to become a professor at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.

Near the end of the war, he came to Poland on behalf of the United Nations with a series of lectures on communicable diseases.

In 1945, he was naturalised as an American citizen. From 1941 to 1962, Anigstein served as the director of the Rickettsial Laboratory at the University of Texas Medical Branch, and from 1962 to 1970, he headed the UTMB Tissue Immunity Laboratory. In 1950, he was named consultant to the Medical Division of the United States Atomic Energy Commission at the Oak Ridge Institute for Nuclear Studies.

In 1955, he travelled to Peru and Brazil to study tropical diseases. A year later, he joined the Royal Society of Health in London. His first important discovery concerned tickborne diseases originating from rickettsia. Anigstein found that one of these parasitic bacteria caused a disease that infected hundreds of soldiers during World War II. His groundbreaking achievement was the discovery of an antibiotic derived from blood – previously, antibiotics had been extracted only from moulds and bacteria. Anigstein’s academic legacy spans approximately two thousand scientific treatises and papers for specialist journals and a textbook of which he was a co-author.

He died in 1975 in Galveston, Texas, USA.

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Józef Julian

Babiński

Photograph taken from: Orzechowski, Kazimierz (1878–1942), Józef Babiński w Dziejach Ubiegłego Okresu Neurologji: (Sylweta Badacza i Człowieka na Tle Środowiska)

Józef Julian Babiński ( 1 857–1 932) One of the most renowned neurologists in history and a pioneer of neurosurgery.

He was the son of Polish expatriates, Aleksander Babiński and Henryka née Waren, who migrated to France in 1848.

He attended a Polish secondary school in Batignolles in Paris and, in 1879, graduated from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Paris. In 1885, he became a Doctor of Medicine, having defended a dissertation on the anatomical-clinical correlations in multiple sclerosis.

In 1890, Babiński passed the competitive examination for heads of wards in Paris hospitals (médecin des hôpitaux de Paris). Four years later, he was appointed to that position in a small division of the hospital in Porte d’Aubervilliers, followed by the Hôpital de la Pitié in Paris. In the latter position, he would serve until 1922.

In 1887, he became a member of the French Society for Biology, and in 1914 of the National Academy of Medicine. In 1899, he co-founded the French Society for Neurology, which he went on to chair from 1907 onward. In 1924–1925, he was an honorary member of the American Neurological Association and the Royal Society of Medicine. From 1925, he was also an honorary professor at the University of Vilnius.

Book cover: Orzechowski, Kazimierz (1878–1942), Józef Babiński w Dziejach…

Babiński authored more than 300 academic works. Some of these – in the physiology of the nervous system and neuropathology, such as the Babiński sign and anosognosia – were of groundbreaking importance to the development of neurology. He was nominated four times for the Nobel Prize. He maintained his association with his homeland, participating in conferences of Polish physicians, publishing in the journal Neurologia Polska, and facilitating foreign internships for compatriots.

He died on 29 October 1932 in Paris. He was interred in the family tomb at the Les Champeaux Cemetery in Montmorency.

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Adolf Abraham

Beck

Adolf Abraham Beck in the company of Napoleon Cybulski

Title page of Cybulski and Beck’s physiology textbook

Adolf Abraham Beck ( 1 86 3–1942) Physiologist, co-author of a physiology textbook.

He was born into an impoverished Jewish family in Kraków. He graduated from Saint Hyacinth Gymnasium in his hometown and studied medicine. While still a student, he was employed by the Department of Physiology and Histology, chaired by Professor Napoleon Cybulski.

He studied the physiology of nerve centres and especially the use of electrophysiology in brain research. Based on his analyses, he published a dissertation titled Oznaczenie Lokalizacji w Mózgu i Rdzeniu za Pomocą Zjawisk Elektrycznych (The Identification of Locations in the Brain and Spinal Cord Using Electrical Phenomena), for which, on 23 January 1890, he was awarded his doctoral degree in all medical sciences. His research also led Beck to discover the active independent current, laying the groundwork for modern electroencephalography.

1903/1904 and 1916/1917, he served as dean of the Faculty of Medicine and, in 1912/1913, as rector of the university.

With Professor Napoleon Cybulski, he compiled the first co-authored textbook on physiology, which was published in two volumes in 1915. After Professor Cybulski’s death, the second enhanced edition was published in 1924.

He took his habilitation in 1894 and was offered the chair of physiology the following year along with a professorship at the University of Lviv. During the subsequent years of his professional career, he taught physiology and researched the nervous system. In the academic years

Beck was an ardent patriot. During World War II, he was taken to a camp and committed suicide by ingesting cyanide to avoid deportation to the extermination camp at Bełżec. He had two children: son Henry, who was also a physician, and daughter Jadwiga.

Beck was conferred the rank of Professor Ordinarius in 1897, retiring in 1932. He supervised the habilitations of seven physicians, including Professor Franciszek Czubalski. Two years after retirement, Beck was honoured by the medical faculty of the University of Lviv with a diploma and a ring bearing the inscription Bene me­renti Facultas Medica and was titled its honorary professor one year later.

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Mojżesz

Beiser

Title page in Jan Beiser’s biography of Mojżesz Beiser

Mojżesz Beiser (Baiser) ( 1 807–1 880)

A page in Jan Beiser’s biography of Mojżesz Beiser

Physician, philanthropist, councilman, and honorary freeman of the city of Lviv

He was born in Lviv. He graduated from secondary school stayed and worked for the remainder of his life. He was there and left to study at the University of Vienna, where, one of the founders of the Medical Society of Lviv. Duron 25 May 1835, he earned a master’s degree in ophthal- ing an epidemic of cholera, Beiser, unlike other doctors, mology and obstetrics. During his studies, he assisted his assisted the sick without regard for his own health and colleagues financially, himself having come from a well- safety. Fees received from wealthier patients he passed to-do family. He began his medical practice in Ukraine, on to the poor, himself living a modest life. Bringing gifts first in Hvizdets and then in Kolomyia, winning acclaim while visiting needy patients, he would say that he was: among the local community. The locals highly esteemed ‘going to a poor patient whose ailment he had diagnosed as his selflessness and sacrificial service to poor patients. hunger, for which he was carrying a suitable medication.’

In 1848, he was elected delegate to the National Council in Lviv. Through the agency of Austrian authorities, he found himself in Zhovkva, where he was permitted to establish a medical practice. Following fifteen months of police supervision, he left Zhovkva for Lviv, where he

For his merit and service to the poor, he was conferred the Honorary Freedom of the city of Lviv on 9 November 1876. He died on 12 October 1880 in Lviv, with thousands of grateful patients flocking to his funeral to pay their last respects to their doctor.

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Edmund Faustyn

Biernacki

The physics laboratory of Professor Edmund Faustyn Biernacki

Edmund Faustyn Biernacki ( 1 86 6 –1911 )

Physician, pathologist, neurologist, haematologist and medical philosopher.

Born in Opoczno, son of Joanna Józefa Biernacka née Baranowska and Wincenty Adolf Biernacki of the Poraj heraldic clan. Due to his participation in the January Uprising of 1863–1864, his father lost his estates in Lithuania, suffered persecution, and was forced to settle in the Congress Kingdom of Poland. His brother, Wiktor Biernacki, was a professor of physics in Warsaw and a pioneer of Polish radio engineering and radiology.

Edmund Biernacki was educated at a gymnasium in Kielce and a secondary school in Lublin. Having graduated from the Imperial University of Warsaw in 1889, he completed internships at teaching hospitals in Heidelberg and Paris. Upon his return to the country, he was made head of a ward at a diagnostic clinic. He gained recognition as an experimenter and author of innovative academic dissertations, for which, however, he was attacked by Warsaw’s conservative medical establishment. In 1897, he was the first in the world to demonstrate the correlation between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in blood plasma and overall health. He developed his own diagnostic methodology for that phenomenon, known as the Biernacki reaction – a clinical test used worldwide to this day. It helps save thousands of people every year by permitting the detection of dangerous conditions in their early stages of development. In most

A photograph of the Biernacki brothers

textbooks not written in Polish, this discovery is attributed to two Swedish doctors, even though they published their research significantly later. In 1902, Biernacki and his family moved to Lviv, where in 1908 he took a professorship at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lviv. During the summer seasons, he earned his living as a ‘bath doctor’ in Karlsbad.

Biernacki is the author of the first Polish textbook on haematology. He was also the first to describe the symptom of paralysis of the ulnar nerve in the course of syphilis, later dubbed the Biernacki sign.

In total, he published approximately one hundred academic treatises. In Lviv, he gave lectures popularising scientific developments in medicine. One was titled Z Autobiografii Człowieka Szczęśliwego (From the Autobiography of a Happy Man). In his free time, he was keenly interested in the fine arts, especially contemporaneous Polish painting. He collected works of artists from Lviv, thus promoting the city as a centre of art. In Karlsbad, his waiting room and office were known as ‘exhibitions of Polish painting.’ Biernacki died at the early age of 45.

He is buried at Łyczakowski Cemetery in Lviv.

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Wanda

Błeńska

Both photographs: Wanda Matugga Health Centre (named after Wanda Błeńska) in Uganda

Wanda Błeńska ( 1 91 1–201 4 )

Physician, missionary, and specialist in leprosy treatment.

She was born in Poznań as the daughter of Teofil Błeński and Helena Błeńska. She received the basics of her education from her father. She attended the Girls’ Gymnasium in Toruń and, in 1934, graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Poznań. She was active in the Academic Mission Circle and edited a journal titled Annales Missiologicae during her studies. She became part of the Circle’s management, as well as that of the Association of Academic Mission Circles in Poland, as a second-year student, and one year later represented the Polish mission movement at the International Mission Congress in Ljubljana.

She worked at hospitals in Toruń and Gdynia and, during World War II, joined the Home Army. In 1946, she left for Germany, where her severely ill brother was living.

She completed courses in tropical medicine in Hamburg and Liverpool while being employed in Polish hospitals in those cities. In 1950, she travelled to Uganda, fulfilling her dream of working in missions. From 1951, she served as the head physician of the Leprosy Centre in Buluba at Lake Victoria, a mission operated by Franciscan Sisters.

She was active in the international community of leprologists, becoming involved in researching a vaccine against leprosy and training local doctors. In 1983, she ceased to manage the centre, remaining at Buluba as a consultant.

In 1994, she returned to Poland, where she continued her social activism on behalf of Africa. She travelled to Uganda several times, including during John Paul II’s visit.

She died in 2014, aged 103. In 2019, a beatification process was opened for her.

Others continue Wanda Błeńska’s mission and work. As part of a project to increase the accessibility and quality of healthcare for Ugandans, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland funded equipment for Wanda Matugga Health Centre (named after Wanda Błeńska) to provide basic healthcare, dental, surgical, obstetric, and emergency services. On 1 December 2019, a solemn inauguration of the hospital took place, and the first child born in it – a girl – was named Wanda in honour of the hospital’s patron.

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Teofil

Chudziński

Title page of Section 2, Anatomia porównawcza zwojów mózgowych. Dz. 2

Teof il Chudziński

Broca’s Anthropological Laboratory and Museum (early 20th century). Laboratory shelves holding numerous series of skulls and brains in glass cases

( 1 842 –1897) Military doctor, anthropologist, and anatomist.

He was born in Brest (formerly Brest-Litovsk or Brest- of a small attic, surrounded by rotting specimens. He on-the-Bug) to the family of Tomasz Chudziński and spent much time drawing the skulls of people of differDominika Chudzińska née Jakublewicz, who had settled ent origins according to several anthropometric standards. there. He attended the gymnasium in Białystok and later Years later, the drawings were framed in beautiful albums. studied natural sciences at the University of Moscow. He Chudziński was the first person in the world to describe took part in the January Uprising of 1863–1864 and, after the anatomies of individuals from different regions of the its fall, was interned in Austria, from where he went on world. At the museum, he left behind numerous moulages to Belgium and, subsequently, France.

– that is, plaster or wax models which retain the shapes and surface structures of the object – as well as plaster casts In Paris, he began medical studies. He worked as an extern of both human and animal muscles and brains. at one of the hospitals, where he served as an assistant physician during the Franco-German war. Discouraged He also authored 49 academic treatises, including several from medicine as a result, he abandoned his studies. He in the Polish language. The most important one is Anatotook employment as a preparator at the Anthropological mia Porównawcza Zwojów Mózgowych (Comparative AnatLaboratory of the École des Hautes Études, headed by Paul omy of Cerebral Ganglia) (1878 and, posthumously, 1898).

Broca – one of the founders of anthropology. Despite his outstanding achievements, which include creating the Left without Broca’s protection after the latter’s death, foundations of the anthropology of soft parts of the body Chudziński, now without the income from the position (muscles, the brain, and the viscera), due to his lack of of curator, struggled to make a living. Nevertheless, from a doctoral degree, Chudziński remained in the position time to time, he provided material support to his comof preparator till the last days of his life, also serving as patriots, with whom he stayed in touch. Near the end of the curator of the École d’Anthropologie’s collections until his life, the Medical Academy and the scientific societies Broca’s death. of Paris bestowed on him honours he had never sought, including the Prix Fauvelle for a treatise on ethnic differDedicated exclusively to his work for twenty-five years, he ences in facial muscles. occupied himself with dissecting corpses (as performing autopsies was then called) in the poor hygienic conditions He died in Paris at fifty-five years of age.

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Antoni

Cieszyński

Antoni Cieszyński

Third Dental Conference in Kraków – participants include Professor Antoni Cieszyński on the left

( 1882 –1941)

A pioneer of modern dentistry.

He was born in Oleśnica to the family of Tomasz Cieszyński and Emilia Cieszyńska née Chiżyńska. He attended gymnasium first in Poznań and later in Byd­ goszcz. Having studied medicine and dentistry at the universities in Berlin and Munich, he graduated in 1911 with the highest distinction: summa cum laude. In 1913, he was appointed Professor Extraordinarius and took the leadership of the Dentistry Outpatients’ Clinic of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lviv, later named the Institute of Dentistry, and from 1930 called the Stomatology Clinic.

Cieszyński’s greatest accomplishments include the development of a method allowing dental X-rays to show the true size of a tooth. The method is called isometry.

Cieszyński was also the author of the world’s first atlas of dental radiology and co-author of an innovative illustrated four-volume encyclopaedia of health published in 1937–1939 in Warsaw. As part of his professional responsibilities, he focused on streamlining the diagnostic process

and refining operating methods, such as work on cassettes for stereoscopic images. Following the outbreak of World War I and the occupation of Lviv by the Russians, he left for Vienna, where he established a department for maxillary trauma and a dental polyclinic for Polish refugees. Before World War II, he became involved in relief efforts on behalf of Jewish physicians from Czechoslovakia persecuted by Germans. In 1936, he received the Willoughby Dayton Miller Prize for his contributions to the development of world dentistry. He was also an honorary member of dentist societies in Washington, D.C., Buenos Aires, Prague, and Vienna. His academic legacy includes more than 350 treaties on matters pertaining to all fields of dentistry. He was a publisher and editor of journals such as Kwartalnik Stomatologiczny, Polska Dentystyka, and Słowiańska Stomatologia.

He was shot by the Germans at Wzgórza Wuleckie on the night of 3–4 July 1941, together with twenty-five other university professors from Lviv.

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Stanisława

Dowgiałłówna

First from the left in the first row: Stanisława Dowgiałłówna

Stanisława Dowgiałłówna ( 1 86 5–1 933) Pharmacist and social and Polish diaspora activist in Latvia, one of the first female students of Jagiellonian University.

The scion of a landowning family from what is now Latvia, she studied at the clandestine Flying University in Warsaw. She passed the under-pharmacist examination and became an assistant pharmacist. Together with Jadwiga Sikorska and Janina Kosmowska, she was admitted to Jagiellonian University as a hospitante (that is, without permission to graduate). They were the first three women to attend a university in Poland.

In 1907, she settled at the family estate in Rēzekne, which she administered on her own, relying on innovative scientific agricultural methods. After the October Revolution, she organised the Polska Macierz Szkolna in Rēzekne (an educational charity for Polish pupils and students), of which she became the first president. She was also active in the Livonia Polish Council and, following the formation of the Latvian state, she worked at the Rēzekne Land Education Commission as a representative of the Polish minority.

Upon completing their studies in 1897, they were not permitted to take the examinations needed for the provisor diploma. Dowgiałłówna then filed the relevant papers with the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Moscow, and in 1897, she was conferred the degree of provisor with distinction. She subsequently ran a pharmacy in Viļāni and dedicated herself to promoting culture and hygiene among the rural population.

In 1922, she co-established the structures of the Polish Association in Latvia and served as its inaugural head, becoming, in 1925, the Polish delegate to the First International Congress of National Minorities in Geneva on its behalf. After the agrarian reform of 1927, resulting in the parcelling out of her landed property, she emigrated to Kraków and worked at the Okręgowy Związek Kas Chorych (Regional Association of Health Insurers).

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Edward

Flatau

Title page of Edward Flatau’s Atlas of the Human Brain and the Course of the Nerve-Fibres

Edward Flatau ( 1 86 8–1932)

One of the pages of Edward Flatau’s Atlas of the Human Brain and the Course of the Nerve-Fibres

Pioneer of neurology.

He was born in Płock, the son of Ludwik Flatau and Anna Flatau née Heyman. He graduated from gymnasium in Płock and studied medicine at the University of Moscow.

In 1892, he obtained the physician’s diploma cum eximia laude [with special praise]. After that, he left for Berlin and began specialisation in neurology at Emanuel Mendel’s clinic. In 1894, in Berlin, he published his Atlas of the Human Brain and the Course of the Nerve-Fibres (published in Polish in 1896) – an innovative work by the standards of the time, subsequently translated into, among others, French. The atlas contained original photographs of cerebral sulci and ganglia, taken with a camera specially designed by the physician himself.

Subsequently, Flatau became interested in the composition of neurons – he endeavoured to demonstrate their homogeneity in anatomical and physiological structure.

He published the results of his studies in German journals, among others. His work also focused on the course and layout of neural pathways in the spinal cord. He discovered that the longer the fibres, the closer they are situated to the periphery. This was called the Flatau law and was presented at a session of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, allowing him to obtain the degree

of Doctor of Medicine. In 1899, together with Professor Louis Jacobsohn, he developed a textbook in anatomy and comparative mammalian anatomy. He was also the co-author of Hermann Nothnagel’s textbook on pathology.

Flatau returned to Poland and became a neurological consultant in the wards presided over by Teodor Dunin and Władysław Janowski and at the Infant Jesus Hospital in Warsaw. In his own apartment, he established a microscopic laboratory for young medical professionals, which he would later, in 1913, develop further under the Psychological Society in Warsaw. He was also the founder and lifetime head of the Marceli Nencki Neurobiological Laboratory. In 1904, Flatau won the competition for the position of head of the Neurological Ward of the Jewish Hospital in Czyste, which allowed him to combine research and clinical practice. His interests during that stage of his life included meningitis, neuritis, and CNS cancers.

Flatau was the author of more than eighty academic treatises and the founder of the Warsaw Neurological Society.

He died on 7 June 1932 in Warsaw.

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Ksawery

Gałęzowski

Ksawery Gałęzowski ( 1 832–1 9 07)

Title page of Ksawery Gałęzowski’s Hygjena Wzroku (The Hygiene of Sight)

Ophthalmologist and inventor of medical instruments.

He was born in Lypovets, Kyiv Governorate. He studied to the structure and treatment of the human eye, both at the Medico-Surgical Academy in St Petersburg, receiv- in French (for example, the Traité des Maladies des Yeux ing his doctoral degree in medicine in 1858. After that, he – 1875, 1888) and in Polish (for example, a paper titled left for Paris to join his uncle Seweryn and continue his Pogląd na Terapię Chorób Oczu – A View on the Therapy of Eye pursuit of knowledge, especially in the field of ophthal- Diseases, published in the journal Klinika). The German mology. In France, Gałęzowski resumed medical studies ophthalmological historian Julius Hirschberg believed and honed his skills at the private clinic of Louis-Auguste Gałęzowski to be an amazing specialist in his field, pracDesmarres. He also initiated successful work on modify- tising with his own methods and tools, capable of diaging the ophthalmoscope, publishing the results in Polish nosing diseases ‘from the eyes.’ in 1860.

The Pole’s most prominent discovery was the invention From 1859 to 1864, he worked under Desmarres as an of a pioneering method of surgical treatment of retinal assistant professor in the latter’s clinic. One year later, detachment – a condition that led to blindness at the time. he completed his medical studies in France and, in 1867, In 1903, at the French Ophthalmological Congress in Paris, opened his own ophthalmological clinic, where he gave Gałęzowski presented an instrument of his own construclectures and ran an outpatient wing. Patients from all tion that used heat energy to cauterise the retina in cases over the world sought his aid, and Gałęzowski himself of retinal tear – cautery. It wasn’t until twenty-six years won broad renown and fame. He founded the first oph- later, when reintroduced to the medical community by thalmological journal in France, Journal d’Ophtalmologie, Jules Gonin, that the method won recognition. Gałęzowski published until 1878. Later, he founded the Recueil d’Oph- was highly dedicated and kind-hearted to his patients. talmologie, which he presided over for the rest of his life.

He spent much time on the publication of works relating He died on 22 March 1907 in Paris.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

33

Seweryn

Gałęzowski

Photograph of Seweryn Gałęzowski’s monument

Seweryn Gałęzowski

Seweryn Gałęzowski’s obituary

( 1 801–1 878) Physician, social activist.

He was born in Knyazha Krynytsya near Lypovets, Kyiv Governorate. He graduated from the famed gymnasium of the Basilian Fathers in Uman, making friends such as Józef Malinowski. In 1819, he studied at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Vilnius. On 30 July 1824, following five years of instruction, he received a Doctor of Medicine, Surgery, and Obstetrics degree.

Gałęzowski dedicated himself to surgery and began cooperation with Professor Wacław Pelikan, whom he succeeded in managing a clinic. In 1828, he was appointed Professor Extraordinarius at the University of Vilnius.

Due to the outbreak of the November Uprising in 1830, he served as a military doctor, earning the Golden Cross of Virtuti Militari.

Following the fall of the uprising, he left Europe and, in 1834, was employed at a silver mine in Mexico. There, he quickly gained recognition among the locals and made a fortune. He took fees from well-to-do patients but treated the poor free of charge. Gałęzowski was also one of the founders of the University of Mexico.

When the Greater Poland Uprising of 1848 broke out, he returned to Europe and settled in Paris, engaging in selffunded work for Polish émigrés. He assisted with their studies, helped them find employment in suitable industrial establishments, and lobbied for scholarships. In 1842, he opened the Polish School at Batignolles, which would become his life’s work. At its peak, the school educated three hundred students at a time. Gałęzowski devoted all his attention to the institution, abandoning his own medical practice as a result. He took care of both educational and financial concerns, endeavouring to raise funds from the French government and donors to maintain the school’s high profile. Its growth was cut short by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. Due to indebtedness, Gałęzowski sold the schoolhouse to the Department of the Seine and moved the facility to a small building on Rue Lamandé, where it continued to operate until 1910.

In 1879, a monument to the founder, by Cyprian Godebski, was unveiled in the courtyard of the school in Batignolles.

Gałęzowski died on 31 March 1878 in Paris. He was the uncle of Ksawery Gałęzowski.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

35

Jan

Jonston

Jan Jonston ( 1 6 03–1675) Physician, natural scientist, and philosopher of Scottish origin.

He commanded respect in European scientific circles as an author of works in natural history. He was also the first resident of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to create a natural compendium. Jonston was born in Szamo­tuły to the family of Simon Johnston and Anna Johnston née Becker. He attended a school run by the Unity of the Brethren in Ostroróg and, subsequently, the gymnasia in Bytom Odrzański and Toruń.

Title page of Jan Jonston’s Dendrographias Sive Historiae Naturalis de Arboribus et Fructicibus Tam Nostri Qvam Peregrini Orbis Libri Decem...

(Ten Dendrographic Books, or Natural Histories of Trees and Fruits, Both Ours and Foreign...)

From 1623 to 1625, he travelled to Scotland to study philosophy and theology, as well as the Hebrew language.

On his return to Poland, he settled in Leszno and worked as a private tutor. In 1628, he once again left the country and, with his pupils, toured Europe’s most celebrated halls of learning. In 1634, he was conferred the degree of Doctor of Medicine and began to practice in England, France, and Italy. In 1636, he returned to Poland and became the personal physician to Bogusław Leszczyński, the son of the voivode (palatine) of Belz. Jan Jonston completed many journeys and published dozens of works throughout his life.

His most important achievements include the world’s first monograph in dendrology, titled Dendrographias Sive Historiae Naturalis de Arboribus et Fructibus Tam Nostri, Quam Peregrini Orbis Libri Decem Figuris Aeneis Adornati, and a medical textbook published in 1644 under the title Idea Universae Medicinae Practicae. Jonston was also the author of the ‘encyclopaedia of all sciences’ – Polymathia Philologica – published in 1666.

He died on 8 June 1675 in Składowice.

Idea Universae Medicinae Practicae Libris VIII Absoluta (The Idea of Universal Medical Practice, Book VIII)

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

37

Antoni Stanisław

Jurasz

Antoni Stanisław Jurasz – portrait

Antoni Stanisław Jurasz

Laryngoskopija, Stowarzyszenie do Wydawnictwa Dzieł Lekarskich Polskich, Kraków 1878

( 1 847–1923) The father of modern laryngology.

He was born in Spławie, near Poznań, to the family of Wawrzyniec Jurasz and Anna Jurasz née Przyjemska. He graduated from secondary school in Poznań. In 1867, he went to study medicine at the University of Greifswald, where in 1871 he obtained the physician’s diploma and degree of doctor. He returned to Poland to practice but, due to the lack of employment opportunities, resettled in Heidelberg, where he would spend thirty-five years of his life. In 1874, he was hired as an assistant at the university polyclinic in Heidelberg. He worked on improvements to laryngoscopic examinations.

Laryngoskopia, and in 1877 completed his habilitation process. Thereafter, he took on teaching duties and gave lectures in laryngoscopy and laryngology, laying the groundwork for the Department of Laryngology at Heidelberg University. In 1880, he was appointed Professor Extraordinarius and began to publish the first laryngological journal, Monatsschrift für Ohrenheilkunde sowie für Kehlkopf-, Nasen-, Rachenkrankheiten.

His great success was the extraction of a polyp from a patient’s larynx, after which the patient regained the ability to speak, and Jurasz himself decided to devote his life to laryngology. He was one of the first physicians to use rhinoscopy in their work and is credited with the design of several medical instruments such as the nasal speculum.

In 1908, he returned to Poland and took the chair of laryngology at John Casimir University in Lviv. He was several times the dean of the Faculty of Medicine, and during World War I served as the rector of the university. From 1919 onward, he worked at the Department of Laryngology of the University of Poznań (also after retiring in 1920). His academic legacy includes more than a hundred publications not only in laryngology but also in paediatrics, for example, on lobar pneumonia. He was an editor of the Nowiny Lekarskie journal.

He attended numerous international medical conferences as one of the most outstanding specialists in his field. In 1876, in Kraków, he published a treatise titled

He died on 12 August 1923 in Poznań. From his marriage to the English-born Karolina Gaspey, he had a son, Antoni, who would become a prominent surgeon.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

39

Antoni Tomasz Aleksander

Jurasz

Antoni Tomasz Aleksander Jurasz ( 1 882–1 9 6 1)

Praesidium of a surgical conference.

Seated from the right: Professor Antoni Leśniowski, Professor Tadeusz Ostrowski, Professor Antoni Jurasz, and Professor Jan Glatzel.

Standing from the right: Docent Dr Stanisław Nowicki, Dr Sławiński, and Dr Byszewski

Surgeon.

He was born on German soil, in Heidelberg, the son of Antoni Jurasz – a Polish professor of laryngology – and the English-born Karolina Jurasz née Gaspey. He graduated from gymnasium and went on to study medicine at the university in Heidelberg. In 1907, he was conferred the degree of Doctor of Medicine and began to practice at the Institute of Pathological Anatomy in Heidelberg.

He honed his skills under the eye of the most prominent professors of surgery, such as Erich Lexer. He also completed a study tour, visiting London, Königsberg, and Leipzig. Thereafter, from 1908 to 1910, he worked as an assistant at the surgical clinic of the German Hospital in London. From 1910 onward, he journeyed across North America, Africa, and India, serving as a ship’s doctor.

After the outbreak of World War I, he took a managing position at St Mary’s Hospital in Frankfurt, where he was awarded a titular professorship. In 1920, he returned to Poland and was placed in charge of the Department of Surgery at the University of Poznań, which he led until World War II. He created the Poznań Surgical Clinic, opened in 1923. In academic years 1925/1926 and 1926/1927, he served as dean, and in 1930 as vice-rector.

He was a founder and co-editor of the Chirurgia Kliniczna journal. Following his departure for the United Kingdom, he campaigned for the establishment of the Polish School of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh. The unit

Antoni Tomasz Jurasz – portrait

was opened in 1941, with Jurasz as its inaugural dean.

He taught general and trauma surgery. Two hundred and twenty-seven physicians were trained by the Polish School, nineteen of them with degrees of Doctor of Medicine. After the war, Jurasz left the university and became involved with the Paderewski Polish Hospital, which was established thanks to his efforts. He intended to move the institution to Poland but was prevented by the American authorities, who had provided financing for the hospital.

Jurasz was the author of numerous valuable works and discoveries in medicine, such as transgastric cystogastrostomy (the Jurasz procedure) and the modification of Haller’s operating method for abdominal contractions.

He died on 19 September 1961 in New York. His ashes were repatriated to Poland in 1997 and buried at the slopes of the Citadel in Warsaw.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

41

Władysław Augustyn

Kuflewski

Delegates from Poland to the Alliance Congress in Washington, D.C. – Władysław Kuflewski is standing in the upper row, first from the right

Władysław Augustyn Kuflewski ( 1 870–1 9 45)

Surgeon, Polish diaspora activist.

He was born in Jaroszewo near Poznań. In 1886, he arrived in America and settled in Chicago. There, he completed the Chicago College of Pharmacy and moved on to medical studies at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago, resulting in a diploma with distinction.

From 1895 onward, he practised at the Polish Saint Mary of Nazareth Hospital Centre. Simultaneously, he lectured as a professor of surgery at the Chicago Clinical School.

In 1896, he was elected physician-in-chief to the Polish National Alliance, an office he would continue to hold for twenty-five years. He also served as surgeon to the 2nd Regiment of the state militia and as a member of an education board. His therapy method for lower-extremity fractures, providing patients with mobility immediately after the accident, was widely known.

Kuflewski also conducted research into ways of treating and inhibiting the development of consumption.

He published numerous expert papers about surgery and hygiene – for example, opportunities for the communication of diseases through books – Jak Oczyszczać Książki (How to Purify Books) (1901) – as well as translations of articles on politics and literature. He was active in the life of the Polish diaspora as president of the Polish National Alliance’s Library and Museum Division and a co-founder of the Polish Medical Society, which he chaired for many years. He was also active in the American Medical Association, the Chicago Medical Society, the Illinois Medical Society, the Chicago Athletic Club, and the Kraków Medical Society.

The position Kuflewski enjoyed in the Polish diaspora was demonstrated by his being appointed to the prestigious role of grand marshal for the celebrations of unveiling the monuments to Kazimierz Pułaski in Chicago and Tadeusz Kościuszko in Washington, D.C., in 1910. He was Chicago’s delegate to the First Polish Congress and chaired the Finance Committee.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

43

Edward

Landowski

A photograph of Edward Landowski with children from the archives of the Paul Landowski Museum

Landowski’s work titled Essai sur la Blennorrhagie Uréthrale Chez l’Homme (Essay on Urethral Blennorrhoea in Men)

Edward Landowski ( 1 839 –1882)

Physician, anthropologist, and participant of the January Uprising of 1863.

He was born in Vilnius to a family of physicians, the son of Vincenzo Landowski, a military physician. He graduated from secondary school in Lublin and studied medicine in Wrocław and Warsaw – at the Medico-Surgical Academy and the Main School. Following the fall of the January Uprising, he continued his medical studies and political activities in emigration in Switzerland and France, where in 1867 he was conferred a doctorate in medicine. He became a member of the Polish Physicians Association in France and was awarded French citizenship for his medical activities during the siege of Paris in 1870. Eight years later, mainly through Landowski’s efforts and under his leadership, a section for Polish anthropology was set up in a public exhibition in Paris.

In 1879, he moved to Algiers and founded a winter resort for tuberculosis patients at Mustapha Supérieur.

He conducted scientific studies into, among other things, the Piscidia erythrina plant and its applications in treating tuberculosis and in kumis therapy.

In 1879, he was honoured with the title and badge of an Officier de l’Académie. He worked as a scientist, published a dozen or so works on hygiene, anthropology, tuberculosis prevention and treatment, as well as the climate of Algiers. He usually published in the Journal de Thérapeutique.

From his first marriage to a Polish national (née Janusz­ kiewiczówna), he had a son, Paweł (Paul Landowski, 1875–1961), who would become one of the most eminent sculptors of the fin de siècle and leave behind numerous celebrated works in France and abroad, such as the famed Christ the Redeemer Statue in Rio de Janeiro.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

45

Antonina

Leśniewska

Antonina Leśniewska

Museum of Pharmacy in Warsaw

( 1 86 6 –1937 )

Pharmacist, social and educational activist.

She was born in Warsaw to a physician’s family. Until 1882, she studied at Henryka Czarnocka’s girls’ school in Warsaw. After that, she moved with her father to St Petersburg, where she continued her education in a Catholic school.

Desiring to educate herself as a pharmacist, she attended Bestuzhev Courses for women. For a time, she worked as a teacher, and in 1892, she interned at one of the pharmacies in the city. Although permitted to enter studies, she was not allowed in the school’s laboratories.

In 1897, she passed the provisor examination at the Military Medical Academy. After four years, in 1900, she became the first woman in Russia to be given a master’s degree in pharmacy. One year later, she opened the first female-staffed pharmacy in the building of the Polish Charitable Society on Nevsky Prospect in St Petersburg.

All personnel were women, a rarity not only in Tsarist Russia but also throughout Europe. In 1903, Leśniewska opened a two-year Pharmaceutical School for Women at her pharmacy. During thirteen years of the school’s operation, fourteen women were able to qualify as provisors and one hundred and eighty-four as pharmacist’s assistants. She also established the Stowarzyszenie Farmaceutek (Association of Woman Pharmacists) in St Petersburg (1905) and the Związek Równouprawnienia

Kobiet Polskich (Alliance for Equal Rights for Polish Women) (1910).

In 1913, a decision was made to transform the pharmacy into an Independent Academic Institute, but the outbreak of World War I halted implementation. At that time, having handed over the pharmacy to a co-worker, Florentyna Stankiewicz, Leśniewska occupied herself with assisting Polish prisoners of war and war refugees (at the Towarzystwo Pomocy Ofiarom Wojny – Society for Relief to Victims of War). She joined the Polskie Zrzeszenie Niepodległościowe (Polish Independence Association) and, from 1917, aided by the Danish Red Cross, she exerted herself on behalf of the liberation and repatriation of prisoners of war to Poland. She described her experiences in memoirs titled Po Neprotorennoj Doroge (On an Unpaved Trail).

In 1919, Leśniewska returned to Poland and engaged in social welfare activities (such as establishing a home for Polish repatriates in Ciechocinek and an orphanage in Stara Miłosna near Warsaw), for which she was honoured with the Order of Polonia Restituta. In 1933, she opened a pharmacy in Warsaw, which she ran for the rest of her life.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

47

Melania

Lipińska

Melania Lipińska

Melania Lipińska during a visit to the United States in 1922, in the company of Jean Jules Jusserand (French Ambassador to the USA) and Albert Thomas (director of the International Labour Organisation at the League of Nations)

( 1 86 5–1 933)

Physician, psychophysiologist, and medical historian.

She was born in Ostrołęka. At nineteen years of age, she developed glaucoma. She studied medicine in France, as well as in Stockholm and Zurich. She won great renown – both for the academic and the literary value – for her doctoral dissertation defended in 1900 at the University of Paris, titled Histoire des Femmes Médecins, recounting the history of women in world medicine from antiquity to contemporaneous times.

For a time, Lipińska lived in Warsaw, where in 1903, possibly because of the progressing glaucoma, she suffered a nervous breakdown. She returned to practising her profession after receiving the requisite assistance and course of treatment. In 1904, she settled as a physician in a French resort at the foot of the Vosges. The loss of sight in 1920 did not weaken her activity. She gathered research material, usually relying on female assistants to read source texts to her. Her interests included psycho- and physiotherapy. She travelled extensively, visiting clinics and resorts offering both relaxation and clinical treatment, especially balneological. She delivered lectures and papers, for example at conferences of women physicians in Bologna and Cairo, as well as the World

Conference on Work for the Blind in New York, 1931. She toured Polish health resorts and promoted them in her papers presented to the medical community in Paris.

She relocated to New York, where she was employed at an eye clinic, and subsequently moved to California.

There, she researched blindness for the American Foundation for the Blind and met the prominent deafblind writer and activist Helen Keller. Later, she resettled in Paris, where she worked as a senior assistant at an ophthalmological hospital. Simultaneously, she was working on a new version of her doctoral dissertation, published in Paris in 1930 under the title Les Femmes et le Progrès des Sciences Médicales (Polish: Kobieta i Rozwój Nauk Lekarskich, Warsaw: 1932 – Women and the Development of Medical Sciences).

The following year, the Medical Academy in Paris awarded her the Prix Hugo for her activities in science. She was the author of numerous works in the history of medicine, psychology of the blind, and Polish balneology.

She died in Katowice.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

49

Joachim

Midowicz

Joachim Midowicz’s work titled Über die Schlüsselbeinbrüche und deren Behandlung, mit Hilfe einer neuen, von Dr. Ludwig Bierkowski…

(On Clavicle Fractures and Their Treatment According to the New Method of Dr Ludwig Bierkowski…)

Joachim Midowicz [Aćim Medović] ( 1 815 –1893 ) Physician, professor of forensic medicine, and author of the first manual of forensic medicine in the Serbian language.

He was born Joachim Midowicz in Galicia (Eastern Europe), at the family estate in Pogwizdów near Nieszkowice. A graduate of the University of Vienna and a student­-member of the Stowarzyszenie Ludu Polskiego (Polish People’s Association), he was appointed physician to the district of Požarevac by decree of Prince Alexander Karađorđević of 6 December 1842. There, he engaged in scientific activities such as epidemiological research into the Golubac fly, which had caused losses in cattle herds in Serbia. His reports on the insect echoed widely even in Vienna, contributing to both his personal prestige and that of Serbian healthcare as a whole.

Subsequently, he was employed by the Ministry of the Interior in Belgrade, where he wrote health regulations.

He played a pioneering role in spearheading forensic medicine in Serbia, which ensured his selection to chair the new Department of Forensic Medicine at the Faculty of Law in Belgrade.

In later years, he also served as the first president of the Serbian Medical Society. He was active as vice president of the Serbian Red Cross Society, a member of the Serbian Society of Science, and, from 1892, an honorary member of the Serbian Royal Academy.

Midowicz (also known as Medović) is counted among the most eminent Serbian physicians of the 19th century.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

51

Jan Lucjan

Mierzejewski

Jan Lucjan Mierzejewski

Jan Lucjan Mierzejewski – portrait

( 1 838–1908 )

Co-founder of the Russian school of psychiatry.

He was born in Jędrzejów, into the noble family of Paweł Mierzejewski and Janina Rozalia Mierzejewska née Wróblewska. He graduated from gymnasium in 1855 with a silver medal for academic excellence. Having won a competition held by the Medical Council of the Kingdom of Poland, he was awarded a scholarship to study medicine at the Imperial Medico-Surgical Academy in St Petersburg. He completed his studies in 1861, again receiving a silver medal along with the Busch Prize, named after the Academy’s founder.

He took employment at the clinic managed by Jan Baliński, the father of Russian psychiatry. He quickly gained recognition and eventually succeeded Baliński. In 1865, he was conferred a doctorate based on a dissertation titled Clinical Studies into Madmen (Vesanici). Two years later, he became a physician in a psychiatric-neurological clinic.

After that, to improve his medical knowledge, he toured the most prominent academic centres in Europe, including Berlin and Paris.

In 1876, following Baliński’s retirement, he took over the management of the clinic, subsequently modernising it.

Under Mierzejewski, the clinic could serve one hundred

patients. He also initiated efforts to create a new paediatric-psychiatric ward.

The following year, he was given the title of Professor Ordinarius. He also lectured at the academy and in medical courses for women. An active member of the Medical Council of the Ministry of the Interior and the board of an asylum near Udelnaya Station, he was instrumental in organising Russian psychiatric conferences and served as president of the Society of Psychiatrists in St Petersburg in 1903.

Mierzejewski was also active in the Koło Lekarzy Polskich (Polish Physicians Circle) in St Petersburg and medical societies in Warsaw, Kraków, and Vilnius. He co-owned the Medycyna journal, where he published his papers. His students included Stanisław Felicjan Daniłło and Alfons Erlicki. His academic legacy comprises fifty-four works published in Russian, Polish, French, and German. Mie­ rzejewski was among the global pioneers of research into neurohistopathological changes in neurosyphilis, as well as somatic alterations in patients with mental disorders.

He died in 1908 in Paris and was buried in St Petersburg.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

53

Jan Antoni

MikuliczRadecki

Jan Mikulicz-Radecki in the operating theatre of the University of Wrocław

Jan Antoni Mikulicz-Radecki

Jan Antoni Mikulicz-Radecki – portrait

( 1 850–1905) Surgeon, constructor of medical instruments.

He was born in Czerniowce, the son of Andrzej and the Austrian Emilia von Damnitz. He attended schools in his hometown, as well as in Prague, Vienna, and Klagenfurt.

He enrolled in medical studies at the University of Vilnius despite his father’s objections and lack of financial support. In 1875, he was conferred the degree of Doctor of All Medical Sciences and was employed as a pupil at the surgical clinic of Christian Albert Theodor Billroth. There, he studied rhinoscleroma (called ‘Slavic leprosy’ at the time) and observed its characteristic vesicular cells, later named after him. After three years, he was appointed assistant and authorised to lecture.

In 1879, he published a dissertation titled Die Seitlichen Verkrümmungen am Knie und Deren Heilungsmethoden, which was favourably received in Vienna’s medical circles. He then toured Europe’s most important surgical centres, encountering pioneers of Lister’s antiseptic methods. His journeys bore fruit when he introduced antiseptic procedures at his clinic in Vienna.

Mikulicz was the designer of innovative surgical instruments for the endoscopy of the oesophagus and stomach.

He was the first to use thread gloves, gauze pads, and mouth protection while operating. In 1882, he took the position of head of the Department of Surgery at Jagiellonian University and performed previously unknown surgical procedures, such as gastrectomy. He also designed medical instruments like the scoliometer, a tool to measure spinal deviations. His achievements include the complete elimination of contamination during operations.

In 1887, he moved to Königsberg and worked at a surgical clinic, where he introduced steam sterilisation and described the technique for pyloromyotomy. Mikulicz’s last years were spent in Wrocław, where he worked at the Department of Surgery. There, in 1897, he opened a modern operating theatre and two years later launched a clinic reputed as one of the best in Europe.

He died on 14 June 1905 in Wrocław.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

55

Marceli Wilhelm

Nencki

Title page of the publication containing all of Marceli Nencki’s work

Marceli Wilhelm Nencki ( 1 847–1901)

Title page of Marceli Nencki’s Utlenianie Ciał Aromatycznych w Organizmie Zwierzęcym (Oxidation of Aromatic Bodies in the Animal Organism)

Global pioneer of microbial biochemistry.

He was born in Boczki, near Sieradz, to Wilhelm Nencki and Katarzyna Nencka née Serwaczyńska. He graduated from secondary school in 1863 in Piotrków and subsequently enrolled in philological studies at Jagiellonian University in Kraków. In 1864, he left for Jena to study comparative philology. From 1865 to 1867, he continued those studies in Berlin but after some time, influenced by his acquaintances, transferred to medicine. His particular interest in the chemistry of living organisms laid the foundations for what is now biochemistry.

Nencki also worked at the Technical Academy in the laboratory of Adolf von Baeyer, a chemist who would later win the Nobel Prize. An outstanding erudite familiar with eight languages, Nencki enjoyed the respect of his colleagues. His extraordinary abilities secured him the title of Professor Extraordinarius at the age of twenty-nine. For the next twenty years, Nencki was professionally associated with the University of Bern, where the Department of Physiological Chemistry was

established especially for him. He also headed the Institute of Medical Chemistry. He lectured in bacteriology and physiological chemistry, expanding the centres he managed into globally renowned institutions that attracted scientists from Europe and America.

In 1891, Nencki accepted the leadership of the Institute of Experimental Medicine in St Petersburg. He thus left behind teaching and focused solely on research and collaborating with scientists like Ivan Pavlov. His scientific interests included studies on urea and haemoglobin.

His legacy encompasses more than fifty research studies in Polish, German, French, and Russian, as well as editorial contributions. A collection titled Opera Omnia, published in 1904, contained all his works, spanning 1,700 pages.

At the age of 54, Nencki fell ill with stomach cancer, leading to his untimely death on 14 October 1901 in St Petersburg. His son Leon also became a physician.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

57

Edmund

Neusser

Edmund Neusser ( 1 852 –1912 ) Haematologist, bacteriologist, academic teacher of Polish origin. Physician to Emperor Franz Joseph.

He was born in Swoszowice, near Kraków, with Austrian and Polish roots, as the son of salt mine official Cyryl Neusser and Anna Neusser née Grohman. He completed medical studies at Jagiellonian University, obtaining a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1877. He worked at clinics in Paris for several years and was an assistant at the University Clinic in Vienna, where he completed his habilitation. Subsequently, he left for Sofia to serve as the court physician to the Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria. Upon returning to Vienna he was a primarius in Rudolf Hospital, and later transferred to a university department as Professor Ordinarius of pathology and therapy.

The fame of an excellent diagnostician led many, including crowned heads, to eagerly seek his assistance but it was noted that ‘his work concentrated mainly around the poor.’

He enjoyed great trust from Emperor Franz Joseph and his family. In 1896, he was made a court councillor (Hofrat) and was later ennobled, writing his name as Edmund von Neusser from 1905 onward.

From morning to night, he would sit at his clinic, welcoming physicians from around the world and sharing his knowledge. Gifted with a phenomenal memory and original insights, he gave the impression that ‘man is glass to him.’ In his lectures, he discussed rare and interesting cases, leading to the adage that ‘Neusser teaches only that which in great textbooks is the fine print.’

Prof. Dr. Edmund Neusser, Biesiada Literacka 35 (1912), 174.

He published exclusively in German but also spoke Polish.

His interests included haematology, endocrinology, cardiovascular diseases, tuberculosis, and syphilis. He authored original theories in case studies of neurosis and anatomic anomalies. He also gained fame as the designer of the Austrian resort at Joachimsthal. A keen pianist, he married opera singer Paula Mark (1869–1956) in 1897.

He died at age 60 in Bad Fischau, Austria, from kidney cancer – a disease he had studied for many years. A plaza has been named after him in the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus district of Vienna (Neusserplatz).

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

59

Ewa

Odachowska

Ewa Odachowska, decorated in 1995 with the Knight’s Cross the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland

Ewa Odachowska ( 1 91 4 –2016)

Physician, member of the Resistance during World War II, participant of the Warsaw Uprising; after its fall, deported for forced labour.

She was born in Niedźwiadka (Nowogródzkie Voivodeship) in 1914. Her father, Kazimierz Odachowski, died when she was a child, and she was raised by her mother, Hanna Pohl, in Nowopol and later in Warsaw. She enrolled in medical studies at the University of Warsaw in 1939.

When the war broke out, she worked at an organising point for health patrols that tended to the civilian population. Following the September defeat, she joined the ranks of the Home Army, serving as a liaison. She began medical studies at the underground School of Massage run

by Dr Zaorski, which she continued at the Secret University in the coal cellar of the Infant Jesus Hospital.

After the fall of the Warsaw Uprising, she was deported to Austria together with her husband, Marek Paleczek, for forced labour. The couple escaped through Switzerland to England. There, Odachowska donned the uniform of

the Women’s Auxiliary Service and commenced medical studies at Paderewski Teaching Hospital in Edinburgh.

In 1948, having received her physician’s diploma, she migrated to Chile, the home of her father’s relatives, the Domeyko family. From the nostrification of her diploma in 1954 until her retirement in 1984, she worked as a gynaecologist at San Juan de Dios Hospital in Santiago. She organised meetings of the Polish diaspora in Chile, which – along with the famed ‘meetings under the chestnut tree’ – became part of history.

Odachowska co-founded the John Paul II Polish Circle in Santiago. In 1995, the then Polish president decorated her with the Knight’s Cross the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland.

She died on 16 February 2016 in Coquimbo.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

61

Wacław

Olszak

Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły’s inspection tour of Trans-Olza – in Karvina.

The Marshal is welcomed by Wacław Olszak

Wacław Olszak ( 1 86 8–1939)

Physician, national and social activist in Śląsk Cieszyński.

He was born in Šenov in the Moravian-Silesian Region, the son of Wacław Olszak and Marianna Olszak née Pasternak. He was first educated at the people’s school in his hometown and later at a gymnasium in Cieszyn, where he was active in the clandestine Polish association called Jedność (Unity). After passing his matura examination, he studied medicine in Vienna and was an activist in the Ognisko (Bonfire) Academic Association. In 1895, he obtained the Doctor of All Medical Sciences degree. He practised at hospitals in Vienna and Kraków and later worked as a physician in the foundry city of Trinec. On 1 October 1896, he took a position at the Kasa Bracka Przemysłu Węglowego (Coal Industry Fraternity Treasury) in Karvina. He was the first mine physician in the city and also provided medical care to the mine owner, Count Larisch-Mönnich, and his family.

brochures: Coś o Chorobach Zakaźnych i Wskazówki Jak Się Ich Wystrzegać (Something About Communicable Diseases and Guidelines on How to Avoid Them) and Co Powinien Każdy Wiedzieć o Gruźlicy? (What Should Everyone Know About Tuberculosis?). From 1918 to 1920, on behalf of the Związek Śląskich Katolików (Silesian Catholic Alliance), he served as a member of the National Council of the Duchy of Cieszyn.

During World War I, he saved the lives of many wounded soldiers brought from the front to the hospital in Karvina.

During that period, he also published two popular

He died as a result of injuries from a beating by the Gestapo in September 1939. He was buried in the communal cemetery in Karvina.

He contributed to the development of Polish schools in the Trans-Olza region. Following the division of Cieszyn Silesia, up to 1930, he was the president of the Central Board of the Macierz Szkolna in Czechoslovakia, and from 1929 to 1936, the mayor of Karvina. Starting in 1935, he chaired the Supreme Council of Poles in Czechoslovakia.

He was awarded the Commander’s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

63

Jadwiga

Olszewska

Jadwiga Olszewska ( 1 855 –1932)

Physician and journalist, gynaecologist, specialist in public healthcare, advocate of equal rights for women and men.

She was born in Kuzawka, a Polish village in the Lubel­ szczyzna region, in the Russian partition at the time.

In 1873, she graduated from the girls’ gymnasium in Warsaw. Subsequently, she moved to St Petersburg, where she began a course in gynaecology but could not complete it due to tsarist repressions against students. She migrated to Paris and, in 1881, began medical studies, marrying a year later. Although the union did not last, it resulted in a son, Włodzimierz, who became a road and bridge engineer and Tatra climber. Olszewska continued her medical studies and raised her son as a single mother.

She earned a living writing for newspapers and periodicals in Kraków and Lviv. In 1894, at the University of Paris, she was conferred the degree of Doctor in Medical Sciences based on a dissertation on typhus-related dysfunctions of the heart muscle in children. Planning to return to Poland with her son, she was thwarted when tsarist authorities refused to recognise her diploma.

As a result, she left her son in Paris in the care of her friend, Bronisława Skłodowska-Dłuska (a fellow physician), and set out for Serbia. Beginning in 1895, she worked as an assistant at hospitals in Loznica and later in Požarevac.

In 1897, she applied for the position of official physician in Bosnia and Herzegovina (then occupied by Austria-Hungary). Initially, authorities rejected her candidacy, and she was only approved in March 1899 following the intervention of another Polish medical officer, Teodora

Krajewska, who nominated Olszewska to succeed her in Tuzla. After naturalising an Austro-Hungarian citizen in 1899, as required by authorities, Olszewska was appointed medical officer – official physician in Tuzla.

She vowed to bring medical assistance to all women in the city, especially Muslims. The area under her responsibility had approximately 360,000 inhabitants.

From 1900 onward, Olszewska treated about 850 patients yearly, both in Tuzla and other localities in the district.

She dealt with cases of, among others, syphilis and metabolic, digestive tract, genital, and skin diseases. In 1899, during an orf epidemic (a viral disease in sheep and goats), she vaccinated 872 people. She fought a pox epidemic that same year.

Living a modest life, she supported her son Włodzi­ mierz and paid for his studies. In 1919, after the fall of Austria-Hungary, she remained the official physician in Tuzla, swearing allegiance to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.

In her press articles, Olszewska opposed the discrimination of women in educational and professional fields and advocated for equal rights for women and men. During her stay in Serbia, she was active in the Women’s Association in Belgrade. While working in Tuzla, she campaigned for equal pay for female and male physicians.

She died in Tuzla on 28 February 1932.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

65

Teodor

Opęchowski

Teodor Opęchowski ( 1 853–1 91 4)

Physician, discoverer of the starting locations of stomach ulcers.

He was born in Podolia. He graduated from a gymnasium in Warsaw in 1871 and enrolled in medical studies at the University of Warsaw. After one year, he transferred to Saint Vladimir University in Kyiv, graduating in 1876. He began his professional practice as a junior department head in the Military Clinic and an assistant in a dermatological clinic in Kyiv. Under the mentorship of Ludwik Górecki and on his request, Opęchowski researched the causes of psoriasis. He described his study, based on the observation of disorders of internal glands, in a work titled Diejstwije Chrizofanowoj Kisłoty Pri Psoriasis. Subsequently, he went on a scientific tour of Vienna, Paris, London, Berlin, and Strasbourg. His interests extended beyond dermatology to include physiology, anatomy, histology, and neurology.

Travelling the world, Opęchowski expanded his medical knowledge and published research on, for example, pressure in the pulmonary circulation during breathing.

In 1884, he was conferred the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the University of Dorpat (now the University of Tartu, Estonia) and began to work as a lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine. From 1886 onward, he headed the university clinical department of the regional hospital in

Innervation of the stomach according to Teodor Opęchowski

Dorpat. In 1889, he received the Franz Hamburger Prize for his work on the innervation of the stomach. After that, he served as a consultant for internal and neural diseases at the Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna Clinical Institute, where he taught neuropathology. In 1891, he was awarded the title of Professor Extraordinarius, and in 1893 Professor Ordinarius, at the Therapy Clinic of the Imperial University of Kharkiv. His working conditions were severe; a large number of students who admired their professor assembled in two small hospital rooms and conducted their studies in the presence of patients. Through his efforts and personal financing, it was finally possible to organise a lecture hall and laboratories.

In 1903, Opęchowski took leadership of the Therapeutic Clinic Department, which he managed until the last days of his life. His greatest achievements included defining the pressure points on the spine that made it possible to pinpoint the location of stomach ulcers. In his honour, these were named the Opęchowski symptoms.

He died on 14 January 1914 in Berlin.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

67

Florenty

Orzeszko

Tomsk railway station, 1904

Florenty Orzeszko

Book cover: W.A. Chaniewicz, The Catholics in Tomsk 1604–1917, Tomsk 2015

( 1 834 –1905) Physician, participant in the January Uprising, and deportee to Syberia.

He was born in Tomsk, in the West Siberian Plain, into an affluent noble family with an estate in Kobryn District, Hrodna Governorate. He finished gymnasium in Jelgava (then known as Mitau) and, in 1861, obtained a diploma with distinction from the Medico-Surgical Academy in St Petersburg. After his studies, he lived in Ludwinów, in a manor belonging to his brother Piotr – the husband of the writer Eliza Orzeszkowa. The latter commemorated her brother-in-law in a collection of novellas about participants in the January Uprising of 1863–1864, titled Gloria Victis.

Orzeszko practised medicine in Polesie. He campaigned for the abolition of serfdom and, during the January Uprising, served as a military physician in Romuald Traugutt’s unit. He was deported for hard labour, had his property confiscated, and his medical licence revoked. He travelled to Siberia on foot, together with his fiancée, Helena Mil­ kiewiczówna. They were married in Tyumen. Their journey to Siberia took eighteen months. In 1864, they arrived

in Tomsk, where they settled for the rest of their lives.

Orzeszko initially worked alongside other inmates, later as a pharmacy assistant, and after recovering his licence (thanks to having cured the governor of Tomsk), became a prison physician.

Having served his term, he was allowed to open a private practice and, due to the shortage of doctors in Tomsk, decided to stay there with his family. In 1872, he became the supervisor of all hospitals in the city. He engaged in social activism on behalf of Poles and founded – together with his wife – a Polish library and reading club, a Charitable Society, and a Polish orphanage.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

69

Jadwiga

MichalskaPicado

Jadwiga Michalska-Picado

Teodoro Picado Michalski, President of Costa Rica from 8 May 1944 to 8 May 1948, son of Polish immigrant physician Jadwiga Michalska-Picado

( 1 874 –1929)

The first woman physician in the history of Costa Rica, mother of Costa Rican President Teodoro Picado Michalski.

She hailed from Radomsko. In 1894, she graduated from gymnasium in Piotrków Trybunalski. She studied medicine in Geneva, where she met a Costa Rican doctor, Teodoro Picado Morina, whom she married in 1898 and in whose homeland she settled. Due to moving to Costa Rica, she was forced to halt her studies. In 1900, she resumed them at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lausanne, and two years later defended her doctoral dissertation there before returning to America.

She was the first woman in Costa Rica with a medical diploma. In 1902, after months of striving for admission to the College of Physicians and Surgeons, she was licensed to practise. She treated the poor Creole, mestizo, and indigenous populations. Responding to the needs of the local community, she specialised in

gynaecology and paediatrics. She campaigned on behalf of the La Gota de Leche (A Drop of Milk) foundation, educating women in neonatal care. In Costa Rica, she was known as Doctora Jadwisia Michalski de Picado.

She maintained her ties to Poland, which she visited with her sons in 1910–1911. Her elder son, Teodoro Picado Michalski, born in 1900, became the president of Costa Rica in the 1940s.

She died in San José in 1928 or 1929.

The historian Maria Paradowska wrote of her: ‘For many years, there persisted in Costa Rica the legend of a doctor – a Polish woman – who travelled the poor villages bringing succour to the poorest patients. Thus, people attributed to her almost supernatural strengths.’

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

71

Salomea Regina

Pilsztynowa

Masquelier, Louis-Joseph (1741–1811), A View of Constantinople

Salomea Regina née Rusiecka, married f irstly Halpirowa, secondly Pilsztynowa ( 1 7 1 8–af ter 1763) Ophthalmologist, traveller, and diarist.

She was born near Novogrudok, in the bourgeois family of the Rusiecki. Although she lacked formal medical education (denied to women during her lifetime), she is regarded as the first Polish woman physician. At fourteen years of age, she was married to the ophthalmologist Jakub Halpir, who practised in Constantinople. She was initially his assistant and later began to practice independently.

Like her husband, she specialised in eye diseases, such as removing cataracts.

She moved with her husband to Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, in 1732. As a woman, she was allowed to treat other women, including those in the Sultan’s court.

When her husband died, she briefly returned to Poland

First page of manuscript

by Salomea Pilsztynowa

and married Fortunat Pilsztyn. Thereafter, she relocated to St Petersburg, where she treated individuals in Empress Anna’s circle.

After separating from her second husband, she returned to Türkiye and became a physician in Mustafa III’s harem.

The last mention of her originates from the court of the Khan of Bakhchisarai. Her memoirs are a valuable source of knowledge about social relations in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

73

Paweł Emilian

Postempski

Prof. Dr Paweł Postępski, Inspector General of the Red Cross in Italy

Paweł (Paolo) Emilian Postempski (Postępski)

Paweł Postempski – portrait

( 1 851 –1926 )

Surgeon.

Born in Rome, the son of Roman, a Polish insurgent of 1831 and painter, and Agnese Ruffini, an Italian painter.

He published his first academic work in Italian and Polish still as a student at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Rome. Due to financial difficulties, he was allowed to complete a two-year medical course in one year.

He earned his doctorate in 1873 based on a work on blood transfusion, where he described experiments done on dogs and a transfusion apparatus of his own design.

Postempski successfully used it on a patient even though blood groups had not yet been discovered. After becoming the primarius of Roman hospitals, he had a surgical amphitheatre built for the benefit of students.

Postempski served as a docent of surgery at the University of Rome and, for twenty-one years, also as director of San Giacomo Hospital in Rome. He gained renown as a pioneer of abdominal and brain surgery. He was among the first to operate on brain tumours, which is why he is now regarded as a precursor of vascular surgery. He was famed for his exquisite technique, said to be not operating but ‘embroidering.’

He was a co-founder of the Italian Society of Surgery and published 104 academic works, mainly in Italian. In 1891, in Turin, he published one of the first neurosurgery textbooks in the country.

Some described him as an ‘aristocratic personage with a proud face framed by a small beard, the epitome of male beauty.’ He was not only a prominent surgeon but also the assessor of the municipal government of Rome for education and hygiene. As one of the founders of the Italian Red Cross, he participated in remedying the effects of an earthquake in Calabria and Sicily, organising medical services during the Ethiopian War and the Italo-Turkish War in Libya, and fighting against cholera.

For many years, he directed the fight against malaria in the Pontine Marshes, organising anti-malarial outposts.

For all his meritorious service, he was rewarded with the rank of a Red Cross colonel and the title of Inspector General of Medicine. He took part in Polish and Italian surgical conferences, including the Conference of Polish Physicians and Naturalists in Kraków in 1891.

He died in Rome in 1926.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

75

Adam

Raciborski

Photograph of medallions belonging to Władysław Oleszczyński. Adam Raciborski at the bottom on the right

Adam Raciborski ( 1 809–1 87 1) Physician, author of medical works, co-founder and first secretary of the Paris Society of Polish Physicians.

He was born in Radom to Daniel Raciborski – an investigating judge and patriot who was removed from office following the November Uprising of 1830–1831 – and Marianna Raciborska née Majewska. He began medi- published in 1858 in Paris in connection with the opencal studies in Warsaw in 1827 but paused them to join ing of the Medico-Surgical Academy in Warsaw. He was the insurgents as a physician to the 4th Regiment of a physician to the Polish school in Montparnasse and Line Infantry of the Polish Armed Forces (known as the later a professor at the Medical Academy. The Académie Czwartacy). He was decorated with the Golden Cross of Française conferred distinction on his Nouveau Manuel Virtuti Militari for participation in the defence of Warsaw. Complet D’auscultation et de Percussion, which popularised After the fall of the uprising, he migrated to Besançon in the percussion and auscultation method. The book was France, where he gained fame for his active participation translated into many languages but not Polish, as many in treating locals during a cholera epidemic. Subsequently, native doctors regarded the method for a long time as he moved to Paris and, in 1834, obtained the degree of indecent and scandalous. For his last voluminous work doctor. Shortly thereafter, he was appointed head of the – O Regularności Kobiet (Menstruation, Ovulation, SecondaLa Charité University Clinic of Internal Medicine in Paris. tion) (On the Regularity of Women…) – he received a monHe gradually built a large clientele, becoming one of Fry- etary prize from the Académie des Sciences. deryk Chopin’s physicians. During the French Revolution of 1848, he was appointed surgeon to the National Guard From 1860 to 1871, Raciborski was an honorary member of in Paris. His interests focused on pulmonary and gynae- the Poznań Society of Friends of Sciences and a member of cological diseases. medical societies operating in Berlin, Brussels, Bordeaux, and Vilnius. In 1857, he received the Legion of Honour He authored fifty-five works in French in the fields of with Star. He was ‘gifted with sharpness and extraordianatomy, physiology, and pathology, which were awarded nary aptness of mind, animated and with a cheerful dismedals by the Paris Academy. He co-edited the medical position, ingenuous and righteous of character.’ journal L’Experience. His sole work in Polish, O Styczności Medycyny ze Sztukami Pięknymi i Literaturą (On the Inter- He died in 1871, emaciated by starvation several days section of Medicine with Fine Arts and Literature), was before the end of the siege of Paris by the Prussians.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

77

Ludwik

Rajchman

Ludwik Rajchman – portrait

Ludwik Rajchman ( 1 881–1 9 6 5) Bacteriologist, social activist.

He was born in Warsaw to Aleksander Rajchman and Melania Rajchman née Hirszfeld. He studied medicine at Jagiellonian University, where he worked under the supervision of Professor Odo Bujwid. From the very beginning of his medical career, he was interested in bacteriology.

In Warsaw, where he completed his hospital internship, he was arrested for anti-tsarist activities in the Polish Socialist Party. After his family posted bail, Rajchman left prison and emigrated to Paris. There, he was employed by the Pasteur Institute. Subsequently, he accepted the position of head of the bacteriological laboratory at the Royal Institute of Public Health in London, where he made numerous acquaintances, including Sir William Robert Smith. His contacts enabled him to continue his activities serving Poland and later also China. In 1918, he returned to his homeland and was involved in establishing Centralny Zakład Higieny (Central Institute of Hygiene). He was also involved in fighting typhus.

From 1921 to the outbreak of World War II, he served as the director of the League of Nations Health Organisation.

Functioning in the international arena, he also tried to work for the benefit of Poland by, among others, cooperating with the Rockefeller Foundation. He focused on designing a system for scientific collaboration in healthcare. Travelling around the world turned his attention to the need for the League of Nations to support China in fields such as healthcare, the economy, transport, and finance. For a time, Rajchman served as medical advisor to Chiang Kai-shek and to the minister of finance, T.V. Soong.

In 1939, for political reasons, he resigned as director of the League of Nations Health Organisation and began to campaign for child victims of war. His efforts contributed to the establishment of UNICEF on 11 December 1946.

Rajchman became the president of the Executive Board of that organisation.

He died on 31 August 1965 in Chenu (France).

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

79

Robert

Remak

Cell division according to Robert Remak

Robert Remak ( 1 815 –1865) Physiologist, histologist.

Born to a Jewish family in Poznań, he graduated from Saint Mary Magdalene Gymnasium in his hometown and went on to study medicine in Berlin. During his studies, he engaged in microscopic tests under the direction of Professor Johannes Müller. He also worked at the ophthalmological clinic, the dissecting room, and the children’s clinic. In 1836, Remak’s first academic treatise, titled Vorläufige Mittheilung Mikroskopischer Beobachtungen Über Dem Inneren Bau der Cerebrospinalnerven und Über die Entwickelung Ihrer Formelemente, was published and gained recognition in the medical community. Thanks to that publication, Remak was offered employment in Vilnius, which he declined, preferring to continue his research. In 1838, he obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine and Surgery and published his doctoral dissertation (also in Polish) under the title O Budowie Nerwów i Zwojów Nerwowych (On the Structure of the Nerves and Ganglia).

Because of his Jewish roots, Remak initially faced obstacles in pursuing his career in Germany. Alexander von

Humboldt himself sought employment for him in St Petersburg, but to no avail. From 1843, Remak worked at Johann Lukas Schönlein’s clinic in Berlin, where, among his other occupations, he conducted embryological studies. In 1847, after obtaining a special permit, he completed his habilitation and became the first scientist of Jewish origin to become a lecturer at the University of Berlin. In 1859, he was given the title of Professor Extraordinarius.

Remak’s greatest achievements include developing a diagram of cell division and showing the formation of cells from other cells. He also described unmyelinated nerve fibres (named Remak fibres after their discoverer), as well as the use of electricity in the treatment of nervous disorders. He was the author of a publication describing how the ganglion influenced the automatism of the functioning of the frog heart (the Remak ganglion). He belonged to Medical Societies in Warsaw and Vilnius.

Remak died on 29 August 1865 from anthrax infection.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

81

Władysław

SemerauSiemianowski

Semerau-Siemianowski, Władysław, Wspomnienia z Adampola, Ziemia 11 (1924), 201–204

Władysław Semerau-Siemianowski

Ancient Coins Collection of the National Museum in Warsaw

( 1 849 –1938 ) Physician and numismatist collector.

He was born at his family’s estate in Cierplewo, in Poznań Voivodeship. He changed gymnasium three times due to expulsions for national independence activism and passed his matura examination in Poznań. In 1870, he began medical studies in Warsaw, which he continued in Kraków after transferring there to avoid service in the Prussian army. For two years, he also attended lectures in archaeology, which awakened his interest in antiquity.

In 1878, he obtained a medical diploma from the University of Vienna.

over the world. His collection quickly garnered fame, and in 1918, entities competing for its purchase included the Museum in Berlin and the University of Virginia. From the onset, however, the doctor anticipated that his collection would become a gift to the Polish nation. Thus, when in 1920 he left Türkiye after forty years, a transport of fourteen crates full of exhibits went with him back to Poland.

During the Russo-Turkish War, he relocated to the Ottoman Empire, where he served as a military physician for a year. After the end of hostilities, he was given the position of physician to Turkish railways headquartered in Rusçuk (Ruse), later in Thessaloniki, and from 1903 onward in Constantinople, where he was promoted to chief medical officer for Eastern Railways. There, he extended particular medical care to the Polish colony in Adampol.

In July 1921, Semerau-Siemianowski transferred his collection of coins by notarial deed to the National Museum of Poland – a total of almost 27,800 items, including ones from the entire ancient world. The donor was appointed honorary curator of the collection. In recognition of his merit, he was awarded the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta. During World War II, the collection suffered losses; part of the exhibits were moved by the Germans to Lower Silesia, from where they were recovered in 1945. Nevertheless, it remains to this day the largest and richest collection of ancient coins in Poland.

Simultaneously, he became a collector of numismatics, valuable ancient glass, and pottery. He drew upon expert literature and established contacts with numismatists all

Semerau-Siemianowski died in Kraków at eighty-nine years of age. His son Mściwój (1885–1953) is regarded as the father of Polish cardiology.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

83

Lucjan

Skupiewski

Marshal Józef Piłsudski’s sojourn in Bucharest on his way back from Egypt. Lucjan Skupiewski on the left

Lucjan Skupiewski ( 1 876 –1949)

Physician, social activist, and politician.

He was born in Warsaw in 1876. At nine years of age, he settled with his parents in Bucharest, where in 1902 he earned his medical diploma. He specialised in surgery, gynaecology, obstetrics, and neonatology. His areas of activity were public health, combating lifestyle diseases, and promoting a healthy lifestyle. He was active in an organisation called Schroniska dla Ubogich Położnic (Refuges for Poor Puerperae).

During World War I, he managed hospitals for the wounded in Bucharest and its vicinity. He played an important role in Romanian politics as a municipal

councillor and deputy mayor of Bucharest, as well as a member of the Romanian Parliament.

He had contacts with the royal court of Carol I of Romania, of the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen dynasty.

Skupiewski was active in the life of the Polish diaspora and took an interest in the situation in the newly restored Poland. He was decorated with the Corona României, Bărbăţie şi Credinţă, Meritul Sanitar, Steaua României, and the Grand Cross of Polonia Restituta.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

85

Józef

Struś

Józef Struś – portrait

Józef Struś ( 1 51 0–1 568)

Title page of Józef Struś’s Sphygmicae Artis Iam Mille Ducentos Annos Perditae et Desideratae Libri V

Physician, author of a research work discussing the types of human pulse.

He was born in Poznań to Mikołaj Struś and Elżbieta Struś née Baderman. He began his education at St Mary Magdalene’s Collegiate Church in Poznań and continued at the Collegium Lubranscianum, founded in 1518 by the Bishop of Poznań, Jan Lubrański. In 1525, he relocated to Kraków and began studies at the Kraków Academy (Jagiel­­ lonian University), earning a master’s degree in liberal arts. Thereafter, he moved to Italy, embarking on medical and philosophical education in Padua. He remained in Italy until 1537 and, upon completion of his studies, began to work as a university lecturer there. He had command of Greek and Latin, which allowed him to translate the works of Galen, among others. Struś was extraordinarily diligent and inquisitive. He was given the title of vice-­rector of the University of Padua and, after 1535, the degree of doctor and the rank of Professor Extraordinarius of theoretical medicine – all at the age of twenty-five.

Subsequently, he took up medical practice and began to study the problem of the human pulse, to which he dedicated his lifetime’s work titled Sphygmicae Artis Iam Mille

Ducentos Annos Perditae et Desideratae Libri V, published in 1555. In it, Struś described the core types of pulse and identified the influence of a person’s temperature and nerve condition on their pulse. The work took approximately twenty years to complete and was groundbreaking for its era.

Struś briefly returned to Poland. Then, in 1541, at the request of his benefactor, Andrzej Górka, he went to Constantinople to assist with the treatment of the ailing Sultan, Suleiman II. He successfully cured the monarch, for which he was given lavish rewards and offered employment at the court. He rejected it, however, and journeyed back to Poland. He similarly refused a proposal to work for King Philip II of Spain.

In 1559, he accepted the position of court physician to the King of Poland, Sigismund II Augustus, and became the mayor of Poznań.

He died on 6 March 1568 in his hometown.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

87

Ludwik Karol

Teichmann

Ludwik Karol Teichmann

Ludwik Karol Teichmann – portrait

( 1 823–1 89 5) Inventor of a method enabling the detection of blood traces.

He was born in Lublin. He attended secondary schools in ‘Teichmann’s crystals’ and found application in forensics.

Radom and Warsaw. Subsequently, he began theological In 1861, due to a conflict with Henle, Teichmann went to studies at the University of Dorpat (now the University of Kraków, where he received the title of professor and was Tartu) but abandoned them after participating in a pro- placed in charge of the Department of Pathological Anathibited duel. He then went to study at the medical faculty omy at Jagiellonian University. He was greatly surprised in Heidelberg. He worked as a volunteer at Jakob Henle’s by the conditions prevailing at the university, including establishment and, in 1852, went with his professor to poorly equipped laboratories.

Göttingen. He finished his medical studies on 15 December 1855, receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine, In 1868, he began to work at the Department of DescripSurgery, and Obstetrics. Thereafter, he was employed as tive Anatomy, which he attempted to modernise. In 1877– a prosector at the Institute of Anatomy in Göttingen and 1878, he served as rector of Jagiellonian University and made several study tours, including to Vienna, where he was also a member of the Academy of Learning (Akademia met Professor Joseph Hyrtl.

Umiejętności). His most important academic work was a treatise titled O Układzie Chłonnym z Anatomicznego The Pole’s greatest achievements include the discovery Punktu Widzenia (On the Lymphatic System from an Anain 1853 of a method for the identification of blood traces. tomical Point of View), describing the structure and funcTeichmann based it on the use of hemin, whose crystals, tioning of lymphatic vessels and the lymphatic system. observed under a microscope, attest to the presence of blood on a given item. The method was soon dubbed He died of cancer on 24 November 1895 in Kraków.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

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Teodor Teuttold Stilichon

Tripplin

Pamiętniki Lekarza Polaka z Wypadków za Granicą Doznanych. Tom V (Memoirs by a Polish Medic of Adventures Met Abroad. Vol. 5), Warszawa: 1855

Teodor Teuttold Stilichon Tripplin ( 1 812 –1881 )

Illustration from Teodor Tripplin’s book titled Nowa Podróż na Około Ziemi Odbyta na Fregacie Ermancya Przez Dra Antoniego Zanowicza (A New Journey Around the Earth Completed Aboard the Fregate Ermancya by Dr Antoni Zanowicz), Warszawa: 1855

Internist, soldier, writer, and traveller.

He was born in Kalisz, into a family of Huguenot origin.

During the November Uprising of 1830–1831, he earned an officer’s commission. After its defeat, he began medical studies at the University of Königsberg. Later, he worked in London as a physician, teacher, and journalist. During the Carlist Wars in Spain, he served an internship as a military physician.

Bolińskiego (A Journey Across the Moon Completed by Se­rafin Boliński) – one can find elements anticipating the later acclaimed novels by Jules Verne. Tripplin’s great popularity was cut short by accusations of plagiarism levied by his critics. As a result, he took to his travels once again, serving as a military physician in Constantinople and later moving to Italy.

He obtained his doctorate in medicine and surgery from the medical school in Montpellier. He wrote for French newspapers and taught chemistry at the Polish School in Batignolles, Paris. He travelled extensively, alternating between the roles of a soldier – always on the side of the oppressed – and a physician. In the 1840s, he traversed Scandinavia and England and practised medicine in Alsace. Eventually, he settled in Warsaw, where he began to write adventure novels and memoirs of his journeys.

Answering Garibaldi’s call, he fought against the Austrians for the independence of Italy, receiving a decoration for bravery. He lectured and worked as a physician at the Polish school for military commanders in Genoa. In 1863, he departed for Jerusalem and found employment at a local hospital. One year later, he returned to Italy and opened a practice in Rome. During that time, he wrote numerous dramas and comedies in Italian.

He was one of the precursors of Polish science fiction literature. In his works – for example, Maskarada w Obłokach, Czyli Podróż Napowietrzna na Morze Północne (Masquerade in the Clouds, or an Aerial Journey to the North Sea) and Podróż po Księżycu Odbyta Przez Serafina

Demilitarised, he settled with other Polish emigrants at a monastery in Calabria as a village doctor and organist at the local church. He practised in Florence and Siena and later went to Jerusalem for health reasons.

He died on 25 January 1881 in Warsaw.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

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Adam Ernest

NarymuntWaszklewicz

Adam Ernest Narymunt-Waszklewicz ( 1 812 –1901 ) Military physician and officer in the Dutch army.

He was born in Vilnius, the son of Joachim of the Narymunt family (1789–1837), starost of Bartoszyszki, legal practitioner in Vilnius, and Katarzyna née Sezarska.

He completed secondary school, probably in Vilnius, where he enrolled in the medical faculty of the local university. After three years of studies, when the November Uprising of 1830–1831 spread to Lithuania, he joined the army as a cadet in a cavalry regiment from Poznań and was soon promoted to second lieutenant.

After the uprising was defeated, he went to France.

In 1834, he earned a medical diploma from the University of Montpellier. Lacking financial means due to the sequestration of his family estates, he decided to dedicate himself to a military career. After completing a course in military medicine in Leiden, he moved to the Dutch East Indies. In Java, he joined the military medical service.

From 1838 to 1870, he lived in Indonesia, serving first as the organiser and later as the head of the Dutch army’s medical service in the Malay Archipelago.

There, he was the first to introduce a system of protective vaccination, which made it possible, among other things, to defeat a pox epidemic. The success was due to dividing the entire island into two hundred vaccination circuits. He published the results of his studies in the medical journal Geneeskundige Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië, including articles like Bijdrage Tot de Kennis Van Chronische Dysenterie en Enterohelkose and De cholera-epidemie in 1864.

In 1870, after almost thirty years of service, Waszklewicz retired with the rank of colonel. Later, he settled in The Hague, where he lived for the rest of his life.

Although he ‘did not communicate with Poles abroad,’ he would go to Kraków on leave and there meet his family resident in Lithuania. He died at the age of eightyeight. His last wish was for ‘his body to be cremated at the crematory in Hamburg and the ashes buried by the family on Polish soil for whose freedom he had once fought, namely on the family estate – in Tarasowo.’

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Dionizy

Wielobycki

Dionizy Wielobycki ( 1 813–1 882)

Polak J., Dr. Dyonizy Wielobycki, Tygodnik Powszechny 13 (1883), 93–94

Physician and participant in the November Uprising.

Born in Byteń in Volhynia, he was the son of Stanisław Wielobycki, marshal of the Kovel district, and Tekla Wielobycka née Sobolewska; younger brother of Seweryn, also a physician. At the age of seventeen, he joined the insurgents of 1830, soon advancing to the rank of second lieutenant in the cavalry. He was seriously wounded in the Battle of Warsaw. Following the fall of the uprising, he emigrated to Germany, where he studied philosophy in Bonn and Berlin. Unable to settle there, he moved to England and began medical studies. In 1843, he earned a medical diploma in Edinburgh.

He practised for several decades, becoming popular, especially as a homoeopath, having lost trust in conventional medicine. Over time, Wielobycki became a man of consequence and means. He assisted fellow Poles in Scotland with counsel and financial aid. In 1857, newspaper reports of accusations against him for allegedly forging the last will of one of his female patients were received with surprise. He was sentenced to deportation to Australia for a term of fourteen years. The sentence was not enforced and

did not affect his practice, although the circumstances of the appeal remained unclear.

Wielobycki belonged to numerous medical societies, including the British Homoeopathic Society. He wrote popular articles for English and French journals, was a long-term freelance writer for Modern Thought, and donated a rich collection of books to the municipal library in Edinburgh. He died there at sixty-nine years of age.

As reminisced by local papers: ‘He reached enthusiasm as a patriot – Pole.’ He belonged to the Polish Historical Circle in England and was a member of the Astronomic Institute in Kraków. He paid for Walerian Krasiński’s tombstone in Warriston Cemetery. Bearing witness to the great popularity enjoyed by the physician was a solemn funeral presided over by the archbishop of Edinburgh, the papal legate, and numerous clergy attended by crowds of inhabitants. After the casket: ‘the Eagle and the Vytis were carried, under which sign the deceased fought and lived.’

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

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Seweryn

Wielobycki

Dr Wielobycki at an alcoholic’s bed – drawing

Seweryn Wielobycki ( 1 793–1 893) Physician, homoeopath, philanthropist, and campaigner for abstinence and a healthy lifestyle.

He was born in Byteń in Volhynia, one of the seven sons of the vice-chamberlain (subcamerarius) of Kovel district. With his brother Dionizy, he took part in the November Uprising as a lieutenant in the Volhynian cavalry; after the defeat, both left the country and made their way to Scotland. There, in Edinburgh, Seweryn made a living teaching foreign languages and, like his brother, began medical studies. In 1841, he earned a medical diploma and practised in Nova Scotia in Canada, followed by Northern England. In 1850, he returned to Edinburgh. Until his seventy-second year of age, he also practised in Leicester and London.

He gained fame throughout England as a promoter of abstinence and a healthy lifestyle. He vowed never to smoke tobacco or drink alcohol. For sixty years, he refrained from any sort of narcotic drugs, never smoked, and in 1878 turned vegetarian. Over time, he became involved in the homoeopathic movement. He was a member of the British Homoeopathic Society and, for several years, vice-president of the Society for the

Study of Inebriety, founded in 1884 to explore, among other things, the connection of alcohol and other narcotic drugs with heritability and eugenics.

Wielobycki did not limit himself to publishing articles on homoeopathy and abstinence. He regularly visited the poor quarters of the city, looked into pubs and dosshouses, and recruited alcoholics into abstinence societies he founded and co-financed. For his activities, he received applause from numerous members of medical and abstinence societies, as well as members of Parliament, who attended the jubilee held in London for the centenary of his birth.

Until the end of his life, he was described as a ‘rosycheeked, unbent [man] with a soldierlike countenance,’ walking twelve miles every day starting at six in the morning. He could read the finest print, even though he never wore glasses. He died in St John’s Wood near London. His funeral gathered activists from many pro-abstinence and philanthropic societies.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

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Maria

Zakrzewska

Maria Zakrzewska ( 1 829–1 9 02)

Physician, founder of the New England Hospital for Women and Children, and pioneer of women’s medicine in the United States.

She was born in 1829 in Berlin to a noble family that had lost its estates and wealth in the Russian partition.

She was the daughter of Ludwik Marcin Zakrzew­ski, a scion of Polish aristocracy employed as a civil servant. From her youngest years, Zakrzewska assisted her mother, a midwife. Fascinated with medicine, she decided to follow in her footsteps and become a doctor.

In 1847, she became a student of the Berlin School of Obstetrics, later serving as the chief midwife at the Charité Hospital and designated successor of the school’s rector. From the beginning of her career, Zakrzewska had to contend with the aversion of medical circles that were unfavourably disposed toward women.

Due to these prejudices, she was forced to resign from her position. In 1853, she left with her sister for the United States. After some early difficulties of expatriate life, Zakrzewska came into contact with Elizabeth Blackwell – the first woman in America to have received a Doctor of Medicine degree. The renowned physician took the Pole under her wing, enabling Zakrzewska to be admitted to medical school at the Western Reserve University in Ohio, from which she graduated in 1856.

After completing her studies, Zakrzewska worked at the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children, founded by Blackwell. Later, she moved to Boston, where she was employed at the New England Female Medical College. Unfortunately, prejudices against women practising as physicians once again pressured her to change employment.

A photograph of the first New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston, 1862

In 1862, in Boston, she founded the New England Hospital for Women and Children – the second hospital in the United States to be run exclusively by women. The hospital, to which she dedicated forty years of her life, enabled women physicians to complete training and internships and allowed female patients to be treated by someone of their own sex. It became one of the most important medical institutions for women in the 19th century, challenging stereotypes that blocked women’s access to medical education in the USA. Zakrzewska was also a pioneer in hiring Black women as nurses. As a feminist and abolitionist, she made friends with William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, and Karl Heinzen.

She authored numerous papers in medical journals.

Zakrzewska’s hospital continues to serve patients today as a social healthcare institution under the name of The Dimock Centre.

Her groundbreaking project of building playgrounds for children in large urban areas (for instance, in Boston) dates back to 1885 (preceding similar initiatives in New York, where the first experimental playground in New York, at 2nd Ave/91st Street, did not appear until 1891–1894). Thanks to that initiative, she was dubbed the ‘Mother of Playgrounds.’

Zakrzewska died on 12 May 1902 in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

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List of Illustrations

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

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Anigstein Ludwik Photograph based on: [in:] Polska Światu commons.wikimedia. org, CC A 4.0 International [online:] https://polskaswiatu.pl/ anigstein-ludwik-liberia-tajlandia-usa/.

A delegation of experts from the League of Nations while taking a break in their journey to the USSR; Ludwik Anigstein is second from the left; 1935: Polska Światu, public domain [online:] https:// polskaswiatu.pl/anigstein-ludwik-liberia-tajlandia-usa/.

Babiński Józef Illustration based on photo: Józef Babiński – Central Medical Library, ref. GBL F-3837-2.

K. Orzechowski, Józef Babiński w Dziejach Ubiegłego Okresu Neurologji: (Sylweta Badacza i Człowieka na Tle Środowiska)

Beck Adolf Abraham Structural diagram of a cell: Fizyologia Człowieka, vol. 1–11 https://polona.pl/item-view/7d9adf7a-4b24-4b28-99ad-03cb1285 3b2f?page=6 Adolf Abraham Beck – portrait based on: Polska Światu, public domain [online:] https://polskaswiatu.pl/beck-adolf/ Adolf Abraham Beck in the company of Napoleon Cybulski; Polska Światu, public domain [online:] https://polskaswiatu.pl/ beck-adolf/ Title page of Cybulski and Beck’s Fizyologia Człowieka textbook: Fizyologia Człowieka, vol. 1, Warszawa 1915 [online:] https://polona2.pl/item/fizyologia-czlowieka-t-1, NDU4MjM2OTk/6/#info:metadata.

Beiser (Baiser) Mojżesz Mojżesz Beiser – portrait: J. Beiser, Życiorys Mojżesza Beisera Doktora Medycyny, Obywatela Honorowego, Radnego Miasta Lwowa i t. d.

Lwów: 1881 [online:] https://polona2.pl/item/zyciorys-mojzesza-beisera-doktora-medycyny-obywatela-honorowego-radnego-miasta-lwowa,MTE2MDg1Mjky/4/#info:metadata.

Title page in Jan Beiser’s book describing the life story of Mojżesz Beiser: J. Beiser, Życiorys Mojżesza Beisera Doktora Medycyny…

A page in Jan Beiser’s biography of Mojżesz Beiser: J. Beiser, Życiorys Mojżesza Beisera Doktora Medycyny…

Biernacki Edmund Faustyn J. Stumman – Edmund Biernacki – portrait – [1r] – d9578d2a-3e36-40ff-af54-3d5a00a696aa Professor Edmund Biernacki’s physics laboratory: commons.wikimedia.org [online:] https:// creazilla.com/media/traditional-art/7301378/ pracownia-fizyczna-prof.-biernackiego-61519.

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https://polona.pl/sets?searchCategory=objectSets&page=0&size=24&sort=RELEVANCE&searchLike=%22Edmund%20 Biernacki%22&copyright=false

Błeńska Wanda Illustration based on photo: Wanda Błeńska – website of Wanda Błeńska’s beatification process at www.wandablenska.pl Photographs by: MFA. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland’s photographic documentation of project monitoring by MFA representatives at Wanda Matugga Health Centre in Uganda (named after Wanda Błeńska), where the ‘Provision of Wanda Matugga Health Centre with necessary equipment for healthcare services’ project was being implemented and co-financed as part of Polish development collaboration by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland.

Chudziński Teof il Illustration based on: Teofil Chudziński [in:] Loth, E., Teofil Chudziński (1842–1897), w 25 Rocznicę Zgonu, Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny 3 (1) 1925, 57.

Anatomia Porównawcza Zwojów Mózgowych. Dz. 2, extract from the diaries of La Société des Sciences Exactes à Paris, Paris 1880, vol. 12.

Broca’s Anthropological Laboratory and Museum (early 20th century). Laboratory shelves holding numerous series of skulls and brains in glass cases. The photographs originate from album no. 2 SAP (p. 3). At the Archive of the Anthropological Society in Paris, deposited at the MNHN.

Cieszyński Antoni Professor Cieszyński – portrait based on: https://www.szukajwarchiwach.gov.pl/jednostka/-/jednostka/5967584 – public domain.

Third Dental Conference in Kraków – participants include Professor Antoni Cieszyński, Polish National Digital Archive, ref.

3/1/0/13/110 [online:] https://www.szukajwarchiwach.gov.pl/ jednostka/-/jednostka/5970229/obiekty/459812#opis_obiektu – public domain.

Antoni Cieszyński, Polish professor of stomatology, before 1940, File:Antoni_Cieszy%C5%84ski_NAC.jpg

Dowgiałłówna Stanisława Illustration based on photo: Stanisława Dowgiałłówna – Museum of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum [online:] https://krakow.eska.pl/pierwsza-taka-drogeria-w-krakowie -otwarta-121-lat-temu-prowadzily-ja-wylacznie-kobiety-18-032024-aa-ZibP-kn6R-KRNV.html.

Flatau Edward Edward Flatau – portrait: E. Flatau, Atlas Mózgu Człowieka i Przebiegu Włókien, Berlin 1895 [online:] https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/Edward_Flatau#/media/File:Edward_Flatau.jpg – public domain.

Title page of Flatau’s Atlas of the Human Brain and the Course of the Nerve-Fibres [online:] https://polona.pl/item-view/61ea1e4e-34fa-4bc7-803d-a4c9c13263c2?page=4 – public domain.

One of the pages of Flatau’s Atlas of the Human Brain and the Course of the Nerve-Fibres: Edward Flatau, Atlas mózgu człowieka...

Gałęzowski Ksawery Ksawery Gałęzowski – portrait: Tygodnik Illustrowany 14 (1907), 295 [online:] https://bcul.lib.uni.lodz.pl/dlibra/publication/89/edition/62/ content – public domain.

Title page of Ksawery Gałęzowski’s Hygjena Wzroku, K. Gałęzowski, Hygjena Wzroku, Warszawa: 1889 [online:] https://polona2.pl/search/?query=hygjena_wzroku&filters=public:1.

Gałęzowski Seweryn Seweryn Gałęzowski – portrait – Source: https://polona.pl/ item-view/d22ad56b-eebc-484f-b699-21c6d00a57c2?page=0 – public domain.

Monument to Seweryn Gałęzowski – Source: https://polona.pl/ item-view/92c82234-38ac-45d0-b5cc-4f09d9153304?page=0 – public domain.

Title page of Antoni Stanisław Jurasz, Laryngoskopia, publ. by Stowarzyszenie do Wydawnictwa Dzieł Lekarskich Polskich, Kraków: 1878 [online:] https://polona.pl/item-view/6eb70223-f8a5-4075-9f62-6feae01e4230?page=4 – public domain.

Jurasz Antoni Tomasz Aleksander Antoni Tomasz Jurasz – portrait: Polish National Digital Archive, ref. 3/1/0/10/248 [online:] https://www.szukajwarchiwach.gov.pl/ jednostka/-/jednostka/5985356 – public domain.

Praesidium of a surgical conference. Seated from the right: Professor Antoni Leśniowski, Professor Tadeusz Ostrowski, Professor Antoni Jurasz and Professor Jan Glatzel. Standing from the right: Docent Dr Stanisław Nowicki, Dr Sławiński and Dr Byszewski: Polish National Digital Archive, ref. 3/1/0/10/925 [online:] https://www. szukajwarchiwach.gov.pl/jednostka/-/jednostka/5958737/obiekty/248269#opis_obiektu – public domain.

Antoni Tomasz Jurasz – portrait: Polish National Digital Archive, ref. 3/1/0/10/249 [online:] https://www.szukajwarchiwach.gov.pl/ jednostka/-/jednostka/5967624/obiekty/289098# opis_obiektu – public domain.

Kuflewski Władysław Augustyn

Seweryn Gałęzowski’s obituary – Source: https://polona.pl/ item-view/b25987b3-42b3-4130-b1e3-c7302cd1d100?page=0 – public domain.

Kruszka W., Historya Polska w Ameryce, vol. 10, Milwaukee: 1907, photo: p. 133 [online:] https://polona2.pl/item/historya-polska-w -ameryce-poczatek-wzrost-i-rozwoj-dziejowy-osad-polskich-w-polnocnej,ODk3NjI3OTM/136/#in.1fo:search:%22Kuflewski%22.

Jonston Jan

Orłowski J.K., Ignacy Jan Paderewski i Odbudowa Polski, vol. 1, Chicago cop.: 1939, p. 133, [online:] https://polona2.pl/item/ignacy-jan-paderewski-i-odbudowa-polski-t-1,ODk3NDg0Mzg/132/#info:search:kuflewski – public domain.

Illustration based on: Jan Jonston – portrait, copper engraving by Christian Romstet, 1673, Ch. Romstet, Johannes Jonstonus Polonus [online:] https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Jonston#/media/Plik:Johannes_Jonstonus_Polonus.jpg – public domain.

Title page of Jan Jonston’s Dendrographias Sive Historiae Naturalis de Arboribus et Fructicibus Tam Nostri Qvam Peregrini Orbis Libri Decem…: https://polona.pl/preview/c2fc7c7f-6810-445d-877c-ef5f0db693bd – public domain.

Title page of Jan Jonston’s Idea Universae Medicinae Practicae Libris VIII Absoluta, https://polona.pl/item-view/97fb4947-0992-4097-bf4b-3cc82d9ac1f2?page=6 – public domain.

Jurasz Antoni Stansław Antoni Stanisław Jurasz – portrait: [online:] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antoni_Jurasz_(otorhinolaryngologist)#/ media/File:Anton_Stanislaus_Jurasz_(HeidICON_28688).jpg – Creative Commons Licence (Credit) – On the same terms 4.0 International – CC BY-SA 4.0.

Antoni Stanisław Jurasz – portrait: [online:] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antoni_Jurasz_(otorhinolaryngologist)#/ media/File:Antoni_Jurasz.jpg – public domain.

Landowski Edward Illustration based on photo: Edward Landowski – Archive of Paul Landowski Museum, Museums of the City of Boulogne-Billancourt.

Leśniewska Antonina https://muzeumfarmacji.muzeumwarszawy.pl/o-muzeum/ patronka-muzeum/ A. Grycuk, Muzeum Farmacji w Warszawie 2013 [online:] https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plik:Muzeum_Farmacji_w_Warszawie_05.JPG. Obituary, Wiadomości Farmaceutyczne 12 (Yr 64), p. 14 [online:] https://polona2.pl/search/?query=%22Antonina_le%C5%9Bniewska%22&filters=public:1&highlight=1.

Lipińska Melania Melania Lipińska, Polish physician living in France – portrait photograph: Polish National Digital Archive, ref. 1-Z-474 [online:] https://audiovis.nac.gov.pl/obraz/203386/38781bfadadddc3d8dd7407cf92ee5e7/ – public domain.

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Melania Lipińska during a visit to the United States in 1922, in the company of Jean Jules Jusserand (French Ambassador to the USA) and Albert Thomas (director of the International Labour Organisation at the League of Nations) [online:] https://www.facebook. com/fundacjasplotpamieci/photos/a.907228112988674/144964751 8746728/?type=3.

Neusser Edmund Edmund Neusser – Edmund von Neusser – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia

Midowicz Joachim

Prof. Dr. Edmund Neusser, Biesiada Literacka 35 (1912), p. 174 [online:] https://polona2.pl/item/biesiada-literacka-pismo-li teracko-polityczne-illustrowane-t-72-nr-35-31-sierpnia,MjU5NDUz OTg/15/#info:search:%22Edmund%20neusser%22.

Joachim Midowicz – portrait: [online:] https://pl.wikipedia.org/ wiki/A%C4%87im_Medovi%C4%87#/media/.

Odachowska Ewa

https://polona.pl/item-view/ c12345f8-16bc-48f8-b389-5481d7912775?page=8

Mierzejewski Jan Lucjan Illustration based on: Jan Lucjan Mierzejewski – portrait: [online:] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jan_Mierzejewski#/media/File:%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8 %D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0 %B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg – public domain Jan Lucjan Mierzejewski – portrait: Nowości Illustrowane 14 (1908), 17 [online:] https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/123209/ edition/115661/content – public domain

Mikulicz-Radecki Jan Antoni Jan Antoni Mikulicz-Radecki – portrait: [online:] https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jan_Mikulicz-Radecki#/media/File:Jan_Mikulicz-Radecki_(c._1878).jpg – public domain.

Jan Mikulicz-Radecki in the operating theatre of the University of Wrocław: [online:] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jan_Mikulicz-Radecki#/media/File: Jan_Mikulicz-Radecki_w_ sali_operacyjnej_Uniwersytetu_Wroc%C5%82awskiego_(1899). jpg – public domain.

Jan Antoni Mikulicz-Radecki – portrait: [online:] https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Mikulicz-Radecki#/media/Plik:Jan_Mikulicz -Radecki_(1890).jpg – public domain.

Nencki Marceli Wilhelm Photograph based on: https://polona.pl/item-view/ ec9494b0-4b1b-4340-b185-917b0387fb44?page=3 Title page of Marceli Nencki’s, Utlenianie Ciał Aromatycznych w Organizmie Zwierzęcym, M. Nencki, Utlenianie Ciał Aromatycznych w Organizmie Zwierzęcym, Kraków: 1871 [online:] https://polona2. pl/item/utlenianie-cial-aromatycznych-w-organizmie-zwierzecym,OTI4OTc3OTY/4/#info:metadata – public domain.

Title page of the publication containing all of Marceli Nencki’s work: M. Nencki, Opera Omnia: Gesammelte Arbeiten von Prof. M. Nencki. Bd. 1, 1869–1885, Braunschweig: 1904 [online:] https://rcin. org.pl/dlibra/publication/187268/edition/152812/content"https:// rcin.org.pl/dlibra/publication/187268/edition/152812/content – public domain.

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Illustration based on photo: Ewa Odachowska – website of the World Union of Veterans of Home Army www.armiakrajowa.org. pl, tablet # 793. www.armiakrajowa.org.pl and documentation from the archives of Polish Embassy in Chile.

Olszak Wacław Illustration based on photo: Wacław Olszak – Archive of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ref. IV-116-001 [online:] https:// www.szukajwarchiwach.gov.pl/jednostka/-/jednostka/5902446/ obiekty/388268.

Olszewska Jadwiga Illustration based on photo: Jadwiga Olszewska – Central Medical Library, ref. GBL-I-1327 (103).

Opęchowski Teodor Teodor Opęchowski – portrait: [online:] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Teodor_Op%C4%99chowski#/media/File:Openchowski_stomach_innervation_b&w.jpg – public domain.

Innervation of the stomach according to Opęchowski: [online:] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Teodor_ Op%C4%99chowski#/media/File:Openchowski_stomach_innervation_b&w.jpg – public domain.

Orzeszko Florenty Illustration based on photo: Florenty Orzeszko – Polacy w Tomsku (XIX–XX stulecia). Biografie.

Tomsk, railway station, 1904 [online:] https://pl.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Tomsk#/media/Plik:OldTomsk(1904).jpg.

Picado Jadwiga Michalska Illustration based on photo: Jadwiga Michalska Picado – screenshot of the website of the Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica (medicos.cr), public domain.

Gomez-Miralles, Teodoro Picado Michalski [online:] https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Picado_Michalski, photo: Gomez-Miralles, Costa Rica in 1944.

Pilsztynowa Salomea

Semerau-Siemianowski Władysław

Illustration based on photo: Salomea Regina Rusiecka – screenshot of the website of www.odb-office.eu, Wikimedia Commons, public domain.

W. Semerau-Siemianowski, Wspomnienia z Adampola, Ziemia 11 (1924), 201–204

https://polona.pl/item-view/d508f0fe-788a-45bc-9a0d-ae2b3641d2 4e?page=0 S. Halpir, first page of Salomea Pilsztynowa’s manuscript [online:] https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Salomea_Pilsztyn#/media/ Plik:Salomea_Pilsztynowa_p1.jpg.

Postempski Paweł Kraj: tygodnik polityczno-społeczny 1896 (Yr 1), app.: Dział Literacko-Artystyczny, vol. 2, no. 48, p. 221 [online:] https://polona2.pl/item/kraj -tygodnik-polityczno-spoleczny-r-1-dod-dzial-literacko-artystyczny-t-2-nr-48,MTQ2MTQ1NzIx/4/#info:metadata.

Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny 1968, no. ¾, p. 379

Ancient Coins Collection [in:] National Museum in Warsaw

Skupiewski Lucjan Illustration based on photo: Lucjan Skupiewski – Polish National Digital Archive [online:] https://www.szukajwarchiwach.gov.pl/ jednostka/-/jednostka/5953217/obiekty/258559#opis_obiektu.

Józef Piłsudski’s sojourn in Bucharest on his way back from Egypt, Polish National Digital Archive, ref. 3/22/0/-/357 [online:] https://www.szukajwarchiwach.gov.pl/jednostka/-/ jednostka/5926589/obiekty/402087.

Struś Józef

Raciborski Adam

Józef Struś – portrait: [online:] https://ciekawostkihistoryczne. pl/2023/03/12/jozef-strus-lekarz-z-poznania/ – photo by Antoni Oleszczyński, public domain.

Adam Raciborski – portrait by Julian Schübeler: [online:] https:// pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plik:Adam_Raciborski.jpg.

Józef Struś – portrait: [online:] https://ciekawostkihistoryczne. pl/2023/03/12/jozef-strus-lekarz-z-poznania/ – public domain.

Dr Raciborski (second row, first on the right at the bottom) [in:] photographs by Coudrette [Photograph of medallions belonging to Władysław Oleszczyński] [online:] https://polona.pl/preview/ b7c2f0aa-3eba-4dfe-bd51-0b1adcd7222d.

Title page of Józef Struś’s Sphygmicae Artis Iam Mille Ducentos Annos Perditae et Desideratae Libri V [online:] https://ciekawostkihistoryczne. pl/2023/03/12/jozef-strus-lekarz-z-poznania/ – public domain.

https://polona.pl/item-view/ b7c2f0aa-3eba-4dfe-bd51-0b1adcd7222d?page=0

Teichmann Ludwik Karol

Ludwik Rajchman Ludwik Rajchman – portrait: Polish National Digital Archive, ref.

1-C-56a [online:] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ludwik_Rajchman#/media/File:Ludwik_Rajchman_-_dyrektor_ Sekcji_Higieny_Sekretariatu_Ligi_Narod%C3%B3w_NAC_1-C-56a. jpg – public domain.

Ludwik Rajchman – portrait: [online:] https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/Category:Ludwik_Rajchman#/media/File:Ludwik_Rajchman_in_his_apartment_in_Paris.jpg – public domain.

Remak Robert Robert Remak– portrait: [online:] https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/Category:Robert_Remak#/media/File:Robert_Remak.jpg – public domain.

Cell division according to Robert Remak: [online:] https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Remak#/media/File:Remak_ cell1.jpg – public domain.

Ludwik Karol Teichmann – portrait: [online:] https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ludwik_Teichmann#/media/File:Portret_Ludwika_Teichmanna_z_Albumu_J%C3%B3zefa_Majera.jpg – public domain.

Ludwik Karol Teichmann – portrait: [online:] https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ludwik_Teichmann#/media/File:Kazimierz_Pochwalski_-_Portret_prof._Ludwika_Teichmanna.jpg – public domain.

Tripplin Teodor Teuttold Stilichon Illustration based on: Engraving from Kłosy 616, 19 April 1877, p. 260.

Title page of Pamiętniki Lekarza Polaka z Wypadów za Gra­ nicą Doznanych, Warszawa: 1855 [online:] https://polona.pl/ preview/38754db9-985c-4c05-8f67-c3303044a11c.

Illustration from: T. Tripplin’s book titles, Nowa Podróż na Około Ziemi Odbyta na Fregacie Ermancya Przez Dra Antoniego Zanowicza, Warszawa: 1855 [online:] https://polona2.pl/item/nowa-podroz-na -okolo-ziemi-odbyta-na-fregacie-ermancya-przez-dra-antoniego-zanowicza-t-1,ODAzNDcyMzQ/7/#info:metadata.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

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Waszklewicz Adam Ernest Narymunt Adam Ernest Z’Narimuntow Waszklewicz – portrait: [online:] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portret_van_Adam_Ernest_Z%27Narimuntow_Waszklewicz,_RP-P-1905-4639.jpg.

Wielobycki Dionizy Polak J., Dr Dyonizy Wielobycki. Tygodnik Powszechny 13 (1883), 93–94 [online:] https://polona2.pl/item/tygodnik-powszechny1883-nr-13-1-kwietnia,ODYxOTgwMTA/0/#info:metadata.

Dionizy Wielobycki’s grave, Grange Cemetery, Dionysius Wielobycki [online:] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Dionysius_Wielobycki.

Letter from Dionizy Wielobycki [1880] Wielkopolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa [online:] https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/ publication/244244/edition/205405?language=pl

Wielobycki Seweryn Illustration based on: Biesiada Literacka vol. 36, no. 48 (1 December 1893), 341 [online:] https://polona2.pl/item/biesiada-literacka -pismo-literacko-polityczne-illustrowane-t-36-nr-48-1-grudnia-1893,MjU5MzQ1Njk/4/#info:metadata Polona.

Dr Wielobycki at an alcoholic’s bed – drawing, Biesiada Literacka no. 48 (1893), 341, https://polona2.pl/item/biesiada-literacka-pismo-literacko-polityczne-illustrowane-t-36-nr-48-1-grudnia -1893,MjU5MzQ1Njk/4/#info:metadata.

Maria Zakrzewska Illustration based on photo: Maria Zakrzewska – Central Medical Library, ref. GBL F – 5273.

New England Hospital for Women and Children: [online:] https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Hospital_for_Women_and_ Children#/media/File:New_England_hospital_for_woman_and_ children_(NYPL_b11707585-G90F366_003F).tiff.

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https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_Picado-Michalska

Olszak Wacław

Polacy Światu, episode 63. Jadwiga Michalska Picado [in:] TVP.pl, 13 December 2022 [online:] https://polacyswiatu.tvp.pl/65058307/ odc-63-jadwiga-michalskapicado [accessed: 29 March 2024].

Prof. dr Edmund Neusser, Biesiada Literacka 35 (1912), 174.

Słowik Józef, Hławiczka Tadeusz, Santarius Kazimierz, Dr Olszak i Jego Następcy, Albrechtice u È. Těšína: 1999.

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Polacy Światu, episode 56. Wacław Olszak [in:] TVP.pl, 24 October 2022 [online:] https://polacyswiatu.tvp.pl/64131753/odc-56-waclaw-olszak [accessed: 14 April 2024].

Pilsztynowa Salomea Zielińska Katarzyna, Polka w Osiemnastowiecznym Stambule. Rzecz o Reginie Pilsztynowej i Jej Postrzeganiu Imperium Osmańskiego, Turystyka Kulturowa 6 (2016), 108–120.

Olszewska Jadwiga

Brodzki Tomasz, Regina Salomea z Rusieckich Pilsztynowa – Jej Życie i Pamiętnik [in:] HistMag.org, 21 October 2018 [online:] https:// histmag.org/Regina-Salomea-z-Rusieckich-Pilsztynowa-jej-zycie -i-pamietnik-17621 [accessed: 29 March 2024].

Tahirović Husref, Fuchs Brigitte, Jadwiga Olszewska: A Woman Pioneer in Medicine in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Acta Medica Academica 49(2) (2020), 207–216.

Polacy Światu, episode 53. Regina Salomea Pilsztyn [in:] TVP.pl, 3 October 2022 [online:] https://polacyswiatu.tvp.pl/63497975/ odc-53-regina-salomea-pilsztyn [accessed: 29 March 2024].

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Postempski Paweł Chojna Jan Władysław, Paweł Postempski Znany Chirurg Włoski Polskiego Pochodzenia, Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny 31 (1968), 375–381.

Ostrowska Teresa, Postempski Paweł Emilian (1851–1926) [in:] Polski Słownik Biograficzny, vol. 27, Kraków 1983, 700–701.

Raciborski Adam A.C., Paryż 26 maja, Gazeta Narodowa 183 (1871), p. 3 [online:] https:// polona2.pl/item/gazeta-narodowa-r-10-1871-nr-183-brak-wyd-wieczornego,MjY2ODM3Mzk/2/#info:metadata [accessed: 20 April 2024].

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Gerber Rafał, Studenci Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego 1808–1831. Słownik biograficzny, Wrocław 1977, 318.

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Judycki Zbigniew Andrzej, Lekarze Polskiego Pochodzenia w Świecie: w, Kielce 2020, 89.

Struś Józef

Konarska Barbara, Raciborski Adam (1809–1871) [in:] Polski Słownik Biograficzny, vol. 29, Warszawa 1986, 590–592.

Struś Józef (1510–1568) [in:] Polska Światu [online:] https://polskaswiatu.pl/strus-jozef/ [accessed: 4 April 2024].

Ludwik Rajchman

Sowa Tomek, Józef Struś, lekarz z Poznania [in:] CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl [online:] https://ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl/2023/03/12/ jozef-strus-lekarz-z-poznania/ [accessed: 4 April 2024].

Ludwik Rajchman (1881–1965) – Chiny [in:] Polska Światu [online:] https://polskaswiatu.pl/ludwik-rajchman-chiny/ [accessed: 13 April 2024].

Balińska Marta Aleksandra, Wspomnienie o Dr Ludwiku Rajchmanie, Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny 4 (1999), 289–294.

Remak Robert Ostrowska Ostrowska, Remak Robert (1815–1865) [in:] Polski Słownik Biograficzny, vol. 31, Wrocław – Warszawa – Kraków: 1988, 74–76.

Remak Robert (1815–1865) – Niemcy [in:] Polska Światu [online:] https:// polskaswiatu.pl/robert-remak-niemcy/ [accessed: 4 April 2024].

Semerau-Siemianowski Władysław Keller-Pigłowska Zofia, Semerau-Siemianowski Władysław Wojciech (1849–1937) [in:] Polski Słownik Biograficzny, vol. 36, Wrocław – Warszawa – Kraków 1996, 226–227.

Szarejko Piotr, Semerau-Siemianowski Władysław [in:] Szarejko Piotr, Słownik Lekarzy Polskich XIX Wieku, vol. 1, Warszawa 1991, 498–499. Üstüner Hacer Topaktaş, 180 Lat Historii – POLONEZKOY – 180 Yıllık Mazi, transl. by Paulina Dominik, (Adampol), Beykoz Kitalığ 2022 [online:] https://www.academia.edu/82712593/180_lat_historii_POLONEZKOY_180_Y%C4%B1ll%C4%B1k_Mazi_Adampol_[accessed: 10 April 2024].

Semerau-Siemianowski Władysław, Wspomnienia z Adampola, Ziemia 11 (1924), 201–204 [online:] https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/ dlibra/publication/109786/edition/125074 [accessed: 10 April 2024].

Struś Józef (1510–1568) [in:] Region Wielkopolska [online:] https:// regionwielkopolska.pl/artykuly-wybitni-wielkopolanie/strus-jozef-1510-1568/ [accessed: 4 April 2024].

Teichmann Ludwik Karol Teichmann Ludwik (1823–1895) [in:] Polska Światu [online:] https://polskaswiatu.pl/teichmann-ludwik/ [accessed: 11 April 2024].

Gryglewski Ryszard W., Ludwik Teichmann (1823–1895) [in:] Fundacja Panteon Narodowy [online:] https://www.panteonnarodowy.org/ wielcy-polacy/18-ludwik%20-teichmann [accessed: 11 April 2024].

Tripplin Teodor Teuttold Stilichon St. M. Rz., Teodor Tripplin, Tygodnik Illustrowany 267 (1881), 81–82 [online:] https://bcul.lib.uni.lodz.pl/dlibra/publication/1607/ edition/1253/content [accessed: 10 April 2024].

Judycki Zbigniew Andrzej, Lekarze Polskiego Pochodzenia w Świecie: Popularny Słownik Biograficzny, Kielce 2020, 105.

Kośmiński Stanisław, Słownik Lekarzów Polskich, Warszawa 1883, 520.

Echa warszawskie, Przegląd Tygodniowy Życia Społecznego, Literatury i Sztuk Pięknych 5 (1881), 54–55.

Waszklewicz Adam Ernest Narymunt Judycki Zbigniew Andrzej, Lekarze Polskiego Pochodzenia w Świecie: Popularny Słownik Biograficzny, Kielce 2020, 105.

Zembrzuski Ludwik, Dr Med. Adam Ernest Narymunt-Waszklewicz (1812–1901), Warszawa 1935.

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

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Wielobycki Dionizy Polak J., Dr Dyonizy Wielobycki, Tygodnik Powszechny 13 (1883), 93–94 [online:] https://polona2.pl/item/tygodnik-powszechny1883-nr-13-1-kwietnia,ODYxOTgwMTA/0/#info:metadata [accessed: 20 April 2024].

Paryż [Fałszerstwo], Czas 21 (1857), 2 [online:] https://polona2.pl/ item/czas-r-10-no-21-27-stycznia-1857,Nzk3NTEyNjE/1/#info:metadata [accessed: 20 April 2024].

[Umarł Doktor Wielobycki], Kurjer Paryzki 33 (1883), 7 [online:] https://polona2.pl/item/kurjer-paryzki-dwutygodnik-polityczny -literacki-spoleczny-organ-patrjotyczny,NjY4ODc2MzY/6/#info:search:%22Wielobycki%22 [accessed: 20 April 2024].

Wielobycki Seweryn D-r. Seweryn Wielobycki, Biesiada Literacka 48 (1893), 343 [online:] https://polona2.pl/item/biesiada-literacka-pismo-literacko-polityczne-illustrowane-t-36-nr-48-1-grudnia-1893,MjU5MzQ1Njk/4/#info:metadata [accessed: 10 April 2024].

Emigrant Polski Stuletni w Londynie, Przegląd Emigracyjny = Review of the Polish Emigration 16 (1893), 177 [online:] https://polona2.pl/ item/przeglad-emigracyjny-review-of-the-polish-emigrationdwutygodnik,NTAyMjg2ODk/8/#info:search:%22Wielobycki%22 [accessed: 10 April 2024].

Gawędy Londyńskie Edmunda S. Naganowskiego, Gazeta Lwowska 13 (1893), 2 [online:] https://polona2.pl/item/gazeta-lwowska-r83-nr-13-18-stycznia1893,NDc3Njk0MTg/0/#info:search:%22Gaw%C4%99dy%20londy%C5%84ski%22 [accessed: 10 April 2024].

[Seweryn Wielobycki], Kurjer Warszawski 264 (1893), 8 [online:] https://polona2.pl/item/kurjer-warszawski-r-73-nr-264-24-wrzesnia-1893,MTkzMDUxNTQ/7/#info:metadata [accessed: 10 April 2024].

Maria Zakrzewska Panas-Goworska Marta, Goworski Andrzej, Maria Zakrzewska – Polska Lekarka w USA [in:] Polonika [online:] https://polonika. pl/polonik-tygodnia/maria-zakrzewska-polska-lekarka-w-usa [accessed: 10 April 2024].

Magowska Anita, Maria Zakrzewska – Pionier Kobiecej Służby Zdrowia [in:] Instytut de Republika [online:] https://iderepublica. pl/znani-nieznani/indeks/ maria-zakrzewska/ [accessed: 10 April 2024].

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Known Unknown.

The Poles’ Contributions To The World

Department of Cooperation with Polish Community Abroad – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland

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Warsaw skyline seen from the Siekierkowski Bridge, 2013, photo by F. Bramorski, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FB_Warszawa_panorama.jpg, 4 September 2018

Panora

Project carried out under “The Poles’ Contributions to the World” programme by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland in cooperation with the Polish Academy of Sciences Archive in Warsaw.

List of abbreviations: AK —Archives of Stanisława and Tadeusz Konopko from Kadzidlo, AMKK — Museum of the Kurpie Region Culture in Ostroleka Archives, ANPAN i PAU — Archive of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, APAN — Polish Academy of Sciences Archive in Warsaw, ARAN — Russian Academy of Sciences Archive, AT — Turowicze Archive, BAPAN — Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences Archive, BIHN — Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences Institute for the History of Science, BNPAU i PAN — Scientific Library of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Polish Academy of Sciences, BUW — Vilnius University Library, BUwW — University of Warsaw Library, IBL — Institute of Literary Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, KAK —Antoni Kuczyński’s collection, KDM —Danuta Mazurczak’s collection, KIG —Izabela Gass’s collection, KIS —Igor Strojecki’s collection, KZB —Zofia Baryła’s collection , MT —Dr. Tytus Chałubiński Tatra Museum in Zakopane, MZPAN — Polish Academy of Sciences Museum of the Earth in Warsaw, NAC — National Digital Archives, PP — Poczta Polska, ZF — collection of photographs, ZHA — Henryk Arctowski’s collection, ZSRS —Stanisław Rakusa-Suszczewski’s collection

Warsaw skyline seen from the Siekierkowski Bridge, 2013, photo by F. Bramorski, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FB_Warszawa_panorama.jpg, 4 September 2018

Ruins of the Church of the Holy Saviour, Prizren, 2007, photo: M. Manske, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Holy_Saviour_-_Prizen.jpg, 28 August 2018

“A sort of solemn sweetness made her stand out among her peers, attracting not only Ludwik’s eyes towards her.”

(W. Kozuschek)

“Scholars have the right to freedom, and their duty is to tell the truth.”

(L. Hirszfeld)

Hanna Kasman, ca. 1902, [in:] W. Kozuschek, Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884–1954). Rys życia i działalność naukowa, Wroclaw 2005, Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (BAPAN)

Hanna Hirszfeldowa

née Kasman (1884–1964), paediatrician, immunologist, serologist, haematologist, during WWI in Serbia, together with her husband, she investigated blood types in various nations and races, and the pathways of their inheritance.

She worked at the Paediatric Clinic of Warsaw University. In the Warsaw Ghetto, she headed the Contagious Disease Hospital. She took the Chair of Paediatrics and established the Paediatric Clinic at the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin (1944, associate professor). She became

the director of the Municipal Hospital for Children in Wroclaw, lectured at the Medical School of the University of Wroclaw, and later on at the Medical Academy. In 1949, she was appointed full professor. Together with her husband, she pursued research on seroanthropology. She authored over 100 works, mainly in paediatrics. She sat in many Polish and international paediatric commissions and societies. She was decorated, among others, with the Knight’s and Commander’s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta [Rebirth of Poland], the Serbian Order of Saint Sava and the French Gold Medal of Honour for Epidemics.

Ludwik Hirszfeld at age 18, [in:] W. Kozuschek, Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884–1954). Rys życia i działalność naukowa, Wroclaw 2005, BAPAN

Ludwik Hirszfeld

(1884–1954), bacteriologist, immunologist, serologist, founder of seroanthropology and – together with Emil von Dungern – the basics of blood type science, he introduced blood typing adopted globally in 1928. He used the results of his research to establish paternity. He determined the RH factor and discovered the cause of serological conflict. During WWI, together with his wife, he fought the epidemics of typhus, paratyphoid fever, cholera and dysentery in Serbia. He established the State Serum Research Institute (1919) and the Blood Transfusion Centre (1939). He was a professor at Warsaw University (1931–1939). In the

Ludwik Hirszfeld, 1951, photo: J. Mierzecka, Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (APAN)

Hanna Hirszfeldowa’s biographical materials, 1947, Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (APAN)

Warsaw Ghetto he headed the Health Board. After the death of his daughter (1943), he wrote a novel Historia jednego życia (The Story of One Life). He helped to establish the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin (1944, vice-rector). He also established the Department of Medicine (1945) at the University of Wroclaw (dean, professor of microbiology). Ernest Witebsky from the University of Buffalo nominated him for the Nobel Prize in Medicine (1950). He established and became the first Director of the Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Wroclaw (1954). The Hirszfelds were buried at St. Lawrence Cemetery in Wroclaw.

Drawing by Ludwik Hirszfeld to illustrate his lecture on genetics, n.d., APAN

Marysia Hirszfeldówna, daughter of Hanna and Ludwik Hirszfeld, and Jacek Prentki, the Hirszfelds’ foster child, [in:] W. Kozuschek, Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884–1954). Rys życia i działalność naukowa, Wroclaw 2005, BAPAN

Hanna Hirszfeldowa, ca. 1917, [in:] W. Kozuschek, Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884–1954). Rys życia i działalność naukowa, Wroclaw 2005, BAPAN

Thank-you letter to Ludwik Hirszfeld for his attitude and conduct during the hostilities in Warsaw, 1939, APAN

Ludwik Hirszfeld’s work in the Health Council in the Warsaw Ghetto, 1941, APAN

Hanna Hirszfeldowa’s correspondence concerning the posthumous publication of Historia jednego życia by Ludwik Hirszfeld, 1956, APAN

Documents on Ludwik Hirszfeld’s career path, 1951, APAN Hanna Hirszfeldowa, n.d., APAN

Letter by Professor Ernest Witebsky recommending Ludwik Hirszfeld for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1950, APAN

R. Kramsztyk, Portret Hanny Hirszfeldowej, [in:] W. Kozuschek, Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884–1954). Rys życia i działalność naukowa, Wroclaw 2005, BAPAN Hanna Hirszfeldowa’s correspondence concerning her honorary membership of the J.E. Purkyne Czechoslovak Medical Association, 1962, APAN

Ludwik Hirszfeld’s death mask, 1954, APAN

Ruins of the Church of the Holy Saviour, Prizren, 2007, photo: M. Manske, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Holy_Saviour_-_Prizen.jpg, 28 August 2018

Great Wall of China, 2011, photo: Jsporysz, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P1090059_ Ching.jpg, 11 July 2018

“The person of the seventeenth-century Polish Jesuit Michał Boym [grandson of Jerzy Boim who came to Poland from Hungary together with King Stephen Báthory, son of Paweł Jerzy, physicianin-chief to Sigismund III Vasa] is full of mysteries and his life vicissitudes could perfectly serve as a script for a fast flowing travel-adventure novel. He got recorded in the annals as the Chinese Emperor’s ambassador and as a comprehensively talented scholar. He was the author of papers in botany, zoology, medicine, history, geography and Chinese language, which puts him in the forefront of the pioneers of European sinology.”

(T. Bazylewicz)

“He kept stressing he wanted to help other people, but as a priest and a physician. He healed the body and soul. When he treated a non-believer, he spoke to them using his medical knowledge, but it also happened that a patient could not only see with their own eyes, but the scales fell from their eyes and they came to faith in Christ too.”

(M. Cichoń)

A picture from China Ilustrata believed to show Michał Boym, n.d., [in:] E. Kajdański, Michał Boym, ostatni wysłannik dynastii Ming, Warsaw 1988, Institute of Literary Research (IBL)

Michał Boym

(1612/1614–1659), orientalist, Jesuit, missionary, naturalist, cartographer, one of the first sinologists, propagator of Chinese medicine, the Yongli Emperor’s ambassador, in 1643, he sailed away with ten priests and several clerics to Macau, where he lectured at the Jesuit College, later he pursued missionary work on Hainan Island and was the first to describe it in detail, then he went to Tonkin. In 1649, he was sent to the court of the Yongli Emperor, whom he baptised. After escaping from Portuguese captivity, he travelled on foot on an uncharted trail — Golkonda, Hyderabad, Surat, Bandar Abbas (on the coast of the Strait of Hormuz), Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz, Erzurum, Trebizond on the

Father Wacław Szuniewicz, MD, n.d.,http://www.formanowicz.pl/ szuniewicz/zdjecia/zdjecie_11235. html, 27 June 2018

Black Sea, and from there by ship to Smyrna and Venice. He involved his order in Chinese conflicts.

In 1655, he persuaded Pope Alexander VII to think favourably of the Ming dynasty. In 1656, he went back to China, but he failed to fulfil his mission.

He died in 1659 at an unknown place somewhere in a Chinese province of Guangxi. He made drawings of Mozambique flora and fauna and the Atlas of China. He made his contemporaries aware of the size and location of China, he marked the Chinese Wall on the maps, he presented Korea as a peninsula. His maps were adorned with illustrations showing Chinese flora (Flora Sinensis), fauna, architecture and scenes from Chinese life.

He wrote Specimen Medicinae Sinicae, in which he described Chinese medicine.

Wacław Szuniewicz

(1892–1963), missionary from Congregation of the Mission of St. Vincent de Paul, ophthalmologist, paediatrician, from 1898 in Smolensk (head of the Red Cross Hospital), then in Voronezh (ophthalmologist at the local Health Maintenance Organisation Hospital) and Vilnius (assistant at the Paediatric Department of the Stephen Báthory University) where he established a nursery for poor children, the “Milky Kitchen” and four care stations for babies where he worked himself for free. In 1927 in Krakow, he entered into the Congregation of the Mission of St. Vincent de Paul. In 1930, he left for China. In Xingtai, he established a 19-bed hospital which he kept expanding and opened 18 outpatient clinics located near Xingtai. At that time, he performed 35 ophthalmic surgeries a day.

Xingtai panorama, 2013, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xingtai,_Hebei,_China_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg, 27 June 2018

Plants described and drawn by Michał Boym, Item of the month (May 2013) Michael Boym, Flora Sinensis, 1656, h t t p : // w w w. n h m . a c . u k / n a t u r e p l u s / c o m m u n i t y / l i b r a r y / blog/2013/05/08/item-of-the-month-may-2013-michael-boymsflorasinensis-1656, 2 April 2018

He was appointed the General Director of all Catholic hospitals in North China. He was called “a man with a silver beard”. In 1937, he was awarded the Golden Cross of Merit in Poland. In 1938, he started the Ophthalmology Department at the Main Hospital of the Catholic University of Beijing.

Then he worked at the French Provincial Hospital run by the Daughters of Charity in Tientsin and at the French Hospitals in Beijing and in Shanghai.

After the Second World War, Father Szuniewicz’s mission was closed, and he went to the USA (Yale University), and in 1952, to Brazil (Mafra, Irati). He chaired many social organisations. He established libraries for Polish emigrants, he did a lot of social work for children and youth. He spoke seven languages fluently. He never forgot his Polish roots.

He was buried in Irati.

Father Wacław Szuniewicz, MD, at work, n.d., http://m.niedziela.pl/artykul/136379/nd/Otwieral-ludziom-oczy, 28 czerwca 2018

Professor Edward Wylęgała, MD, was appointed a visiting professor at the Hebei Provincial Eye Hospital in Xingtai, China’s largest ophthalmological clinic. On 27 October 2015, Professor Minglian Zhang MD PhD and Professor Edward Wylęgała signed a three-year contract in Xingtai. The cooperation covers the exchange of research experiences; lectures, seminars and scientific symposia; joint courses and research projects; as well as regular contacts with a view to projects being implemented. The first visit included three lectures on ophthalmology, a tour of the hospital and consultations for patients.

Dr Bogusława Orzechowska-Wylęgała MD gave a lecture on treating orbital fractures. The lectures were translated into Chinese and were very well received, as evidenced by a long discussion.

Xingtai Memorial Hall, 2009, photo: Fanghong, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GuoShoujingMemorialHallInXingtai.jpg, 27 June 2018

Plants and animals described and drawn by Michał Boym, Bibliotheque Universtaire Moretus Plantin, Michael Boym, Flora Sinensis (1656), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flora_Sinensis, 16 May 2018

Xingtai hospital, 2016, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Xingtai_Flood_4.jpg, 27 June 2018

Father Szuniewicz was the director of the hospital for 17 years. Currently the hospital has 500 ophthalmic, 160 maxillofacial surgery, 80 laryngology and 80 internal medicine beds.

A monument to Father Wacław Szuniewicz MD in front of the Xingtai Eye Hospital, 2015, photo: M. Formanowicz, https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Szuniewicz#/media/ File:Szuniewicz_pomnik.jpg, 23 June 2018

Title page of Flora Sinensis by Michał Boym, 1656, [in:] E. Kajdański, Michał Boym, ostatni wysłannik dynastii Ming, Warsaw 1988, IBL

Father Wacław Szuniewicz MD was a precursor of surgical treatment of corneal astigmatism. He began researching this method in China, intensified his research at Yale University, and continued some of it in Mafra. In 1968, the City Council of Irati named a street and a school in Villa Rio Bonito after him in recognition of his services. At Xingtai hospital, which exists to this day and has been greatly expanded, Father Wacław Szuniewicz MD is commemorated with a museum and a monument in front of the hospital.

Xingtai panorama, 2013, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xingtai,_Hebei,_China_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg, 27 June 2018

Great Wall of China, 2011, photo: Jsporysz, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P1090059_ Ching.jpg, 11 July 2018

Baku seaside boulevard, 2011, photo: E. Jafarov, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bakuview.jpg,11 July 2018

Stockholm Old Town, 2014, photo: Brorsson, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stockholms_Old_Town_seen_from_Skeppsholmen.jpg, 11 July 2018

“Being an architect gifted with creative imagination and artistic talent, Gosławski appreciated the unique properties of local limestone, as if created to embody classical forms. This classic style lover also designed in other styles, vividly interested in the new ideas and fashions which were in abundance in the last decades of the nineteenth century.”

(Sz. Fatullayev-Figarov)

“Born in 1921 in Czeladź, Czesław Słania showed talent from an early age, though not for stamp design yet, but for... document counterfeiting. As a teenager, he faked his school ID, the original of which he lost. When his offense came to light, the headmaster expelled him from school with the following words: ‘You will either end up in prison or as a great man’. He also made sketches of banknotes, on which he replaced the faces of the originals with those of his female classmates.” (Ł. Kielban)

Czesław Słania, 1940s, [in:] Czesław Słania, A Graphic Artist, exhibition organized by the Association of Philatelists and Collectors from Jelenia Gora, Grodzka Public Library in Jelenia Gora, All-Polish Post Stamps Hobby Club “Czesław Słania” in Jelenia Gora, Jelenia Gora 2001, BUwW

Józef Gosławski, 19th century, photo: unknown, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?s earch=Goslawski+J%C3%B3zef+Baku &title=S pecial:Search&go=Go&searchToken=cga8aiicl3 h5f6t0cpr5fw0vx, 17 June 2018

Józef Gosławski

[Iosif Vikentievich Goslavsky] (1865–1904), an architect, after graduation in 1890, he started working at the Technical Building Committee of the Ministry of the Interior, in 1891 he went to Baku, where he supervised the construction of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral designed by architect R. R. Marfeld. In 1892, he was appointed chief architect of the city of Baku. Working in Baku, he erected many buildings that shaped the image of the city from the beginning of the 20th century, e.g. the three-story Melikov’s Residence at 19 Vorontsovska, now Safarli, Street 1893–1897,

Taghiyev’s palace at Gorkogovskaya, currently 4 Taghiyev Street, 1893–1902, residential house at Nikolayevska, 7 Istiglalijat, Street 1893–1895.

In seven years, he managed to design and build 12 buildings that changed the image of the city.

He had three children: Helena, Czesław and Łucja. He died of tuberculosis at the age of 39.

In the former Józef Gosławski’s apartment at 11 Mirza Ibragimov St., a museum dedicated to the memory of the architect was established.

In June of 2008, Maria Kaczyńska unveiled in Baku a plaque to commemorate Józef Gosławski.

Taghiyev Theatre at Merkurevska Street, now 8 Azerbaijan Street, design by J. Gosławski and P. Kognowicki, 1899–1904, early 20th c., photo: unknown, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theatre_of_Tagiyev_in_Baku.jpg, 17 June 2018

Czesław Słania

(1921–2005), engraver, designer of postage stamps and banknotes, from 1959, he lived in Sweden where he started a business and established working relationship with the Swedish Post. He designed a series of stamps dedicated to the 90th birthday of King Gustaf VI Adolf, the travels of Linnaeus, fungi, butterflies, animals, and marine research. In total — also for the posts of other countries, including Poland — he made over 1000 stamp designs (including Denmark, Greenland, Faroe Islands, Iceland, Monaco, Germany, France, Belgium, San Marino, Switzerland, Australia, USA, China, Thailand, Vatican City, UN). His name was entered into the Guinness Book of Records. The first Swedish Academy of Philately Arts (1981) was named after him. He was also involved in banknote design. His services were used by Argentina,

Belgium, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Iran, Israel, Canada, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Portugal and Venezuela. Moreover, he engraved bookplates, badges, medals, and did some work for Polish unions and organisations abroad. He was buried in the Rakowicki Cemetery in Krakow. He was honoured by King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden with the title of Royal Court Engraver of Sweden and awarded with the Medal of the Royal Order in Gold, by the Queen of Denmark Margaret II, with the Order of the Dannebrog, by the Prince of Monaco Rainer III, the Knight Order of Saint Charles, by the President of the Republic of Poland Aleksander Kwasniewski, Commander Cross of the Order of Merit to the Republic of Poland. In 2006, a memorial plaque was unveiled on the wall of the building at 2 Krzywa Street in Czeladź, where the artist lived.

Czesław Słania graduation diploma from the Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow, 1953, [in:] Z.K. Jagodziński, Czesław Słania (1921-2005). Polski grafik, genialny rytownik, Warsaw 2006, BUwW

Taghiyev Palace at 4 Taghiyev Street, 1893, design by J. Gosławski, 2014, photo: Interfase, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/ Building_on_2_Zeynalabdin_Taghiyev_Street.jpg, 17 June 2018 In the Palace, the National Museum of History of Azerbaijan was founded in 1920; the largest Museum of Azerbaijan and one of the largest in the whole Transcaucasia.

Cz. Słania, Józefa Słania 1897–1993, the artist’s mother, steel engraving, 1994–1995, [in:] Czesław Słania, A Graphic Artist, exhibition organized by the Association of Philatelists and Collectors from Jelenia Gora, Grodzka Public Library in Jelenia Gora, All-Polish Post Stamps Hobby Club “Czesław Słania” in Jelenia Gora, Jelenia Góra 2001, BUwW

Post stamp from the series “Protected animals,” engr. Cz. Słania, 1954, file no 746, KDM

Post stamp from the series “Olympic Games in Melbourne,” engr. Cz. Słania, 1956, file no 847, KDM

Post stamp designed by Cz. Słania, 1950s, KZB

Słania’s stamps are famous for, among others, so-called secret writings. Engraving, the artist placed on them the microscopic names and surnames of his relatives. The characters shown on his stamps often have facial features of his relatives and even Słania himself.

Seat of Baku City Council at Nikolaevska Street, now 4 Istiglaliyyat Street, design

by J. Gosławski, 1904, photo: Urek Meniashvili, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mayoralty_of_Baku_7.JPG, 17 June 2018

Józef Gosławski Museum located in a private flat at 11 Mirza Ibrahimov Street in Baku, 2010, https://baku.msz.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/20101112, 24 June 2018

Czesław Słania with daughter Oliwia, 1998, [in:] Z.K. Jagodziński, Czesław Słania (1921-2005). Polski grafik, genialny rytownik, Warsaw 2006, BUwW

Seat of the Imperial Technical Society at Torgovaya Street, today 115 Nizami, design by J. Gosławski, 1898–1899, 2010, photo: Shikhlinski, http://www.polonia-baku.org/pl/goslawski.phtml, 17 June 2018

Czesław Słania, n.d., [in:] Z.K. Jagodziński, Czesław Słania (1921-2005). Polski grafik, genialny rytownik, Warsaw 2006, BUwW

His graduation work, Battle of Grunwald on the basis of Jan Matejko’s painting, made with steel engraving as a postal, brought him recognition. He received his diploma with Summa Cum Laude distinction.

Postage stamp “80th anniversary of the Union of Architects of Azerbaijan”; Józef Gosławski pictured in the upper left corner, 2016, http://www.ictnews.az/read-41842-news-2.html, 24 June 2018

Cz. Słania, Battle of Grunwald on the basis of Jan Matejko’s painting, graduation work, 202x115 mm, 1954-1956, [in:] Czesław Słania, A Graphic Artist, exhibition organized by the Association of Philatelists and Collectors from Jelenia Gora, Grodzka Public Library in Jelenia Gora, All-Polish Postage Stamps Hobby Club “Czesław Słania” in Jelenia Gora, Jelenia Gora 2001, BUwW Memorial plaque on the wall of the Józef Gosławski Museum, 11 Mirza Ibrahimov Street in Baku, 2008, https://baku.msz.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/20101112, 24 June 2018

Baku seaside boulevard, 2011, photo: E. Jafarov, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bakuview.jpg, 11 July 2018

Stockholm Old Town, 2014, photo: Brorsson, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stockholms_Old_Town_seen_from_Skeppsholmen.jpg, 11 July 2018

Panoramic view of Kiev, 2009, photo S. Ilski, https://www.panoramio.com/photo/104546169, 15 July 2018

“There is no area where we could not find traces of the Poles living in Georgia and their work — artists, architects, engineers, physicians or teachers. One of the most beautiful pages in the history of Georgian culture was written by Henryk Hryniewski. In his case, we should rather say ‘illustrated’.” (from the preface to the monograph on Henryk Hryniewski)

“Sometimes called Kiev’s Gaudí, Horodecki was a bon vivant and a womaniser. He enjoyed a fame of a versatile man who could not only be an architect and interior decorator, but also a painter, sculptor, engraver and jeweller, and even a costume designer for the Solovtsov Theatre and his own wife (she was a dancer). He owned a car as one of the first in town. He was said to drive it with an open roof and a monkey on his shoulder. It is hard to say today whether this is true — Horodecki used to spread himself false rumours about his eccentricities only to ‘animate’ the life. He also flew the first planes.”

(M. Pawlak)

Henryk Hryniewski, 1914, photo N.N., https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Henryk_Hryniewski,_June_1914.jpg, 28 August 2018

Henryk Hryniewski

(1869–1937), painter, architect, social activist, researcher of Georgian architecture, after the death of his exiled father, he left for Italy with his mother. In 1898, he settled in Tbilisi and started studying the medieval monuments of Georgia. In 1912, a commission headed by Ivane Javakhishvili entrusted him with illustrations for the works by the classic writer in Georgian literature, Ilia Chavchavadze. The work was published in 1914. From 1902, he lectured at the school of the Caucasian Society for the Promotion of Fine Arts, in 1918–1921 he was the headmaster of that school.

He was a co-founder of the Art Academy in Tbilisi and in 1922–1937, a professor there, and from 1927, its vice-rector. He designed the architecture and interiors of the Nobility Bank building at 3 Gudiashvili Street, (presently the National Parliamentary Library of Georgia). He created an iconostasis for the Kashveti Church of St. George) in Tbilisi. He died during the repressions in 1937 (he was shot). Most of his work at the Academy of Fine Arts was destroyed. His Italian wife, Maria Perini (1873–1939) was exiled from and left Georgia immediately after her husband’s arrest.

Władysław Horodecki, 1909, [in:] D. Malakov, Arhitektor Gorodec’kij: arhìvnì rozvìdki, Kiev 1999, BUwW

Władysław Horodecki

[Vladislav Gorodetsky] bearer of Kornic coatof-arms (1863–1930), architect, representative of modernism in arts, entrepreneur, influential supporter, he lived in Kiev from 1890. After the Bolshevik takeover, he left for Poland in 1920 and worked in the Ministry of Public Works and managed a design studio created to develop the municipal facilities in several Polish cities (1924– 1928). He moved to Tehran, where he worked on behalf of an American company to build rail infrastructure and died. He was buried in the Catholic cemetery in Dulab. The tombstone is decorated with an inscription saying in Polish “professor of architecture”. In 1996, the former Karl Marx street (Nikolaevskaya) in Kiev was named after him. His cousin’s grandson is Zdzisław

Otello Horodecki. Horodecki’s most important designs: the National Art Museum of Ukraine at 6 Hrushevsky St. in Kiev; St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral at 75 Velyka Vasylkivska St. in Kiev; Karaite Kenesa at 7 Yaroslaviv Val Street in Kiev; building of J. Joseph Kimayer’s furniture factory at 13 Bankova in Kiev; building of the South Russian Machine Factory at 101 Zhylyanska in Kiev; House with Chimaeras at 10 Bankova in Kiev; own villa in Yevpatoria in Crimea; the Potocki Family Mausoleum in Petschera; Ukraine Sugar Factory in Shpykiv, Ukraine; junior high school in Uman, Ukraine, water tower in Piotrkow Trybunalski, Poland; casino in Otwock, Poland; Shah palace in Tehran; Tehran Railroad Station; municipal bathhouse in Zgierz, Poland; renovated palace of the Wiśniowiecki and Mniszech families in Vyshnivets, Ukraine.

Former building of the Noble Land Bank in Tbilisi, decorated by H. Hryniewski, 1910, 2010, photo Kober, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NPLG_building,_Tbilisi.jpg, 2 July 2018

Inside the building of Georgia’s National Parliamentary Library at 3, Gudiashvili Street, 1913–1916, design H. Hryniewski and A. Kalgin, 2015, photo Slawkuwal, h t t p s : //c o m m o n s .w i k i m e d i a . o r g / w i k i / File:Wikiwyprawa_2015_Budynek_Narodowej_Biblioteki_ Parlamentu_Gruzi%C5%84skiego,_proj_Anatolij_Kalgin_i_ Henryk_Hryniewski_9.jpg, 28 June 2018

Building with chimaeras at 10, Bankova Street, built in the style of modernism, now one of the seats of Ukraine’s president, Kiev, 1901–1903, designed by W. Horodecki, 2005, photo A. Ilin, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:House_with_Chimaeras_ RU.JPG, 26 June 2018 The house belonged to the architect himself. The building is full of hunting and mythic motifs, fairy figures and weird creatures. The roof and columns feature sirens and animals such as lions, giraffes, crocodiles, deer, roe deer, hares, as well as fish and clams.

Władysław Horodecki; inscription on the other side: “Władek 1910, photo from family collections, marked with no. 2, left to me, Zdzisław Otello Horodecki,” 2017, photo Flawiuszott, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ho rodecki_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw._1910.jpg, 27 June 2018

Building of Ukraine’s National Art Museum at 6, Hrushevskoho Street, with an old-Greek colonnade and a relief at the front featuring an allegory of art and sculptures of two lions; the light shape given to the building by its author was possible thanks to cement from a private factory near Kiev called Ton, Kiev, 1897–1899, designed by W. Horodecki, [in:] D. Malakov, Arhitektor Gorodec’kij: arhìvnì rozvìdki, Kiev 1999, BUwW Building of Georgia’s National Parliamentary Library at 3, Gudiashvili Street, 1913–1916, design H. Hryniewski and A. Kalgin, 2015, photo Slawkuwal, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiwyprawa_2015_Budynek_ Narodowej_Biblioteki_Parlamentu_Gruzi%C5%84skiego,_proj_Anatolij_ Kalgin_i_Henryk_Hryniewski_9.jpg, 28 June 2018

After the revolution, the building was used for cultural and educational purposes. During the German occupation, Roman Catholic masses were held there. After the war it hosted a puppet theatre, and from 1952 to the mid-1960s it was home to the Zorza cinema.

Railway station, Tehran, around 1930, designed by W. Horodecki, [in:] D. Malakov, Arhitektor Gorodec’kij: arhìvnì rozvìdki, Kiev 1999, BUwW

Inside the building of Georgia’s National Parliamentary Library at 3, Gudiashviliwvvi Street, 1913–1916, design H. Hryniewski and A. Kalgin, 2015, photo Slawkuwal, h t t p s : / / c ommo n s .w i k ime d i a . o r g / w i k i /File:Wikiwyprawa_2015_ Budynek_Narodowej_Biblioteki_ Parlamentu_Gruzi%C5%84skiego,_proj_Anatolij_Kalgin_i_ Henryk_Hryniewski_9.jpg, 28 June 2018

Shah’s Palace, Tehran, around 1930, designed by W. Horodecki, [in:] D. Malakov, Arhitektor Gorodec’kij: arhìvnì rozvìdki, Kiev 1999, BUwW Building of Georgia’s National Parliamentary Library at 3, Gudiashvili Street, 1913–1916, design H. Hryniewski and A. Kalgin, 2015, photo Slawkuwal, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiwyprawa_2015_Budynek_Narodowej_ Biblioteki_Parlamentu _Gruzi%C5%84skiego,_proj_ Anatolij_ Ka lgin_i_ Henr yk _ Hryniewski_9.jpg, 28 June 2018 Album on the life and work of Henryk Hryniewski, a descendant of Polish deportees, collective work published by the Polish Embassy in Tbilisi, 2007 Henryk Hryniewski, professor at the Academy of Fine Arts and Georgian patriot, made an outstanding contribution to Georgia’s science and art. As a member of intelligentsia of foreign descent he fell victim to the Stalinist repressions of 1937.

The album features graphics, documents and memories about the artist.

Panoramic view of Tbilisi, Georgia’s capital, as seen from the Narikala fortress, 2016, photo D. Delso, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_de_Tiflis,_Georgia,_2016-09-29,_DD_52-55_PAN.jpg, 2 July 2018

Władysław Horodecki’s grave, Tehran, 2005, Zdzisław Otello Horodecki’s family archive, ht t p s: //uplo a d .w i k i me d ia .or g /w i k ip e d ia /com mons/3/3 c/ Gr % C 3 %B 3b _W % C 5% 82a d y s% C 5% 82aw a _ Horo de c k ie go.

Teheran.2005.Archiwum_rodzinne_ Zdzis%C5%82awa_Otella_ Horodeckiego.2017.jpg, 27 June 2018

Building of casino in Otwock, 1927, designed by W. Horodecki, 2007, photo: J. Zimończyk, h t t p s : // c o m m o n s . w i k i m e d i a . o r g / w i k i / F i l e : L i c e m _ i m . _ K . _ I . _ Ga%C5%82czy%C5%84skiego_w_Otwocku_-_prz%C3%B3d,_lewa.jpg, 27 June 2018

Panoramic view of Kiev, 2009, photo S. Ilski,

National Park in Canada, 2024, photo: G. Wieschendahl, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/commons/8/83/Lake_Louise_Canada_Banff.jpg, 11 July 2018

“Kazimierz Stanisław Gzowski was a Polish emigrant and a man of incredible success, who should be included in the pantheon of Polish heroes of this continent, just behind Kosciuszko and Pułaski.

Unfortunately, his figure is almost forgotten on the other side of the Atlantic, and in Poland, we have never become actually aware of him.”

(T. Mroczek)

“Named a national hero for the part he played in the Battle of Callao during the Chincha Islands War, Malinowski helped the Peruvians defend their sovereignty in those difficult times. He was also instrumental in furthering Peru’s development by building ‘the railroad in the clouds’, or the Central Trans-Andean Railway.”

(M. Kępa)

N.N., Kazimierz Gzowski, the painting is now grey, but originally it was purple, 2004, https://commons,wikimedia.org/ wiki/Category:Kazimierz_Gzowski, 10 May 2018

Kazimierz Gzowski

bearer of Junosza coat-of-arms (1813–1898), engineer, builder of bridges, roads, railroads, ports, entrepreneur, politician, lawyer, social activist; from 1841, he lived in the United States and then in Canada, where he coordinated the construction of the Second Welland Canal and built hundreds of kilometres of railroads (including the Grand Trunk Railway). He was a co-founder of the Canadian central transport system, the Niagara Falls park open to general public, the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers (presently, Engineering Institute of Canada), acting Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, high official of the Anglican Church, founder of the Protestant Episcopal Divinity School (later Wycliffe College) in Toronto (president and chairman of its Executive Board), a contracting

Kazimierz S. Gzowski with his family at the porch of his house in Toronto at 1854 Bathurst Street, [in:] W. Turek, Sir Casimir S. Gzowski, Toronto 1957, Institute of Literary Research (IBL)

Ernest Malinowski, Lima, around 1875, [in:] M. Borucki, Wielcy zapomniani Polacy, którzy zmienili świat, Warsaw 2015, IBL

firm Gzowski & Co., the Toronto Rolling Mills, the first Canadian steel mills involved in rail manufacturing. He built several bridges in Canada, including the International Railway Bridge connecting Canada and the United States. In 1858, on the western outskirts of Toronto, he built a Victorian Gothic estate for his family. In 1890, he was decorated with the Order of St. Michael and St. George by Queen Victoria, thus receiving the British knighthood. In Canada, he converted to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism. In the United States, he married Maria M. Beebe from Erie, Pennsylvania, with whom he had eight children: five sons and three daughters.

He died in Toronto and was buried in the family mausoleum in the St. James Anglican Cemetery.

Ernest Malinowski

(1818–1899), road and railroad civil engineer, railway designer and builder in Peru and Ecuador, after the Polish November Uprising he went to Paris, where he studied at the École polytechnique (Polytechnic School) and the École nationale des ponts et chaussées (National School of Roads and Bridges). He signed a contract to go to Peru where he got involved in the establishment of higher education for the corps of engineers. His duties as a government engineer included designing and overseeing construction and drainage works, road staking, bridge building, charting topographic maps and teaching Peruvian engineers. He constructed the world’s highest railroad at that time — Central Trans-Andean Railway (altitude 4818 m above sea level, 346 km long). He took

part in the war against Spain, for which he was named a national hero of Peru for the defence of the port of Callao, during which he applied many innovative engineering ideas and techniques.

The memory of Ernest Malinowski has been preserved thanks to his numerous effigies and commemorative plaques as well as in painting, literature, cinematography, on coins and postage stamps. His name was given, among others, to a street, school, bridge and train. In 1999, at the highest point of Trans-Andean Railway, on the Ticlio Pass, a monument dedicated to the Polish engineer was erected. Under the emblems of Peru and Poland, the following inscription was placed: “Ernest Malinowski 1818–1899. Polish engineer.

Peruvian patriot. Hero of the Defence of Callao in 1866. Builder of the Central Trans-Andean Railway.”

Toronto Rolling Mills, a plant built by Kazimierz Gzowski in 1857, in which railway rails were manufactured, established by a group of businessmen led by railway magnate Sir Kazimierz Gzowski; at that time it was the largest ironworks in Canada and the largest producer in Toronto; following the introduction of steel rails, the factory was closed down in 1873, 1864, drawing by W. Armstrong, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kazimierz_Gzowski, 10 May 2018 El Infiernillo bridge, 19th century, [in:] D. Bartkowiak, Ernest Malinowski, konstruktor Kolei Transandyjskiej, Poznań 1996, IBL

Ernest Malinowski; sitting 3rd from the left, 1848, Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (APAN)

Bridge on the Callao-Oroya Railway route, 1957, [in:] D. Bartkowiak, Ernest Malinowski, konstruktor Kolei Transandyjskiej, Poznan 1996, IBL

Yonge Street in Toronto, designed by John G. Howard; the facade was changed for Kazimierz Gzowski around 1872–1881, 2009, photo Skeezix1000, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wikiCategory:Kazimierz_Gzowski, 10 May 2018

Yonge Street in Toronto, designed by John G. Howard; the facade was changed for Kazimierz Gzowski around 1872– 1881, 2009, photo Skeezix1000, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wikiCategory:Kazimierz_ Gzowski, 10 May 2018

In 1963 the Canada Post marked the 150th anniversary of engineer Kazimierz Gzowski’s birthday by issuing a stamp worth 5 cents. In 1978, the Polish Post also issued stamps featuring Kazimierz Gzowski. In 1968, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau of Canada unveiled a memorial to Kazimierz Gzowski in Toronto, in the park which is named after him, at the shore of the Lake Ontario. Several streets in Canadian cities, including Toronto, Fergus, Kitchener, Guelph, were named after Kazimierz Gzowski.

Challape bridge, 19th century, [in:] D. Bartkowiak, Ernest Malinowski, konstruktor Kolei Transandyjskiej, Poznan 1996, IBL

Verrugas bridge, 19th century, [in:] D. Bartkowiak, Ernest Malinowski, konstruktor Kolei Transandyjskiej, Poznan 1996, IBL

Obelisk at Ernest Malinowski’s grave, n.d., [in:] D. Bartkowiak, Ernest Malinowski, konstruktor Kolei Transandyjskiej, Poznan 1996, IBL

Memorial plaque to Kazimierz Gzowski in Niagara Falls, Ontario, 2005, photo F. Krauze, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kazimierz_Gzowski, 10 May 2018

Kazimierz Gzowski Memorial in Gzowski Park in Toronto, 2008, photo Alex Laney, h t t p s : //c o m m o n s .w i k i e d i a . o rg /w i k i / Category:Kazimierz_Gzowski, 10 May 2018

Coin worth 10 zlotys featuring Ernest Malinowski, 1998, Warsaw Numismatic Centre

A National Park in Canada, 2004, photo G. Wieschendahl, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/commons/8/83/Lake_Louise_Canada_Banff.jpg, 11 July 2018

The Andes in Peru, 2003, photo B. Mering, https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia/commons/2/2f/Alpamayo.jpg, 11 July 2018

View of Geneva, 2005, photo fr: Utilisateur: Ork.ch, https://upload.wikimeia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Geneve_2005_001_Ork.ch.jpg, 12 July 2018

“The Gropplers’ house was called a Polish embassy and it was the centre of Polish emigration in Turkey.”

(B. Sabat)

“He was a self-made man — he owed everything to his persistency, hard work and talent. He revolutionised the watchmaking industry. He made himself a place in history as a genius entrepreneur, and his watches became synonymous with wealthiness or at least, great social aspirations. Wearing a Patek watch used to increase people’s importance a hundred years ago and keeps adding them prestige today.”

(M. Borucki)

J. Matejko, Henryk Groppler, 1872–1900, photo A. Frères, https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henryk_ Groppler_-_fografia_potretu_Jana_ Matejki.jpg, 11 June 2018

Henryk Groppler

(1822–1887), Jan Matejko’s cousin from his mother’s side, entrepreneur; in the 1840s, he was a watchmaker in Switzerland and a watch dealer for Poland, who traded Swiss watches on the routes to Vilnius, Kiev, Lviv and Moldova being an emissary of the Polish Democratic Society at the same time. He was a stockholder of a large company involved in marble, gypsum and boracite mining in Asia Minor, on the southern coast of the Marmara Sea. Since he was on good terms with the Turkish government, he obtained a license to mine those minerals in Turkey. They exported from there marbles, gypsum and later boracite, a particularly valuable mineral used in glassworks. He made a fortune on boracite, e.g. he

owned nine ships. After 1850, he settled in Turkey as an agent of a Swiss watchmaking company.

During the Polish January Uprising, as an emissary of the National Government, he went to Odessa and later, he raised funds for the uprising.

In his villa in Constantinople, in the Bebek district, he hosted many famous Poles, including Adam Mickiewicz, Jan Matejko, Henryk Sienkiewicz.

His wife Ludwika Groppler née Głowacka, was probably born in Krakow around 1830, she died in Constantinople in 1907, she was a pianist and composer, sister of the painter Jan Nepomucen Głowacki.

N.N., Antoni Patek, 2005, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Antoni_Patek.jpg, 11 June 2018

Antoni Patek

bearer of the Prawdzic coat-of-arms (1812–1877), a pioneer in industrial watchmaking, especially in pocket watches, the creator of the first wristwatch and the most exclusive, best and most beautiful watches in the world, participant in the Polish November Uprising and political activist of the times of the Great Emigration; after the fall of the Polish November Uprising he left for Prussia, then France and settled in Geneva where in 1839, together with another Polish émigré Franciszek Czapek (of Bohemian origin), he started a manufacture where they made artistic watches.

The same year, he married a daughter of a French merchant Marie Adelaide Elisabeth Thomasine Dénizart. The Pateks had three children: Bolesław Józef Aleksander Tomasz (born and died in 1841), Leon Mieczysław Wincenty (born in 1857) and

Maria Jadwiga (born in 1859). In 1844, he founded his own company, and employed as the Technical Director, Adrien Philippe, a French horologist who invented the winding mechanism with a crown in watches. In 1851, the company changed its name to Patek Philippe. It won several hundreds international awards. After Patek’s death, the company had several different owners. Since 1929, it has been owned by the Stern family. Junior High School No 1 in Piaski in the Lublin province bears Antoni Norbert Patek’s name from 2008. Famous Patek Philippe watch owners include: Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, Zygmunt Krasiński, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Leo Tolstoy, Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Pope Pius XII and Walt Disney.

Jan Matejko (sitting on the floor) with his wife Teodora née Giebułtowska (next to him) and Henryk Groppler with his wife Ludwika née Głowacka in Istambul; the photo was taken at the studio belonging to the Abdullah Brothers, who were photographers in Osman Turkey and Egypt in the 2nd half of the 19th century, 1872, [in:] S. Serafińska, Jan Matejko. Wspomnienia rodzinne, Krakow 1995, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henryk_Groppler_ fografia_potretu_Jana_Matejki.jpg, 11 June 2018 R. Hadziewicz (1803–1883), Portrait of Ludwika Groppler née Głowacka (around 1834–1907), 1850, National Museum in Kielce, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hadziewicz_-_Portret_ Ludwiki_Groppler.jpg, 13 June 2018 The Patek Philippe Calibre 89 watch was made in 1989 to mark the 150th anniversary of the company’s establishment. It was considered “the most complex watch in the world,” as it took the watchmakers and designers ten years to make it, [in:] K. Pajkowska, Sylwetki wielkich zegarmistrzów: Antoni Norbert Patek z Piasków… Szlacheckich. https://zegarkiipasja.pl/artykul/1199-antoni-norbert-patek, 11 June 2018

Antoni Patek’s watches were bought by Polish aristocrats, who were also forced to leave Poland. Each watch was adorned with patriotic, national and religious motives, an art which Antoni Patek mastered to perfection, n.d., [in:] K. Pajkowska, Sylwetki wielkich zegarmistrzów: Antoni Norbert Patek z Piasków…

Szlacheckich. https://zegarkiipasja.pl/artykul/1199-antoni-norbert-patek, 11 June 2018

Adam Mickiewicz of the Poraj Coat of Arms (1798– 1855), n.d., APAN “The visit of Adam Mickiewicz to the Groppler’s house was a great experience for the 25-yearold, sensitive Ludwika Groppler. She did not see Mickiewicz as a 57-year-old, aging, sick man, who had practically not written anything for the last 20 years, but she saw a national poet, the nation’s spiritual leader. The poet arrived in Constantinople on 22 September 1855 on board of the Tabor steamer.”

(B. Sabat)

The Groppler’s house in Istambul’s Bebek district, n.d., [in:] B. Orłowski, Osiągnięcia inżynierskie Wielkiej Emigracji, Warsaw 1992, Library of the Institute for the History of Science (BIHN) In 1851 the Patek and Philippe tandem won a Gold Medal at the Great Exhibition in London, after which Queen Victoria and Prince Albert became the first eminent owners of these exquisite timepieces. They were followed by other eminent persons, with almost thirty members of royalty gradually buying Patek Philippe watches, [in:] K. Pajkowska, Sylwetki wielkich zegarmistrzów: Antoni Norbert Patek z Piasków… Szlacheckich. https://zegarkiipasja.pl/artykul/1199-antoni-norbert-patek, 11 June 2018 Patek Museum in Geneva, n.d. http://moje.radio.lublin.pl/15-02-2014-reportaz-cafe-reportazczeslawy-borowik-slowo-mistrza-o-patronie-bezcennym.html, 11 June 2018

Henryk Sienkiewicz of the Oszyk Coat of Arms, pen name “Litwos” (1846–1916), n.d., APAN

Jan Matejko’s self-portrait (1838–1893), n.d., Sienkiewicz’s appartment. [in:] B. Orłowski, Polacy światu, Warsaw 1987, BIHN

In 1886 Henryk Sienkiewicz with his fellow travellers spent two weeks in the house of the Groppler family. Henryk Groppler gave the writer a beautiful sabre set with precious stones, which later decorated Sienkiewicz’s flat in Warsaw.

Memorial plaque at the wall of Antoni Norbert Patek 1st Secondary School in Piaski at 19 Partyzantów Street, 2018, photo: A. Jaremek Antoni Norbert Patek 1st Secondary School in Piaski at 19 Partyzantów Street, 2018, photo: A. Jaremek

Antoni Norbert Patek was awarded countship by Pope Pius IX. Even though he stayed in exile until the end of his life, he never lost his interest in Poland — he supported the Springtime of the Peoples movement, he took care of refugees after the failed January Uprising and he was a Catholic activist all his life.

J. Matejko, View of Bebek near Constantinople, 1872, https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebek, 11 June 2018 When staying with the Groppler family in 1872, Jan Matejko painted View of Bebek near Constantinople, which is now part of the Lviv Art Gallery’s collection. At the time Matejko also created Henryk Groppler’s portrait, which is now on display at the Jan Matejko House in Krakow.

View of Geneva, 2005, photo fr: Utilisateur: Ork.ch, https://upload.wikimeia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Geneve_2005_001_Ork.ch.jpg, 12 July 2018

Ljubljana, 2011, photo M. Grmek, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lublana_178.jpg, 21 June 2018

View of Urga, before 1924, [in:] J. Talko-Hryncewicz, Z przeżytych dni (1858-1908), Warsaw 1930, BAPAN

“The Ljubljanians were fast in recognising Korytko’s talents. They offered him friendship, help and appreciation. [...] Korytko secured for himself a place in the history of Slovenian culture, mainly as a collector of its folk songs and costumes. It is a pity he could not make his intention of writing an extensive work on Slovenian literature, folk culture and language come true.”

(M. i H. Leeming)

“To find nomad encampments, I had to clamber precipitous rocks making my way through those vast steppe lands, impenetrable forests and wilderness and then under sooted yurts, look for the right people, meet and make friends with their lamas, go with them to worships, temples and monasteries, everywhere draw forth something good and interesting for me, dig up and transcribe ancient manuscripts, and pore over them day and night.”

(J. Kowalewski)

N.N., Emil Korytko, Polish ethnographer, 1930, https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/Category:Emil_Korytko#/media/ File:Ljubljana, 10 May 2018

Emil Korytko

bearer of the Jelita coat-of-arms (1813– 1839), ethnographer, Polish November insurgent and independence activist; for underground subversive activities, he was sent into confinement to Ljubljana. He proved to the Slovenes how essential national awareness and folk culture were; he collected local legends and songs there. In 1838, he made an address to the Slovenes calling on them to collect Slovenian folk heritage materials. With the assistance of Slovenian scholars, he published a dissertation on the Slovenian folk culture: Ein Wort über das Volkslied in Krain (A Word on Carniolan Folk Songs). His folkloric collections gave birth to the

department of folk costumes in the “Rudolphinum” of Ljubljana. Korytko’s magnum opus is Slovenske pesmi kraynskiga naroda (Slovene Folk Songs from Carniola), published in five volumes in 1839–1844. He also popularised Polish literature in Slovenia and thus stimulated their own literary movement amongst local scholars. The figure of Emil Korytka is little-known in Poland, his name disappeared from literary life after the Second World War. In Slovenia, the contribution of the Polish researcher has been appreciated and emphasised to date, and information on his personage is one of the curricular topics from the elementary school. In Ljubljana, there is a street named after him. He died of typhus in Ljubljana and was buried there.

Józef Szczepan Kowalewski, reproduction of a woodcut from “Kłosy,” 1878, [in:] W. Kotwicz, Józef Kowalewski, orientalista (1801–1878), Wroclaw 1948, BAPAN

Józef Kowalewski

(1801–1878), linguist, orientalist, a Philomath, after graduating from the University of Vilnius he taught Latin and Polish at the Vilnius Gymnasium.

In 1822 he debuted with the work Wiadomość o życiu i pismach Longina, published in Vilnius Daily. He was a member of the Philomaths and Philarets Society and the head of the Blue Union. He was a friend of Adam Mickiewicz, Tomasz Zan and Jan Czeczot. In 1823, he was arrested for his activities in the Philarets Association and in 1824 exiled to Kazan with the order to study oriental languages — Arabic, Persian, and Tatar. In 1828, he was sent to Irkutsk for four-year studies of the language, grammar, customs and religion of the Mongols.

In 1828–1833 he travelled widely throughout Siberia, Mongolia, and China. His fields included linguistics, literature, history, and ethnography of Mongolian peoples. In 1833, he became assistant professor at Europe’s first Department of Mongolian Philology, at the University of Kazan.

In 1855-1860, he served as vice-chancellor of the University of Kazan. In 1862, he took the chair of the World History Department, becoming the dean of the Faculty of History and Philology at the Warsaw Main School, later the Royal University of Warsaw, where he worked until his death. He married Anna Sokołowna, a Russian, and had three sons and a daughter with her. He is buried at Powazki Cemetery.

J. Kowalewski, The Ethnography of Mongolia (Mongolian language), 19th century, BUW

J. Apih (1853–1911), Slovenska bibliografija, 1903, see pages on Emil Korytko 237, 239, 381, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Josip_Apih_-_ Slovenska_bibliografija.pdf, 21 June 2018

E. Korytko, Slovenske pesmi, 1839, https://www.google.pl/search?q=Emil+Korytko&sourc e = l n m s & t b m = i s c h & s a = X & v e d = 0 a h U K E w j t u I Te 8 TbAhUI3CwKHdzQAzUQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=586#imgr c=raScZGA8r23_kM, 21 June 2018

J. Kowalewski, Manchu-Latin dictionary, 19th century, BUW Emil Korytko memorial plaque in Ljubljana, 2014, photo D. Osmanagić, https://lublana.msz.gov.pl/pl/c/MOBILE/aktualnosci/uroczyste_ odsloniecie_tablicy_poswieconej_emowi_korytko, 21 June 2018 The memorial plaque dedicated to the Polish expatriate and poet Emil Korytko was unveiled at the centre of Ljubljana’s old town and adorns the wall of Kazina Palace at 1 Kongresnim trg. The plaque’s official unveiling took place on Wednesday, 4 June 2014 at 2 p.m.

Inscription at Emil Korytko’s grave in Ljubljana, 2010, photo M. Hladnik, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emil_ Korytko#/media/File:Ljubljana, 10 May 2018

J. Kowalewski, Kur Ukgej (Mongolian language), 19th century, BUW

J. Kowalewski, Kur Ukgej (Mongolian language), 19th century, BUW

Korytko Street in Ljubljana, with Clinical Centre in it, 2013, photo Eleassar, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emil_Korytko#/media/ File:Ljubljana, 10 May 2018

E. Korytko, Goldenstein in slovenske narodne nose, 2013, photo Ž. Cerkvenik, https://metinalista.si/emil-korytko-in-slovenske-narodne-nose, 21 June 2018 W. Szymanowski, Krótkie wspomnienie o życiu Józefa Kowalewskiego, Warsaw 1865, Institute of Literary Research (IBL) Józef Kowalewski was a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (from 1837 he was a corresponding member, from 1847 a sit-in member), the Société Asiatique in Paris, the Society of Russian History and Antiquities in Moscow, and the Vilnius Archaeological Commission

Józef Kowalewski’s grave at Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw, 2006, photo J. Arvaniti

Ljubljana, 2011, photo M. Grmek, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lublana_178.jpg, 21 June 2018

View of Urga, before 1924, [in:] J. Talko-Hryncewicz, Z przeżytych dni (1858-1908), Warsaw 1930, BAPAN

Antarctica, 2006, photo A. Mandemakerot, https://commons.wikimedia.org/windex/php?search=Antarktyda&title=Special&go=Go&searchtokendq752edvc6dgqxi3xv4i2w#/media/File:Mt_Herschel,_Antarctica._Jan_2006.jpg, 4 July 2018

Africa, desert, 2010, photo Mehrdad68, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_panoramio__mehrdad68_(22).jpg, 4 July 2018

“Kazimierz Nowak was a man of great imagination, courage and fearless spirit. He proved that a lone white man, completely defenceless and armed only with the belief in the humanity of others, can singlehandedly cross the huge continent at a time when Europe only started to discover the Third World and its inhabitants. “ (R. Kapuściński)

“He is the best known Polish polar explorer of all time. There were few other travellers and scientists who have contributed more to our knowledge of the Antarctic. During his long lifetime spanning almost 87 years, he published more than 400 works in which he wrote about his expeditions and results of scientific research.”

(W. Chrzanowski)

Kazimierz Nowak, n.d., [in:] K. Nowak, Rowerem i pieszo przez Czarny Ląd, Poznan 2007, Institute of Literary Research (IBL)

Henryk Arctowski, n.d., Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (APAN)

Henryk Arctowski

(1871–1958), geographer, geophysicist, geologist, meteorologist, glaciologist, engaged in research into polar countries, explorer of the Earth’s most impenetrable areas; he changed his surname (Artzt) to stress his Polishness. In 1900, he married the American singer Arian Jane Addy. He ran a meteorology station in Belgian Ukkel (1903–1909).

In the USA, he was involved in settling a dispute that concerned who was the first to reach the North Pole: Frederick Cook or Robert Peary (1909).

He took part in a French expedition to Spitsbergen and Lofoten aboard the Ile-de-France (1910). He was the director of the New York Public Library’s Nature Section. He conducted research on climate change. He was the first scientist to determine the

depth of polar seas. He sought to establish Polish research stations in the Artic. In 1918, he took over the chair of the Department of Geophysics and Meteorology at Lwow University. In 1939, as the president of the International Commission on Climate Change, he attended the Congress of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in Washington and accepted a job offer there at the Smithsonian Institution (1939–1950). He died in Washington and was buried at the Military Section of Powazki Cemetery in Warsaw. In 1976, a Polish polar station named after him was established on the South Shetland Islands. His name has also been given to a peak, peninsula, and nunatak in the Antarctic and a peak and glacier in Spitsbergen.

about his travels, richly illustrated with slides. He died of pneumonia within less than a year after his return, an illness which might have been the result of exhaustion and leg surgery. He was buried at Gorczynski Cemetery in Poznan. Married to Maria n. Gorcik (1922), father of two children: Elżbieta (b. 1922) and Romuald (b. 1925). In 2006, Ryszard Kapuściński unveiled a plaque commemorating Kazimierz Nowak in the hall of Poznan Central Railway Station. Another plaque was unveiled in 2009 at Gorczynski Cemetery in Poznan.

Kazimierz Nowak

(1897–1937), traveller, correspondent, photographer, pioneer of Polish reportage who in 1931-1936 single-handedly crossed the African continent on bicycle, on foot, on horseback, on camelback, by boat, and by train. His reports from the African expedition appeared in the Polish (Światowid, Na szerokim świecie, Naokoło świata, Ilustracja Polska, Przewodnik Katolicki), French, Italian, and British press. Apart from personal impressions, his photographs and letters to his family and friends showed the unique culture of Africans and the beauty of the African wildlife. He spoke out against colonialism. After returning home, he gave lectures

Kazimierz Nowak with his brother Czesław, 1931, [in:] J.Y. Łuczak, Polska Kazimierza Nowaka. Przewodnik rowerzysty, Poznan 2011, IBL

Henryk Arctowski with his mother; the photo was taken at the J. Kostka & Mulert (formerly K. Bayer) photo studio at 32 Krakowskie Przedmieście Street in Warsaw, 1872, APAN

Henryk Arctowski, n.d., APAN

Kazimierz Nowak with his children Elżunia and Romuald, 1925, [in:] J.Y. Łuczak, Polska Kazimierza Nowaka. Przewodnik rowerzysty, Poznan 2011, IBL

Kazimierz Nowak on a journey across Africa’s desert, 1931, [in:] K. Nowak, Rowerem i pieszo przez Czarny Ląd, Poznan 2007, IBL

Henryk Arctowski in his laboratory, n.d., APAN

Kazimierz Nowak and his African friends, n.d., [in:] K. Nowak, Rowerem i pieszo przez Czarny Ląd, Poznan 2007, IBL Henryk Arctowski in his library, n.d., APAN

Kazimierz Nowak in Angola on the Kasai River, 1935, [in:] K. Nowak, Rowerem i pieszo przez Czarny Ląd, Poznan 2007, IBL

Arian Jane Addy Arctowska, wife of the explorer, n.d., APAN

Inscription at Kazimierz Nowak’s symbolic grave at the Gorczyński Cemetery in Poznan, 2018, photo: T. Pospieszny

Plaque dedicated to Kazimierz Nowak at the Central Railway Station in Poznan (old building), 2016, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2016, 21 May 2018

Henryk Arctowski’s grave, n.d., APAN

The Belgica ship in the grip of ice, 1898–1899, APAN

Antarctica, 2006, photo A. Mandemakerot, https://commons.wikimedia.org/windex/php?search=Antarktyda&title=Special&go=Go&searchtokendq752edvc6dgqxi3xv4i2w#/media/File:Mt_Herschel,_Antarctica._Jan_2006.jpg, 4 July 2018

Africa, desert, 2010, photo Mehrdad68, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_panoramio__mehrdad68_(22).jpg, 4 July 2018

La Silla astronomical observatory, Chile, 2009, photo F. Kamphues, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A360_degree_panorama_of_a_unique_cloudscape_ over_La_Silla.jpg, 4 September 2018

Pakistan, Swat Valley, 2006, photo Drnajeebansari, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Falak_Sher.jpg, 12 July 2018

“Professor Paczyński has always sought to help Polish scientists. As a result, many Polish astronomers and physicists from Warsaw, Torun, Krakow, and Wroclaw were able to work at the world’s top astronomical centres, among others Boston, Oxford, Cambridge, and Princeton. Many of them went on to become internationally renowned specialists. In the 1980s, a difficult time for Polish science, he supported Polish science centres financially by purchasing magazines and computers — Torun astronomers owe him support in the form of equipment for the emerging radio astronomy, the first PC computer in town, the first astronomical CCD camera, and the research programme of mass photometry of stars.” (https://www.umk.pl/uczelnia/dhc/paczynski , 22 June 2018)

“Although he has remained virtually unknown in Poland for decades, Władysław Turowicz is regarded as a national hero in Pakistan, a country with a population of 180 million. How has a pilot from Poland earned such an important place for himself in the history of one of the world’s most populous countries?”

(M. Staniul)

Bohdan Paczyński, n.d., http://www.nasonline.org/publications/ biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/ paczynski-bohdan.pdf, 25 June 2018

Bohdan Paczyński

(1940–2007), astronomer and astrophysicist; specialised in the theory of stellar evolution and accretion disks, in gravitational microlensing to search for dim or dark objects, and in cosmological causes of gamma flares; it was his initiative that led to the establishment in 1972 of the Polish Academy of Sciences’ Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, which he directed in 1976. In the same year he was awarded the title of professor and became the youngest member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. In 1982, he took over the chair previously held by Albert Einstein at Princeton University. From 1984 he was a member of the US National Academy of Sciences. American, European, and Japanese science societies were honoured

to have Bohdan Paczyński as their member. He received accolades from many of the world’s science societies. Paczyński’s ideas helped his collaborators build a special telescope in Chile and launch OGLE, a research project, in 1992, which detected and monitored gravitational microlensing phenomena.

In 2005, he co- discovered planet OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb. Planetoid 11755 Paczyński bears his name. He published over 300 research papers. Founded in 2011, the Bohdan Paczyński Medal is a prize for outstanding scientists. He was married to Hanna Adamska (1964) and had a daughter, Agnieszka, and a son, Marcin. In 2007, he was posthumously honoured with a Commander’s Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta.

Władysław Turowicz, n.d., photo: Czołówka propagandowa PAF, Archive of Turowicz’s Family (AT)

Władysław Turowicz

(1908–1980), engineer, worked in Pakistan (Karachi, Peshawar) from 1948; co-founded the Pakistani Air Force; he could not be a pilot because of his poor eyesight. In 1952, he was appointed commander of the Pakistani Air Force base in Chaklala.

In 1959, he was promoted to the rank of colonel.

In 1960, he became deputy chief of the Air Force Staff for training. In 1965, he launched the production of aircraft spare parts. In 1966, he was assigned to Space&Upper Atmosphere Research Committee (SUPARCO), and went on to become its commandant in 1967. He was in charge of the work to develop a missile and space programme and train Pakistani astronauts. He collaborated closely with Abdus Salam, a Pakistani theoretical physicist and a subsequent Nobel laureate. He retired in 1967 in the rank of general. His awards

include Sitara-e-Pakistan (Star of Pakistan, 1965), Tamgha-i-Pakistan (Medal of Pakistan, 1967), Sitara-e-Khidmat (Star of Service, 1967), Sitara-eQuaid-i-Azam (Star of the Great Leader, 1971). He championed the fight against drugs. In his late years, he was disabled as a result of a back injury sustained in a motorcycle crash. He was married to Zofia, the first female sailplane pilot, who trained first PAF cadets. Their four children were educated in schools in Karachi and the United Kingdom.

The son is a scientist at SUPARCO. Turowicz was killed in a car accident. He was buried at the Gora Qabristan Christian cemetery in Karachi. In 2006, on Pakistan’s Independence Day and on the eve of the Polish Armed Forces Day, a monument to General Władysław Turowicz was unveiled in the main hall of the Pakistan Air Force Museum in Karachi. He has another monument in SUPARCO in Lahore.

Bohdan Paczyński with members of the International Astronomical Union; standing first from the left, 1988, Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (APAN) Zofia Turowicz at cadets’ training, n.d., photo: Czołówka propagandowa PAF, AT

A ceremony to award Bohdan Paczyński the title of associate professor, 1974, APAN

Pakistan’s President Field Marshal Ayub Khan decorating Władysław Turowicz, 1966, photo: Czołówka propagandowa PAF, AT

The award granted to Bohdan Paczyński by the Warsaw Scientific Society, 1991, APAN Władysław Turowicz at a pilot exam, n.d., photo: Czołówka propagandowa PAF, AT

Henry Draper Medal sponsored by the widow of the famous astronomer, awarded to Bohdan Paczyński by the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 1997, APAN

Władysław Turowicz with his friends; standing 3rd from the left, n.d., photo: Czołówka propagandowa PAF, AT

Bohdan Paczyński at a conference at the Institute of Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN); seated 1th from the left, 1999, APAN

Bohdan Paczyński at a conference at the Institute of Physics of the PAN, 1999, APAN

Marta Mikulska (2nd from the left) and Zofia Turowicz (in the centre) at a training session with a group of cadets, n.d., photo: Czołówka propagandowa PAF, AT Władysław Turowicz, n.d., photo: Czołówka propagandowa PAF, AT

Marian Smoluchowski Medal awarded to Bohdan Paczyński by the Polish Physical Society, 2000, APAN

La Silla astronomical observatory, Chile, 2009, photo F. Kamphues, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A360_degree_panorama_of_a_unique_cloudscape_ over_La_Silla.jpg, 4 September 2018

Pakistan, Swat Valley, 2006, photo Drnajeebansari, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Falak_Sher.jpg, 12 July 2018

Sika deer, Hostin, Melnik county, Stredocesky Kraj, 2018, photo Horakvlado, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Jelen_sika_%28Cervus_nippon%29%2C_obora%2C_Host%C3%ADn%2C_okr._M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%2C_ St%C5%99edo%C4%8Desk%C3%BD_kraj_03.jpg, 12 July 2018

Hokkaido, botanical garden in Shiraoi, 2014, photo I. Arabas

“The Jankowski family never renounced their roots, paying a dear price for it; having lost their mother tongue they have not lost that Polish spirit of freedom, battling against the odds and tough experiences with the spirit of fortitude, sacrifice, persistence and hard work, in a way always being ambassadors of Poland, which, alas, had long written them off.”

(E. Lickiewicz)

“He was a strange man: a talented specialist, yet there was little he could do really well; he did not finish any school, but won the admiration of educated and wise people; he was just a brother in the order, but was known to the popes, cardinals and bishops; and although he lived in Japan as an ordinary foreigner, top state officials would talk to him.”

(L.I. Bernatek)

Władysław Żebrowski, Museum of Brother Zenon Żebrowski in Czarnia, n.d., photo: M. Samsel, AMKK

Michał Jankowski, 1909, Japonskaja Fotografija E. Chosita studio in Vladivostok, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Category:Micha%C5%82_Jankowski#/ media/File:Mikhail_Yankovskiy_1909. jpg, 15 June 2018

Michał Jankowski

bearer of the Nowina coat-of-arms (1842–1912), pioneer of the Russian Far East, natural scientist and farmer and breeder, called Nenuni (“the Four Eyed”), sentenced to eight years’ exile in Siberia for his involvement in the January Uprising (Sivakova, Badaysk, Kozakievitshevo), where he met Wiktor Godlewski and Benedykt Dybowski, with whom he took part in a research expedition.

He worked in a gold mine on Askold Island and later managed it. He married Olga Kuznecova of the Buryat Kurtukovi family. They had seven children: Aleksander, Elżbieta, Jerzy, Anna, Jan, Sergei and Paweł. After serving his term, he settled in the dangerous borderland between Russia and Manchuria. He set up and expanded a farm

(orchard, apiary, ginseng plantation, the Sika deer and horse breeding) on Sidemi, now the Jankowski Peninsula. He identified, described and delivered to Russian and European museums (Vladivostok, Irkutsk, Chabarovsk, Warsaw, Lwow, Berlin, Paris) numerous specimens of flora and fauna. He subsidised the construction of a museum in Vladivostok. He was commemorated by the adjective “jankowskii” in the names of many species of birds, butterflies, beetles, and plants. He also carried out excavations (Ussuriysky Krai — Jankowski culture). He set up Jankowski, Żułkiewicz&Co, a leather products company in Vladivostok, and Jankowski and Trusov, a bookshop.

His sons Jerzy and Aleksander continued his research in Russia, China, and Korea.

A butterfly living in Sidemi, n.d., 2017, Natural History Museum in London, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mimas_christophi_BMNHE272339_male_ un.jpg, 15 June 2018 The Jankowski (Yankovskogo) Peninsula, formerly Sidemi, lies in the south of Primorsky Krai, at the Sea of Japan. It is situated on the west coast of Peter the Great Gulf and separates Narva Bay and the Swan Lagoon from Slavyansky Inlet and its western part links the mainland with a low swampy isthmus. From north-east, the peninsula is surrounded by Gieka Bay, from south-east by Tabunnaya Bay, from south-west by Severnaya Bay. Its northernmost tip is Briner Promontory, and Kupriyanov Promontory the westernmost one. To its south lie Sidorov Island and Gerasimov Island, and Rabbit Island to its east. The peninsula has many brooks. Its terrain is mostly mountainous, with the highest point at 248 metres above the sea. The coastline is steep and rocky, in the north-west giving in to flatlands, partly flooded. The sea at the peninsula’s cost is interspersed with many boulders.

Władysław Żebrowski

brother Zeno (c. 1898–1982), missionary, Conventual Franciscan, in 1925 joined the Franciscan order in Grodno and took the name Zenon. He was involved in the publication of Rycerz Niepokalanej and oversaw the construction of a monastery in Niepokalanow. In 1930, together with Maksymilian Kolbe he left for Japan. He contributed to the establishment of a Catholic mission in Nagasaki.

After the end of the Second World War, he was involved in the organisation of orphanages for Japanese children and the establishment of settlements for the homeless. He would spend more than 50 years in this country, providing assistance to orphans, disabled people, and war

victims. He received visits from the Japanese Emperor Hirohito and Pope John Paul II. In 1969, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure of the Fourth Class by the Emperor and in 1979 a monument to him was built at the foot of Mount Fuji by Adolf Ryki and Togashi Haime. The Polish government decorated him in 1976 with the Golden Badge of the Order of Merit of the Polish People’s Republic. In 1998, a monument to Brother Zenon was erected in Czarnia, Kurpie region, his home parish. A Brother Zenon Żebrowski Museum opened there in 2002. His biography inspired a 1988 cartoon film titled Brat Zeno — bezgraniczna miłość (Brother Zeno — Absolute Love).

Exhibits at the Museum of Brother Zenon Żebrowski in Czarnia, n.d., photo: M. Samsel, AMKK Manchurian deer, 2010, photo A. Zienowicz, Warsaw Zoological Garden, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jelen_Mandzurski_-_Cervus_nippon_ mantchuricus.JPG, 15 June 2018

Memorial to Brother Zenon Żebrowski in Czarnia, n.d., photo: M. Samsel, AMKK

Exhibits at the Museum of Brother Zenon Żebrowski in Czarnia, n.d., photo: K. Mróz, AMKK

N.N., Michał Jankowski, before 1912, h t t p s : //c o m m o n s .wi k i m e d i a . o rg/wi k i / Category:Micha%C5%82_Jankowski#/media/File:Michal_ Jankowski.jpg, 15 June 2018

A clipping from the Gromada — Rolnik Polski newspaper on Czesława Konopka and her meeting with Brother Zenon in Tokyo, 9 June 1983, AK

Brother Zenon Żebrowski at a meeting with Czesława Konopka from the Kurpie Polish ethnographic group, the queen of Polish folk art cutting, 1983, AK

Front page of Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1889, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Proceedings_of_the_Zoological_ Society_of_London_title_page.jpg, 15 June 2018

Museum of Brother Zenon Żebrowski in Czarnia, 2016, photo: S. Górski, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muzeum_Brata_Zenona_w_Czarni.jpg, 7 May 2018

Ginseng root, n.d., https://www.google.pl/search?q=%C5%BCe%C5%84+sze%C5%84+syberyjski&sourc e=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2rM3o4NXbAhVHh6YKHWIQD50Q_AUICi gB&biw=1366&bih=586#imgrc=dOQWYZ-0OHzETM, 15 June 2018 Inscription at Michał Jankowski’s memorial on Sidemi, 1991, Gorky Library in Vladivostok, h t t p s : //c o m m o n s .w i k i m e d i a . o r g /w i k i / C a t e g o r y : M i c h a % C 5 % 8 2 _ J a n k o w s k i #/m e d i a / File:MJankowski_pamiatnik_nadpis.jpg, 15 June 2018

Brother Zenon’s habit, Museum of Brother Zenon Żebrowsk in Czarnia, n.d., photo: S. Balas, AMKK

Sika deer, Hostin, Melnik county, Stredocesky Kraj, 2018, photo Horakvlado, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Jelen_sika_%28Cervus_nippon%29%2C_obora%2C_ Host%C3%ADn%2C_okr._M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%2C_St%C5%99edo%C4%8Desk%C3%BD_kraj_03.jpg, 12 July 2018

Hokkaido, botanical garden in Shiraoi, 2014, photo I. Arabas

Lake Baikal, 2008, photo: J. Arvaniti

“At the last stop, the Buryats told Dybowski a lot about the majesty of Lake Baikal and the Angara River and about the love those primitive Pribaikalsky tribes had for these two wonders of nature. Their majesty and Buryat legends around them ignited the imagination of the Polish exile so much that he forgot about his exhaustion, forgot that he came to this country as a man deprived of freedom, and decided to undertake scientific research to uncover the biological mysteries of the Angara River and of the Buryats’ ’holy sea’ — Lake Baikal [...]. Years later, he recalled he felt some incomprehensible deep interest in this river, and especially in the lake and its ’maritime’ sanctity stimulated his imagination towards dreams of exploring its mystery.”

(G. Brzęk)

“Dybowski gained [in Godlewski] an invaluable helper, whose practical mind, resourcefulness (the sybiraks called him “Handyman”) in designing and building instruments and his ability of thorough observation greatly facilitated his research work.”

(K. Kowalska)

Wiktor Godlewski, n.d., [in:] G. Brzęk, Benedykt Dybowski. Życie i dzieło, WarsawWroclaw 1994, Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (BAPAN)

Benedykt Dybowski, 1888, Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (APAN)

Benedykt Dybowski

(Benedict Dybovski) bearer of the Nałęcz coat-ofarms (1833–1930), physician, zoologist, naturalist, limnologist, educator, propagator of Darwin’s theory of evolution and the Esperanto language; for his involvement in the Polish January Uprising in 1863, he was banished to Siberia for 12 years (Irkutsk, Sivakova, Chita, Darasun, Kultuk), where he engaged in faunistic research and worked, often without pay, as a medical doctor. He discovered many species of fish, amphibians and crustaceans, he pursued limnologic research on Lake Baikal, the Angara and Selenga rivers, and participated in several exploring expeditions. In 1877, he was pardoned from exile.

In 1879–1883, he voluntarily stayed in Kamchatka

where he continued multidisciplinary scientific research and treated lepers. In 1884–1906, he continued his research at the University of Lwow. He was buried in the Łyczakowski Cemetery in Lwow alongside participants of the 1863 Uprising. Several dozens of newly discovered animals living in Lake Baikal and other Asian and European environments were named after Dybowski. Two peaks on Bering Island bear his name. A street in Irkutsk was also named in Benedykt Dybowski’s honour (1997) and two memorial plaques were unveiled in Irkutsk and Adamaryn (his birthplace). He was a correspondent member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1928) and the (Polish) Academy of Learning. He was decorated with the Commander’s Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta [Rebirth of Poland] (1921).

Wiktor Godlewski

bearer of the Gozdawa coat-of-arms (1831–1900), naturalist, ornithologist, farmer, technician; in 1864, he was exiled to Siberia for taking part in the Polish January Uprising in 1863. In 1865, he met Benedykt Dybowski, with whom he studied fauna and flora of Lake Baikal in Kultuk. They set up a meteorological station there, built the instruments they needed and started measuring the lake depth and its water level fluctuations. He participated with Benedykt Dybowski in his expeditions to Lake Baikal and Siberia. He sent many specimens of Siberian fauna to the Zoological

Cabinet [museum] in Warsaw. In 1877, he returned from exile and took up farming. Using the seeds he brought from Siberia, he acclimated larches, cedars, Siberian firs, shrubs and flowers. He also continued his collecting passion, gathering a large number of specimens of birds, which, after his death, were given to Benedykt Dybowski. He was an active member in many social and public organisations. In 1870, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society. Several names of species of fauna endemic to Lake Baikal bear his name, for example, deep-water sculpin, Limnocottus godlewski.

Benedykt Dybowski in Irkutsk, ca. 1873, APAN

Benedykt Dybowski with family; from the left: Benedykt, daughter Halina, wife Helena née Lipnicka, in the background: brother Władysław, Lwow, ca. 1890, APAN

Type of four-sided heated felt tent on sledge; Benedykt Dybowski sitting second from the left, Wiktor Godlewski standing fifth, n.d., APAN

Press cutting showing Benedykt Dybowski and Wiktor Godlewski, n.d., Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (APAN)

Benedykt Dybowski with granddaughter Dusia, 1925, APAN

Postcard issued to commemorate Wiktor Godlewski, 2005, http://www.to.com.pl/tag/wiktor-godlewski, 16 April 2018

Benedykt Dybowski, 1928, APAN

Diploma of accepting Benedykt Dybowski as a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1928, APAN

Wiktor Godlewski, n.d., [in:] Z. Wójcik, Aleksander Czekanowski. Szkice o ludziach, nauce i przygodzie na Syberii, Lublin 1982, BAPAN

Wiktor Godlewski’s grave, Jasienica cemetery, 2009, photo: M.T. Żuk

Wiktor Godlewski Medal, n.d., https://www.google.pl/search?q=wiktor+godlewsk i&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi V1qGM5b7aAhXBhywKHdoBCBoQ_AUICigB&bi w = 1 3 6 6 & b i h = 5 8 6 #i m g r c = J b n Xw4 9 z XG g gY M , 16 April 2018

Press cutting about Benedykt Dybowski, Dookoła świata, 1956, APAN Little Baikal oilfish (C. Dybowski), APAN

In 1992 Roman Świerżewski, manager of the Municipal Community and Sports Centre in Boguty-Pianki sparked the establishment of the Chapter of the Wiktor Godlewski Medal. Every year, the Chapter nominates and awards the Wiktor Godlewski Medal to organisations and individuals who have made an outstanding contribution to nature conservation in Poland.

A stone put up to honour Wiktor Godlewski in his home town of Boguty-Pianki, 2015, http://www.to.com.pl/tag/wiktor-godlewski, 16 April 2018

Lake Baikal, 2008, photo: J. Arvaniti

Kresty Coast, St. Petersburg, 2012, photo Florstein, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kresty_prison_in_SPB.jpg, 3 September 2018

Panoramic view of Singapore, 2010, photo Chensiyuan, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1_Singapore_city_skyline_2010_day_ panorama.jpg, 3 September 2018

“Throughout his whole life this brilliant engineer adhered to the principle that ‘work is a calling of the best’ and has shown industriousness that dumbfounded all witnesses.” (http://niezwykle.com/stefan-drzewiecki-polski-edison-tworca-wielu-przelomowych-wynalazkow-dodzis-stosowanych-na-calym-swiecie/#prettyPhoto, 23 June 2018)

I am good at mathematical subjects and drawings. I am not so good with history and languages, although I never got any unclassified grades. I like geography, natural science, hand work. Physics and chemistry — average.”

(K. Olszewski)

Krystyn Olszewski, n.d., [in:] O. Drost, Krystyn Olszewski — polski projektant Singapuru, h t t p : //p o d ro z e . o n e t . p l /c i e kawe / k r ys ty n - o l s z ews k i - p o l a k- k t o r ybudowalsingapur/8xhx9n, 20 June 2018

Stefan Drzewiecki, n.d., https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Stefan_Drzewiecki.jpg, 23 June 2018

Stefan Drzewiecki

the Military Order of Saint George. From 1888, he designed electric-powered submarines.

He devised a mine launcher and a torpedo launching system. He studied the way birds fly and used these observations in improving his knowledge of aviation. He was the first to claim that machines heavier than air could fly. He designed the Canard airframe, equipped with a tail airscrew and automatic stabilisers. His initiative was behind Paris’s first aerodynamic tunnels. He was deputy head of the Aviation Section of the Russian Technical Society. He received many awards. Major publications: O oporze powietrza w zastosowaniu do lotu ptaków i aeroplanów, Aeroplany w przyrodzie. Próba nowej teorii lotu, Śruby powietrzne.

(1844–1938), inventor, pioneer of aviation and underwater navigation; his first invention was a trip meter for horse-drawn cabs (1867, Paris); he invented a compass for drawing conic sections and a parabolic governor of steam engines (1873 World Exhibition in Vienna).

During the same period he designed a recorder of steam engine speed and an automatic coupler for rail carriages. He also invented the dromograph, a device which automatically draws a ship’s route onto a chart (1873). Drzewiecki moved to Russia, where he designed submarines and kept developing and equipping them with advanced devices (first human-powered submarine, first application of the periscope in a submarine, a submarine with a water jacket).

He took part in the Russian-Turkish war (1877– 1878), for which he received a Decoration of

Krystyn Olszewski

(1921–2004), architect, inventor; in 1942 he was imprisoned at Pawiak for possession of arms, then in Auschwitz, Gross-Rosen, Buchenwald, and Dachau. After the war he lived in Germany, where he studied architecture at the Munich University and worked for the Polish Red Cross; he then returned to Warsaw. In 1949, he married Małgorzata, with whom he had two sons, Piotr and Jerzy. He was involved in the development of a dozen or so Polish cities, ports in Tri-City, and the Chorzow Park of Culture and Recreation. He was the master architect of the capital’s urban development plan. After the 1963 earthquake in Macedonia, he planned Skopje’s reconstruction. Later on, he left on a twoyear contract to Iraq, where he was responsible for Baghdad’s spatial planning. In 1968, he went to Singapore to become the general architect of the city’s creative development plan. He designed Marina City — a city park at Marina Bay in central Singapore; Changi, one the world’s largest airports

(on sea); and seven above-ground metro stations. He had many military and pacifistic ideas. He died on 30 April 2004, on the anniversary of his liberation from the concentration camp. He is the author of the idea of designing urban areas in the form of a ring of “new cities” around central green areas which collect and store rainwater. He became a friend of Tadeusz Borowski and Janusz Nel Siedlecki in Auschwitz. After the war, the three of them wrote Byliśmy w Oświęcimiu (We Were in Auschwitz), an account of their camp memories, which was published in Munich by Oficyna Warszawska na Obczyźnie, a publishing house co-owned by Anatol Girs. Some copies were bound in genuine camp stripes with Siedlecki’s number sewn on (6643); in some others, the covers contained fragments of barbed wire; while one was bound in leather from a coat of an SS man.

Stefan Drzewiecki’s submarine, Central Naval Museum in St. Petersburg, 2010, photo W. Muratow, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%9B_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2% D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_1.jpg, 23 June 2018 Krystyn Olszewski, n.d., [in:] O. Drost, Krystyn Olszewski — polski projektant Singapuru, http://podroze.onet.pl/ciekawe/krystyn-olszewski-polak-ktory-budowalsingapur/8xhx9n, 20 June 2018

Stefan Drzewiecki, drawing of a system of a reflex plane with vertical stabilisers operating oppositely and always in the direction of increasing the angle of attack of aerofoils, 1882–1909, [in:] S. Januszewski, Tajne wynalazki lotnicze Polaków, Russia 1870–1917, Wroclaw 1998, Library of the Institute for the History of Science (BIHN)

Krystyn Olszewski with his wife Małgorzata, n.d., [in:] O. Drost, Krystyn Olszewski — polski projektant Singapuru, http://podroze.onet.pl/ciekawe/krystyn-olszewskipolakktory-budowal-singapur/8xhx9n, 20 June 2018

Singapore by night, a city designed by Krystyn Olszewski, n.d., [in:] O. Drost, Krystyn Olszewski — polski projektant Singapuru, h t t p : //p o d ro z e . o n e t . p l /c i e kawe/ k r ys ty n - o l s z ews k i - p o l a k- k t o r ybudowalsingapur/8xhx9n, 20 June 2018

Stefan Drzewiecki’s submarine, monument in Gatchina, 2008, photo A. Topchiy, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Drzewiecki_submarine._ Monument_in_Gatchina.jpg, 23 June 2018 Stefan Drzewiecki’s submarines, 1887–1892, http://niezwykle.com/stefan-drzewiecki-polski-edison-tworcawieluprzelomowych-wynalazkow-do-dzis-stosowanych-na-calym-swiecie, 26 June 2018

Krystyn Olszewski with his sons Piotr and Jerzy, n.d., [in:] O. Drost, Krystyn Olszewski — polski projektant Singapuru, h t t p : //p o d ro z e . o n e t . p l /c i e kawe/ k r ys tyn - o l s z ews k i - p o l a k- k t o r ybudowalsingapur/8xhx9n, 20 June 2018

Singapore, Marina City, n.d., [in:] O. Drost, Krystyn Olszewski — polski projektant Singapuru, h t t p : //p o d ro z e . o n e t . p l /c i e kawe/ k r ys tyn - o l s z ews k i - p o l a k- k t o r ybudowalsingapur/8xhx9n, 20 June 2018

World’s most interesting balancing rocks, Singapore, n.d., [in:] O. Drost, Krystyn Olszewski — polski projektant Singapuru, http://podroze.onet.pl/ciekawe/krystyn-olszewskipolakktory-budowal-singapur/8xhx9n, 20 June 2018

Stefan Drzewiecki’s Canard plane at an exhibition in Paris, 1912, [in:] B. Orłowski, Polska przygoda z techniką. Wielkie i małe sukcesy polskich inżynierów, wynalazców i menedżerów, Warsaw 2009, BIHN Map of Singapore’s development by Krystyn Olszewski, n.d., [in:] O. Drost, Krystyn Olszewski — polski projektant Singapuru, http://podroze.onet.pl/ciekawe/krystyn-olszewski-polak-ktory-budowal-singapur/8xhx9n, 20 June 2018

Kresty Coast, St. Petersburg, 2012, photo Florstein, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kresty_prison_in_SPB.jpg, 3 September 2018

Panoramic view of Singapore, 2010, photo Chensiyuan, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1_Singapore_city_skyline_2010_day_panorama.jpg, 3 September 2018

Village of Listvyanka on Lake Baikal, 2008, photo: J. Arvaniti

“Among Czerski’s scientific contributions, his exploration of the shores of Lake Baikal and the mountains in the Baikal region are of the greatest importance. They form the backbone of our contemporary knowledge about the structure of this mountainous region of Siberia. His geological map of the Baikal coastal zone is the only one so far and has not been replaced by a newer version.”

(W.A. Obruczew)

“Because of Czekanowski’s politeness and some sort of aristocratic gentility which made him stand out, all Siberians considered him to be a person superior to the common folks and a more illustrious gentleman than the rest of Poles.”

(B. Dybowski)

A. Sochaczewski, Aleksander Czekanowski [in:] Z. Wójcik, Aleksander Czekanowski. Szkice o ludziach, nauce i przygodzie na Syberii, Lublin 1982, Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (BAPAN)

Jan Czerski, [in:] Z. Wójcik, Aleksander Czekanowski. Szkice o ludziach, nauce i przygodzie na Syberii, Lublin 1982, Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (BAPAN)

Jan Czerski

(1845–1892), geologist, palaeontologist, geographer, zoologist, researcher, traveller; he was arrested in 1863 and deported to Siberia for taking part in the Polish January Uprising (Omsk, Irkutsk).

He described the geological structure of the lands along the Siberian route and carried out geological surveys in Irkutsk and Eastern Siberia.

He gathered information about the remnants of the Tuvan people. He chartered the first geognostic map of Lake Baikal. He studied both minerals and fossil fauna. In 1882–1883, he explored the Katanga valley surveying younger geological formations and studying human remains. In 1891–1892, he went with his wife Mawra, who was his collaborator and assistant, and their son Aleksander to eastern Siberia. The expedition turned out to be

too exhausting for this exile, who suffered from cardiac disease and had been in poor health since his childhood. He died where the Prorva flows into the Kolyma river. He was buried in Omolon Wilds on the high bank of the Kolyma. The name Czerski (Chersky) was given in his honour to: the Chersky Range – one of the largest mountain ranges in Zabaikalsky Krai, Chersky Peak in the KhamarDaban range, Chersky Mountain — a peak in the central part of the Baikal Mountains, Chersky Stone, a peak located close to Listvyanka and Chersky Pass. Some fossil animals were also named after him. He received an award in Bologna for his description of the geological structure of Lake Baikal and three medals of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society (1876, 1878, 1886).

Chapel at Jan Czerski’s grave, [in:] B. Dybowski, Pamiętnik dra Benedykta Dybowskiego, Lwow 1930, BAPAN

Aleksander Czekanowski

(1833–1876), geologist, palaeontologist, geographer, cartographer, traveller; in 1857, he arranged and systematised the collections of the Saint Vladimir University of Kiev. In 1863, he was deported to katorga [hard work] for his involvement in the Polish January Uprising. He stayed in Sivakova upon the Ingoda River, in Darasun upon the Tura and in Padun settlement upon the Angara. In 1866–1871 and in 1873–1875 he gathered natural specimens, pursued meteorological and geological research and at the same time, worked as a simple labourer for Siberian peasants and took part with Dybowski, Godlewski and Wroński, among others,

Naturalists in Kiev; Benedykt Dybowski second from the left, Aleksander Czekanowski third from the left, [in:] Z. Wójcik, Aleksander Czekanowski.

Szkice o ludziach, nauce i przygodzie na Syberii, Lublin 1982, BAPAN

in some Siberian expeditions. He discovered coal and graphite deposits and found numerous sites with Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fauna and flora.

In 1874, he wrote a monograph on the geological structure of the regions he surveyed, with a geological map. He probably committed suicide in St. Petersburg. A mountain range in Yakutia located between the Laptev Sea estuaries of the Lena and Olenyok rivers, a settlement near Bratsk upon the Angara River, 23 species of fossil flora and fauna, five contemporary floristic species and at least two fish species bear his name. In 1870, he was decorated with the Gold Medal of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society for his research.

A. Czekanowski, The Baikal Coast [in:] Z. Wójcik, Aleksander Czekanowski.

Szkice o ludziach, nauce i przygodzie na Syberii, Lublin 1982, BAPAN

Jan Czerski with wife Mawra, n.d., [in:] B. Orłowski, Polacy światu, Warszawa 1987, Library of the Institute for the History of Science (BIHN)

Mount Czekanowski, [in:] B. Dybowski, Pamiętnik dra Benedykta Dybowskiego, Lwow 1930, BAPAN Postage stamp showing Aleksander Czekanowski, part of the “Poles Around the World” series, issued to mark the centenary of the geologist’s death, design by M. Jędrysik, 1976, Poczta Polska

Press cutting about Jan Czerski, n.d., Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (APAN)

J. Czerski, Pamiętnik z wyprawy do północnej części Syberii Wschodniej, cz. 1 Od Irkucka do rzeki Kołymy, 1891, Russian Academy of Sciences Archive (ARAN)

Czekanowski, Schemat leńskiej ekspedycji, Russian Academy of Sciences Archive (ARAN) Czekanowski, Notatnik z podróży po Syberii 1872–1875, ARAN

J. Czerski, Notatnik z podróży po Syberii, 1887, ARAN

Memorial in Yakutsk dedicated to Jan Czerski’s and Aleksander Czekanowski’s exploration of Siberia, 2008, photo: W. Bajor

Czerski Cross, near the village of Baikalskoye, photo: K. Pietruszka, 2003 Plaque on Jan Czerski’s tombstone, n.d., [in:] Syberia w historii i kulturze narodu polskiego, Wroclaw 1998, BAPAN

Village of Listvyanka on Lake Baikal, 2008, photo: J. Arvaniti

The mountain range behind Kelsey Creek, Australia, 2011, photo: Greditdesu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kelsey_Creek-Dittmer_Mountains.jpg, 28 August 2018

Macedonia, 2013, photo: Dennis Jarvis, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Macedonia-02724_-_Samuel’s_ Fortress_%2810903998104%29.jpg, 11 July 2018

“My son [...] is in the fifth grade, and so far, he has been an A plus student in junior school. He is brilliant, clever, smart, but lazy and unreliable. It seems I am mainly guilty of his faults, but having the only child, I was concerned with him too much, and exaggerated with helping him learn. Until the end of the fourth grade, we learned all subjects together, and now, from the fifth grade he is left to his own devices, so he starts to get a little better at work. And if he does not like his homework, he passionately likes reading and serious conversations. To read a book, even if it is difficult for him, he is willing to give up his dinner or sleep. [...] He is virtuous, very honest and simple by character, but without exuberant affection though. He loves the world and games a lot. He is also so raring to go to the world and to live amongst people, that sometimes, it frightens me. He will certainly not become a priest.”

(J., nee Łącka, Malinowska)

“The exoticism and originality of Polesia is not about the archaism and primitivism of local social relations and forms of cultural life. It consists in the fact that the process of cultural change, which the East European village has been undergoing for several decades, started relatively recently here and has taken place very fast, making Polesia an area of extremely sharp contrasts.”

(J. Obrębski)

Bronisław Malinowski, n.d., [in:] L. Paszkowski, Polacy w Australii i Oceanii 1790–1940, Torun-Melbourne 2008, Institute of Literary Research (IBL)

Bronisław Malinowski

(1884–1942), social and economic anthropologist, traveller, ethnologist, religion specialist, sociologist; in 1914–1920 he completed field research in Australia and Oceania. In 1914, he was accompanied by his friend Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz. In 1919, he married Elisia Rosalina Masson, daughter of Sir David Orme Masson, professor of chemistry at the University of Melbourne, with whom he had three daughters: Józefa, Wanda and Helena. In 1927, he took up the professorship and the first Chair of Anthropology at the University of London. In 1934, he went on a scientific expedition to southern and eastern Africa. His wife died in 1935. In 1936, he

received an honorary doctorate from Harvard University, and from 1939 he was a professor at Yale University. In 1940, he married painter Anna Valetta Hayman-Joyce. He put foundations of his theory of functionalism and British social anthropology.

He introduced a new style of field work, which consisted in long-lasting and participative contact with the studied community. He published, among others, Argonauts of the Western Pacific and The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia.

His work Crime and Custom in Savage Society is of great importance for sociology and anthropology of laws. He died of a heart attack in New Haven in the United States.

Józef Obrębski in Poreche, 1932–1933, ht t p : //p ol a c y w m a c e d on i i . ne t / w y w i a d y/ jozefobrebski/, 5 May 2018

Józef Obrębski

(1905–1967), ethnologist, Slavist, sociologist, in 1931–1933, he took doctoral studies with Bronisław Malinowski at the London School of Economics. He pursued ethnosociological field work in Macedonia on archaic material culture, agriculture and hunting (1932–1933). He studied the culture of Macedonian Poreche highlanders. He lived in the village of Volche, where he documented the structure of this rural community and family, religious life, rituals, folk healing practices and magical rituals. He wrote a monograph on magic in Poreche. Most of its manuscript was not preserved.

He was one of the first promoters of Bronisław Malinowski’s research and teaching in Poland. He familiarised Polish readers with Malinowski’s

works. In 1934–1937, he worked in western Polesia, lectured at the Free Polish University (Polish: Wolna Wszechnica Polska) in Lodz (1938–1939) and at the University of Lodz (from 1945). In 1945, he obtained habilitation degree. During the German occupation, he lived with his wife Tamara in Warsaw at 58 Ursynowska Street; their place soon became a centre of underground activity. In 1946, with his wife and son Stefan, he left for London, where he was employed by the London School of Economics and Political Science as a field sociologist for research in Jamaica. He took a post at the UN Trust Department in New York (1948– 1958), then he returned to academic work in the USA. He died suddenly in Hollis.

Village folk healer holding a deer antler as a symbol of her skill, Rastesh, n.d., photo: J. Obrębski, [in:] J. Obrębski, Dzisiejsi ludzie Polesia i inne eseje, Warsaw 2005, IBL Bronisław Malinowski, ca. 1916, [in:] Historia pewnego małżeństwa, edited by H. Wayne, Warsaw 2012, IBL Bronisław Malinowski, 1895, [in:] Historia pewnego małżeństwa, edited by H. Wayne, Warsaw 2012, IBL

Mother and child woczosano or bewitched with an evil look, n.d., photo: J. Obrębski, [in:] J. Obrębski, Dzisiejsi ludzie Polesia i inne eseje, Warsaw 2005, IBL

Elsie Rosaline Masson-Malinowska, the researcher’s first wife, n.d., [in:] K. Pisarkowa, Językoznawstwo Bronisława Malinowskiego, vol. 1, Krakow 2000, IBL Woman from Polesie region (Nujno and its environs), Mielec, Kowel county, n.d., photo: J. Obrębski, [in:] J. Obrębski, Dzisiejsi ludzie Polesia i inne eseje, Warsaw 2005, IBL

Bronisław Malinowski among residents of the Trobriand Islands, 1917–1918, [in:] Historia pewnego małżeństwa, edited by H. Wayne, Warsaw 2012, IBL

Bride and groom, Myzowo, Kowel county, n.d., photo: J. Obrębski, [in:] J. Obrębski, Dzisiejsi ludzie Polesia i inne eseje, Warsaw 2005, IBL

Billy Hancock, Bronisław Malinowski (second from the left) and Kirwińczyk, n.d., [in:] Historia pewnego małżeństwa, edited by H. Wayne, Warsaw 2012, IBL

Parents and daughters; from the left: Józefa, Wanda, Bronisław, Elsie and Helena Malinowski, ca. 1926, [in:] Historia pewnego małżeństwa, edited by H. Wayne, Warsaw 2012, IBL

Man from Polesie region, Mielec, Kowel county, n.d., photo: J. Obrębski, [in:] J. Obrębski, Dzisiejsi ludzie Polesia i inne eseje, Warsaw 2005, IBL

Ten-zloty coin showing Bronisław Malinowski, issued as part of the “Polish Explorers and Travellers” series, 2002, h t t p : // i p s b . n i n a . g o v. p l / a / f o t o / b r o n i s l a w - m a l i n o w s k i wsrodmieszkancow-wysp-trobriandskich-1, 2 April 2018

Bust of Józef Obrębski in Samokov, Macedonia, 2017, photo: K. Simeonovski, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Józef_ Obrębski, 10 May 2018

The mountain range behind Kelsey Creek, Australia, 2011, photo: Greditdesu, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kelsey_Creek-Dittmer_Mountains.jpg, 28 August 2018

Macedonia, 2013, photo: Dennis Jarvis, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Macedonia-02724_-_Samuel’s_Fortress_%2810903998104%29.jpg, 11 July 2018

The Lena, 2015, photo: H. Krajewska

Lena, 2015

“Edward Piekarski’s personal misfortunes became a real blessing for research on the Yakut language.”

(N. Poppe)

“Is it worth reading or writing such a thick book about the Yakuts, a nation so small and so distant?

Sometimes, the universe gets reflected in a tiny drop of dew.”

(W. Sieroszewski)

Edward Piekarski, [in:] Szkice z dziejów polskiej orientalistyki, Warsaw 1966, Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (BAPAN)

Edward Piekarski

[Eduard Pekarski] (1858–1934), linguist, lexicographer, ethnographer; he was arrested in Moscow in 1879 and after one-year detention in Butyrka prison, he was sentenced to settlement for an indefinite time in the farthest locations of Eastern Siberia. In 1881–1905, he lived in Yakutia where he farmed land. He took part in the I.M. Sibiriakov’s (1894–1896) and V. E. Popov’s (1903– 1904) expeditions. In 1900, he was allowed to move to Yakutsk and became a staff member of the District Board. In 1904, he received a scholarship from the Imperial Academy of Sciences and moved to St. Petersburg where he worked at the Russian Academic Museum of Anthropology and

Ethnography, and in 1914, he became the secretary to the Ethnographic Department of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society and was the last editor of its publication Zhivaya starina (Living Old). From 1917, he worked at the Turkological Cabinet of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He married a poor Yakut girl with whom he had several children. He died in Leningrad. In 1907, he received the Gold Medal of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, and in 1911 — the Gold Medal of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society. A school, to which he donated part of his library before his death in the town to which he had been deported, and a street in Yakutsk were named in his honour.

Wacław Sieroszewski, n.d., [in:] Syberia w historii i kulturze narodu polskiego, Wroclaw 1998, BAPAN

Wacław Sieroszewski

pen names: W. Sirko, K. Bagrynowski (1858–1945), ethnographer, geographer, writer, he was arrested for his conspiracy activities in 1878 and sentenced to eight years of settlement in Verkhoyansk.

In 1883, he was sentenced to perpetual exile to Srednekolymsk (Jazha) for an unsuccessful attempt to escape. In 1887, he was allowed to move to Namsky District (ulus). He published a monograph on Yakutia: Opyt etnograficheskogo issledovaniya (Ethnographic Research Experience) (1896), Polish title: 12 lat w kraju Jakutów (12 years in the Yakut country) (1900), for which he received the Gold Medal of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society and was allowed to reside in Congress Poland (also known as the Kingdom of Poland). In 1898, he was forced to return to Irkutsk for taking

part in a demonstration. In 1903, he went on an expedition with Bronisław Piłsudski to Hokkaido to study the Ainu people. He discovered iron ores in the Kolyma and Verbsko-Russkoye districts, he also gathered rich botanical collections. In 1914, he was conscripted and came to Krakow to perform front-line military service. In 1918, he joined the Provisional Government as a minister for propaganda. During the interwar period, he travelled abroad as a Pen Club delegate. He was married to Stefania, née Mianowska; he had three sons: Władysław, Stanisław and Kazimierz. He was the Chairman of the Trade Union of Polish Writers, the President of the Polish Literary Academy, and a member of the Warsaw Scientific Society. He died in Piaseczno near Warsaw, and in 1949 his ashes were buried in the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw in his family grave.

Wacław Sieroszewski, Warsaw, n.d., National Digital Archives (NAC)

Edward Piekarski and his wife, n.d., Przegląd Orientalistyczny, 1979, no 1 (109), Institute of Literary Research (IBL)

Wacław Sieroszewski in front of his cabin in Siberian exile, n.d., [in:] B. Orłowski, Polacy światu, Warsaw 1987, Library of the Institute for the History of Science (BIHN)

E. Piekarski, Zagadki jakuckie, translated by W. Kotwicz, 1926, Archive of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (ANPAN and PAU)

Reunion of members of I.M. Sibiryakov’s expedition; Edward Piekarski sitting seventh from the left, 1895, [in:] Historia kontaktów polsko-rosyjskich w dziedzinie etnografii, Wroclaw 1976, BAPAN

Wacław Sieroszewski at the Polish Book Exhibition, Czestochowa 1934, NAC Wacław Sieroszewski, Gdynia, 1928, photo: Z. Elżanowski, NAC

Edward Piekarski museum house, n.d., Przegląd Orientalistyczny, 1979, no 1 (109), IBL

Letter by Edward Piekarski to Władysław Kotwicz, 1932, BNPAU and PAN

Wacław Sieroszewski’s signature on a commemorative attendence list of a Warsaw Scientific Society meeting that took place on 25 November 1934, APAN

Wacław Sieroszewski, Warsaw, n.d., NAC

Notice on Edward Piekarski’s death in Leningrad, 1934, BNPAU and PAN

P. Ettinger, Edward Piekarski, Literackie, 1927, no 12, IBL

Wiadomości

He was a member of the Polish Oriental Society (from 1925) and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (from 1927 as a corresponding member, from 1931 as an honorary member). An outstanding expert on Yakut customs and language. Author of over 100 publications, chiefly in Russian, on the culture of the Yakuts and Tunguses. His works also came out in Polish in Rocznik Orientalistyczny. Major publications: Słownik języka jakuckiego, vols. 1–13, Petersburg (Leningrad) 1907–1930; Mały słownik rosyjsko-jakucki, Yakutsk 1905; Przysłowia i przypowiastki jakuckie, Rocznik Orientalistyczny, 1919–1924, vol. 2.

Grave of Wacław Sieroszewski, Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw, n.d., photo: H. Szymczyk, APAN Letter by Wacław Sieroszewski to Artur Śliwiński, 1940, APAN Memorial in Yakutsk dedicated to Edward Piekarski’s and Wacław Sieroszewski’s exploration of Siberia, 2008, photo: W. Bajor

The Lena, 2015, photo: H. Krajewska

Photo taken during Józef Morozewicz’s travels, 1903, MZPAN

Fotogra

“I am an amateur in literature and fine arts, but I consider them a sort of luxury, a delicacy. The daily bread of our spiritual work should be natural sciences. And just like we put on a workers’ blouse on a work day, leaving our Sunday best bekeshe for Sundays, likewise, we should work six-day weeks in the field of natural science, dedicating the seventh day to humanities.”

(J. Morozewicz)

“Maps chartered by Wołłosowicz, like the maps by Czekanowski and Czerski, had served as a basis for more advanced studies for many years. No wonder then that friends of this polar explorer, who managed to find some of Wołłosowicz’s notes in the interwar period, published them with the same reverence as Czekanowski’s manuscripts.”

(Z. Wójcik)

Konstanty Wołłosowicz, n.d., [in:] Z. Wójcik, Aleksander Czekanowski. Szkice o ludziach, nauce i przygodzie na Syberii, Lublin 1982, Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (BAPAN)

Józef Morozewicz, n.d., Museum of the Earth of the Polish Academy of Sciences (MZPAN)

Józef Morozewicz

(1865–1941), mineralogist, geologist, petrographer; in 1892–1897, custodian in the Mineralogical Cabinet (museum) of Warsaw University. In 1895, he was invited by T. Chernyshyov, then the deputy director of the Geological Committee in St. Petersburg, to take part in his expedition to Novaya Zemlya. In 1897–1904, following his expulsion from the University of Warsaw and forced resettlement to St. Petersburg, he worked at the Geological Committee in St. Petersburg.

He took part in research expeditions to Crimea, the Ural and Commander Islands (1903). He discovered new types of rocks, including cassinite, beringite and mariupolite. He organised pioneer research in rock, mineral synthesis and magma

crystallisation, e.g. he completed the world’s first successful experiments to obtain synthetic basalt.

He participated in work on the history of Polish science and popularised science. In 1904–1919, he was a professor of mineralogy and petrography at the Jagiellonian University. From 1913, he was the Chairman of the Founding Committee of the Mining Academy of Krakow and the founder and first Director of the Polish Geological Institute in Warsaw (1919–1937). He was married to Walentyna, née Kruszewska, they had one daughter, Zofia. He was buried in the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw.

His grave is covered with an andesite plate from the Pieniny region (from Wżar mountain).

Konstanty Wołłosowicz

(1866–1919), geologist and palaeontologist; probably in 1892, for his conspiracy activity, he was deported to Archangelsk. In 1896–1899, he surveyed the downstream of the Dvina and Pinega rivers. In 1900–1912, he worked at the Ministry of Public Education in St. Petersburg, took part in research expeditions set up by the Imperial Academy of Sciences to Yakutia and some islands in the Arctic Sea. The goal of the former was to find the legendary Sannikov Land. Wołłosowicz headed the land group which reached the New Siberian Islands. He set up a meteorological station there and started geological surveys of the area, he gathered then a large collection of Quaternary mammal bones.

In 1906, he chartered the first geological map of the New Siberian Islands. In 1908, he continued

Jan Czerski’s and Edward von Tolla’s explorations of northern Yakutia and the adjacent islands. He discovered a few glaciers, found the remains of a mammoth, and identified the reasons of its sudden death. In 1909, at the request of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, he participated in the LenaKolyma expedition to explore the feasibility of navigation along the northern shores of Siberia and to determine if ships could call at river mouths and bays. He died near Kharkov. Wołłosowicz’s name was given to a cape and an island close to the north-east coast of the October Revolution Island in the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, and several fossil organisms and plants, e.g. Picea wollosowiczii.

Old Aleut women from Medny Island, n.d., Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (APAN) Józef Morozewicz among natives; standing seventh from the left, n.d., MZPAN Edward von Toll, [in:] Z. Wójcik, Aleksander Czekanowski. Szkice o ludziach, nauce i przygodzie na Syberii, Lublin 1982, BAPAN Fryderyk Schmidt, [in:] Z. Wójcik, Aleksander Czekanowski. Szkice o ludziach, nauce i przygodzie na Syberii, Lublin 1982, BAPAN

Józef Morozowicz’s signature on the list of attendees of a Warsaw Scientific Society meeting that took place on 25 November 1934, APAN

Aleut children from Medny Island, n.d., APAN

Mammoth, n.d., BAPAN

Photo taken during Józef Morozewicz’s travels, 1903, MZPAN Letter by Konstanty Wołłosowicz do M.V. Pavlova, n.d., Russian Academy of Sciences Archive (ARAN) Photo taken during Józef Morozewicz’s travels, 1903, MZPAN

Exhibit at the Mammoth Museum in Yakutsk, 2015, photo: H. Krajewska

Exhibit at the Mammoth Museum in Yakutsk, 2015, photo: H. Krajewska

Photo taken during Józef Morozewicz’s travels, 1903, MZPAN

J. Morozewicz, Komandory, Warsaw 1925, MZPAN

Selected publications: Geologicheskiye nablyudeniya v nizhnem techeniye Severnoy Dviny, Ust’-PinegaArkhangelsk (Geological Observations in the Downstream Reaches of the Northern Dvina, Ust-PinegaArkhangelsk), Trudy Varshavskogo Obshchestva Yestestvoispytateley (Works of the Warsaw Society of Naturalists), 1897; O geologicheskom stroyenii Novosibirskikh Ostrovov i Zemli Bénnetta (On the geological structure of the New Siberain Islands and Bennett’s Island), Zapiski Imperatorskogo Mineralogcheskkovo Obshchestva (Notes of the Imperial Mineralogical Society), 1905, series 2, No 43; Raskopki Sangayurakhskogo mamonta v 1908 godu, (Excavations of the Sanga-Yuriakh Mammoth in 1908), Izvestiya Imperatorskoy Akademii Nauk (Newsletter of the Imperial Academy of Sciences), 1909, series 6, vol. III.

Photo taken during Józef Morozewicz’s travels, 1903, MZPAN

The Siberian Taiga, 2015, photo: H. Krajewska

“Ferdynand Karo was always modest, and even though he took an active part in the 1863 Uprising, he did not see his involvement as anything special. But the veterans and military authorities recognised his merits.”

(Pharmaceutical Newsletter)

“Oh, Homeland! Our last sighs, thoughts, feelings flew to you in that very last moment of our suffering, our withering lips were still bidding you farewell.”

(R. Szwoynicki)

Roman Szwoynicki at work, before 1867, APAN

Ferdynand Karo, 1907, Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (APAN)

Ferdynand Karo

(1845–1927), pharmacist, florist, during the Polish January Uprising he was involved in the underground postal service through Henryk Spiess’ pharmacy, for which he was imprisoned in the Warsaw Citadel. He ran a pharmacy as an apothecary (Polish professional title was prowizor) in Losice near Siedlce (1868–1874) and a pharmacy he established in Czestochowa (1874–1880), he also managed a military pharmacy in Lublin (1880– 1886). In 1887, he went to Irkutsk and to Nerchinsk in 1893, where he took over the management of an army pharmacy. He was gathering his herbarium collection there. The same year he returned to Poland, bought a pharmacy in Magnuszew near Radom. In 1897, he went to Siberia again.

In 1913, he returned to Poland for good. He worked as a pharmacist, herbalist, custodian and librarian at the Pharmaceutical Society. He died in Konstancin and was buried at the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw. In 1868, he married Zofia, née Barthl de Weidenthal and they had 5 children: daughters Zofia, Ludwika and Maria, and sons Mieczysław and Jan. He collected 18,000 plant specimens representing 400 different species.

For his herbaria, he was awarded medals at the Moscow and Khabarovsk exhibitions in 1892 and 1899, respectively. His work was honoured with several botanical names, including: Linum karoi, Euphorbia karoi, Pedicularis karoi, Saussurea karoi and Galium karoi. He published lists of species in the Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift and the Pamiętnik Fizjograficzny (Physiographic Journal).

Roman Szwoynicki

(1845–1915), artist, painter, cousin of Henryk Sienkiewicz, his sister was Melchior Wańkowicz’s mother. For having fought in insurgent battles with the troops of General Zygmunt Sierakowski, he was deported to Russian hinterland. He stayed in Tobolsk, Krasnoufimsk, Yekaterinburg, Tsivilsk and Kazan where he ran a photography and painting shop. In 1867, he returned to Poland and started studying at the Warsaw Main School.

He attended a drawing class ran by Professor Wojciech Gerson at the same time. In 1874–1875, he studied painting in Munich. He established

a painting studio at the Royal Castle, and then at a house in Oboźna Street in Warsaw. In 1898, he married Franciszka Złotarewicz, with whom he had two children: a son and a daughter. Henryk Sienkiewicz was his daughter Danuta’s godfather.

His temperament, great sense of humour and fame of an insurgent and sybirak gained him widespread affection among contemporary artists and writers.

Henryk Sienkiewicz stayed at his place and consulted with him the text of Potop (The Deluge, a novel) regarding the events in Lauda (Lithuanian: Liaudė). He died in his family estate of Rady.

Roman Szwoynicki in Kazan wearing kontusz, a traditional Polish costume, before 1867, APAN

Ferdynand Karo’s letter from Buryatia to his daughter Ludwika, 1902, APAN Roman Szwoynicki in his Kazan home, before 1867, APAN

Ferdynand Karo’s letter from Amur region to his daughter Maria, 1903, APAN

Drawing from Roman Szwoynicki’s album, n.d., APAN

Two comrades in arms and in exile: Saturnin Jakubowski i Roman Szwoynicki, 1913, APAN Ferdynand Karo’s letter from Moscow to his daughter Zofia, 1903, APAN

Ferdynand Karo, Wiadomości Farmaceutyczne, 1927, APAN

Bolcewicz and Szwoynicki in Tsivilsk, 1867, APAN Imperial Academy of Arts Diploma for Roman Szwoynicki, 1875, APAN

In his sketches, drawings and watercolours, Szwoynicki captured the faces of Polish exiles, indigenous inhabitants of Siberia, animals and beautiful Siberian landscapes, endearing in their monotony and vastness.

Ferdynand Karo with his collaborators in Blagoveshchensk on the Amur River; sitting first from the left, n.d., APAN

Blagoveshchensk, Bolshaya Street, 1913, photo: F. Karo, APAN

“On 3 September, a strange procession moved slowly through the streets of Warsaw. At its head, a military troop with an orchestra, then a hearse drowning in flowers followed by a dozen people in mourning, then a lot of senior military ranks and professors. It was Ferdynand Karo who was escorted to the city of the dead — Powązki.”

(Pharmaceutical Newsletter) Galium karoi, a plant Ferdynand Karo collected and described in 1865, APAN

Drawing from Roman Szwoynicki’s album, n.d., APAN

The Siberian Taiga, 2015, photo: H. Krajewska

Porters from Leon Barszczewski’s expedition, n.d., photo: L. Barszczewski, KIS

Tragarze z w

“Walking on the ice sheets of a glacier [in France and Switzerland], my thoughts run to my beloved Asian glaciers. Nowhere else are glaciers so beautiful. I would love to visit those magnificent giants once again.”

(L. Barszczewski)

“I came to Siberia sixteen years ago, not so much looking for bread as trying to find work. As a stranger, I did not know how I would be received or if my work would be understood.”

(J. Talko-Hryncewicz)

Julian Talko-Hryncewicz,1932, National Digital Archives (NAC)

Leon Barszczewski, n.d., Igor Strojecki’s collection (KIS)

Leon Barszczewski

(1849–1910), geologist, geographer, naturalist, glaciologist, traveller, explorer of the Bukhara emirate and many other unknown lands in Central Asia, discoverer of the ancient Samarkand, documentalist, photographer; in 1876–1896, he served in the topographic unit of the Samarkand Garrison. He went on a number of solitary expeditions and participated, along with Russian and French researchers, in scientific or military expeditions to Central Asia. He named many new landmarks in that region, such as St. Anne Pass. He discovered numerous deposits of metal ores and precious stones, deposits of gold, silver, coal and oil, mineral springs, he surveyed glaciers and kept geographic, anthropological and ethnographic observations, he took many topographic photos

and pictures documenting the lives of peoples he met during his expeditions, he collected natural, archaeological and ethnographic specimens which formed part of the Natural and Ethnographic Museum he established in Samarkand. In 1896, he was transferred to Siedlce for refusing to convert to Orthodoxy. In 1904–1905, he fought in the Russo-Japanese War and stayed in the Far East. In 1906, his military service ended. In 1880, he married Irena Niedźwiecka (who died in 1890); they had five children: Wiktoria, Jadwiga, Irena, Anna, Leonard. He died tragically in Czestochowa and was buried in the Kule cemetery, from where — when the monument on his grave was stolen — his ashes were moved to his family grave in the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw in 1995.

Julian Talko-Hryncewicz

pen name: Jan Iłgowski (1850—1936), ethnographer, anthropologist, medical doctor; in 1891, he was sent by the (Polish) Academy of Learning to Lithuania and Russia to pursue anthropological research.

In 1891, he left voluntarily for Siberia and took up the position of the district physician in Troitskosavsk (now Kyakhta). In 1893, Talko-Hryncewicz took anthropological measurements among its Buryat inhabitants. In 1894, he established the Amur Branch of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society in Troitskosavsk with its museum and library. He dug up about 500 kurgans (tumuli) and

prehistoric graves, gathering extremely important anthropological specimens. In 1898, he received an award from the Society of Nature, Anthropology and Ethnography Lovers in Moscow (he became its member in 1900). In 1904, he was honoured with the Gold Medal of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society. In 1908, he came to Krakow. In 1908– 1931, he worked as a professor of anthropology at the Geotechnical University; and in 1913, he was nominated full professor. He married Krystyna, née Szabuniewicz, in 1891. He was buried in the Rakowicki Cemetery in Krakow.

In 1894, when crossing the Gawa-Gissari glacier, he suffered a serious accident.

Burial mound exploration in Sudzha; Julian Talko-Hryncewicz sitting third from the left, Krystyna Talko-Hryncewiczowa sitting fifth from the left, n.d., [in:] J. Talko-Hryncewicz, Z przeżytych dni (1850–1908), Warsaw 1930, BAPAN Leon Barszczewski with children in his studio, Samarkand, 1893, KIS Julian Talko-Hryncewicz, n.d., [in:] J. Talko-Hryncewicz, Z przeżytych dni (1850–1908), Warsaw 1930, Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (BAPAN)

Rowosang pass and glacier, n.d., photo: L. Barszczewski, KIS

Staff of Municipal Buryat Hospital no 245 at Petrograd; Julian Talko-Hryncewicz sitting third from the left in the second row, 1915, [in:] J. Talko-Hryncewicz, Wspomnienia z lat ostatnich (1908–1932), Warsaw 1932, BAPAN

Leon Barszczewski and Count Bobriński in the cave of the Mashevat saint; Leon Barszczewski sitting first from the left, 1895, APAN Leon Barszczewski among a group of guides; standing third from the left, n.d., Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (APAN)

He was awarded: the Order of Saint Stanislaus, rank 3 (1888), the Order of Saint Anna, rank 3 (1894), the Golden Star of the Emir of Bukhara (1895), the Order of Saint Stanislaus, rank 2 (1902), the Order of Saint Vladimir, rank 4 (1905), the Silver Medal of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society. In 1895, he was awarded the Gold Medal at the Paris photo exhibition for the photographic documentation of his expeditions, and in 1901, he received the highest recognition at a photographic exhibition in Warsaw. A glacier in the Gissar Mountains bears his name.

Letter by Julian Talko-Hryncewicz to Benedykt Dybowski, 1899, Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (APAN)

Higher Polish Courses in Petrograd; Julian Talko-Hryncewicz sitting seventh from the left, 1916–1917, [in:] J. Talko-Hryncewicz, Wspomnienia z lat ostatnich (1908–1932), Warsaw 1932, BAPAN

Leon Barszczewski’s family on a mill jetty on the Muchawka River, Sekula near Siedlce,1901, KIS

In 1904, he established the Queen Jadwiga Trade School for Girls in Siedlce (currently, the Queen Jadwiga High School) whose first headmistress was his daughter, Jadwiga.

Polish University College in Kiev; Julian Talko-Hryncewicz sitting second from the left, 1917–1918, [in:] J. Talko-Hryncewicz, Wspomnienia z lat ostatnich (1908–1932), Warszawa 1932, BAPAN

Julian Talko-Hryncewicz among professors; sitting fourth from the left, Truskawiec, ca. 1925– 1927, NAC

Maps drawn by Leon Barszczewski for the purposes of his trip to the Zarafshan Range and the Gissar Range, 1896, APAN

Map of Asia with handwritten notes by Leon Barszczewski, 1894, APAN

Porters from Leon Barszczewski’s expedition, n.d., photo: L. Barszczewski, KIS

Panorama of Tbilisi, n.d., tps://www.google.pl/search?q=Tbilisi&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP88S3-e_ bAhVBxKYKHU0MBHQQ_AUIDCgD&biw=1366&bih=593#imgrc=DtYj_9Qbu8BD8M, 26 June 2018

“The buildings designed by Aleksander Szymkiewicz are considered to be one of the most representative buildings in Tbilisi to this day.” (https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Szymkiewicz, 28 sierpnia 2018)

“In 1910, the Polish minority in Tbilisi numbered nearly 8,000 people. It encompassed physicians, architects, painters, sculptors and soldiers. Their traces preserved. A walk around the centre of Tbilisi, Kutaisi or Batumi can make us proud, because many significant buildings, public buildings, theatres, offices, schools, tenements were authored by Polish architects. Aleksander Szymkiewicz is definitely the first among them. And others? Let’s take Aleksander Rogojski. It is also worth entering inside to feel proud or... to be very surprised.”

(J. Rohoziński)

Aleksander Szymkiewicz, n.d., photo: unknown, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Alexander_Shimkevich.png, 28 August 2018

Aleksander Szymkiewicz

(1858–1908), architect with German-Swedish roots from his mother’s side, working in Georgia, for outstanding achievements during his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg at the Department of Architecture, he received the Small and Big Silver Medal. After four years of studies, he was awarded the title of 2nd class architect for the project of the suburban grand princely residence. In 1885 he left for Tbilisi, where he was the governorate secretary, municipal architect, then city councillor. In 1905–1966 he lectured on drawing and architecture at the School of Painting and Sculpture at the Caucasian Society for the Promotion of Fine Arts in Tbilisi. He died in 1908, a year later a group of architects and civil servants established a scholarship fund named after him, which awarded two scholarships a year to students from the Transcaucasia who wanted to start technical studies. He had a son, Mikołaj, also an architect, working in France. The most beautiful designs of A. Szymkiewicz: Muslim house 19 Uznaga St. (1885), built for Katerina

Rodinova; tenement house at 6 Igorovkva St. (1887); tenement house at 8 Tschonkadze St, (1888); the Caucasian Sericulture Station, now the Tbilisi State Silk Museum at 6 Tsabadze St. (1890–1892); the Governorate Court, now the Supreme Court of Georgia at 32 Brothers Zubalashvili St.(1894); Theatrical Society, now the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University at Shota Rustaveli Av. (1898–1901), together with Korneli Tatishchev; refurbishment of the roofed gallery at Pushkin Street (1901–1902); Archangel Andreoletti’s tenement at 75 Agmashenebeli Av. (1901); funicular stations to Mount Mtatsminda (1903–1905); Music School of the Russian Imperial Musical Society, now the Vano Sarajishvili Tbilisi State Conservatoire at 8 Griboyedov St. (1901– 1904), formerly a court building; Men Junior High School in Batumi at 35 Ninoshvili St., currently of the State Shota Rustaveli University (1897); the Court of Appeal in Kutaisi (1898–1900).

One of the pavilions of the exhibition “The Industry and Agriculture of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia Regions” in Tbilisi, design by A. Szymkiewicz, 1889, http://journals.pan.pl/Content/87482/mainfile.pdf, 26 June 2018

Seat of Georgia’s Supreme Court, design by A. Szymkiewicz, 2015, photo: Slawkuwal, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search= Aleksander+Szymkiewicz&title=Special:Search&go=G o&searchToken=7n3g3f8j8zx6vv6u8slmkvaa#/media/ File:Wikiwyprawa_2015_G, 26 June 2018

E. Wajs-Baryła, Aleksander Rogojski, 2018, Zosia Baryła’s collection (KZB)

Aleksander Rogojski

(18[?]–1912), architect, probably after completing his studies on architecture in Sankt Petersburg, left for Tiflis (currently Tbilisi), where he became a member on the Executive Committee of the Caucasian Imperial Technical Society. He sat in the committee that founded the renovation works in the Kashveti Church of St. George. He chaired technical and artistic teams formed during the construction of the National Theatre building in Tbilisi, he was also the treasurer in the Treasury Theatre. In 1903, he designed a complex of buildings for the Theological Seminary in the art nouveau style. In 1911–1913, following his design, the TBC Bank building was erected at 7 Marjanishvili Street in Tbilisi. Originally, it was the seat of the Economic Society of the Caucasus Officers. During communist times, the building

Seat of Georgia’s Supreme Court at 32 Brothers Zubalashvili Street, Tbilisi, design by A. Szymkiewicz, 1894, 2015, Photo: Slawkuwal, https://commons.wikipediaorg/wiki/File:Wikiwyprawa_2015_GmachS%C4%85du_ Najwy%C5%BCszego_Gruzji_proj_Aleksander_Szymkiewicz_2.jpg, 26 June 2018

Shota Rustaveli Professional State Drama Theatre in Tbilisi, design by A. Szymkiewicz, 2007, photo: Alsandro, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Rustaveli_Theatre_Facade%2C_ Tbilisi.JPG, 27 June 2018

had commercial and trade functions. The building regained its former splendour in 2005 when TBC Bank decided to move its seat there. The greatest works of Aleksander Rogojski: the burial chapel of the princes of Baratashvili at the Kashveti Church of St. George (1899); Orthodox theological seminary (1901–1903); the Roman Catholic church in Batumi (1898–1903), currently the Orthodox cathedral dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary; the interiors of the palace of the Duke Constantine of Oldenburg (1904), now the Georgian State Museum of Theatre, Music, Cinema and Choreography; People’s House (1903–1909), implementation of the Stefan Kryczyński design; Economic Society of the Caucasus Officers (1912), currently the building of TBC Bank; The Transcaucasian Olga Nikolaevna Romanova Institute for Obstetrics (1912).

Tbilisi, former seat of the Economic Society of Caucasian Officers, now TBC Bank, design by A. Rogojski, 1912, 2010, photo: J. Opaska, http://journals.pan.pl/Content/87482/mainfile.pdf, 26 June 2018 A plaque in memory of Aleksander Rogojski was unveiled on 1 February 2016 on a building he had designed in Tbilisi, which now houses the TBC Bank headquarters. The official unveiling of the plaque was done jointly by Polish Ambassador Andrzej Cieszkowski, CEO of the TBC Bank Vakhtang Butskhrikidze and Tbilisi Mayor David Narmania. It is the second plaque to be installed by the Polish Embassy in collaboration with Tbilisi City Hall as part of a project to commemorate the Polish cultural heritage in Georgia.

Former Orthodox Theological Seminary in Tbilisi, design by A. Rogojski, 1901–1903, 2011, photo: J. Opaska, http://journals.pan.pl/Content/87482/mainfile.pdf, 26 June 2018 Gate building of the Orthodox Theological Seminary in Tbilisi, design by A. Rogojski, 1901, 2010, photo: J. Opaska, http://journals.pan.pl/Content/87482/mainfile.pdf, 26 June 2018

With its characteristic multitude of lucarnes or skylights, the building façade is placed in the middle of the street. The interior features huge pilasters and decorations, such as shells, garlands and other ornaments inspired by baroque and rococo art.

Interior of the former Roman-Catholic church in Batumi, now Virgin Mary Orthodox cathedral, design by A. Rogojski, 1898–1903, 2011, photo: J. Opaska, http://journals.pan.pl/Content/87482/mainfile.pdf, 26 June 2018 Unveiling of a plaque commemorating Aleksander Szymkiewicz, 2015, photo: A. Hrechorowicz, G. Jakubowski, https://tbilisi.msz.gov.pl/pl/wizyta_oficjalna_prezydenta_rp_pana_andrzeja_ dudy_w_gruzji, 27 June 2018 In 2015 the Polish Embassy honoured the memory of Aleksander Szymkiewicz, the best-known Polish architect to have worked in Georgia who made a significant contribution to Tbilisi’s urban development. As part of a project to commemorate the Polish cultural heritage in Georgia, the first plaque was put up on the Supreme Court building, which had been designed by Aleksander Szymkiewicz.

Interior of the former Roman-Catholic church in Batumi, now Virgin Mary Orthodox cathedral, design by A. Rogojski, 1898– 1903, 2011, photo: J. Opaska, http://journals.pan.pl/Content/87482/mainfile.pdf, 26 June 2018

Seat of the Supreme Court of Georgia, design by A. Szymkiewicz, 2015, photo: Slawkuwal, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiwyprawa_2015_ Gmach_ S%C4%85 du_Najw y% C5%BCszego_G ruzji_pro j_ Aleksander_Szymkiewicz_11.jpg, 17 June 2018 The building was erected on the plan of a cross, which is typical of Christian churches. The decorated façade has features characteristic of both the baroque and renaissance periods.

Neo-baroque and neo-renaissance elements alternate with brick sections, which makes the structure blend into the urban space. The building used to house the provincial court.

Aleksander Szymkiewicz’s tombstone at Tbilisi Lutheran Cemetery, 2018, photo: Giftzwerg 88, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Aleksander+Szymkiewi cz&title=Special:Search&go=Go&searchToken=2pr7dagg7aybki6u0delzdar5#/ media/File:Grabsteintafel_Aleksander_Szymkiewicz.jpg, 17 June 2018

Tbilisi in 1892, city map, J. Opaska’s collection, http://journals.pan.pl/Content/87482/mainfile.pdf, 26 June 2018

Panorama of Tbilisi, n.d., https://www.google.pl/ search?q=Tbilisi&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP88S3-e_ bAhVBxKYKHU0MBHQQ_AUIDCgD&biw=1366&bih=593#imgrc=DtYj_9Qbu8BD8M, 26 June 2018

Oslo city centre, 1899–1905, photo: L. Szaciński, Oslo Museum, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gardekasernen_i_Tordenskiolds_gate_9,ca._18991905, _Ludwik_szacinski_%29,Oslo_museum,_OB.F1864F.jpg?useland=pl, 23 June 2018

“The greatest antique and art dealer of Scandinavia, an extremely wealthy and respected man who spent most of his income on purchases for Polish cultural and scientific institutions. He took special care of the Polish Museum in Rapperswil.”

(Polish Radio)

“What chances did a Polish immigrant, unknown to anyone, have? It turned out, however, that Ludwik had something that the locals lacked — openness and the ability to make interesting social contacts.

He quickly won over people from all milieus, soon his talent became famous. The Pole’s atelier was soon recommended by the then aristocracy with enthusiasm.”

(S. Skorstad)

Ludwik Szaciński as a teenager, n.d., [in:] M. Sokół-Rudowska, Ludwik Szaciński — powstaniec i fotograf, [in:] Polacy w Norwegii XIX–XXI wiek. Wybór materiałów źródłowych, Krakow 2010, Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (BAPAN)

Henryk Bukowski, [in:] M. Haykowski, Henryk Bukowski: Namnet lever kvar, Bromberg 1990, BUwW

Henryk Bukowski

(1839–1900), antique dealer, he took part in and was wounded during the Polish January Uprising, political emigrant, perpetual member of the Society of the Polish National Museum in Rapperswil from 1891; after the fall of the Polish January Uprising in 1863, he escaped to Sweden and in 1870, after receiving his inheritance, he founded a Polish antique store in Stockholm, which played the role of a Polish research station in Sweden. In a short time, his company became not only a store, but also a museum and a research workshop. Henryk Bukowski was a member of numerous scientific and artistic societies. He received high state decorations

from Swedish kings. He was one of the founders of the Nordic Museum. He actively supported the Polish Museum in Rapperswil as well as museums and libraries in Krakow. He was a member of the Polish League. He died in Stockholm where he was temporarily buried, planning to transport his remains to Krakow or to the family grave in Posholaty in the governorate of Kaunas. At the request of his compatriots living abroad, the decision was made to move his mortal remains to Rapperswil and bury them next to Count Władysław Plater, the founder of the Polish Museum in Rapperswil.

Ludwik Szaciński

Vienna, Dresden, Philadelphia, Christiania). In 1888 he was nominated the royal photographer. He loved hunting and fishing. He was a member of the Hunting Society. He committed suicide and was buried with honours. His wife ran his atelier until 1914. In his spare time, Ludwik Szaciński studied the mysteries of occultism or took part in hypnosis sessions. He was a real photo artist. Apart from the portraits of the most eminent celebrities of that time, he perpetuated the streets of Christiania, the city’s destitute, ugly people and with deformities. He even decided to take portraits of detained women of ill repute at the request of Norwegian police.

de Rawicz (1844–1894), photographer, emigrant, one of the first professional photographers in Norway, graduate of the Corps of Cadets (or School of Chivalry), active participant in the Polish January Uprising in 1863 (lieutenant), fugitive from the tsar prison (wounded). After one year of wandering around Europe, he settled in Christiania (today’s Oslo), where he founded an atelier where the royal family, aristocracy and artists had their photos taken; he married Hudda Hansen, fisherman’s daughter. They had one son, Stanny. He founded the Norwegian Photographic Society (chairman) and the Photographers’ Trade Union (chairman).

He won numerous awards for his works (Paris,

New art and trade in antiques in Arsenalsgatan Street (Stockholm Museum), [in:] M. Haykowski, Henryk Bukowski: Namnet lever kvar, Bromberg 1990, BUwW The Szaciński family in Suwalki; Ludwik sitting on the floor, n.d., [in:] M. Sokół-Rudowska, Ludwik Szaciński — powstaniec i fotograf, [in:] Polacy w Norwegii XIX–XXI wiek. Wybór materiałów źródłowych, Krakow 2010, BAPAN

Reverse side of a photo taken at Ludwik Szaciński’s studio listing the prizes he won at exhibitions in Vienna, Philadelphia, Paris and Christiania, n.d., [in:] M. Sokół-Rudowska, Ludwik Szaciński — powstanieci fotograf, [in:] Polacy w Norwegii XIX–XXI wiek. Wybór materiałów źródłowych, Krakow 2010, BAPAN Proclamation on the Polish National Museum in Rapperswil following a conference of members invited by the Museum’s founder Władysław Plater to join the Board; adopted on 8 September 1875, the proclamation was printed several days later. Its authors were Stefan Buszczyński, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Agaton Giller, Henryk Bukowski, and Władysław Tarnowski; 1875, Princes Czartoryski Library in Krakow, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Odezwa_w_sprawie_muzeum_ Narodowego_w_Rapperswyl.pdf&page=1, 17 June 2018

Michał Wielgoławski, Kazimierz Szaciński and Władysław Strutyński on their way to Christiania; Ludwik’s younger brother Kazimierz standing second from the left, n.d., [in:] M. Sokół-Rudowska, Ludwik Szaciński - powstaniec i fotograf, [in:] Polacy w Norwegii XIX–XXI wiek. Wybór materiałów źródłowych, Krakow 2010, BAPAN

Rapperswil castle in a 19th-century postcard, [in:] A. Badach, Piotrowska, Muzeum Polskie w Raperswilu, Warsaw-Rapperswil 2008, Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences Archive (APAN)

Ludwik Szaciński hunting with his son and friends, n.d., [in:] M. Sokół-Rudowska, Ludwik Szaciński — powstaniec i fotograf, [in:] Polacy w Norwegii XIX–XXI wiek. Wybór materiałów źródłowych, Krakow 2010, BAPAN

Roald Amundsen, the famous polar explorer, was also photographed at Ludwik Szaciński’s studio, n.d., [in:] M. Sokół-Rudowska, Ludwik Szaciński — powstaniec i fotograf, [in:] Polacy w Norwegii XIX–XXI wiek. Wybór materiałów źródłowych, Krakow 2010, BAPAN Interior of Henryk Bukowski’s antique shop in Stockholm, [in:] M. Haykowski, H. Bukowski: Namnetlever kvar, Bromberg 1990, BUwW

The grave of Władysław Plater, Karoline Bauer and Henryk Bukowski in Raperswil, [in:] A. Badach, A. Piotrowska, Muzeum Polskie w Raperswilu, Warszawa-Raperswil 2008, BAPAN

Wedding photo of Ludwik Szaciński and Hulda Hansen, 1871, [in:] M. Sokół-Rudowska, Ludwik Szaciński — powstaniec i fotograf, [in:] Polacy w Norwegii XIX–XXI wiek. Wybór materiałów źródłowych, Krakow 2010, BAPAN

Tombstone portrait of Ludwik Szaciński, n.d., [in:] M. Sokół-Rudowska, Ludwik Szaciński — powstaniec i fotograf, [in:] Polacy w Norwegii XIX–XXI wiek. Wybór materiałów źródłowych, Krakow 2010, BAPAN

Rapperswil panorama, n.d., Izabela Gass collection (KIG)

Oslo city centre, 1899–1905, photo: L. Szaciński, Oslo Museum, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gardekasernen_i_Tordenskiolds_gate_9,ca._18991905, _Ludwik_szacinski_%29,Oslo_museum,_OB.F1864F.jpg?useland=pl, 23 June 2018

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Kolonia polska w Almirante Tamandare w stanie Parana w Brazylii.

Ze zbiorów Narodowego Archiwum Cyfrowego.

POLACY POLACY ??

W KRAJACH

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POLSCY NAUKOWC Y ŚWIATU 2021 Maria Skłodowska-Curie, 1913. Archiwum rodzinne Piotra Chrząstowskiego

Grono nauczycielskie Towarzystwa Gimnastycznego „Sokoła-Macierzy” Lwów, koniec XIX wieku, fotografia ze zbiorów Muzeum Sportu i Turystyki w Warszawie

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