BIOCLIMATIC AND REGENERATIVE BUILDING DESIGN:

BIOCLIMATIC AND REGENERATIVE BUILDING DESIGN: TOWARDS A CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA – CASE STUDY UNIVERSITY CAMPUS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA

NOEMI FUTAS University of Westminster College of Design, Creative and Digital Industries School of Architecture and Cities MSc Architecture and Environmental Design 2018/19 Thesis Project Module September 2019

AUTHORSHIP DECLARATION FORM

UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER COURSEWORK COVERSHEET

STUDENT NAME

NOEMI FUTAS

REGISTRATION NUMBER

W1657293

COURSE

MSc ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

MODULE TITLE

SEM 2&3 THESIS PROJECT MODULE 7AEVD005W.2 2/2

MODULE CODE ASSIGNMENT NUMBER DEADLINE MARKER JOINT ASSIGNMENTS

02 SEPTEMBER 2019 ROSA SCHIANO-PHAN N/A

TITLE

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India – Case Study University Campus in Andhra Pradesh, India

NUMBER OF WORDS

16569

DECLARATION

“I confirm that I understand what plagiarism is and have read and understood Section 10 of the Handbook of Academic Regulations. The work that I have submitted is entirely my own (unless authorised group work). Any work from other authors is duly referenced and acknowledged.”

DATE

02 September 2019

SIGNATURE

2

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude towards my tutor and advisor Rosa Schiano-Phan for her guidance, support and caring nature. Talking to you is inspiring and it is visible that you try to get the best out of each of us.

Furthermore, I am very grateful for the opportunity of doing a collaborative thesis project with Urban Systems Design and for having Klaus Bode as my second advisor. Your broad experience and holistic approach in the field of environmental building and infrastructure design, your openness for innovative and new topics along with your productive precision are highly appreciated.

I would also like to thank Bรกlint Bakos for his resourceful input and constructive criticism, Joana Gonรงalves for her motivating support, Saskia Link for her creative spirit and my family for supporting me faithfully no matter where I go and what I am doing.

And last but not least, I would like to thank my colleagues for their support and patience with all my questions.

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ABSTRACT

General awareness of climate change has been increasing steadily while buildings continue to be one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. A prevalent topic among the most recent debate on climate change is the urgent transition towards a zero-carbon building sector. In order to prevent the possible collapse of our planet and stay below the 1.5°C increase in global average temperature compared to pre-industrial levels, CO2 emissions need to be cut by 45% until 2030 (IPCC, 2018).

To transform the negative impacts of buildings on the environment into a positive footprint, a radical shift from the current, linear ‘make-use-dispose’ practice to a closed-loop ‘makeuse-return’ principles, associated with a circular economy, is necessary. Modular, regenerative building design, coupled with efficient energy, water and waste management, will facilitate growth and development without resource depletion. Entwined with bioclimatic design strategies, sustainable, affordable and healthy housing can be provided to the expected 9.7 billion people on our planet in 2050 (United Nations, 2015).

This master thesis aims to demonstrate the possible shift to a circular construction industry by developing a practical framework, by means of an exemplary case study project, which is a real project in development in India. As a first step, a thorough literature review was undertaken to demonstrate the social, environmental and economic benefits of a circular construction industry. As next step, the guideline for a ‘Circular University Campus’ was developed and its applicability tested on a case study project in India. As final step, the evolved principles were used to develop ‘Project Specific Circular Building Indicators’ for a student residential block and enhance the proposed design through bioclimatic and regenerative design strategies, in the context of a warm-humid climate and other particular local conditions. The performance of the implemented environmental design strategies was analysed through computational simulations; the applied regenerative design strategies were also tested through whole-life carbon analysis and a circular building assessment tool.

The results demonstrate the benefits and feasibility of bioclimatic, regenerative building design in India and provide a practical prototype case study which can be adapted by architects and governmental institutions to other projects, thereby enabling the shift to a restorative, circular construction industry.

Fig. 1. Time to Change.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS

3 4 7

I CLOSING THE LOOP 01 INTRODUCTION 1.1 EVIDENCE & INTEREST 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS & METHODOLOGY 1.3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

11 12-13 14-15 16-17

02 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 2.2 CIRCULAR ECONOMY 2.3 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.4 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

19 21 22-23 24-33 34

II CIRCULAR CAMPUS - A CONCEPTIONAL GUIDELINE 03

CLIMATE 3.1 CHAPTER 3.2 CLIMATE 3.3 CLIMATE 3.4 CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION ANALYSIS RESPONSIVE DESIGN CONCLUSIONS

37 38 39-45 46-49 50

04 PROJECT CASE STUDY 4.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 4.2 SITE ANALYSIS 4.3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

51 52 53-57 58

05 CIRCULAR CAMPUS 5.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 5.2 GREEN CAMPUS - INDICATORS & ASSESSMENT 5.3 GREEN CAMPUS - PRECEDENTS 5.4 CIRCULAR CAMPUS GUIDELINE 5.5 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

59 60 61-62 63-64 65-67 68

06 CIRCULAR CAMPUS VISION & CONCEPTIONAL GUIDELINE 6.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 6.2 CIRCULAR CAMPUS - PROJECT VISION 6.3 CIRCULAR CAMPUS - ACTION PLAN 6.4 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

69 71 72-73 74-79 80

III BIOCLIMATIC & REGENERATIVE BUILDING DESIGN

- APPLICABILITY & BENEFITS FOR A CASE STUDY PROJECT IN INDIA 07 CIRCULAR BUILDING DESIGN 7.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 7.2 CIRCULAR BUILDING - INDICATORS 7.3 CIRCULAR BUILDING - PRECEDENTS 7.4 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

83 85 86-87 88-89 90

08 CIRCULAR BUILDING CASE STUDY 8.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 8.2 PROJECT SPECIFIC CIRCULAR BUILDING INDICATORS 8.3 DESIGN STAGE 8.4 PRODUCT STAGE 8.5 CONSTRUCTION STAGE 8.6 USE STAGE 8.7 END OF LIFE STAGE 8.8 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

91 92 93-95 96-103 104-109 110-113 114-117 118-119 120

09 CONCLUSIONS

121-122

REFERENCES - LITERATURE REFERENCES - IMAGES ACRONYMS APPENDICES

123-125 126 127 129-152

I CLOSING THE LOOP 01 INTRODUCTION 02 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

01 INTRODUCTION 1.1 EVIDENCE & INTEREST 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS & METHODOLOGY 1.3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

01 INTRODUCTION 1.1 EVIDENCE & INTEREST “Your task is not to foresee the future, but to enable it.”

- Antoine de Saint Exupery, 1948

Our planet is facing several major challenges: Climate has been changing due to extensive hazardous emissions, of which more than one third is produced by the building sector (United Nations, 2018); natural resources are rapidly becoming depleted and the world population is estimated to grow by 2 billion to 9.7 billion people by 2050 (United Nations, 2015).

36%

39%

32%

CO2

The IPCC report (2018) identified that the target of reducing global carbon dioxide emission by 45% until 2030, so as to keep the planet below 1.5°C, will only be impactful if CO2 emissions peak in 2020. This means that respective policies and measures need to be taken in the next 16 months, as implementation and change of current behavioural and industrial patterns take time.

In order to address the need for change in the building industry and transform its currently negative impacts on the environment to a positive footprint, a radical change from current practice is essential.

As part of the previous research on the subject of ‘Cradle to Cradle in the building industry’, it became apparent that the building industry can be transformed into an asset against climate change by adopting a ‘doing good, not less bad’ approach and designing ‘reversible buildings’ that can be disassembled or adapted anytime and enhance their environment, as e.g. the C2C founders Braungart and McDonough write (Braungart and McDonough, 2008).

Fig. 2. Global Environmental Impact of the Building Industry (UN, 2018).

Previous literature review and conducted interviews showed that the conservative, slow-changing building industry is facing several barriers on the way towards regenerative, closed-loop, value-creating design, with a positive impact on the environment.

One major issue identified is the lack of case studies, which translate well-intentioned theories into measurable, practicable guidelines without restricting the designer’s creativity (Futas, 2019).

The Ellen MacArthur Foundation promotes the shift from the current, linear ‘make-use-dispose’ practice to a ‘Circular Economy’ which follows the closed-loop ‘make-use-return’ principles (EMA et al., 2015). However, the concept of a ‘Circular Economy’ had been formed and developed by the Swiss architect Walter Stahel more than 40 years ago, which makes one wonder, why the transition has not yet taken place and linear industrial economies are still producing waste and emissions in abundance.

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

01 INTRODUCTION 1.1 EVIDENCE & INTEREST When thinking of growing economies that have potentially a big impact on the future of planet earth, India comes to mind. In addition to a booming economy, India has one of the fastest growing populations: in the next 10 years, it will increase by 200 million people, from 1.3 to 1.5 billion. Consequently, 70% of the buildings expected to stand in India by 2030 are not yet built (NRDC-ASCI, 2012). The positive footprint all these new constructions could have, if they were regenerative (renewing their own sources of energy and materials) and bioclimatic (build in harmony with the local climate), is immense.

India, as many other countries, is facing enormous challenges such as rapid urbanisation, resource scarcity and high levels of poverty, whilst also having to deal with natural climatic disasters (droughts, floods, etc.) and the development of an infrastructure that keeps pace with the rate of urbanisation. According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, “Applying circular economy principles to developing this vast amount of infrastructure and building stock could create annual benefits of 4.9 lakh crore (US$ 76 billion) in 2050, compared with the current development path, together with environmental and social benefits” (EMA, 2016).

ISSUES AND QUESTIONS WHICH LED TO THE CHOSEN TOPIC •

• •

•

How to create a positive footprint of the building industry and transform it into an asset against climate change?

Common practice has to change - how can I contribute?

Valuable ideas and theoretical concepts, but how to translate them into practical guidelines?

Where in the world is the biggest development of infrastructure happening and thus most potential for impact?

This case study is a live project, with the author participating in the role of an Environmental Consultant, working for Urban Systems Design (USD). USD provides MEP and Environmental consultants’ advice to PLP Architects on the Masterplan design for a new University Campus in Andhra Pradesh, India, which shall cater for 10,000 students and 2,000 members of staff on a 89ha site.

Biological Products

In order to set an example and facilitate the shift towards a truly sustainable, circular construction industry, this thesis aims to define a guideline for a ‘Circular University Campus’ and develop a tangible example of a bioclimatic and regenerative residential building typology for students in India.

Technical Products

Circular Economy

Energy from limited sources

Energy from renewable sources

Fig. 3. From Linear to Circular.

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1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS & METHODOLOGY

“If not bolted but welded, we are all screwed.”

- BAMB, 2019

OBJECTIVES This thesis has two main objectives: 1) Develop the guideline for a ‘Circular University Campus’ and show the social, environmental and economic benefits of a circular construction industry. Test its applicability on the case study project in India.

2) Translate the established principles of the ‘Circular Campus Guideline’ to building scale and develop a practical case study of a bioclimatic and regenerative building typology for students residences in a hot-humid climate by improving the proposed design and thereby demonstrating that realising truly sustainable housing is not complicated but rather creates value and user comfort without negatively impacting the environment.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS The two main objectives generate the following research questions: 1) What are appropriate criteria for an exemplary, innovative and sustainable University Campus? And what should be the benchmarks if this guideline is applied to the case study project in Andhra Pradesh, India?

2.1) Which bioclimatic and regenerative design strategies could improve the proposed design for a student residence building in the hot-humid climate of Sri City (India)? i. Which orientation, layout and building envelope

treatments are most appropriate and effective? ii. Which design principles, construction method and

material selection have the least environmental impact? iii. Which strategies enable energy and

water self-sufficiency?

HYPOTHESES The following hypotheses were proposed as starting point for investigation: 1) An exemplary, innovative and sustainable University Campus should follow the regenerative circular economy principles with emphasis on bioclimatic design. It should be human-centred, carbon-neutral, 100% energy and water self-sufficient and landfill-waste-free.

2.1) The following bioclimatic and regenerative design strategies improve the proposed design for a student residence building in the hot-humid climate of Sri City (India): i. The building should be oriented along the east-west axis, be elevated from the ground and have permeable and modular layouts with single-loaded corridors to allow for maximum air movement and flexibility while creating soacial space.

Furthermore, an extended double roof and appropriate façade treatment depending on the respective façade orientation should minimise overheating due to solar gains while optimising the potential for solar and rainwater harvesting. ii. The building should be designed ‘in layers’ and with dry joints to facilitate disassembly, with as little resources used as well as waste generated, as possible. The building elements should be standardised and modular to allow for efficient production, future adaptations, repair and re-use at their end of life. The selected materials should have very low embodied energy and be either biodegradable or reusable. iii. Passive design strategies should be implemented to reduce operational energy consumption to its minimum, whilst still providing high levels of thermal comfort. After minimising demand, photovoltaics should be used for renewable solar energy generation to supply residual electric power demand.

For water self-sufficiency, demand should equally be minimised, and all available rainwater should be collected and greywater as well as black water generated inside the building should be treated for reuse.

2.2) A bioclimatic and regenerative building is more resource-efficient, thus more environmentally friendly and economic than common standard construction. Furthermore, it provides comfortable, healthy spaces and social quality.

2.2) What are the benefits of a bioclimatic and regenerative building as compared to common practice?

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS & METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY In the following section, the research methods used in this thesis are listed and their purpose explained.

In order to develop the first guideline for a ‘Circular University Campus’ and test its applicability on the case study project in India, the following steps were undertaken: Firstly, a thorough literature review was done and conferences were attended to understand and illustrate the current state-ofthe-art as well as the social, environmental and economic benefits of a circular construction industry.

Secondly, the climate associated with the specific site was analysed, to identify appropriate bioclimatic design strategies.

Thirdly, indicators, assessment schemes and precedents of sustainable universities - so called ‘green campuses’ - as well as the ‘ReSOLVE framework’, which is based on circular economy principles, were analysed, enhanced and translated into the first ‘Circular Campus Guideline’.

Finally, its applicability was tested by developing the ‘Campus Vision and Action Plan’ and respective benchmarks for the case study project in India.

In order to translate the established principles of the ‘Circular Campus Guideline’ to building scale, a practical case study of a bioclimatic and regenerative building in a hot-humid climate was developed. A residential building was chosen, as this typology represents more than 70% of the total built-up area in the campus.

Therefore, ‘Circular Building Indicators’ were identified and built precedents studied at first, to superpose the findings with the ‘Circular Campus Guideline’ as well as the project specific ‘Campus Action Plan’ at a second step and derive the ‘Project Specific Circular Building Indicators’.

‘CIRCULAR BUILDING INDICATORS’

As consecutive step, the design for a student residence (as originally proposed by the Project Architects) was enhanced based on the ‘Project Specific Circular Building Indicators’ to prove that truly sustainable housing is not complicated to achieve but ultimately creates value and user comfort while leaving a positive footprint on the environment.

The improved design was based on extensive analytical studies of local conditions as well as literature review and research. To reduce energy demand and consequently cooling loads, while maximising visual and thermal comfort, environmental design strategies were implemented and their performance tested through computational simulations (Grasshopper Plug-ins Ladybug and Honeybee (based on Radiance and Energy Plus) for climate, solar irradiation and daylight analysis; TAS for dynamic thermal modelling). Furthermore, extensive calculations were made to generate energy, domestic hot water and potable water demand profiles and develop supply scenarios to offset demand and achieve self-sufficiency. Finally, whole-life carbon analysis and circular building assessment were undertaken (using One-Click LCA) to analyse the building’s carbon footprint and potential for circularity.

It is important to highlight that the case study development is based on an existing ‘base case design’ by the Project Architects (PLP), as this dissertation is based on a live project.

In the context of this dissertation project, the ‘base case design’ was analysed and improved by implementing informed bioclimatic and regenerative design strategies. This means, that not all passive design strategies were assessed, as would be the case if the author would design the buildings herself, but given the specific role the author had on this project, only suitable enhancements to the existing architectural design were proposed and analysed, as in a typical consulting process. In addition, the focus of this thesis is on regenerative design, following the circular economy principles. Nevertheless, the design methodology and the analytical work are original work of the author for this dissertation.

‘CIRCULAR CAMPUS GUIDELINE’

‘PROJECT SPECIFIC CAMPUS ACTION PLAN’

‘PROJECT SPECIFIC CIRCULAR BUILDING INDICATORS’

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1.3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY STRUCTURE & CONTENT The thesis document is structured in three parts: Part I - ‘Closing the Loop’ introduces the topic and gives information on evidence, issues and research methodology.

Part II - ‘Circular Campus – A Conceptional Guideline’ presents the climate analysis and the case study project. Furthermore, it provides background information and analysis of ‘green university campuses’ as basis for the development of the ‘Circular Campus Guideline’, which is then applied to the case study project in the last section of this part.

Part III - ‘Bioclimatic & Regenerative Building Design – Applicability and Benefits for a case study project in India’ analyses indicators and precedents for ‘circular building design’ before the ‘Project Specific Circular Building Indicators’ are derived from all previous findings. The last section of this research presents the case study design enhancement, which is based on the established indicators. Part III closes the loop between macroscale and microscale of circular economy in the construction industry and ends with the conclusions drawn.

Fig. 4. CO2 Cube - One Ton of Change (Arkinetblog, 2010).

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

1.3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SUMMARY OF RESULTS The results and conclusions drawn confirmed the hypotheses made, in that: 1) A truly sustainable University Campus in India can and should follow the regenerative circular economy principles and be human-centred, carbon-neutral, 100% energy and water self-sufficient and landfill-waste-free. Research showed, that biodiversity and food production are also important aspects.

For environmental and economic benefits, the focus of a ‘Circular Campus’ should be on water, energy and material demand minimisation by designing for resource efficiency (i.e. with bioclimatic design strategies and ‘lean design’ principles), keeping products and materials in use (i.e. through quantifying and qualifying – ‘tracking’ – all materials available on site) and creating closed-loop systems where ‘waste’ becomes an asset (e.g. closed water management systems).

Furthermore, the social and human factor proved to be very important, as buildings do not directly consume water and energy nor produce waste, but people do. Thus, a human-centred campus should not only focus on enhanced effectiveness, well-being and satisfaction of its occupants but also emphasize the direct impact the occupants’ behaviour has on the environmental performance of a building or a space. Raising awareness can increase comfort and the performance (i.e. sustainability) of buildings.

The principles of the ‘Circular Campus Guideline’, as developed, can be translated to other projects of similar, bigger or smaller scale.

2) The proposed bioclimatic and regenerative design strategies for the student residence building in the hot-humid climate of Sri City (India), which followed the ‘Project Specific Circular Building Indicators’ and were informed by exclusive environmental analyses, proved to be beneficial.

The results show that bioclimatic design strategies, such as appropriate building envelope treatments relative to orientation, can reduce overall annual solar gains by 73% whilst increasing thermal comfort in this hot-humid climate significantly. At the same time, the extended double roof provides sufficient space for domestic hot water and electricity generation through solar energy. In fact, the roof could provide 3-times more solar

energy than the buildings’ occupants consum, which means that this surplus energy could provide 3 neighbouring buildings of the same size with energy.

The closed water cycle, collecting and treating rainwater for potable and greywater for non-potable water use, allows for 88% self-sufficiency based on current assumptions. If either the recycled black water was considered for non-potable domestic water demand, or the water demand was reduced from 70 litres per person per day to 60 litres, the building could be 100% self-sufficient. Besides, the context of the ‘Circular Campus’ buildings should be seen in connection to each other on a neighbourhood scale and thus more collective area (such as covered walkways, piazzas or roads) is available, thereby providing enough water supply for 100% self-sufficiency.

However, climate change will most likely lead to longer-lasting droughts and increased water scarcity, turning precipitation into an unreliable variable, and thus the connection to the Sri City network could be considered as a back-up option.

The modularity and ‘design for disassembly’ allows for efficient standardised and quality controlled production with minimum waste generation and facilitates repair, adaptations and reuse throughout the building’s lifecycle. In combination with low embodied carbon materials, building elements sourced within 250km from the site and solar energy generation, 2600 tons of greenhouse gas emissions can be saved per building due to regenerative design. This amounts to 234,000 tons if multiplied by the number of residential units at full build campus scale.

Similar calculations can be done for waste and costs saved.

Considering that typical design and construction methods in India (and most of the other countries) does not provide 100% water and energy self-sufficiency, nor consider carefully selected materials with lowest environmental impact, the proposed bioclimatic and regenerative building prototype demonstrates that substantially more efficient, thus more environmentally friendly and economic ways to design buildings are possible – and required. However, compared to ‘business as usual’, such innovative projects usually attract higher capital costs (e.g. for water recycling plants), what restrains developers from thinking and acting outside the conventional box. Therefore, innovative business models and funding schemes are required to overcome initial financial obstacles and prove economic feasibility through long-term carbon and cost savings.

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02 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CIRCULAR ECONOMY CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

02 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION “The circular economy is the most sustainable post-production business model. It uses natural, human, cultural and manufactured stocks to improve the ecological, social and economic factors that make up sustainability.”

- Walter Stahel, 2019

Circular Economy.

Circular Construction Industry.

Circular Building.

Imagine a world where everything is beneficial, everything is ‘good’ and “a ‘circular’ society would allow humankind to live in harmony with the natural world because the concept of waste would be an anathema” (Baker-Brown, 2017, p.174).

The terminology reminded the author of a saying she heard in her first year at architectural school, which could be translated to “if the architect is at his wits’ end, he draws a circle”.

Nowadays we know that the circle, the closed loop, the regenerative way of thinking should become the beginning of the architect’s wits.

What might sound romantic at first becomes evident if one acknowledges how urgently humankind needs to transform its negative presence into a positive footprint. The earth is finite and naturally balanced, in contrast to the linear, wasteful way of mankind designing and producing things. But: behaviour can be changed; it is not set in stone.

“Circular economy and sustainability have the same vision of a society which balances economic, environmental and social needs, based on caring attitude” (Stahel, 2019, p.9). The shift towards a circular economy might sound at first like an intangible concept, as the word ‘sustainability’, but turns out to be tangible at a second glance.

CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION

RENEWABLE ENERGY

CLOSED WATER CYCLE

HEALTHY MATERIALS + AIR

ENHANCED BIODIVERSITY

This chapter introduces the reader to the circular economy and its application to the construction industry.

DO GOOD, NOT LESS BAD

IT I POS E S I OPTIM

SE MI NI I M

VE

CT PA IM

ACT IMP IVE T A NEG

Fig. 5. From a Negative to a Positive Footprint of Buildings (after Braungart and McDonough, 2008).

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2.2 CIRCULAR ECONOMY 2.2.1 DEFINITIONS & PRINCIPLES

“A circular economy is one that is restorative and regenerative by design, and which aims to keep products, components and materials at their highest utility and value at all times, distinguishing between technical and biological cycles.”

- Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2015

REGENERATIVE DESIGN To understand the principles of a circular economy it is essential to understand the term ‘regenerative’. According to Wikipedia (2019), ‘regenerative’ describes processes that restore, renew or revitalize their own sources of energy and materials. Regenerative design uses whole systems thinking to create resilient and equitable systems that integrate the needs of society with the integrity of nature.

Most of the current economies and processes are linear, extracting resources (‘take’), producing products (‘make’) and discarding them at the end of their life (‘dispose’). We need to move away from this inefficient, destructive system and shift towards regenerative closed-loop processes that minimise resource consumption by keeping products, components and materials at their highest value as long in use as possible.

CLOSING THE LOOP Closed-loop systems are natural and mankind has been living in a ‘circular society’ for thousands of years – we have simply forgotten about it. When a building such as a fortress became obsolete, its structure was taken apart and the stones were used elsewhere for the construction of required infrastructure.

Production Plants

Production Product

Biological

Use

Nutrients

phase BioDegradation

BIOLOGICAL CYCLE

Circular Economy

Product Technical

Use

Nutrients

phase Return Disassembly

Besides, nature is a closed, circular system where organic ‘waste’ of one becomes food and nutrition for the other. One excellent example is the micro-organism ‘tree’: Sun and rain as renewable sources provide energy, withered leaves turn from ‘home-grown waste’ into manure and nourish the tree. While growing, the tree absorbs (‘eats’) CO2 and releases O2 as a ‘waste product’, which again turns into an essential ‘nutrient’ for humans and animals. To close this loop, the excrements of the latter can be transformed into manure (‘nutrient’) for the tree.

So why should we not build ‘buildings as a tree’?

The aim of a circular economy is to become a similar efficient closed-loop system that creates no unusable waste but promotes regenerative systems and products, i.e. shifting from the current linear model ‘take - make - dispose’ to the circular economy with the ‘take - make - return’ principles. This requires a different way of thinking and designing; materials and resources need to “flow through products and into new ones, as opposed to being designed into products, then locked into landfill” (Baker-Brown, 2017, p.162).

It is distinguished between two different circular flows, the socalled ‘technical cycle’ which refers to products that are used and can be re-used as a whole or in parts repeatedly; and the ‘biological cycle’ which associates with elements that are consumed and cannot be used for a second time such as water, energy or food and thus should be returned into living systems, e.g. composted (Braungart and McDonough, 2008).

TECHNICAL CYCLE

Fig. 6. Biological and Technical Cycles (after EPEA, 2017).

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

2.2 CIRCULAR ECONOMY 2.2.1 DEFINITIONS & PRINCIPLES

REGENERATIVE VALUE CREATION The potential and interrelated benefits of the circular economy are to reduce environmental impacts while diversifying and improving economic opportunities. In simpler words: “Wasted materials are also wasted money” (Stahel, 2019).

Two exemplary measures for regenerative, mutual value creation aligned with the circular economy principles are the product-life extensions (i.e. extended product warranties), which result in products designed for longevity, and take-back schemes of companies, such as Apple on an individual consumer scale or Airbus on a fleet manager scale. Another example is the German railway company Deutsche Bahn, which was able to save EUR22 million by remanufacturing the 59-ICE1 high speed trains instead of producing new ones. Moreover, 80% of the initial resources were preserved (16,500t of steel and 1,180t of copper) and 35,000t of CO2 emissions along with 500,000t of mining waste saved (Stahel, 2019).

By extending the life of products and reusing components and materials, resource flows are slowed down and both production and waste volumes are minimised. Thus, growth (revenue) is decoupled from resource depletion, which is one of the main principles of a circular economy.

In addition to minimised environmental impact and maximised efficiency and revenue in economic terms, value is created on a social level; in order to increase the value and durability of assets and decrease the demand for resources, the circular economy also relies on the ‘soft principles’ of ‘caring and sharing’. A promoted sharing economy optimises the use of products and space and fosters a strong community network, which is very much wanted and needed today.

Furthermore, a successful circular economy depends on the sense of ownership of the user, i.e. the decisions made at a product’s end of life. If the ‘owner-user’ (Stahel, 2019) prefers reuse, repair or remanufacture over discarding depends very much on social or cultural factors, which are influenced by (lacking) education, peer behaviour, marketing and policies.

In terms of buildings, a circular approach means to consider the ‘end of life’ already during the design process. Thus, the concept stage of a project offers the greatest opportunities to

CIRCULAR ECONOMY PRINCIPLES • Design out waste (Reduce, Refurbish, Reuse, Recycle) • Design for resource efficiency and avoid finite resources (Careful selection of materials) • Keep products and materials in use (circulating in technical and biological cycles at highest quality possible) • Regenerate natural systems (design out air-, water- and noise pollution, land degradation, toxic substances and GHG emissions)

implement the circular economy principles and deliver a truly sustainable project – environmentally friendly, social and cost-efficient. One key enabler is the early involvement of all project stakeholders since innovative thinking is required to challenge procurement systems and re-define business models – as part of the closed-loop design.

But what could be the value created for a supplier of building materials in a circular economy? Is it not the easiest and most profitable way to continue selling materials to constructors, passing the responsibility on as soon as the product is sold?

And if the service-life of the product is doubled, who pays for the lost revenue from the potential second sale?

Imagine a world, where extended liability is introduced to products and maintaining the value of stock is prioritised instead of allegedly creating value through non-durable massproduction.

Apart from the costs saved for waste treatment through extended product-life, the term ‘service’ itself could be a solution for innovative, even more profitable business models decoupled from resource depletion. Philips (lighting) and Siemens (engines) are actual examples of international large-scale enterprises which started to sell ‘serviced-products’. The contract includes leasing, maintenance and remanufacturing of their own products, what increases the comfort of the user as well as the responsibility and ‘sense of ownership’ of the manufacturers, promoting long-life quality products (EEA, 2017).

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2.3 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.3.1 INDICATORS & BENEFITS

Circular economy thinking in the construction industry “starts at the design stage, where products are designed for disassembly and reuse and new business models incentivise reclaiming, refurbishing or remanufacturing products.”

- David Cheshire, 2016

INDICATORS The current practice in the construction industry tends to follow the linear, short-term thinking of building – using – demolishing and building again. As the need for change is more and more evident and this approach has been questioned, the application of circular economy thinking in the building sector seems obvious. “We must think of a building as an evolving process rather than a box that is ‘finished’ at a fixed point in time” (Sturgis, 2017, p.44). This also requires thinking beyond the brief, taking initiative in ‘doing better’, designing buildings that can be adapted (changed), disassembled, moved and reassembled with the minimum effort in terms of materials, energy and costs. Consequently, waste generation and CO2 emissions are reduced significantly. After minimising demand,

regenerative resources should be prioritised and smart water, energy and waste management systems established, where ‘waste’ is transformed into an asset.

David Cheshire (2016) developed a comprehensive diagram showing the anticipated hierarchy of “R’s” in a circular construction industry: Retaining, Refitting and Refurbishing of existing buildings are the most desired and resource-efficient options as the most resource-intensive parts of the buildings (foundation and structure) are maintained. Reclaiming or Remanufacturing components is preferred to Recycling as the value is kept higher.

NEW ENERGY & MATERIALS IN

WASTE OUT

OLD

NEW

NEW ENERGY & MATERIALS IN

WASTE OUT

OLD

REUSE

NEW

REUSABLE ON SITE

REUSED FROM SITE

REUSABLE OFF SITE Fig. 7. Linear vs. Circular Economy Principles in Construction.

24

Fig. 8. Applying Circular Economy Principles to Building Design (Cheshire, 2016).

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

2.3 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.3.1 INDICATORS & BENEFITS

BENEFITS Considering that our world’s population is going to rise by 41% until 2050 (Baker-Brown, 2017) and 60% of the buildings that will exist by then are yet to be built (EMA, 2017), shifting from linear to circular economy thinking is expected to have significant environmental, social and economic benefits.

Research conducted by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation predicts 32% reduction of primary material consumption in Europe by 2030 and 53% by 2050, compared with today. This implies less waste and therefore reduced costs of waste management as well as 50% less carbon emissions by 2030. In India, where bigger growth is expected, carbon emissions could even be reduced by 44% in 2050 (ibid.).

BENEFITS FOR LONDON BY 2036, IF CIRCULAR ECONOMY ADOPTED • Circular economy opportunities will add £3-5bn to the gross domestic product (GDP) • Structural waste and assembling times can be reduced by modular construction using 3D printing, additive manufacturing & separable connection methods, delivering a benefit of over £800m per year • Using buildings more efficiently via multi-purposing, peer-to-peer renting and office sharing could save over £600m a year by doubling the utilisation rate of 20%

– after ARUP, 2016

Furthermore, liveability especially in cities could be improved through better indoor and outdoor air quality using healthier materials and more effective mobility systems, reducing congestion and pollution. Significant reduction of unprocessed waste in open-air dumpsites and enhanced wastewater treatment systems would improve hygienic conditions significantly and reduce environmental pollution caused by leachate and toxic materials. This loop can be expanded to food production and other industrial sectors. Further benefits of circular economy thinking in construction are illustrated on the basis of the case study project in Chapter 8.

2050: 9.6BN

Fig. 9. Three planets are needed to sustain lifestyle of 9.6bn people (UN, 2018).

25

2.3 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.3.2 STATE-OF-THE-ART

“Buildings as material banks, energy generators and service providers…

The future of architecture and construction will play a key role in the transition to a circular economy […].”

- Ellen MacArthur, 2016

ORIGINS & DRIVERS The principles of a regenerative, closed-loop economy are nothing new, as pointed out previously – but recently the circular economy gained momentum. Mankind exploited planet earth to its limits. Constantly growing population has been depleting slowly but surely finite resources, and increasing frequencies of extreme weather events due to climate change made us eventually realise that it is time to act.

In 1976, the Swiss architect and industrial analyst Walter Stahel presented the concept of an ‘economy in loops’ to the European Commission. His paper ‘The potential for substituting manpower for energy’ illustrates the positive impact of a circular economy on job creation, economic competitiveness, reduced dependence on natural resources and the prevention of waste.

THE PRODUCT-LIFE FACTOR

Stahel’s paper ‘The product-life factor’ “attempts to show that the extension of the use-life of goods is, first, a sensible point at which to start a gradual transition towards a sustainable society in which progress is made consistent with the world’s finite resource base and, second, a strategy consistent with an active and independent role for the private sector” (Stahel, 1982).

Fig. 10.The Product-Life Factor (Stahel, 1982).

26

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

2.3 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.3.2 STATE-OF-THE-ART

Since the 1980s, the likewise regenerative concept of ‘Cradle to Cradle’ (an expression which was also coined by Stahel) has been refined and made public by the German chemist Michael Braungart and the American architect William McDonough. The main principles aim for the previously mentioned ‘positive footprint’ of a building, enhancing its immediate environment while providing maximum comfort to the user, see fig. 11 (Braungart and Mulhall, 2010).

CRADLE TO CRADLE PRINCIPLES

Waste equals Food Eliminate the concept of waste: Design products and materials with life cycles that are safe for human health and the environment and that can be reused perpetually through biological and technical metabolisms. Create and participate in systems to collect and recover the value of these materials following their use.

One of the main global thought leaders in establishing the circular economy principles and developing answers on how to successfully implement these is the Ellen MacArthur Foundation.

Dame Ellen MacArthur established the charity in 2010 with the aim of accelerating the transition to the circular economy by developing programmes for academia, business and governments.

Numerous publications present options of ‘circular thinking and acting’ for different industrial sectors.

Use Current Solar Income Maximise the use of renewable energy.

Celebrate Diversity Respect human & natural systems: Manage water use to maximize quality, promote healthy ecosystems and respect local impacts. Guide operations and stakeholder relationships using social responsibility.

Further schools of thought can be found in Appendix A.

Design for disassembly: enhance the ability of adaptation to a variety of uses over time Circularity Passports support material reuse

Materials have defined intended pathways and are beneficial to the environment

Integrate renewable energy

Daylight for well-being Enhance air quality

Optimised water management

Integrate topsoil production and carbon reuse

Materials have defined content and are safe

Actively support biodiversity

Enhance stakeholders well-being

Celebrate conceptual and cultural diversity

Enhance water quality

Fig. 11.Cradle to Cradle inspired Building Design (after Braungart and Mulhall, 2010).

27

2.3 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.3.2 STATE-OF-THE-ART

FROM LINEAR TO CIRCULAR TO REGENERATIVE LINEAR

During research for this dissertation, the author found that the term ‘circular’ is not as accurate as ‘regenerative’.

As one process does not necessarily follow the loop until its end but can stop and restart on the way, the author developed a new way of expressing these ‘regenerative loops’.

CIRCULAR

To explain this phenomenon better, the following example may serve as illustration:

A building is built, the owners move in. The regenerative process had started with extracting the resources, manufacturing the components and building the home.

After 10 years, a re-arrangement of space is required as the third child is born. The building has not reached the end of its life yet but requires adaptation (refit/refurbish). The first additional ‘loop’ is made during the building’s life.

After another 25 years, all children have moved out and the parents re-organise the space once more, maybe even sell one module of the modular building. Another transformation takes place while the building is still in use (refit/refurbish/reclaim).

After another 100 years, the building became obsolete as detached houses are out of date. The building is disassembled, and its components and materials reused in other buildings.

Only now the regenerative loop is closed, as all used resources are reused for other projects (reuse/remanufacture/recycle).

28

REGENERATIVE Fig. 12. From Linear to Circular to Regenerative.

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

2.3 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.3.2 STATE-OF-THE-ART

LEGISLATION In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly set up the 17 Sustainable Development Goals to tackle critical global issues.

These were adopted by all 196 Parties (including India) at COP21 in Paris, 2015, in the so-called ‘Paris Agreement’.

Target 12.5 of goal 12 ‘Responsible Consumption and Production’ sets out to substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse by 2030 (European Commission, 2015a).

Furthermore, the European Commission and the UK Government have been promoting the circular economy model as the most sustainable option for the future. The ‘EU Circular Economy Package’ was launched in 2015, to achieve the goals of drastically reduced GHG emissions and waste generation by boosting “the EU’s competitiveness by protecting businesses against scarcity of resources and volatile process, helping to create new business opportunities and innovative, more efficient ways of producing and consuming” (European Commission, 2015b).

Some of the common EU targets are: • recycling 65% of municipal waste by 2030; • recycling 65% of packaging waste by 2030; • reduce landfill waste to a maximum of 10% of all waste by 2030.

The British Standard Institution published in May 2017 the BS 8001, which claims to be “the first practical framework and guidance of its kind for organizations to implement the principles of the circular economy and has been written in way so that it can be used wherever they are in the world” (BSI, 2019).

Only recently, in April 2019, the UK Green Building Council published the ‘Circular economy guidance for construction clients’, which explains the principles and provides some strategic and technical guidance for the client’s brief. However, there has been moderate focus on how construction industry professionals (including all stakeholders, such as supply chain, facility managers etc.) can implement circular economy thinking.

Fig. 13. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (CSM, 2019).

29

2.3 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.3.2 STATE-OF-THE-ART

CERTIFICATION SCHEMES Several rating systems have included the circular economy principles to a certain extent, for instance BREEAM, DGNB or LEEDv4. As detailed description of these schemes would exceed the extent of this dissertation, the author solely wants to introduce shortly two other, very comprehensive schemes: 1) The ‘One Planet Living sustainability framework’, which was created by Bioregional after the BedZED eco-village development (Bioregional, 2019).

LIVING BUILDING CHALLENGE

“What if every single act of design and construction made the world a better place? The Living Building Challenge is the world’s most rigorous proven performance standard for buildings. People from around the world use our regenerative design framework to create spaces that, like a flower, give more than they take” (Living Future, 2019).

2) The ‘Living Building Challenge’ created by the International Living Future Institute (Living Future, 2019).

Next to buildings and communities, both schemes also address the product and the food challenges of our society.

Health & happiness Zero carbon

Equity & economy

Zero waste

Culture & community Zero waste

Sustainable materials Sustainable transport

Sustainable water Local & sustainable food

Fig. 15. One Planet Living Criteria (after Bioregional, 2019).

30

Fig. 14. Living Building Challenge Criteria (Living Future, 2019).

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

2.3 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.3.2 STATE-OF-THE-ART

ASSESSMENT TOOLS Circularity Passports

One-Click LCA

Several institutions have been trying to make the building industry more transparent regarding material qualities. The EPEA (Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency), founded in 1987 by Braungart, has developed the Cradle to Cradle Circularity Passports®. More information can be found in Appendix B (C2C Centre, 2017).

The Life Cycle Analysis Tool ‘One-Click LCA’ by Bionova features building circularity assessment. “It allows tracking, quantifying and optimizing the circularity of materials sourced and used during the building life-cycle, as well as the circularity at the end of life” (OC, 2019). The application of this tool is illustrated in Chapter 8.11.

BAMB – Buildings as Material Banks

C2C and WLC analysis combined into a framework

From 2015 to 2019, the Horizon 2020 project developed in cooperation with 16 partners (companies, research institutes and universities) a design protocol for reversible building design to enable different stakeholders in the construction industry to adapt circular economy principles. Several tools were developed in order to support, assess and monitor a circular building industry, which are further described in Appendix C (BAMB, 2019).

In previous research, the author of this dissertation derived an assessment framework for a circular construction industry from the C2C and WLC analysis principles. Fig. 15 illustrates the aspects currently considered by LCA, WLC and/or C2C and highlights the potential for a comprehensive, unified assessment framework by complementing LCA/WLC with C2C and further developing linked criteria and principles. Detailed explanation can be found in Appendix D.

1. Closed-loop Design

2. Raw Materials

- DESIGN FOR WELL-BEING

- EXTRACT

(daylight, air & water quality, (bio-) diversity, water management, renewable energies)

- PROCESS

- DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY - COLLABORATION W. STEAKHOLDERS

Cl

- TRANSPORT -> RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Raw Ma te ri

-> RESOURCE LOCATOR ON SITE

s al

-> INTEGRATED DESIGN: BIM/ICT

Design op o -l ed os

3. Manufacturing

- DE-CONSTRUCTION (Instructions

- FABRICATION ENERGY USED

- BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION - REUSE / RECOVER / RECYCLE -> “MATERIAL BANK” -> AVOID DEMOLITION (Waste Processing, Transport, Disposal)

CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY CIRCULAR BUILDING INDUSTRY

– assessment framework –

-> CIRCULARITY PASSPORTS

Manufacturing

& Take-Back Services)

End of Life

6. End of Life

-> PRECAST / IN-SITU? - CARBON MANAGEMENT - WATER STEWARDSHIP - MATERIAL HEALTH - SOCIAL FAIRNESS -> MATERIAL PASSPORTS -> CIRCULARITY PASSPORTS

-> POST-OCCUPANCY EVALUATION

ion uct tr ns Co

5. Use

Us e

- MAINTENANCE - REPAIR / REFURBISHMENT - REPLACEMENT: LEASING?

4. Construction

- OPERATIONAL ENERGY USE

- TRANSPORT

- OPERATIONAL WATER USE

- INSTALLATION PROCESS

-> LIFESPAN?

-> MATERIAL APPLICATION (Quantity: Embodied Carbon)

-> BMS + RESOURCE LOCATOR

C2C

LCA

WLC

Potential to improve

Fig. 16. Circular Construction Industry - Assessment Framework.

31

2.3 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.3.3 CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN INDIA

“The challenge of transition and the need to accommodate the rapidly growing population in a world of finite resources is so enormous that no actor can address it alone. It will require collaboration within and between all sectors of society: governments, the private sector, academia, non-government organizations and the public.”

- Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017

Adopting circular economy principles is said to bring significant benefits to India’s economy. With an averaged economic growth of 7.4% per year in the last decade and an expected increase in population by 200 million people in the next decade, India has been facing many opportunities and challenges at the same time. The country is at a crossroads and has the opportunity to move directly to more effective, regenerative and value-creating development instead of repeating the wasteful, resource-depleting linear models of the western world.

Refusing the linear “make – use – dispose” approach and moving towards a circular “make – use – restore” model of growth could bring India annual benefits of US$ 624 billion (40

-26%

CITIES AND CONSTRUCTION FOCUS AREA (₹ LAKH CRORE)

-18% 19 11

14 9

2030

2050

Fig. 17. Financial benefits of adopting CE principles for cities & construction

lakh crore) and result in 44% lower GHG emissions, 38% less virgin material consumption, 24% less water usage and 71% less synthetic fertiliser and pesticide use by 2050, compared to the current development path, as the Ellen Mac Arthur foundation reports (EMA, 2016).

Moreover, India could use the advantage of applying circular economy principles at early-stage development to gain competitive advantage over mature economies stuck in linear systems. This translates especially to the construction sector as 70% of the buildings required to house the rapidly growing population by 2030 are not yet built (NRDC-ASCI, 2012).

Fig. 18. Circular Economy in India (EMA, 2016).

32

TOTAL CASH-OUT COSTS IN

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

2.3 CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 2.3.3 CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN INDIA

Applying circular economy principles to all new construction will bring significant benefits in environmental, social and economic terms. The Ellen MacArthur foundation predicts annual financial benefits of 4.9 lakh crore (US$ 76 billion) in the infrastructure and building sector alone, compared to the current development path.

Furthermore, the Indian population would benefit from better infrastructure, cheaper products and services in addition to healthier living conditions as congestion, pollution and urban sprawl would be reduced significantly while electricity, water, sanitation and waste services could be provided at lower cost to more people.

After all, reusing materials is deeply rooted in Indian society and has created a large informal sector. The lack of professional equipment, however, leads to quality losses as products are downcycled instead of upcycled. Moreover, people working in these informal sectors, such as wastepickers, are exposed to significant health risks. This could be antagonised by governmental subsidies for circular business models optimising the circulation of products, keeping them at highest quality while creating safe jobs.

Development could be decoupled from resource depletion by consistently shifting from virgin to recycled materials and from non-renewable to renewable resources. Modular construction is a key driver in delivering circular buildings as they are adaptable to future changes, resulting in higher value at lower costs.

To realise these financial, environmental and quality-of-life benefits, a transformation especially in the construction, food and transport industries is inevitable. The rapid digital and technological transformation in India could facilitate innovative solutions, customised to the Indian context. However, policymakers and Indian businesses will have to set the directions simultaneously and institutions such as universities can facilitate the shift to a sustainable circular economy by leading the way as a role model, creating value for the environment, students, staff, local businesses and the institution itself. Research and pilot projects can create a base for innovative circular economy solutions and enable collaborations among different sectors.

BENEFITS FOR INDIA BY 2050, IF CIRCULAR ECONOMY ADOPTED • • • • • • • • •

Annual benefits of US$ 624 billion (40 lakh crore) 44% lower greenhouse gas emissions 38% less virgin material consumption 24% less water usage 71% less synthetic fertiliser and pesticide use Reliable electricity & sanitary infrastructure Improved air & water quality through enhanced biodiversity Smart waste management Protected shelter & homes

– after Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016

GHG EMISSIONS

-23%

136

CONSUMPTION OF VIRGIN NON-RENEWABLE MATERIALS

-44%

175 104

2030

-38% -24%

98 2050

URBAN GROUND LAND USED FOR COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

128 97 2030

108 2050

WATER USAGE IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

-18%

CURRENT SCENARIO

-24% -19%

-6% 569 467

133 108

256 240 2030

174

2050

2030

CIRCULAR SCENARIO

209 159 2050

INDEX (2015=100)

Fig. 19. Benefits of adopting CE principles for cities & construction

In relation to the case study university of this thesis, the benefits of circular construction principles such as modularity, design for disassembly and using low-impact materials are significant considering the size of the campus, hence the number of assets on site. Smart resource management and tracking of quantity and quality of building materials and elements on site will minimise waste generation and costs for disposal as well as construction costs for subsequent phases. With every building on the campus being an asset, the real value of the circular economy approach will be visible after the construction period, during the following decades of operation, maintenance and adaptation, when the university can resort to the vast stock of resources and refurbishment is easy due to layered modularity.

33

2.4 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

As one of the early fighters for Circular Economy, Janez Potocnik, former EU Commissioner for Environment, precisely stated: “We want changes... but we do not want to change” (BAMB, 2019).

Though the evidence for active change is given, important matters such as resource efficiency, materials selection, waste reduction, adaptability and design for deconstruction are barely considered in the construction industry’s current linear model.

One reason might be “the fragmentation of responsibility […], as each discipline blames the next for a lack of holistic thinking or long-term vision” (Cheshire, 2016); another reason are the conservative and inert processes within the building sector.

This double barrier on the way to a circular construction industry implies the opportunity of uniting these individual threads and turning the building sector into an innovative, holistic thinking, effective asset in combating climate change.

Close interaction, early engagement and complete transparency among all stakeholders of the project, from client and contractors to design team, consultants, especially supply chains, facility managers and ultimately the end-users, can make this shift possible. After all, talking more to each other might not be the worst idea, especially if not only the environment benefits from regenerative solutions but also each of the stakeholder profits by reduced costs of ownership and healthier environments to live and work in.

However, circular thinking does not automatically mean low greenhouse gas emissions; this might be easily confounded. One needs to pay attention when designing with recycled content since the embodied carbon could still be increased instead of decreased, e.g. if recycled components or materials require energy-intensive preparation for reuse or need to be transported long distances. Therefore, it is essential to consider the whole life cycle of materials when designing, from sourcing to manufacture, delivery, use and end-of-life scenarios.

This might seem complex, but if entrepreneurial thinking, courage and curiosity lead to innovative solutions and consequently drive the demand, suppliers need to react and deliver easily accessible, more sustainable circular and low carbon solutions.

Moreover, interdisciplinary and intersectoral cooperation facilitates this transformation, as described previously.

Additionally, the Internet of Things (IOT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), 3D printing and digital mapping (BIM, GIS etc.) already provide powerful tools for interdisciplinary processes, resource optimisation, zero waste generation and eventually reduced GHG emissions.

Fortunately, modular systems and standardised components, which can be reused after dismantling, along with other ways of circular thinking are slowly being established in parts of the construction sector.

34

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

II CIRCULAR CAMPUS A CONCEPTIONAL GUIDELINE 03 04 05 06

CLIMATE PROJECT CASE STUDY CIRCULAR CAMPUS CIRCULAR CAMPUS CASE STUDY

03 CLIMATE 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

CHAPTER CLIMATE CLIMATE CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION ANALYSIS RESPONSIVE DESIGN CONCLUSIONS

03 CLIMATE 3.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION The goal of a sustainable, well-designed building is to reduce energy demand, create thermal and visual comfort for the occupant and minimise the negative impact, respectively maximise the positive impact on the environment.

To inform the design carefully, it is essential to analyse the climate and microclimate conditions of the specific project location.

The latitude provides information on the respective sun path and can inform building form and orientation as well as appropriate envelope-related strategies. The level of solar exposure, variations in temperature, humidity and precipitation levels and prevailing winds at different times of the year should inform passive design strategies and potential for solar energy and rainwater harnessing.

This chapter presents a thorough, site-specific climate analysis and introduces respective climate responsive design strategies.

Information on climate has been drawn from annual hourly climate files for Chennai (60km from the project site), published by ISHRAE in 2014 and the Meteonorm Software. The latter was used to interpolate weather data from Chennai, Nellore and Tirupati to create site specific EPW files (‘present scenario’ 1991-2010 and ‘future scenario’ 2050 – IPCC A2, intermediate).

Interestingly, especially data on wind and precipitation differed significantly. In this analysis, the most concordant data when comparing the different sources was used.

Fig. 20. Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map - Tropical savannah climate Aw 1980-2016 (Wikipedia, 2019).

38

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

3.2 CLIMATE ANALYSIS 3.2.1 OVERVIEW

The project site is located at 13°N and 80°E in the tropical wet and dry climate zone (Aw) according to the Koeppen-Geiger climate classification. The proximity to the equator and the Eastern Coastal Plains result in annually high temperatures, humidity and solar radiation (only slight seasonal changes). Annual average temperatures are 28-29°C with average humidity levels of 72%.

Annual solar irradiation on unobstructed horizontal surfaces is around 1900 kWh/m2.

The impacts of climate change and the increased frequency of extreme weather events on this area have been drastically perceptible in the last decade. The heat wave in May 2015, the very heavy rainfall in November 2015 and the recent heatwave in June 2019 – with the south-west summer monsoon late in arriving – were reported to have killed several thousand people in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

This clearly illustrates the significance of designing buildings and infrastructure for adaptability and resilience to climate change.

Effective water management to deal with abundant water (flooding) or water scarcity (drought) should be of key concern.

The climate is characterised by two main seasons – the dry season from January to May/June and the wet (monsoon) season from June/July to December. The South-West Monsoon lasts from June to September and North-East Monsoon from midOctober to mid-December, which coincides with the prevailing wind directions: south-westerly winds dominate from March to mid-October and north-easterly winds from mid-October to February. March, April and October are transitional months.

In this hot and humid climate, the building envelope needs to minimise solar heat gains while creating maximum daylight availability and allowing natural ventilation (access to fresh air) along with views to the exterior. Sun and rain need to be both shielded and yielded by built structures.

NE MONSOON

HOTTEST PERIOD

50

1500

450

10

300

5

150

0

0

T_comfort

T_outdoor

Rainfall

DEC

600

15

NOV

20

OCT

750

SEP

25

AUG

900

JUL

1050

30

JUN

35

MAY

1200

APR

40

MAR

1350

FEB

45

JAN

Air Temperature (deg C) Rainfall (mm)

SW MONSOON

Solar Irradiation (Wh/m2)

DRY SEASON

Global H Rad

Fig. 21. 13°N 80°E - Tropical Savannah Climate - Summary (KREA site specific Meteonorm file, 1991-2010).

39

3.2 CLIMATE ANALYSIS 3.2.2 DRY BULB TEMPERATURE & RELATIVE HUMIDITY

The area around Chennai has warm and hot air temperatures (annual average temperature of 28-29°C with peaks up to 43°C) and relative humidity is generally high throughout the year with monthly averages between 70-90% (except June: 60%). The highest relative humidity is at night-time (80-90%), when temperatures are the lowest. The hottest month is May with average 32°C and peak temperatures up to 43°C. The coldest month is January with minimum average temperature of 21°C.

• Porous layouts and façades along with well-located and sized openings are essential.

• Electrical ceiling fans or equivalent are low-energy measures to support air movement.

• Furthermore, dehumidification strategies are recommended. On a natural basis, clay serves as dehumidifier by absorbing excess humidity and releasing it when the air is less saturated.

• Moreover, effective shading and reflective colours are vital to provide cool surfaces and reduce resultant temperatures.

• Thermal mass can be engaged although the diurnal temperature differences are only around 8°K. This indicates the probability of rather inert thermal mass over a longer period.

• Precooling ambient air via earth tunnels is only beneficial during the hottest months (April to August) as the earth has a constant average temperature of 30 °C at six-meter depth, which is hotter than the average temperatures from September to March.

• A more effective solution for this project could be the pre-cooling of water, e.g. for radiant cooling panels in ceilings, during clear nights when the sky has cooler temperatures.

By 2050, annual average temperatures could rise by 1.7°C from 28.5°C to 30.2°C, with peak temperatures in May exceeding 45°C (source: Meteonorm 2050 A2). In a worst-case scenario of ineffective global action, average temperatures could rise by more than 4°C by 2080.

Dry bulb temperatures below 25°C only occur at 22% of the year and exceed 28°C at 50% of the year. At night-time (18:0008:00), when cooler temperatures are especially desired, 25°C are exceeded at 86% of the year (see fig.21).

The climatic conditions require adaptive responsive design to be able to avoid overheating inside the buildings through excessive solar heat gains while promoting air movement through and between buildings to reduce humidity levels.

20

40

15

30

10

20

T_comfort

T_outdoor

RH

Fig. 22. 13°N 80°E - Dry Bulb Temperature (KREA site specific Meteonorm file, 1991-2010).

40

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

Relative Humidity (%)

50

DEC

25

NOV

60

OCT

30

SEP

70

AUG

35

JUL

80

JUN

40

MAY

90

APR

45

MAR

100

FEB

50

JAN

Air Temperature (deg C)

HOTTEST PERIOD

3.2 CLIMATE ANALYSIS 3.2.3 PRECIPITATION

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

DRY PERIOD

The future data from the Meteonorm file suggests that annual cumulative precipitation slightly increases from 1394mm to 1429mm. However, rainfall is a very unpredictable variable.

SW MONSOON

NE MONSOON

30 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 0

days

mm

Long-term average annual rainfall is in the range of 900 to 1000mm in the Chittoor District but recent years have shown considerable variability, with exceptionally high rainfall in 2015 leading to catastrophic flood events causing the death of many people. The other extreme of drought due to delayed monsoon occurred recently during the heatwave in June 2019.

In a country facing enormous water scarcity, responsible water management is one of the key drivers of sustainable design.

The surplus of available water in the wet season should be used to overcome the shortfall in the dry season.

30 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 0

days

Typical for the tropical wet and dry climate are large seasonal variations in rainfall. From January to March is very little, almost no rainfall; whereas from October to December occurs most of the rainfall. The South-West Monsoon lasts from June to September and North-East Monsoon from mid-October to mid-December.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rainfall

Days

Monthly Cumulative Rainfall - 1991-2010 (Meteonorm)

400

DRY PERIOD

SW MONSOON

NE MONSOON

350 300 mm

250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rainfall

Days

Monthly Cumulative Rainfall - 2050 - A2 Scenario (Meteonorm) Fig. 23. 13°N 80°E - Precipitation (KREA site specific Meteonorm file, 1991-2010 and future 2050 A2 scenario).

41

3.2 CLIMATE ANALYSIS 3.2.4 SUN PATH

The winter sun path is different from the summer sun path at this latitude of 13 degrees North. In winter, from mid-August to midApril, the sun path is along the east – south – west axis at rather low angled sun. Thus, not only east and west but also south façades need to be protected from low-angled sun.

In contrast, in summer the sun moves along the east – north – west axis at rather high angles from mid-April to mid-August.

The south façade can be easily protected from the high-angled sun, whereas east and west need to be shielded from the year round low-angled sun. Glare-free daylight is most easily available from the north façade.

WINTER: SOUTH

TRANSITION

SUMMER: NORTH

Fig. 24. 13N 80E - Sun Path in different seasons (KREA site specific Meteonorm file, present scenario).

ANNUAL DBT

ANNUAL DBT <25°C

ANNUAL DBT <28°C

Fig. 25. 13°N 80°E - Sun Path in relation to Dry Bulb Temperature (KREA site specific Meteonorm file, 1991-2010).

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

3.2 CLIMATE ANALYSIS 3.2.5 SOLAR IRRADIATION

The latitude indicates exposure to high solar irradiation throughout the year. There are normally around 300 sunny days per year with levels of solar insolation of more than 5kWh/m2/day. Annual solar irradiation on unobstructed horizontal surfaces is around 1900kWh/m2, which shows good potential for solar energy generation.

1886 756

815

At the same time, solar heat gains should be reduced as much as possible by implementing passive design strategies in order to minimise the cooling loads and protect buildings and people from the sun. Solar shading needs to be maximised to avoid excessive solar income on roof and façades and consequently overheating of the internal spaces.

The introduction of double roofs, roof overhangs, balconies, external shading elements such as Jali, horizontal or vertical louvres or plants is recommended. Furthermore, public spaces and footpaths should be protected against solar radiation and rain by canopies, tensile structures and/or vegetation.

1886 442

The monthly irradiation analysis for facades (fig. 25) indicates that the east facade receives solar radiation above 300Wh/m2 throughout the entire year in the morning, whilst the west facade respectively in the afternoon. The first half of the year shows higher values than the second. The south facade needs constant protection throughout the day, especially from October till March (maximum values from 377-506Wh/m2). The north facade has the least solar income with values usually not exceeding 340Wh/ m2.

822

Solar Irradiation (kWh/m2/year) Fig. 26. 13°N 80°E - Annual Solar Irradiation on Building Envelope.

HOTTEST PERIOD

1200 1100 Air Temperature (deg C)

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100

Global H Rad

DEC

NOV

OCT

SEP

AUG

JUL

JUN

MAY

APR

MAR

FEB

JAN

0 Diffuse H Rad

Fig. 27. 13°N 80°E - Solar Radiation (KREA site specific Meteonorm file, 1991-2010).

43

3.2 CLIMATE ANALYSIS 3.2.6 AIR MOVEMENT

Annual wind speeds at surface level are typically between 3 to 3.5m/s. Southerly winds prevail from March to mid-October (coinciding with the SW Monsoon). North-easterly winds dominate from mid-October to February. Wind speeds tend to rise during the NE Monsoon up to 9-10m/s. During 2 to 3 days, coastal storms (cyclones) typically approach 40m/s or 90mph.

Building form and orientation influence air movement patterns.

Buildings oriented at an angle of 0° to 45° to the prevailing wind direction enhance natural ventilation. Staggered façades and building distributions on site accentuate air movement.

DRY PERIOD

Further passive design principles are: • High-level, wind-driven ventilation could be used by double skin roof (removing heat accumulated on the top floor) • Building on stilts for cooled earth and ventilation cooling of floor (also serves as flood protection) • Permit night-time cooling with large openings and cross ventilation (narrow floor plate or open plan) • Exit openings larger than entrance openings to increase internal wind speed (see also next page) • Avoid windbreaks

SW MONSOON

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER

Fig. 28. 13°N 80°E - Monthly wind directions (Chennai ISHRAE Intl 2003-17 file).

44

NE MONSOON

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

3.2 CLIMATE ANALYSIS 3.2.7 NATURAL VENTILATION

To improve thermal comfort by decreasing humidity levels and to enhance air quality, natural ventilation shall be enabled by informed bioclimatic design strategies. Two representative days (hot day in May during dry season and hot day in October during monsoon season) were analysed to understand opportunities and challenges of natural ventilation.

Single-sided natural ventilation The rule of thumb indicates that one opening provides sufficient air movement for room depths of up to 2 times the net internal room height. If multiple openings are positioned above each other, the height between inlet and outlet is increased and air movement can reach depths of up to 3 times the room height.

26th of May Relative humidity is around 47% with av. DBT of 37 °C and air velocity 4.5 m/s in the afternoon, which allows natural ventilation if the building is oriented and planned in favour. However, when the relative humidity is at its peak (above 80% from 4-7 am with av. DBT of 27 °C), the wind speed is less (2.8 m/s).

Thus, natural ventilation should be facilitated by stack effect or buoyancy to make sure that air movement is happening anyway.

Prevailing wind direction South.

Cross ventilation Double-sided natural ventilation can function in unobstructed rooms for floor plate depths of up to 4-6 times the room height.

To allow for possible future changes, multiple, stacked openings instead of one window might be considered.

14th of October Relative humidity is around 67% with av. DBT of 31 °C and air velocity 2.0 m/s in the afternoon, which allows natural ventilation only if the building is oriented and planned in favour of the wind direction plus utilising stack effect or similar. Additionally, when the relative humidity is at its peak (above 90% from 4-7 am with av. DBT of 24 °C), the wind speed is less (1.3 m/s).

Thus, natural ventilation should be facilitated by stack effect or buoyancy to make sure that air movement is happening anyway.

Prevailing wind direction South-West.

Stack effect or buoyancy driven air movement In absence of wind, air will move between low- and high-level openings driven by inside-outside temperature difference (t) which generates a pressure difference (p).

The air flow rate (Q) mainly depends on: • Opening area (A) • Inside temperature (ti) • Outside temperature (to) • Height between the openings (h)

Fig. 29. Principles of Air Movement.

Fig. 30. Principles of Air Movement - Rule of Thumb.

45

3.3 CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN 3.3.1 BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN STRATEGIES

“Bioclimatic design aims at the construction of buildings that are in harmony with the natural surroundings and local climate, ensuring conditions of thermal comfort inside.”

- Conceptcon, 2019

After the comprehensive climate analysis and literature review, the following main bioclimatic design strategies were identified as appropriate for this location (e.g. after Koenigsberger et al.

(1973), Olgyay (2015), Szokolay (2008)): Orientation Long facades of buildings should be North-South oriented with a narrow East-West axis, perpendicular to prevailing winds to facilitate shading and air flow.

Building form & Internal layout Compact forms, porous layouts (e.g. single-sided corridors) and elevated buildings (e.g. on stilts) are preferable for maximised solar protection and air flow.

Shading An extended roof can provide shade to all facades. If the building is more than two storeys high, additional shading elements are required. Recessing the facades (e.g. through overhangs) is beneficial at all orientations but needs to be balanced with daylight availability.

Horizontal shading devices, such as external corridors, balconies or brise-soleil, can easily protect north and south façades from high-angled sun. Vertical shades or internal blinds help cutting the low evening summer sun on the north façade.

East and west facades are more difficult to shade due to low-angled sun. On lower buildings, trees with annual foliage can reduce overheating. On taller buildings, vertical or more complex shading elements, such as Jali, are required.

N W

E S

Built form - elongated east-west axis, minimised exposure on west side

Open plan - exposure to breeze

SHADE COOL

Solar Protection - double roof, overhangs and shading screens

Natural Ventilation - strategically placed, large openings

Fig. 31. Passive Design Strategies.

46

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

3.3 CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN 3.3.1 BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN STRATEGIES

Roofs Roofs should ideally be elevated light-weight structures, allowing air flow through the shaded buffer space between the roof surface and the top floor ceiling. Extended overhangs protect the building envelope from sun and rain. At the same time, large roof areas allow for rainwater and solar energy harnessing. Surface reflectance should be high, heat absorption low.

Openings Openings should be shaded and large to promote air movement and positioned on North or South walls to reduce solar gains.

The Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) should not be higher than 40%. High radiation levels usually ensure enough daylight even with WWR of 20%. Low g-values are favourable for the glazing.

External walls Walls need to balance thermal mass as diurnal temperature fluctuation is not very large. They should be permeable to allow for air flow into the building and reflect solar radiation (light colours).

Furthermore, passive design should not be restricted to the design of individual buildings, but extended to public spaces, such as external circulation routes or piazzas.

Fig. 32. Extended Double Roof.

Fig. 33. Adaptable & Openable Facade.

Fig. 34. Courtyard & Shaded Spaces..

Fig. 35. Shaded Courtyard.

Fig. 37. Photovoltaics for Solar Energy.

Fig. 38. Rainwater Harnessing.

Fig. 36. Porous facade.

47

3.3 CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN 3.3.2 VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

“And working here in India, one is constantly aware that the solutions have to be kept as simple as possible, using only locally available materials, in technologies which are almost timeless.”

- Charles Correa, 1999

Vernacular, traditional architecture offers much to learn from.

People have always been exposed to climatic conditions and were used to building to suit the climate to stay comfortable in sheltered spaces. Unfortunately, much of this valuable knowledge has been forgotten or neglected when copying ‘ideal’ architecture from one location to the other.

India is rich in cultural heritage from both pre and post-colonial periods. The objective is to learn from vernacular architecture and re-interpret these into contemporary design.

Courtyard Classic traditional architectural design features for this climate included partially enclosed courtyards with external circulation areas, such as verandas or balconies. Vegetation has been a practical feature in designing for tropical climate.

Roofs Roofs have been and continue as key design elements. They serve as solar protection and rainwater harvesting area and have major impact on both the environmental performance of buildings and the thermal comfort of their occupants. Furthermore, roofs are interesting design elements as they can assume a variety of shapes and ‘colours’ – e.g. brown-, green-, cavity- or double roofs, with or without PV coverage.

Shading Shading elements across openings, such as shutters or Jalis, mitigate excessive direct solar gains while permitting natural ventilation to pass through into the building. They are commonly found in vernacular and contemporary architecture. Shading elements should be either adapt-able or fixed, depending on the orientation and function of spaces.

Courtyard - Vernacular

Roof - Vernacular

Shading ‘Jali’ - Vernacular

Courtyard - Contemporary

Roof - Contemporary

Shading ‘Jali’ - Contemporary

Fig. 39. Vernacular & Contemporary Bioclimatic Design Strategies.

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

3.3 CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN 3.3.3 ADAPTIVE THERMAL COMFORT

The NBCI 2016 promotes the ‘India Model for Adaptive Comfort’ (IMAC), which was developed by the CEPT University in Ahmedabad and reflects India’s climatic and cultural context (it allows e.g. warmer temperatures than indicated by ASHRAE 55).

The IMAC provides adaptive comfort ranges for naturally ventilated (NV), mixed-mode (MM), and air-conditioned (AC) buildings.

The graph below shows the variation in comfort temperature bands on a month-by-month basis for the site-specific weather data (Meteonorm 1991-2010):

January

February March April May June July August

September October

November

December

Annual

90% Acceptability 90% Acceptability 90% Acceptability NV MM Range Range Range Max Max 28.7 28.3 Max January MinJanuary Min 23.7 21.3 Min Max Max 29.3 28.7 Max February MinFebruary Min 23.9 21.4 Min Max Max 30.4 29.2 Max March Min March Min 24.6 21.8 Min Max Max 31.5 29.8 Max April Min April Min 25.7 22.3 Min Max Max 32.9 30.5 Max May Min May Min 26.7 22.8 Min Max Max 32.8 30.5 Max June Min June Min 27.4 23.2 Min Max Max 32.5 30.3 Max July Min July Min 27.2 23.1 Min Max Max 31.9 30.0 Max August Min August Min 26.3 22.6 Min Max Max 31.7 29.9 Max September September Min Min 26.2 22.6 Min Max Max 30.9 29.5 Max October MinOctober Min 25.4 22.2 Min Max Max 30.1 29.1 Max November MinNovember Min 24.3 21.6 Min Max Max 29.1 28.5 Max December MinDecember Min 23.9 21.4 Min NV MM Max Max 32.9 30.5 Max Annual Min Annual Min 23.7 21.3 Min

NVAC AIR MMAC STDAC AIR NV MM AC AIR 28.726.7 28.325.9 26.7 28.7 28.3 26.7 23.723.7 21.323.9 23.7 23.7 21.3 23.7 29.326.8 28.725.9 26.8 29.3 28.7 26.8 23.923.7 21.423.9 23.7 23.9 21.4 23.7 30.427.0 29.225.9 27.0 30.4 29.2 27.0 24.623.8 21.823.9 23.8 24.6 21.8 23.8 31.527.1 29.826.0 27.1 31.5 29.8 27.1 25.724.0 22.323.9 24.0 25.7 22.3 24.0 32.927.3 30.526.0 27.3 32.9 30.5 27.3 26.724.1 22.824.0 24.1 26.7 22.8 24.1 32.827.3 30.526.0 27.3 32.8 30.5 27.3 27.424.2 23.224.0 24.2 27.4 23.2 24.2 32.527.2 30.326.0 27.2 32.5 30.3 27.2 27.224.2 23.124.0 24.2 27.2 23.1 24.2 31.927.2 30.026.0 27.2 31.9 30.0 27.2 26.324.0 22.623.9 24.0 26.3 22.6 24.0 31.727.1 29.926.0 27.1 31.7 29.9 27.1 26.224.0 22.623.9 24.0 26.2 22.6 24.0 30.927.0 29.525.9 27.0 30.9 29.5 27.0 25.423.9 22.223.9 23.9 25.4 22.2 23.9 30.126.9 29.125.9 26.9 30.1 29.1 26.9 24.323.7 21.623.9 23.7 24.3 21.6 23.7 29.126.8 28.525.9 26.8 29.1 28.5 26.8 23.923.7 21.423.9 23.7 23.9 21.4 23.7 NVAC AIR MMAC STDAC AIR NV MM AC AIR 32.927.3 30.526.0 27.3 32.9 30.5 27.3 23.723.7 21.323.9 23.7 23.7 21.3 23.7

Fig. 40. 13°N 80°E - Monthly IMAC Comfort Bands (Meteonorm, 1991-2010).

NV

MM

AC

It can be seen that NV buildings tolerate the warmest conditions whereas MM allows the widest range of temperatures. In fact, the maximum operative temperature in NV buildings is very similar to the average monthly external air temperature. However, the IMAC does not provide guidance on the acceptable frequency of days on which these temperatures may be exceeded. Neither does it take into account the benefit provided by increased air movement through natural ventilation and ceiling fans, in contrast to the ASHRAE 55-2017 comfort model for instance.

Nevertheless, the IMAC models do provide a thermal comfort benchmark for the site specific climatic conditions.

AC STD AC STD

Figure 41 illustrates the IMAC comfort band ranges (90% ac25.9 25.9 ceptability) superposed with the daily dry bulb temperature 23.9 23.9 25.9 25.9 It can be seen, that outdoor temperatures are mostly ranges.

23.9 23.9 25.9 the comfort range from mid-October till mid-March. Until within 25.9 23.9 23.9 the end of April, temperatures start to rise and from May till end 26.0 26.0 of23.9 July they exceed the comfort band most of the time. Initial dy23.9 26.0 26.0 thermal analysis simulations with TAS demonstrated that namic 24.0 24.0 for26.0 a conventional building made of a concrete frame structure 26.0 24.0 24.0 with cavity-brick-filler-walls (U-value = 0.2), complying with the 26.0 26.0 24.0 criteria from the Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC+ 24.0 26.0 26.0 natural ventilation will not be sufficient from the end of (ECBC), 23.9 23.9 26.0 April until mid October. Further investigation would be needed to 26.0 23.9 23.9 identify 25.9 the optimal strategies for thermal comfort.

25.9 23.9 23.9 25.9 25.9 23.9 23.9 25.9 25.9 23.9 23.9 AC STD AC STD 26.0 26.0 23.9 23.9

MM

NV

Fig. 41. 13°N 80°E - Tropical Savannah Climate - IMAC Comfort Band and DBT (KREA site specific Meteonorm file, 1991-2010).

49

3.4 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

The climate analyses showed that a sustainable, well designed building envelope in hot-humid climate balances solar heat gains and noise control while creating maximum daylight availability and promoting natural ventilation (access to fresh air) as well as views to the exterior. Priority lies on effective ventilation and reduced solar income on the building fabric. Different orientations require different bioclimatic strategies.

Furthermore, strategies should integrate rainwater harvesting as well as renewable energy systems such as PV and solar hot water generation.

Building components such as roof, walls, fenestration, floor and surface finishes impact heat gains and losses as well as the extent of and air entering the building, respectively natural ventilation.

Furthermore, the amount of daylight permitted into the space depends on the design of openings and possible obstructions.

The goal of a well-designed building envelope is to reduce energy demand, create thermal and visual comfort and minimise the negative impact on the environment / maximise the positive impact on the environment: 1) Prevent overheating through effective solar protection (orientation, double roof, thermal insulation, buffer spaces, thermal mass, fixed and adaptive shading elements, vegetation, reflective and light colours) 2) Reduce humidity and increase thermal comfort by promoting air movement and dehumidification (preferably natural ventilation supported by energy-efficient ceiling fans; depending on building typology mixed-mode ventilation might be required; porous layout; double roof for air movement between solar protection layer and indoor spaces; building on stilts for air movement below building; sizes and disposition of openings in respect of wind direction and velocity, convection effects due to difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures and difference of height between inlet and outlet (stack effect)).

3) Design for disassembly and adaptability in order to be resilient to future changes (design for dismantling, de-mounting and re-use) The next chapter introduces the project case study and undertakes further site assessment.

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

04 PROJECT CASE STUDY 4.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 4.2 SITE ANALYSIS 4.3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

04 PROJECT CASE STUDY 4.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION

This chapter will introduce the project case study which is investigated in context of this dissertation.

Subsequent to the climate analysis, other aspects of the site conditions are explored, such as location, biodiversity and potential natural risks with focus on flooding. Furthermore, the project brief and the architectural response are presented and the ‘Water/Energy/Food Nexus’ is addressed shortly.

It is important to highlight that the case study development is based on an existing ‘base case design’ by the Project Architects, as this dissertation is based on a live project. In context of this thesis project, the ‘base case design’ was analysed and improved by implementing informed bioclimatic and regenerative design decisions suitable for the project, as in a consulting process. Nevertheless, the design methodology and analytical work are original for this dissertation.

2.1 2.1.2

MASTERPLAN SPATIAL VISION & OBJECTIVES MASTERPLAN VISION

ORIENTATION

MIX OF USES

CONNECTIVITY AND PERMEABILITY

RELATIONSHIP WITH EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

VISIONARY

ACCESSIBILITY

LEGIBILITY

SENSE OF PLACE

FLEXIBILITY TO ADAPT TO GROWTH AND CHANGE

PEDESTRIAN FRIENDLY

ADAPTABILITY

CONSTRUCTABILITY

NATURAL MATERIALS

SOCIAL NETWORK

COLLABORATIVE

CREATIVE

LIVELY

VITAL PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

INCLUSIVE

DYNAMIC

INVITING

FLUID AND HIGHLY TRANSPARENT

MULTI-FUNCTIONAL

INTERDISCIPLINARY

EFFICIENT

SMART

SUSTAINABLE IN TERMS OF WATER, POWER, MOBILITY AND FOOD

ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE

Fig. 42. Architectural Vision for the Project (PLP Architects).

52

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

4.2 SITE ANALYSIS 4.2.1 LOCATION

13°N 80°E.

The site is in India, in the state Andhra Pradesh at the border of Tamil Nadu, 60km North-West of Chennai. The plot lies within the boundaries of the new Sri City development, a ‘Future Smart City’ offering integrated business solutions.

SITE CONDITIONS

• • • • • • • • •

The area is part of the Plateau of Peninsula India and the coast of the Bay of Bengal and Pulicat Lake habitat are about 20km to the east of the site. The Palem Range hills lie to the west.

The proximity to Sri City and especially Chennai implies access to infrastructure and industries, such as steel, iron, machine tools, automobile, cotton, silk, paper, rubber and leather.

Tropical Savannah climate with hot and dry seasons Hottest part of India Altitude ca. 150m Topography is flat with slight declination towards river ‘Moderate’ seismic zone (Zone III) Subject to cyclones during monsoon seasons Fertile Alluvial soil is the top layer of the ground Groundwater level is shallow, varying between 1-4m Seasonal flooding is likely

2.2 2.2.1

– (Maps of India, 2019)

SITE ANALYSIS GLOBAL CONTEXT

Pulicat Lake

Sri City

University Site University Site

Sri City Chennai

Krea University will be located approximately 55KM North of Chennai, in the Andhra Pradesh region of South-East India.

University Site

The new university will be part of a new smart city known as Sri City.

Palem Range Chennai Fig. 43. KREA Site.

KREA UNIVERSITY

JANUARY APRIL 2019

15

53

4.2 SITE ANALYSIS 4.2.2 BRIEF & ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE

Urban Systems Design (USD) was invited to consult PLP Architects on the design development of an innovative university campus in India by integrating environmental design concepts.

The author of this thesis is working for USD while doing the parttime MSc Architecture and Environmental Design.

BRIEF The 89ha site shall inherit an extensive academic programme for 10,000 students, 2,000 staff members and 500 visitors.

Additionally, residences shall be provided for 10,500 students (including exchange students) and 1000 members of staff.

The development will take in at least four phases over the next 10 or more years.

The University’s intent is to set high standards and emerge as a global benchmark in the 21st century. The campus environment shall reflect the transparent and pioneering form of ‘interwoven learning’.

ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE PLP Architects responded to the University’s ambition of becoming a ‘global benchmark’ with the following concept: “The proposed educational model and spatial design of the masterplan endeavours to create an inclusive environment that responds to the needs of all individuals. It strives to actively encourage experiential learning, inspire independent thought and set the conditions for cross-disciplinary study. The proposed campus settings allow for an interwoven learning experience that brings together arts, sciences, technology and humanities and merges these with the day-to-day lives of students” (PLP, 2019).

The environmental vision and guideline are developed in Chapter 6.

Since a university project is the perfect platform to explore ‘beyond the brief’, this dissertation develops the environmental vision and guideline for the ‘Circular University Campus’ and generates a prototype for bioclimatic & regenerative student housing.

1100m

800m

89ha

10,000 students 2,000 staff 200 visitors Fig. 44. University Brief.

54

Fig. 45. Mood Image (PLP, 2019).

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

LEGEND RESIDENTIAL ACADEMIC SPORT PARKING GREEN AXIS

19% 72%

Fig. 46. Architectural Masterplan (PLP, 2019).

Total Building Residential Built-up Area Footprint 55

4.2 SITE ANALYSIS 4.2.3 BIODIVERSITY & FLOOD MANAGEMENT

The understanding of the natural qualities and potential risks of the site is essential to create a sustainable campus, in harmony with its natural environment.

The site contains man-made mango forests at the north and a natural forest reservoir at the south-west boundary. A 6m wide seasonal river crosses the site in its centre and discharges into a water reservoir outside the east border of the site. One seasonal water body sits in in the north part, another outside the south boundary. All water bodies charge during the wet season and dry out to unknown extents during the dry season.

One main criteria of the Campus development is to maintain the existing natural features on site and increase biodiversity by re-introducing indigenous, water-efficient flora, which in turn will offer habitat for native fauna. The ‘re-forestation’ along the ‘green-axis’ also helps to prevent land degradation during monsoon seasons and provides shade.

FLOOD MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION

• Tropical Savannah climate with hot and dry seasons • Permeable green surfaces and additional water bodies help to control seasonally fluctuating water volumes • Additional underground tanks will retain water from rain and gradually feed it back to the land • Agricultural area around the river at site entrance and exit and next to the southern water body act as flood control mechanisms (controlled inundation zones) • The riverbank will be landscaped to prevent pluvial erosion • No buildings will be built within 9m of the river • All buildings will be elevated by 1m

Seasonal Waterbody Man-made Forest Site photo

Seasonal River Agricultural Zones Green Axis

Seasonal Waterbody Natural Forest KREA UNIVERSITY

APRIL 2019

20

Fig. 47. Site - Biodiversity.

56

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

4.2 SITE ANALYSIS 4.2.4 WATER/ENERGY/FOOD NEXUS

To meet some of the Campus residents’ food demand, a regenerative and restorative agricultural system on site is proposed.

Where water is scarce, space limited and population large, water-efficient and regenerative farming systems prove very beneficial. The University could become a platform for research and development of innovative, sustainable and resilient farming systems, attracting international students, researchers and grants to raise R&D funds.

This could happen in two (complementary) ways, one being organic farming in its traditional form, the other being water-efficient farming based on new technologies. Advantages and disadvantages could be studied, and improved versions derived.

Local farmers could be engaged in the project to share their knowledge about local conditions and traditional farming techniques while student projects could aim to optimize these methods and develop water-efficient irrigation systems for socalled ‘precision-farming’ to increase yield while decreasing water, synthetic fertilisers and pesticide requirements.

Some products on the market show that advanced metabolic hubs, where wastewater and organic waste can be converted into clean water, energy, organic materials and minerals for plants, have significant advantages compared to conventional farming solutions as crops can be grown with • • • •

60% less land use 90% less water use while producing 10 times the yield per acre and needing much less pesticides as they are growing in a protected environment.

• This leads to operational cost savings of up to 35%.

This micro-system would be part of the intelligent campus-wide water & energy strategy, complemented by very efficient food production.

ENERGY RECOVERY DIGITIZATION

DESIGN & ARCHITECTURE

BIO-MANUFACTURING

Energy/Water/Food Nexus - Metabolic Hubs at FAMU University, Florida

Metabolic Hubs Principles by Biopolus

Traditional Farming Fig. 48. Organic and Water-efficient Farming.

Student Laboratory - Aquaponics

WATER FACTORY

EDUCATION/R&D

PLANT FACTORY

57

4.3 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

The main site constraints of this University development are the hot and humid climate and the unpredictable precipitation, which frequently result either in droughts or in flooding.

To provide a liveable, sustainable, enjoyable and resilient campus to its occupants, the implementation of environmental design strategies is essential. Solar protection, flood management, rainwater and solar energy harnessing are key aspects.

A clear ‘Environmental Vision’ needs to be set up, which guides all project parties throughout the long-term masterplan development. Project specific benchmarks shall be generated to form a tangible guideline for the ‘Circular Campus’.

But what does ‘Circular Campus’ mean?

What are the indicators for a sustainable university campus?

The next chapter introduces the ‘Green Campus’ principles.

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

05 CIRCULAR CAMPUS 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION GREEN CAMPUS - INDICATORS & ASSESSMENT GREEN CAMPUS - PRECEDENTS CIRCULAR CAMPUS GUIDELINE CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

05 CIRCULAR CAMPUS 5.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION This chapter aims to understand indicators and benchmarks for a sustainable and regenerative ‘Circular University Campus’ and to develop a ‘Circular Campus Guideline’.

Since a ‘Circular Campus’ as such does not exist yet, certification schemes for sustainable green campuses are reviewed. To identify appropriate indicators and respective benchmarks in the national context of India, the IGBC Green Campus and the GRIHA Large Development rating schemes are analysed.

Furthermore, to obtain a comprehensive set of criteria, the One Planet Living and Living Community Challenge frameworks as well as the BREEAM Communities, LEED for Neighborhood and WELL Community rating schemes were studied but are not presented in detail in this report. However, a comparison of the main assessed criteria can be found in Appendix H.

Fig. 49. Enterprise Centre (Architype, 2016).

60

In order to include the regenerative principles of circular economy thinking, the ReSOLVE framework, developed by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, is introduced as next step and bespoke indicators were identified for a ‘Circular Campus’.

Furthermore, two university precedents are analysed to gain an understanding of possible implementation strategies of sustainable campus principles. The ‘5-star GRIHA LD’ rated IIT Gandhinagar University has a similar climate, programme and project size as the case study campus of this dissertation. The Enterprise Centre in the UK is an exemplary example for a sustainable, low carbon university building.

And finally, the findings from the described analytic steps are superposed with the information obtained from research and translated into the first ‘Circular Campus Guideline’.

Fig. 50. IIT Gandhinagar (IITGN, 2019).

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

5.2 GREEN CAMPUS - INDICATORS & ASSESSMENT 5.2.1 GRIHA LARGE DEVELOPMENTS & IGBC GREEN CAMPUS

To counteract the increasing resource consumption and waste generation due to rising population and economic growth, two Indian institutions developed rating schemes in the context of the national (climatic) conditions and issues. This study focuses on the criteria for large developments or campuses. The tangible benefits of implementing green campus strategies comprise energy savings around 30% and water savings from 30-50% as compared to common practice, according to the IGBC (2017).

Intangible benefits include the health and well-being of occupants, conversation of natural resources and enhanced air quality.

The assessment criteria were analysed in detail and were partially incorporated in the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Circular Campus Guidelineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in Chapter 5.4.

The following sections give a short introduction to the schemes.

IGBC GREEN CAMPUS

GRIHA LARGE DEVELOPMENTS

Materials

Education

Transport

Innovation

Well-Being

Fig. 51. Assessment Criteria GRIHA Large Developments.

Site

Waste

Site

Energy

Site Planning and Management Energy Efficiency Water Conservation Material and Resource Management Sustainable Transportation Health & Well-being Green Education Innovation in Design

Water

Site Planning Energy Water and wastewater Solid waste management Transport Social

Transport

The 8 assessed categories are:

Social

The 6 main indicators are:

Energy

In 2017, the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) developed a rating system for green campuses with four different certification levels: Certified, Silver, Gold or Platinum. A campus is defined as a group of buildings and infrastructure owned and managed by a single entity (IGBC, 2017).

Water

In 2015, the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) Council launched the certification scheme for large developments with a site area of minimum 50ha. The rating ranges from one to five stars (GRIHA, 2015).

Fig. 52. Assessment Criteria IGBC Green Campus.

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5.2 GREEN CAMPUS - INDICATORS & ASSESSMENT 5.2.2 RESOLVE FRAMEWORK

To guide the transition towards a circular economy, the Ellen MacArthur Foundation developed the ReSOLVE framework outlining six actions which can be applied to products, buildings, neighbourhoods, campuses, cities, or even to entire economies.

REGENERATE

SHARE

OPTIMISE

LOOP

VIRTUALISE

EXCHANGE

62

The six actions are: Regenerate, Share, Optimise, Loop, Virtualise and Exchange.

To apply circular economy thinking to a ‘Circular Campus’, bespoke indicators were identified based on the ReSOLVE action points:

DESCRIPTION

CIRCULAR CAMPUS INDICATORS

Regenerate natural capital by increasing resilience of ecosystems and returning biological nutrients

• Reintroduction of indigenous flora & fauna: Enhancing water & air quality and counteracting land degradation by increased biodiversity • Creating controlled floodable zones • Avoiding noise pollution & hazardous materials • Increasing health & well-being

Maximise asset utilisation by sharing and reusing

• • • • •

Optimise system and building performance while reducing resource demand

• Optimising user comfort • Optimising envelope performance and resource efficiency using i.a. bioclimatic design strategies • Optimising durability and flexibility in relation to element’s lifespan • Responsible sourcing of materials, increasing recycled content, avoiding toxic composites • Optimising maintenance strategy

Keep materials and building components in the closed-loop system (reuse, refurbish, recycle)

• • • • • •

Replace physical products and services with virtual services

• Deliver services remotely: FM etc • Performance monitoring for smart maintenance & to learn for next phase • Resource management (site-wide BIM / GIS tracker) • Material inventory including ‘Material Passports for content characteristics and embodied carbon transparency

Select capital, system and technology wisely

• Renewable energy: PV • Secondary materials or recycled content materials • Innovative business solutions such as leasing services or take-back schemes instead of conventional purchase of products (e.g. LEDs or office equipment)

Shared residential & academic spaces Platform for sharing equipment & personals Creating local jobs Creating renewable solar energy on site Transport sharing models (non-fossil)

Prefabrication & Standardisation Modular construction Designing in layers (easy maintenance & refurbishment) Focus on easily separable composites (reversibility) Low-impact materials, either recyclable or compostable Closed water cycle (harvest rainwater, reuse grey&blackwater) • Smart waste management (separation, composting, selling to authorised recyclers)

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

5.3 GREEN CAMPUS - PRECEDENTS 5.3.1 IIT GANDHINAGAR, INDIA

The Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar was completed in 2017 and is the first campus in India to receive the ‘5-star GRIHA LD’ rating for its eco-friendly and sustainable design and is considered a ‘living laboratory’ on sustainability.

Furthermore, “IIT Gandhinagar aims to become the principal resource centre for sustainable development in India with the launch of ‘Dr Kiran C Patel Centre for Sustainable Development’, which will advance local and global solutions through cutting-edge interdisciplinary research” (IITGN, 2019).

The student hostels are 4-storeys high, built with confined masonry techniques and optimised façade design for the respective orientations.

Further measures to increase environmental awareness are implemented on campus and the developed knowledge and technologies shall be transferred to NGOs, local governments and industry. Start-ups and research on sustainability and related challenges of high societal importance shall be promoted and receive Seed Grants from IITGN’s Entrepreneurship Cell.

This IIT campus is located in Gandhi Nagar in a similar climate zone to the case study university of this dissertation (hot semi-arid); passive design strategies have been applied to the buildings (minimised solar penetration, maximised orientation and mutual shading of buildings and profiteering of prevailing winds).

212’000 m2 site & 128’000 m2 built up area ca. 11,000 students + staff on site Water & Energy self-sufficient (Zero import) Waste-free (Zero waste export)

Additionally, the IIT Gandhinagar treats all its wastewater in an Preservation of biodiversity & Cultivation of food on-site environmentally friendly sewage treatment plant and uses the recycled water for landscaping operations. Moreover, rooftop rainSocial Equity water is captured in four underground tanks with 50,000 litres Car-free mobility, E-rickshaw shuttles on site storage capacity. Furthermore, a 500kW capacity solar power MASTER PLAN FOR IIT, GANDHINAGAR plant is integrated into the electric system.

HOSTELS - BUILT AS COURTS

HOSTELS CENTRAL COURT

ARRIVAL COURT

CENTRAL VISTA

STAFF HOUSING The master plan defines land parcels for various uses in terms of size, shape and development potential. The phasing of development has been defined so that the campus looks and feels as complete at all stages of development. The built form of the campus is mainly ‘low-rise’ with elevator free walk up buildings.

Only a few high rise apartments have been proposed to give better definition to open spaces and to add interest to the skyline. The predominant building form is the courtyard type. Gateways, courts, colonnades, water features and shaded academic spine are the major architectural components of the campus.

MASTER PLAN

Fig. 53. IIT Gandhinagar, India (IITGN, 2019).

SHADED ACADEMIC SPINE

COMPETED BUILDINGS - academic

ACADEMIC AREA- solar passive architecture

63

Sustainable Design

vehicular access has been provided to all housing blocks,

5.3 GREEN CAMPUS - PRECEDENTS 5.3.2 ENTERPRISE CENTRE, UK

The Enterprise Centre at the University of Anglia was designed by Architype and is said to be the UK’s greenest building. The innovative think-tank for graduate start-up companies and other businesses was completed in 2015 and has achieved the Passivhaus Standard and BREEAM outstanding rating.

The project put high emphasis on low embodied energy and carbon construction technologies, using 70% bio-based materials, many of which have been sourced locally. The cement for foundation and structure was replaced with 70% ground granulated blasted furnace mix, reducing embodied carbon to 30% compared to a conventional building. Additionally, 98% of the steel frame was recycled, almost double than common practice (BSRIA, 2016).

To reduce operational energy demand and optimise thermal and visual comfort, passive design strategies were implemented.

Environmental studies analysed natural ventilation, shading and thermal mass strategies. In several design iterations, cost, carbon, lifecycle and maintenance were balanced to find the optimum result, prioritising low carbon solutions.

Roof-mounted PVs provide a part of the building’s residual energy demand. Furthermore, live and historic data of its energy

and carbon performance is collected through a range of monitoring systems. “The design is well above Best Practice, with embodied carbon (including sequestration) between 1/5 and 1/4 of many new university buildings” (Architype, 2016).

The building was designed with exposed components, such as floors, walls and ceilings, to allow access for maintenance and replacement, if needed.

Furthermore, water-saving fixtures were installed, and rainwater is harvested to reduce water demand.

Additionally, a site waste management scheme and building recycling nodes were established.

In order to deliver a successful and sustainable project, close cooperation among all stakeholders, from Client to design team to supply chain and governments, was required. The project utilised a DQI (Design Quality Indicator) process to establish the Client’s aspirations and priorities right at the beginning; design, cost, programming and procurement were regularly reviewed in workshops.

Moreover, a forward-thinking ‘Single Point Delivery’ form of contract was implemented at all project stages and ‘Soft Landings’ were used to deliver a smooth handover and start into the operational phase. The staff were trained for optimised building operation; control interfaces, e.g. for ventilation devices, were designed to be legible by non-technical occupants.

The Enterprise Centre proved that also such complex buildings as university hubs can be designed to excellent environmental performance and user comfort. Return in investment of slightly higher upfront costs is expected before long.

GIA 3,400 m2; 2 storeys Costs £11,600,000 Timber frame with lime render and thatch cladding 480 m2 PV System generates 44MWh/a Primary energy demand below 120 kWh/m2/a 75-80% less embodied carbon than usual Fig. 54. Enterprise Centre at the University of Anglia (Architype, 2016).

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

5.4 CIRCULAR CAMPUS GUIDELINE

The case study university developed in context of this dissertation aims to be the ‘university campus of tomorrow’, which also includes responsibility in developing leadership on sustainable development.

Whereas many points that constitute a sustainable campus are addressed by both, the IIT Gandhinagar and especially the Enterprise Centre, this project aims to go one step further and include the regenerative principles of a circular economy thinking.

In addition to carbon neutrality and water and energy self-sufficiency, a circular campus also emphasises reversible building design and smart tracking of resources on site, along with ‘products as services’ and other innovative business models.

Furthermore, sustainable food production is important in order to close the loop of the ‘water-energy-food nexus’.

Another substantial differentiator of the ‘Circular Campus’ from other universities with high sustainable ambitions is the focus on human-centred design, resulting in a university campus entwined with nature, fostering a healthy and sustainable community. Moreover, it is important to understand the impact of individual behaviour on the environmental performance of a building and likewise the enhanced productivity, health and well-being of the user in a comfortable, delightful space. This reciprocal influence is for instance made visible in a ‘Living Lab’ approach, which will be explained in Chapter 6.

These and other sustainable, regenerative design aspects are incorporated in the ‘Circular Campus Guideline’ on the following pages. The full version can be found in Appendix K.

PV canopies support on site power generation

Minimising demand for water, harvesting rainwater, reusing grey water & black water

Energy efficient buildings focus on bioclimatic design

Green landscaped corridors improve air quality, act as noise barriers, offer shade and some privacy

Construction materials locally sourced for low environmental impact

The ‘Roof’ is an essential environmental component of the campus

Existing water bodies help with flood management & add biodiversity Landscape designed to promote walking & cycling Protecting & expanding local nature reserve forest for a ‘green campus’

Re-introduction of indigenous vegetation suitable for the climate with minimum water consumption Incorporating organic & water efficient farming technologies into the masterplan - growing our own food on site

Fig. 55. Circular Campus Parameters.

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5.4 CIRCULAR CAMPUS GUIDELINE

TRANSPORT

FARMING

SITE & BIODIVERSITY

WASTE

MATERIALS

ENERGY

WATER

HEALTH & HAPPINESS

REGENERATE

66

SHARE

OPTIMISE

Human-centred, biophilic & universal design with access to diverse & safe indoor & outdoor facilities, inspiration and education.

Increase health & well-being; Encourage active, social and meaningful lives; Promote sustainable living and empower the community while creating local identity; Create safe, equitable places to live and work

Establish (online) platform for sharing space, equipment & personals; Create local jobs

Optimise thermal, visual and aural user comfort; Provide amenities for basic needs, health & well-being, education, inspiration and emergency for everybody

Water demand and supply and waste water treatment during construction & operational phases.

Preserve & protect all natural water bodies on site; Do not withdraw ground water if it is not recharged through closed-loop activities; Prevent water run-off from polluting construction activities; Design with permeable paving & soft landscape

Design for resilience; Different sites support each other with water supply during construction phase

Design for water self-sufficiency: Minimise water demand through efficient low-flow fixtures in all buildings; In communal buildings, sensors and self-closing water taps should be used; Plant vegetation suitable for the climate

Energy demand and supply during whole life cycle.

Generate renewable energy

Share and/or sell renewable energy on site (e.g. for electric vehicles) or back to the grid

Minimise energy demand & optimise thermal and visual comfort by implementing passive design strategies and installing energy-efficient fittings; Optimise building envelope performance dimensions of all spaces appropriate for climate

Usage of healthy, locally sourced, low carbon and recyclable materials.

Design with nature-based solutions; Use low-impact materials, either recyclable or compostable; Use easily separable composites; Do not use toxic materials from the Red List; Integrate ‘bio design’, e.g. green facades

Design for disassembly: Reuse structural elements, building components and materials; Share equipment and services

Design out waste and design for assembly, disassembly and recoverability to optimise resource efficiency; Optimise durability and flexibility of building element’s lifespan; Source materials responsibly

Waste minmisation and appropriate treatment of residual waste during construction & operational phases.

Aim for Zero waste; Use recylced contents; Use standardised prefabricated options; Design in layers and modular

Establish smart waste segregation, storage and treatment system for the community

Design out waste strategies; Minimise waste generation through ‘design for disassembly, longevity and adaptability’; Sort and treat all waste appropriately: compost biodegradable and recycle non-degradable (e.g. sell to recyclers)

Site planning, management, preservation & enhancement.

Protect & restore land: Regenerate and detoxify grey-field or brown-field sites; Maintain existing water bodies and biodiversity; Enhance biodiversity; Enhance air, water & soil quality; Enhance microclimate”

Maximise space utilisation, share as much space as possible

Optimise space utilisation by efficient and flexible design, use spaces for multiple funtions; Design for optimum air flow between buildings; Avoid air, water, soil & noise pollution; Minimise outdoor light pollution

On-site organic food production.

Prduce healthy, local food through sustainable, organic (urban) farming on site

Engage the community inside and outside your plot boundaries

Research into technologies for water-efficient irrigation systems without the use of pesticides or synthetic fertilisers

Fossil-free transportation; pedestrian and bicycle friendly campus.

Aim for Zero pollution

Maximise asset utilisation by sharing and reusing: Establish e.g. bicycle and E-vehicles sharing pool

Optimise fossil-free transport links between buildings and to public transport nods: Create safe (covered and bright) pedestrian network; Provide bicycle lanes network and bicycle parking

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

5.4 CIRCULAR CAMPUS GUIDELINE LOOP

VIRTUALISE

EXCHANGE

OBLIGATORY BENCHMARKS

Provide feedback on individual behavioural impact on environmental performance of buildings to educate people for a more sustainable lifestyle

Promote open source design and sharing of knowledge

Provide effective controls & BMS for smart and safe infrastructure and building systems, e.g. fire detection

Universal accessibility; Min. 7 basic amenities; Health & well-being facilities for min. 20% of occupants; Smoke free zones; Facilities for staff & construction workers; Educational programmes & committee; User manuals & operation guidelines

Collect and recycle all rainwater, grey water and black water for regenerative, closed-loop water mangagement

Install smart sensors; Monitor water usage; Establish remote monitoring & control system for entire plumbing network; Establish virtual operation & maintenance protocol for plumbing and water treatment systems; Use IOT, ICT, BIM to improve systems integration

Provide highly efficient systems and techniques and use IOT for all water systems including irrigation

Preserve all natural water bodies; No groundwater withdrawn; Max. 70l/p/d Low-flow fixtures; Design for 75% water self-sufficiency; No fresh water for ACs; Good water quality; Dual plumbing system; Sub-metering for all water systems

Use renewable energies; Learn for the next (building) phase from PoE

Energy demand & supply shall be metered at all sources; Replace physical products and services with virtual services: Remote performance monitoring for smart maintenance; Deliver maintenance services remotely; Use IOT, ICT, BIM to improve systems integration

Generate renewable energy; Use daylight sensors, timer-based controls and LED or similar for efficient lighting; Lease lighting and energy

Design for 75% energy self-sufficiency; 100% renewable energy only; Min. 50% of total annual energy consumption by on- and/or off-site renewable energy; Daylight sensors & timer-based controls; Monitor & meter all sources of energy

Keep materials and building components in the closed-loop system; Establish take-back schemes with suppliers; Use â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Buildings as Material Banksâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Use IOT, ICT and BIM to monitor performance and facilitate maintenance and repair; Do post-occupancy evaluation (PoE); Promote products which help people reduce their consumption

Use low impact materials, e.g. secondary materials or recycled content materials; Optimise maintenance strategy; Organise repair workshops; Lease building elements

Min. 75% of building materials manufactured within 250 km; Min. 25% recycled waste in road construction and pavements; Min. 50% of cement content shall be recycled; Min. 75% of all steel used shall be recycled

Smart waste management (separation, composting, selling to authorised recyclers)

Develop waste recycling plans prior to beginning of construction; Track all resources on site and their quantity & quality; Create material inventory including material passports for content characteristics and embodied carbon transparency

Establish intelligent waste mangement service contracts, think in broader context (community, city, etc.)

Waste management plan; Hygienic, segregated storage of organic, recyclable inorganic & hazardous waste; Divert min. 75% of waste generated from landfill; On-site waste treatment for 75% of organic waste; Contract with recyclers for inorganic & e-waste

Retrofit and reuse existing buildings and assets for different use

Deliver services remotely: Establish operation and maintenance protocol; Dedicate staff for operation & maintenance of different systems remotely and only where necessary on site; Promote video & virtual conferencing

Promote innovative, integrated circular design and business approaches: Leasing services or take-back schemes instead of conventional purchase of products (e.g. LEDs or office equipment)

Retain 100% of water bodies, 50% of site contour; Min. 50% of site is landscape with 100% native species; Max 25% of site is paved; Plant min. 3 trees for 1 tree cut; Soil erosion control; Store 100% fertile topsoil; SUDS for 90% storm water quantity

Loop resources in a Water-Energy-Food Nexus

Monitor water consumption and yields to optimise farming

Install accessible, efficient irrigation systems

Plan food production (horizontal or vertical) on min. 25% of the total landscaped area

Operate renewables-powered vehicles within or outside the campus as shuttle services

Establish app for sharing pool and optimised use of vehicles

Provide charging points for e-vehicles and equipment

Pedestrian network to all buildings; Bicycle network & parking; Adequate illumination for both; Access to public transport in max. 800m; Electric charging infrastructure for min. 50%; Cover 100% of parking spaces; Differently-abled parking spaces 67

5.5 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

In order to take sustainable development one step further and decouple growth from resource depletion, current sustainable best practice should be extended to the regenerative circular economy thinking.

This comprises the understanding of neighbourhood interrelations, be it in form of a campus, a town or a city. The functionality and benefits of a circular economy increase with scale, since many closed-loop systems are more efficient and perform better in wider networks. Therefore, it is important to relate circular design thinking from macroscale (i.e. the campus) to microscale (i.e. the building) and back to macroscale. Individual buildings need to be designed to optimum and function in the system of the campus neighbourhood.

This chapter reviewed current certification schemes of green campuses and communities and studied two chosen precedent projects. The findings from these analyses and previous research were superposed with the ReSOLVE framework action points and translated into the first ‘Circular Campus Guideline’ in order to assist in the shift from wasteful, linear systems to a regenerative, circular practice.

However, the successful realisation depends on a close interaction among all stakeholders of the project, from client and contractors to design team, consultants, especially supply chains and ultimately the end-users. Early engagement and complete transparency throughout the process are key enablers, as the Enterprise Centre case study showed.

The next chapter presents the vision and action plan for the ‘Circular Campus’ case study of this dissertation project.

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

06 CIRCULAR CAMPUS CASE STUDY 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CIRCULAR CAMPUS - PROJECT VISION CIRCULAR CAMPUS - ACTION PLAN CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS BIODIVERSE

HUMANCENTRED

FOOD

RENEWABLE ENERGY

PRODUCING

SELF-SUFFICIENT

WATER SELFSUFFICIENT

LANDFILL WASTE-FREE

CARBON NEUTRAL

06 CIRCULAR CAMPUS CASE STUDY 6.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION “The challenge of transition (...) is so enormous that no actor can address it alone. It will require collaboration within and between all sectors of society: governments, the private sector, academia, non-government organizations and the public.”

- Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2016

Universities have been important trendsetters and innovation hubs for centuries. The ‘Circular Campus’ offers the chance to set an example and inspire other projects on the way to a sustainable future. As a multi-building development, the university offers good opportunities to establish circular economy principles and set up a zero-carbon strategy. The multi-asset portfolio will increase the value over time as the global resource stock is declining.

This chapter presents the overarching vision for the ‘Circular Campus’ case study project and defines key intervention points. Furthermore, benefits for the project stakeholders are suggested and compared to a ‘Business as Usual’ scenario.

The vision and actions are based on the developed ‘Circular Campus Guideline’ and translated to appropriate strategies and benchmarks for the local context of this university project in Sri City, India.

However, it is important to keep in mind that the defined strategies would need to be reviewed at every project stage (e.g. in workshops) and further developed especially before tendering, as the whole supply chain plays an important role in achieving closed-loop, minimum-waste and low-carbon processes.

ACCESSIBLE, COMFORTABLE &

WATER SELF-SUFFICIENCY VIA

SMOKE-FREE ENVIRONMENT FOR

CLOSED LOOP

OCCUPANT

WELL-BEING

ENERGY SELF-SUFFICIENCY VIA ON-SITE GENERATION OF

WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

100% OF WASTE DIVERTED

SOLAR ENERGY

FROM LANDFILLS VIA RE-USING,

60% LESS LAND

75%

& FARMING, COMPARED TO TRADITIONAL

ARE PERMEABLE

REQUIRED, DUE TO EFFICIENT IRRIGATION

COMPOSTING AND RECYCLING

OF EXISTING LANDSCAPE

IS RETAINED AND 60% OF SURFACES

TECHNIQUES

71

6.2 CIRCULAR CAMPUS - PROJECT VISION 6.2.1 DEFINITION OF THE VISION

“The Circular Campus will model the institutional pathway towards a sustainable future.”

A ‘Circular Campus’ transforms the negative impact of buildings and businesses on the environment into a positive footprint by creating nature-inspired closed-loop processes.

Furthermore, collaboration and engagement among all stakeholders will originate innovative business models and smart resource management will generate financial savings.

Modular, regenerative building design along with efficient energy, water and waste management as well as food production will decouple growth and development from resource depletion. Entwined with bioclimatic design strategies, a sustainable and healthy campus is created.

The ‘Circular Campus’ vision is based on the following 6 pillars:

Moreover, human-centred design focuses on people as principle characters and possible change-makers – education on sustainable ways of living and the impact of individual behaviour on environmental performance of buildings is essential for a potential shift from current destructive to regenerative, circular models.

• • •

• • •

Design of a human-centred campus Design of a 100% water self-sufficient campus Design of a carbon-neutral campus through design for 100% energy self-sufficiency design with low impact construction methods & materials design for fossil-free transport Design of a landfill waste-free campus Design of a biodiverse campus Design of a food producing campus

BIODIVERSE

HUMANCENTRED

FOOD

RENEWABLE ENERGY

PRODUCING

SELF-SUFFICIENT

WATER SELFSUFFICIENT

Fig. 56. Circular Campus Vision.

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CARBON NEUTRAL

LANDFILL WASTE-FREE

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

6.2 CIRCULAR CAMPUS - PROJECT VISION 6.2.2 STAKEHOLDER BENEFITS

For a successful realisation of such an ambitious project, it is important to get each of the stakeholders on board from the very beginning. Highlighting the potential benefits facilitates this process, especially when compared to the ‘Business as Usual’ (BAU) scenario.

For the following stakeholders: • • • •

The diagram at the bottom indicates the potential value created for all stakeholders if a closed-loop process is adopted for the campus development and the derivation can be found in Appendix I.

The assessment shows, that especially the University related stakeholders who are regularly in direct interaction with the campus, such as students, staff, developers and the university itself, benefit significantly from the ‘Circular Campus’ approach. But also, local businesses and governmental bodies will feel the positive impact. Furthermore, the environment will benefit from the development as biodiversity will be enhanced and air and water quality maintained (since the project is developed on former agricultural land without urban context, air and water quality are good and do not need to be improved but maintained).

The following categories were assessed: Health and happiness Environmental education Water self-sufficiency Energy self-sufficiency Regenerative materials Low carbon materials Zero landfill waste Enhanced biodiversity On-site farming Innovative businesses Local job creation

The following sections give an introductory overview on how the ambitious vision of the ‘Circular Campus’ can be delivered. A more detailed implementation is described in Chapter 8 on the basis of the ‘Circular Building’ case study.

PR SER OV I

N I C IP A LIT Y

MU W

NE IVE

R

RS

WA

IT Y

T

ST

ITU

TIO

NS

OP LE

EN

M

ON

A IR

VIR

EN

CIRCULAR CAMPUS

SS

NE

PE

SI

L LOCA SS INE BUS

BU

STUDEN TS

F AF

TE

FLOR A& FAUN A

Fig. 57. Stakeholder Diagram - Circular Campus.

DEVELO P INVEST ER / ORS

E VIC ERS D

ST

ENS AL CITIZ LOC

IN

• • • • • • • • • • •

People (students, staff, local citizens) Business (developers, service providers, local businesses) Institutions (university, municipality, government) Environment (flora & fauna, water, air)

M GOVERN

ENT

UN

Fig. 58. Stakeholder Diagram - Business as Usual.

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6.3 CIRCULAR CAMPUS - ACTION PLAN 6.3.1 HUMAN-CENTRED CAMPUS

“The Circular Campus cares for the health & well-being of its students and staff to foster a sustainable community.”

The Circular Campus is designed for the health and well-being of its people and fosters a sustainable community. A close link between humans, nature and built environment is key in establishing a truly environmental campus, and therefore liveable green spaces are provided and blur boundaries between inside and outside. ‘The campus is the classroom’ and the students are placed at the heart of the university experience through ‘Human Centred Design’, promoting the concept of ‘interwoven learning’.

Universal accessibility and smoke-free High thermal, visual & aural comfort standards Green initiatives visualising environmental impact Health & Well-being facilities and sharing platforms Circular design & business approaches are promoted User manuals, O&M guidelines & remote service provided

Pleasant spaces providing thermal, visual and aural comfort, the use of healthy materials and the ability to choose between various spaces for living and learning will increase the awareness, productivity and well-being of the students. Besides, the smoke-free Campus is designed for universal accessibility and to the highest social standards for everybody, including staff and construction workers. All basic amenities, such as (package-free) grocery stores and markets, daily services, kindergarten, places to work, teach and learn as well as healthcare, cultural, sport and recreational facilities, are provided.

Furthermore, the University incorporates the sustainability agenda in its curriculum and fosters a sustainable community; behaviour change towards a more sustainable lifestyle is promoted by visualising the environmental impact (‘making the invisible visible’) and implementing the ‘Living Lab Methodology’ to learn from the received feedback. Environmental awareness is created through outreach and educational programmes, annual institute awards reward engaged groups promoting sustainable living.

One option to inform the Campus inhabitants about their environmental impact by giving ‘live-feedback‘ to their actions could be a direct link of the monitored data to a mobile application, which tells you whether today is a good day to open the windows, gives you information on how the building is performing and makes suggestions how you could help to improve it.

This smart control facilitates the user to achieve comfort and fosters a sustainable community by increasing environmental awareness and empowering individuals to act.

Fig. 59. Human-Centred Campus (PLP, 2019).

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

6.3 CIRCULAR CAMPUS - ACTION PLAN 6.3.2 WATER SELF-SUFFICIENT CAMPUS

“The Circular Campus will be 100% water self-sufficient without withdrawing groundwater.”

Water is an increasingly valuable resource, especially in the context of south-west India, and is given a high priority in the development of the Circular Campus. In order to be 100% water self-sufficient, both the ‘Demand’ and ‘Supply’ sides have to be considered:

100% Natural water bodies preserved No groundwater withdrawn 100% water self-sufficient through: 100% harvested rainwater

On the ‘Demand’ side, water consumption is reduced through campaigns for water saving, installation of water efficient fittings and indigenous vegetation requiring less water. Closed water cycles are established to harness all available rainwater (from roofs, canopies, piazzas and roads) and treat and reuse grey and black water. Furthermore, water demand profiles are established relative to functional uses and variation over different phases and seasons (dry v. monsoon periods).

On the ‘Supply’ side, the primary source is rainwater, coupled with treated grey water and black water making up the shortfall in demand, with treated rainwater used to cover all annual potable water demand on Campus scale. Consequently, extensive water storage tanks are provided throughout the site.

100% recycled grey- and blackwater Efficient low-flow fixtures & Sub-metering everywhere

RAIN WATER

POTABLE WATER

GREYWATER

However, it is important to mention that 100% water self-sufficiency relies on a ‘typical’ year with rainfall during the monsoon seasons. Due to unpredictable weather conditions it is recommended to connect the Campus to local water networks of Sri City.

NON-POTABLE WATER II

Fig. 60. Water Self-Sufficient Campus.

NON-POTABLE WATER I

BLACKWATER 75

6.3 CIRCULAR CAMPUS - ACTION PLAN 6.3.3 CARBON-NEUTRAL CAMPUS

“The Circular Campus uses low-impact materials, minimises energy demand and generates renewable energy on site.”

The Circular Campus will participate in the transition towards a zero-carbon building sector and be carbon-neutral throughout its life cycle.

Carbon-neutral over the whole lifecycle of the Campus Bioclimatic design strategies reduce energy demand 100% Energy-efficient lighting fixtures & white goods

Bioclimatic design strategies, behavioural change campaigns and energy efficient fittings will reduce energy consumption while on-site renewable energy generation covers the residual demand during operational phase.

100% Energy & hot water provided by ‘own’ solar energy 75% Building materials are manufactured within 250 km Min. 25% recycled waste in roads & pavements

During construction phase, particular emphasis is placed on minimising embodied energy by sourcing locally available, low embodied energy products and maximising pre-fabrication.

Modular construction methods are applied to facilitate maintenance, repair, refurbishment and disassembly. Chapter 8 presents some important measures for regenerative carbon-neutrality during the different stages of building construction.

Min. 50% cement content & min. 75% steel recycled Fossil-free transport & protected walkways provided

Furthermore, fossil-free transport is promoted through electric vehicle shuttles on site, good link to public transport, an extensive bicycle lane network and covered, well-lit walkways.

double roof protecting from sun & rain while harnessing solar energy & rainwater

PV cells generating 100% of total energy

bioclimatic design strategies reducing energy demand

bicycle lanes promoting healthy lifestyle

public transport nod & charging station for e-vehicles

60-100% solar hot water generation

pedestrian walkway protected from sun & rain

student campaign to raise awareness of environmentalls considerate behaviour

low embodied energy materials from max. 250km

Fig. 61. Carbon-Neutral Campus (PLP & USD, 2019).

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

openings promoting natural ventilation

6.3 CIRCULAR CAMPUS - ACTION PLAN 6.3.4 LANDFILL WASTE-FREE CAMPUS

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Circular Campus targets to divert 100% waste from landfill by selling inorganic waste to recyclers and converting organic waste to manure.â&#x20AC;?

Since buildings require maintenance and refurbishment, continuous work is certain over the different construction phases as well as during operation of the university. In order to reduce the amount of waste resulting from construction, operation and adaptation of the buildings during the lifecycle and to minimise costs (e.g. for landfill disposal) as well as carbon associated with the project, a holistic and integrated waste management system is established.

100% waste segregated on site 100% organic waste composted 100% recyclable waste and e-waste is sold to recyclers 75% of waste generated during construction is reused Highest possible conservation of materials Enough material and components storage provided

Waste separation and treatment can divert a major portion of waste from going to landfill, hence prevent water and land contamination due to leachate generation with the residual waste becoming a valuable source of material for other uses (cyclical process). Reused and recycled waste is sold and generates revenue. Additionally, the need for virgin materials and therefore resource depletion is minimised. Organic waste treatment (from kitchen and garden) creates rich fertilizer, which is used for landscaping and farming.

Fig. 62. Landfill Waste-free Campus.

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6.3 CIRCULAR CAMPUS - ACTION PLAN 6.3.6 BIODIVERSE CAMPUS

“The Circular Campus development will enhance the biodiversity on site and reintroduce the indigenous flora & fauna.”

Since the site and surrounding landscape has been used for agriculture, many of the once occurring local species vanished. The Circular Campus intents to enhance biodiversity on and around the site by dedicating generous space for the reintroduction of indigenous flora which will offer habitat for native fauna and counteract land degradation.

Furthermore, local water bodies are preserved and partially annually activated by channelling collected rainwater. The additional introduction of ponds, stepping wells and channels will improve water management (also during flood events) and outdoor comfort.

Min. 75% of existing landscape is retained Indigenous flora & fauna is reintroduced Controlled floodable zones are created 60% of all surfaces are permeable Efficient space use, optimised for air flow Improved micro-climate through shade & water bodies

A versatile biodiversity enhances the quality of the campus in measurable terms such as air and water quality as well as intangible terms such as diversity, liveability (comfort) and visual appearance.

Every space, no matter if classrooms, bedrooms, cafeteria or office, is provided with a view towards greenery and aims to connect inside to outside spaces, reinforcing the overall concept of ‘living within nature’. The creation of a green central spine, connecting the man-made forest on north of the site to natural forest on the south, will allow a natural connection for the fauna to move and migrate between areas. Moreover, indigenous trees with big crowns or ornamental foliage, such as Ficus virens and Azadirachta indica, are beneficial in the landscape acting as natural canopies and providing shade to users and buildings. Mango trees (Mangifera indica) are growing on site.

Fig. 63. Mangifera indica.

The water demand for landscaped areas can be reduced drastically by introducing indigenous flora which is suitable for the tropical wet and dry climate. Additionally, drought resistant or low water-demanding species guarantee annual foliage and flowers.

Fig. 64. Azadirachta indica.

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

6.3 CIRCULAR CAMPUS - ACTION PLAN 6.3.6 FOOD-PRODUCING CAMPUS

“The Circular Campus produces its own food on site, closing the water-energy-food nexus.”

The Circular Campus installs a regenerative and restorative agricultural system to meet some of the residents’ food demand.

The site (89 hectares) provides sufficient capacity to cultivate organic farming in its traditional form and water-efficient farming based on new technologies at the same time in order to combine the practical aspect of local food provision with educational purposes.

Efficient irrigation & farming systems

In both cases, the manure created from organic waste and wastewater solids generated on site is used as nutrient for the crops. As part of the ‘Living Laboratory’, a visible case study of natural sewage treatment areas is declared close to the farming sites. The aim is to close nutrient loops to retain natural capital (feeding the nutrients back to the soil) and deliver a stable supply of fresh, diverse and healthy food to the campus’ population.

Furthermore, bringing production closer to consumption reduces transport requirements and waste production.

Local farmers share their knowledge

using up to 90% less water and 60% less land than traditional farming No toxic pesticides are used Community inside and outside the Campus is involved

Local farmers shall be engaged in the project to share their knowledge about local conditions and traditional farming techniques while student projects aim to optimize these methods and develop water-efficient irrigation systems for so-called ‘precision-farming’ to increase yield while decreasing water, synthetic fertilisers and pesticide requirements. Moreover, the Circular Campus shall become a platform for research and development of innovative, sustainable and resilient farming systems as part of the energy, water food nexus, attracting international students, researchers and grants to raise R&D funds.

Fig. 65. Irrigation Systems.

Fig. 66. Water-efficient Farming.

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6.4 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

The design of a human-centred, water and energy self-sufficient, carbon-neutral, landfill waste-free, biodiverse and food-producing campus is definitely a challenge.

But if not now, in times of official climate crisis and rapid resource depletion while population and consumerism have been constantly increasing – when should we actually start doing things differently?

And if not a university development, where volition for exploration and budget for experimentation of innovative solutions to known problems are available – which sort of project should be leading the way to a sustainable future?

Moreover, the Campus size of almost 90ha is ideal for testing strategies on neighbourhood (i.e. district) scale, to analyse and optimise the interrelation of macroscale and microscale (individual buildings) organisms. Localised production and supply via mini grids, a sharing community and neighbourhood workshops for repairing goods are all part of the resource efficient – and profitable – circular economy model. Keeping products in use at highest value for as long as possible through close cooperation of environmentally conscious ‘owners of things’, who prefer repairing instead of disposing, and skilled craftsmen minimises resource consumption (and therefore GHG emissions) and generates wealth and local jobs.

One may ask, how wealth shall be generated if production and sale is reduced as logical consequence of extended service-life and well-functioning infrastructure. One answer is, that production related employment and revenue are replaced by service-oriented jobs, as Stahel suggests (2019). Furthermore, minimal need for material and energy resources will lead to economic gains. And the positive impact of circular economy approaches leading to improved life quality through safe access to clean water and reliable electricity in numerous well-developed districts should not be underestimated as motivator for change.

The Circular Campus could become a role model in the transition to a restorative, circular construction industry, transforming the building sector into an instrument to prevent the collapse of our planet and stay below the critical 1.5°C temperature rise.

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

III BIOCLIMATIC & REGENERATIVE BUILDING DESIGN APPLICABILITY AND BENEFITS FOR A CASE STUDY PROJECT IN INDIA 07 CIRCULAR BUILDING DESIGN 08 CIRCULAR BUILDING CASE STUDY 09 CONCLUSIONS

07 CIRCULAR BUILDING DESIGN 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CIRCULAR BUILDING - INDICATORS CIRCULAR BUILDING - PRECEDENTS CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

07 CIRCULAR BUILDING DESIGN 7.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION “The goods of today are the resources of tomorrow, at yesterday’s resource prices.”

Walter Stahel, 2019

As the previous chapters have already illustrated, closed loop design is important to design buildings with a positive footprint, enhancing the environment instead of destroying it. We cannot renounce buildings as we need them for shelter (mainly). But with rising awareness of the critical state of our planet and increasing numbers of people caring about our environment, a shift in such an important industry as the building sector, that is producing our living, learning and workplaces, is evident and hopefully possible.

This chapter presents the Circular Building Indicators in a summarising way after the previous chapters described the evidence and derivation in detail.

Furthermore, two built examples are introduced to show possibilities of implementing circular economy thinking in the design of buildings.

Fig. 67. Circular Building Design (BAMB, 2019)..

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7.2 CIRCULAR BUILDING - INDICATORS 7.2.1 SUMMARISING INDICATORS

The following presents a summary of indicators for applying the regenerative circular economy thinking to building design, derived from thorough literature review and project experience:

CIRCULAR BUILDING INDICATORS

• Design out and minimise waste »»refitting and refurbishing existing buildings rather than building new »»applying lean design principles to reduce demand for resources and associated waste »»design out the need for the component, e.g. passive design strategies obviating the need for mechanical cooling or ventilation »»design for longevity, flexibility and adaptability »»design for modular standardisation and prefabrication »»maximise durability of building elements »»create innovative business models and reverse logistics (e.g. take-back schemes) • Design for resource efficiency and zero carbon emissions over a whole building lifecycle »»design for reduced water, energy and resource consumption »»create closed water cycles: harvest rainwater, reuse grey- and black water »»generate renewable energies on site »»select materials that can be recycled or composted at end of life »»use reclaimed materials and components »»if new materials needed: choose low-impact products with recycled content »»track location, quantity and quality of resources on site »»implement site-wide communication systems for supply and demand »»introduce material passports for information on content and embodied carbon • Design for assembly, disassembly and recoverability »»design in layers considering the lifetime of each building element »»use modular construction methods »»design for reversibility & transformability using separable components & connections »»Keep construction materials in the ‘loop’ • Regenerate natural systems »»design out air-, water- and noise pollution »»design out GHG emissions »»avoid land degradation and toxic substances

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– e.g. after ARUP (2016), Baker-Brown (2017), Cheshire (2016), EMA et al. (2015), Stahel (2019), UKGBC (2019)

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

7.2 CIRCULAR BUILDING - INDICATORS 7.2.2 BUILDING IN LAYERS

This section highlights one principle of regenerative, circular building design, as it illustrates clearly the advantages of investing slightly more time (architects) and money (clients) into the design process than in current practice: The concept of ‘building in layers’ was introduced by architect Frank Duffy in the 1970s and advanced by Stuart Brand in the 1990s to increase a building’s flexibility of use and longevity over time (ARUP, 2016).

Building in layers means that each component of the layers Site, Structure, Skin, Services, Space and Stuff may easily be separated, repaired, replaced, adapted or removed accordingly to its respective lifespan, without affecting further elements. For example, services (pipes etc.) should be easily replaceable without having to destroy partition walls or ceilings.

To customise this method to the ‘Circular Campus’ development, the additional layer ‘infraStructure’ has been added as overarching element in context of the Campus network.

BUILDING IN LAYERS

• Site (location of the building, ‘eternal’ lifespan) • infraStructure (campus-wide network of services but also IT, ‘smart’ infrastructure etc., variable lifespan) • Structure (load-bearing elements of the building, including foundation, 30-300 years lifespan) • Skin (façade of the building e.g. 30-75 years lifespan) • Services (technical equipment of the building, including all pipes and wires, e.g. 20-30 years lifespan) • Space (space defining internal fit-out of the building, including partitions, floors and ceilings, e.g. 5-15 years lifespan) • Stuff (loose internal fit-out of the building, including finishes, furniture and IT, e.g. 0-10 years lifespan)

– after Brand (1995), UKGBC (2019) and Circle Economy (2019)

“LAYER” x”REPLACEMENT” STUFF SPACE SERVICES STRUCTURE SKIN (infra)STRUCTURE SITE 0

50

100

150

200

x3-5 x10 x25 x150 x50 x50 x00

LIFESPAN (year)

Fig. 68. Building in Layers.

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7.3 CIRCULAR BUILDING - PRECEDENTS 7.3.1 CIRCULAR BUILDING ARUP

“The Circular Building tests the maturity of circular economy thinking in the supply chain and examines what it means for building design. Can we design a building where, at the end of its life, all its components and materials are re-used, re-manufactured or re-cycled?” (ARUP, 2016b). ARUP found that design and construction processes need to change significantly, especially supplier engagement is critical for feasible solutions.

Circular building key features are: • Maximise off-site prefabrication • Lease rather than purchase materials and products • Selected materials can be re-used, remanufactured or recycled • Mechanical & push-fit connections rather than adhesives and avoid wet trades to allow deconstruction • Design fitout to comprise interchangeable panels leased from suppliers • Electrical system is low voltage and includes local energy storage, facilitating future flexibility and ease-of-maintenance • Ventilation provided by prototype equipment made from recycled plastic, cardboard & re-manufactured cans

Fig. 70. Circular Building - Building in Layers (Archdaily, 2016).

Fig. 69. Circular Building by ARUP (ARUP, 2016b).

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

7.3 CIRCULAR BUILDING - PRECEDENTS 7.3.2 ECOLAR While studying the Master of Architecture at the University of Applied Sciences in Konstanz, the author participated with Team ECOLAR in the Solar Decathlon 2012 in Madrid, an interdisciplinary and international student competition. With ECOLAR (ECOlogic, ECOnomic, soLAR and moduLAR), an innovative and sustainable, modular and regenerative building kit was developed, mainly consisting of natural and healthy materials and producing three times more (solar) energy than used.

The practicability was tested by assembling and disassembling the building three times over a period of two years. Furthermore, the life-cycle impact of the building was analysed by conducting a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). All results were excellent, and the building was DGNB Platinum awarded.

Fig. 71. ECOLAR Home, Konstanz, Germany.

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7.4 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

This chapter presented once more the importance of regenerative, closed-loop design strategies and presented two examples which implemented these successfully.

Indeed, designing out waste, lean design, design for adaptation and disassembly as well as smart material, energy and water management are all essential criteria for good (not less bad) buildings. However, many of the precedents found in literature or presented at conferences about circular economy thinking in buildings seem to either miss or disregard the importance of two critical factors: the people (who create the demand for the building and eventually use it) and climate responsive design (that reacts to local climatic conditions and provides comfort for the occupants with much less material, energy and financial resources than cloned design from other places).

The next chapter presents the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Circular Building Case Studyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and aims to emphasize the importance of combining regenerative and bioclimatic design strategies.

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

08 CIRCULAR BUILDING CASE STUDY 8.1 8.2

8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION PROJECT SPECIFIC CIRCULAR BUILDING INDICATORS DESIGN STAGE PRODUCT STAGE CONSTRUCTION STAGE USE STAGE END OF LIFE STAGE CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

08 CIRCULAR BUILDING CASE STUDY 8.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION “In order to change an existing paradigm you do not struggle to try and change the problematic model. You create a new model and make the old one obsolete.”

- R. Buckminster Fuller, 1982

This chapter aims to prove that truly sustainable housing is not complicated to achieve but ultimately creates value and user comfort while leaving a positive footprint on the environment.

In order to do so, the evolved principles of the ‘Circular Campus Guideline’ are translated to building scale by superposing them with the established ‘Circular Building Indicators’ from the previous chapter and the life cycle stages of a building. The derived ‘Project Specific Circular Building Indicators’ are used to enhance the design for a building of the Circular Campus development.

Since residential buildings represent more than 70% of the total built-up area, they form the key typology of the Campus.

Therefore, the design for a student residence (as originally proposed by the Project Architects) was chosen to be enhanced.

The improved design is based on extensive analytical studies of local conditions as well as literature review and research.

To reduce energy demand and consequently cooling loads, while maximising visual and thermal comfort, environmental design strategies are implemented and their performance tested through computational simulations. This includes solar irradiation and daylight studies using the Grasshopper Plug-ins Ladybug and Honeybee (based on Radiance and Energy Plus) as well as dynamic thermal modelling using TAS. Additionally, a thorough research was undertaken to establish an appropriate material palette for the project, considering factors such as availability (for reduced transport related embodied carbon and costs), thermal characteristics (for optimal building envelope performance) and the possibility of ‘circular’ end of life processes (e.g. composting, reuse or recycling).

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Furthermore, extensive calculations are made to generate energy, domestic hot water and potable water demand profiles and develop supply scenarios to offset demand and achieve self-sufficiency.

Finally, whole-life carbon analysis and circular building assessment are undertaken (using One-Click LCA) to analyse the building’s carbon footprint and potential for circularity.

The main part of the chapter is structured accordingly to the life cycle stages of a building: Design, Production, Construction, Use and End of Life.

It is important to highlight that the case study development is based on an existing ‘base case design’ by the Project Architects (PLP), as this dissertation is based on a live project.

In the context of this dissertation project, the ‘base case design’ was analysed and improved by implementing informed bioclimatic and regenerative design strategies. This means, that not all passive design strategies were assessed, as would be the case if the author would design the buildings herself, but given the specific role the author had on this project, only suitable enhancements to the existing architectural design were proposed and analysed, as in a typical consulting process.

In addition, the focus of this thesis is on regenerative design, following the circular economy principles.

Nevertheless, the design methodology and the analytical work are original work of the author for this dissertation.

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

8.2 PROJECT SPECIFIC CIRCULAR BUILDING INDICATORS

The ‘Project Specific Circular Building Indicators’ on the following pages are derived from the ‘Circular Campus Guideline’ (Chapter 5.4) and the project specific ‘Action Plan’ (Chapter 6.3).

Moreover, the identified ‘ReSOLVE actions’ were associated with the different life cycle stages of a building and the ‘Circular Building Indicators’ (Chapter 7.2). This enables the project team to benchmark performance and track progress while the interpretation of the guideline leaves space for creativity.

CONSTRUCTION STAGE Use prefabricated, modular systems for easy assembly: • Prefabricated modules (e.g. consisting of floor, external walls including windows and ceiling) • Easy separable composites and connections such as dry joints (timber / steel) or click+fix (tiles, bricks) • Track quantity and quality of resources used

The following sections provide examples of ‘Project Specific Circular Building Indicators’ per life cycle stage:

DESIGN STAGE

USE STAGE

‘Lean design’: Designing out the need for components: • Implementation of bioclimatic design strategies to minimise energy demand for mechanical cooling and electricity • Design for max. 4 storeys to make lifts obsolete

Retain, Refit, Refurbish, Reuse, Remanufacture, Recycle: • Keep products and materials as long in use as possible (e.g. repair fittings and furniture instead of buying new) • Share space, products, personals via (online) platforms

Design for adaptation and disassembly: • Design with standardised modular elements • Design with materials suitable for disassembly (e.g. dry rather than wet joints) • Design with internal net ceiling height of min. 2.90m for flexibility in functional use Product as a Service: Leasing and take-back schemes: • Lease products instead of buying them (e.g. ‘pay per lux’ schemes for lighting) • Set up take-back schemes with manufacturers (e.g. for floor finishes or furniture)

Minimise water & energy demand: • Organise ‘awareness campaigns’ and install efficient fittings (e.g. low-flow & self-closing water tabs or LEDs) Create closed water cycles: • Harvest rainwater and recycle grey and black water Generate renewable energy: • Harvest solar energy for electricity and hot water Regenerate natural systems & provide access to nature: • Increase biodiversity and provide protected outdoor spaces (shielded from excessive sun and rain)

PRODUCT STAGE

END OF LIFE STAGE

Low impact / low embodied energy materials • Use locally available materials (e.g. adobe, fly ash) • Use biodegradable or recyclabe materials (e.g. bamboo) • Use recycled content (e.g. recycled steel) Prefabrication • High quality production with less waste generation

Adapt, transform, deconstruct, recover: • E.g. enlarge space by joining 2 apartments; use the reclaimed bricks elsewhere and use the broken bricks e.g. as aggregate in concrete Keep materials in the loop • Use the take-back schemes (e.g. exchange broken lamp)

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END OF LIFE

USE

CONSTRUCTION

PRODUCTION

DESIGN

DESCRIPTION

8.2 PROJECT SPECIFIC CIRCULAR BUILDING INDICATORS REGENERATE

SHARE

OPTIMISE

Regenerate natural capital by increasing resilience of ecosystems and returning biological nutrients

Maximise asset utilisation by sharing and reusing

Optimise system & building performance while reducing resource demand; Building reconfiguration

Regenerate Natural Systems: • Design out air-, water- and noise pollution by installing green facades and establishing annual water bodies for indirect evaporative cooling

Share Ideas that are ‘Good’: • Establish open source data platforms for sharing sustainable design concepts, e.g. from university research projects

Design-Out the Need of Components: • Implementation of bioclimatic design strategies to minimise energy demand for mechanical cooling and electricity • Design for max. 4 storeys to make lifts obsolete

Extraction and Reuse of Biological Resources: • Use biodegradable or recyclable materials (e.g. bamboo) • Store and restore all the top soil after construction

Take and Give Back: • Use recycled content (e.g. recycled steel) • Establish a resource platform on cthe ampus but also for neighbouring communities / close-by cities

Produce at low-impact: • Use locally available materials (clay, fly ash, bamboo etc.)

• Use standardised, modular systems for less waste generation and more flexibility

Regenerate Natural Systems: • Regenerate agricultural land by planting indigenous vegetation that attracts fauna • Create controlled floodable zones: Elevate building by min.

1m on podium or stilts

Create local jobs: • Involve local workforce in the project: for construction, farming, etc.

• Share surplus energy with neighbours

Use prefabricated, modular systems for easy assembly: • Prefabricated modules (e.g. consisting of floor, external walls including windows and ceiling)

Be Considerate: • Avoid noise, air and water pollution • Take care of yourself and your neighbours, do sports, eat healthy, help each other

Share everything you can: • Establish online platforms for sharing space, vehicles, personnels • Share surplus renewable energy with neighbours or sale it back to grid

Design for Flexibility: • Design for Spatial reversibility: Flexible interior walls, “LEGO” flooring etc.

• Floor width & depth allow for possible transformation, not sacrificing daylight / natural ventilation • Flexible position of openings

Protect & Return: • Increase biodiversity and provide protected outdoor spaces • Compost all organic waste created in the building and use it as manure for the (vertical) gardens

Establish delivery & return logistics options with suppliers: • Set up take-back schemes with manufacturers (e.g. for floor finishes or furniture)

Adapt & Transform: • For instance, enlarge space by joining 2 apartments; use the reclaimed bricks elsewhere and use the broken bricks e.g. as aggregate in concrete

Fig. 72. Project Specific Circular Building Indicators.

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

LOOP

VIRTUALISE

EXCHANGE

Keep materials and building components in the closed-loop system (reuse, refurbish, recycle)

Replace physical products and services with virtual services

Select capital, system and technology wisely

Design for Adaptation and Disassembly: • Design with standardised modular elements (7m) and materials suitable for disassembly (e.g. dry rather than wet joints: mortar-free bricks etc.)

Design the Product as a Service: Leasing and Take-Back Schemes: • Lease products instead of buying them (e.g. ‘pay per lux’ schemes for lighting) • Set up take-back schemes with manufacturers (e.g. for floor finishes or furniture)

Design for Optimisation: • Design with internal net ceiling height of min. 2.90m for flexibility in functional use

Produce for Longevity and Adaptability: • Use bolted rather than welded connections, screws rather than glue & nails, easily separable composites, etc.

Use available Technologies: • Optimise prefabrication for high quality production with less waste generation • Track quantity and quality of resources • Establish Material Passports

Produce Smart and Regenerative: • Generate renewable energy on site: PVs and Solar Hot Water systems on the roof surfaces

Design for Easy Refurbishment: • Building in layers: Avoid wet joints, keep building componnets with different life spans separable from each other • Place cores at outbound, rather oversize structure for higher loads

Use available Technologies: • Use 3D printing and Robotics for efficient use of material, energy and time use with less waste and costs generated

Design for Technical Reversibility for Easy Maintenance and Exchange for New Technologies: • Loose-fit design; decoupled from facade or structure; generous floor-to-ceiling height

Re Re Re: • Keep products and materials as long in use as possible (e.g. repair fittings and furniture instead of buying new) • Create closed water cycles: Harvest rainwater and recycle grey and black water

Services & Learning for the next: • Deliver services remotely, such as FM, monitoring, etc.

• Install monitoring systems for performance tracking and optimisation

Minimise Demand: • Raise environmental awareness through campaigns etc.

• Install efficient fittings (e.g. lowflow & self-closing water tabs or LEDs) • Generate renewable energy

Recover: Reclaim: • Keep materials in the loop • Use the take-back schemes • Use the take-back schemes (e.g. exchange broken lamp) (e.g. exchange broken lamp)

Rethink: • What can be improved for the next one?

• How can technologies and services be better implemented?

Was the use of IOT, ICT, AI, BIM, GIS etc. successful?

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8.3 DESIGN STAGE 8.3.1 BASE CASE DESIGN

GIVEN DESIGN PARAMETERS For the typical student residence block, the Project Architects suggested a four storey high and 54m long block with two options in terms of width: either 15m deep floor plates with a central, double-loaded corridor or 10m deep floor plates with an external, single-loaded corridor of 1.5m depth. USD recommended the single-loaded option for facilitated natural ventilation (see also chapter 3.2.6 on natural ventilation principles) and better daylight access as well as additional shading through the external corridors.

The initial design proposal made by the Project Architects was reviewed and several critical factors are highlighted: Double-loaded corridors are less beneficial for natural ventilation and daylight than single-loaded corridors External corridors provide useful shade â&#x20AC;&#x153;for freeâ&#x20AC;? as they are needed for circulation anyway The roof needs to be protected from direct solar radiation

The pursued design proposal provides eight apartments per floor (10x6.70m). Each unit has two bedrooms, which are shared by two students each, one kitchen / living room space and one bathroom. This results in 128 people living in one student residence block and ca. 20m2 per person.

The internal layout should be optimised: Move desk areas in bedrooms towards the window for daylight access All rooms should have windows for natural ventilation and daylight, including the bathroom

The total GEA is 2240m2 with the final external dimensions of 54x11.5m.

The net internal height should be increased from 2.75m to at least 2.90m to promote air flow, daylight penetration and flexibility in terms of space functionality

The entire building is raised by 1m to prevent flooding during the monsoon season.

4

20m2/p

x8x4=

128

6.45 m

54.0 m 10.0 m

9.6 m

3.3 m

13.3 m

1.0 m Podest

H=2.75 m N

Fig. 73. Initial Design - Base Case (PLP Architects).

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

GEAtotal=2240 m2

8.3 DESIGN STAGE 8.3.2 DESIGN OPTIMISATION

The following section leads through the process of design optimisation, starting with bioclimatic design strategies.

LAYOUT The introduction of the single-loaded corridor has several benefits: It creates a transitional, social space, acts as shading device and allows for permeable façades as all rooms are located at an external facade.

FORM As the building shapes of the Masterplan components were given by the Architects, the most common typology was analysed: the rectangular block (bar).

To create an additional thermal buffer zone, the east and west façades were recessed by 3.5m. This space is used for circulation on the western side and as a common outdoor social space on the eastern end.

ORIENTATION Due to the high temperatures and solar irradiation levels throughout the year, the building needs to be protected from solar heat gains to minimise overheating periods and thus energy demand for cooling, whilst increasing thermal comfort.

Initial climate analysis showed that the long façades of the building should be oriented north-south to have the east and west façades, which are the most difficult to shade and receive the highest solar radiation throughout the day, as short as possible.

Furthermore, the internal height was increased to 2.90m to allow for bigger and higher located openings to promote air flow along the ceilings and daylight penetration deeper into the rooms. Moreover, a higher room feels more comfortable and facilitates possible future changes (e.g. transforming an apartment block into classrooms). An internal height of 3.0m or 3.20m would have been even more beneficial, but is not realistic in this project due to client restrictions, thus was not further considered.

Furthermore, the longer axis should be aligned perpendicular or at an angle between 0° and 45° towards the prevailing wind directions. On the project site, dominating wind directions are north-east and south-west. Hence, the N-S orientation is also beneficial for maximum air flow through the building.

4

23m2/p

x7x4=

The new dimensions are: 56x11.5m (2576 m2 total GEA), now catering for 112 students (7 apartments per floor) with 3m2 more per student (23m2 as opposed to 20m2). The building height remained 13.3m.

112

6.60 m

56.0 m 10.0 m

9.6 m

3.5 m

3.3 m

13.3 m

1.50 m

11.5 m external corridor 1.0 m Podest

H=2.90 m

GEAtotal=2576 m2

N

Fig. 74. Improved Design Proposal.

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8.3 DESIGN STAGE 8.3.2 DESIGN OPTIMISATION

BUILDING ENVELOPE - ROOF The base case design shows plain façades without any external shading devices. In order to control heat gains through openings as well as solar loads on the façade and consequently reduce the cooling loads, shading elements were introduced in a stepby-step analysis. Each façade orientation and floor were tested individually as they require different amounts and shapes of external shading devices according to the respective sun path. The detailed analysis can be found in Appendix J and the software used was the Grasshopper plug-in Ladybug with the site specific Meteonorm future weather data (2050, A2).

As first step, the orientation of the building was tested to identify, whether the long axis should be oriented North-South or 30° rotated towards SSE or SSW to have no facade directly facing the eastern and western sun. However, the results showed that solar gains increased slightly by 4%, thus the North-South orientation was chosen.

and 6m at the east and west facades to additionally reduce solar income on the vertical surfaces of the building envelope. The solar gains on the roof surface were completely eliminated, i.e. reduced by a 100%. The benefits for the facades will be described in a separate section.

Since the Architects expressed the wish to use the roof as space for social activities, drying clothes and technical equipment, the extended double roof was elevated to 3.5m above the actual roof, keeping the extensions as they were. The results showed a slight increase of solar gains to 72 kWh/m2 due to the 3.5m distance, which allows solar income at the edges of the actual roof surface. As these are rather small solar gains and still a reduction of 96% as compared to the unprotected base case, the results were considered acceptable and the extended, 3.5m elevated double roof was chosen as shading element.

As next steps, the effect of external corridors and other shading devices per facade orientation and floor level were analysed.

As the unobstructed roof is the most exposed surface, receiving 1885 kWh/m2 solar radiation annually, it was analysed second.

In order to decrease solar income and related cooling loads, several strategies were tested, all based on the principle of creating a thermal buffer space above the actual roof (weather membrane) to reduce heat transfer from outside to inside the building.

The simulation illustrated that the external corridor is 6% more beneficial on the south facade than on the north facade, thus was located on the southern side, where solar gains were reduced by almost 50%, from 758 kWh/m2 to 395 kWh/m2. As they serve as access to the rooms and shading device in one, external corridors are very efficient elements.

The first tested scenario was an extended cavity roof (300mm gap), creating an overhang of 3.5m at the north and east facades

The following paragraphs describe the passive design strategies analysed and chosen per facade.

1000 KWH/M2

750 KWH/M2

500 KWH/M2

250 KWH/M2

0 KWH/M2

BASE CASE

34%

NORTH

81%

EAST

CAVITY ROOF

66%

SOUTH

EXT. DOUBLE ROOF

84%

WEST

DR + S. CORRIDOR

Fig. 75. Annual Solar Irradiation of Roof Options (kWh/m ); Meteonorm Site Specific 2050 A2.

2

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

95%

ROOF

IMPROVED DESIGN

8.3 DESIGN STAGE 8.3.2 DESIGN OPTIMISATION

NORTH FACADE In the base case scenario, the north façade receives annual solar radiation incident of 438kWh/m2. The implementation of the extended double roof reduces the solar gains at the top floor level (3rd floor) by 33% to 292kWh/m2, which is slightly below the threshold of 300kWh/m2. However, the remaining floors still receive between 359 and 407kWh/m2.

In order to reduce heat gains through solar radiation and herewith the cooling loads further, additional external shading elements were introduced from ground floor to 2nd floor. One 900mm deep horizontal blade on ground floor and 1st floor protects from steep solar angles (up to 86° in August), in addition to the extended double roof which protects the 2nd and 3rd floor.

The horizontal elements solely improved the performance of the north façade by 21% on ground floor and 22% on 1st floor level compared to the base case. On the 2nd floor, it was improved by 18% through the extended double roof. A horizontal blade of 900mm would reduce solar gains by additional 8%; however, as the overall performance of the façade was still not satisfactory, vertical shading elements were analysed and proved more beneficial on the 2nd floor, as the double roof covers it partially anyway.

The combination of horizontal shading elements on ground floor and 1st floor in addition to the extended double roof with vertical, 900mm deep shutters on both sides of the windows from ground floor to 2nd floor reduced the solar radiation incident of the north façade by 34% to tolerable 291kWh/m2.

Further analysis of the top floor showed that additional, reasonably dimensioned shading elements reduce the solar gains only slightly so that the material and cost effort would be too high compared to their actual benefits; thus, no additional external shading was introduced on the 3rd floor.

Internal blinds assist the adaptive visual comfort strategies, such as glare prevention.

The analysis of one vertical, 900mm deep shading element showed that it has almost the same effect as the horizontal device; this was an interesting revelation as one would expect the horizontal elements to be more effective on the north façade. However, the location at 13°N 80°E results in high diffuse radiation throughout the year and strong solar gains from low-angled sun.

Vertical, adjustable shutters were introduced from ground floor to 2nd floor to shield the low-angled morning and afternoon sun.

The window width is 1800mm, hence the depth of the foldable shutters need to be factored accordingly. The analyses revealed an ideal depth of 900mm, one at each side of the window; only one vertical shading element on one side of the window could not decrease heat gains below the 300kWh/m2 threshold.

Fig. 76. Improved Design Proposal - North Facade.

500 KWH/M2

250 KWH/M2

0 KWH/M2

BASE CASE

34%

GROUND FLOOR

EXT. DOUBLE ROOF

33%

1ST FLOOR

HOR.900MM GF-1F

33%

2ND FLOOR

34%

3RD FLOOR

VERT.900MM GF-2F

HOR.GF-1+VERT.GF-2

Fig. 77. Annual Solar Irradiation of North Facade Studies (kWh/m ); Meteonorm Site Specific 2050 A2.

2

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8.3 DESIGN STAGE 8.3.2 DESIGN OPTIMISATION

EAST & WEST FACADES In the highly exposed base case scenario, the east façade receives annual solar heat gains of 818kWh/m2 and the west façade 827kWh/m2, which leads to significant overheating of the adjacent internal spaces and results in thermal discomfort or high cooling loads.

of the west-oriented façade shall be somehow protected from the strong sun, and the western façade demands very good solar protection due to the accumulating heat throughout the day, the Jali was not further reduced.

The implementation of the extended double roof reduced these heat gains by 38% to 509kWh/m2 on the east façade and by 37% to 522kWh/m2 on the west façade, as compared to the base case.

In order to minimise the solar incidence on the façades, the circulation area was located at the west façade and social outdoor space created at the eastern part of the building. The recession of the respective walls decreased the solar income by further 34% (east) and 41% (west) to 230kWh/m2 and 178kWh/m2.

The western façade benefits from the shadow created by the staircases and the elevator shaft.

The facades are well protected in the improved scenario; however, the exposed spaces receive very high solar radiation incidence, which is especially unpleasant in the social space on the eastern side. To create a transitional buffer zone, perforated shading elements, so called ‘Jali’, were introduced.

At the eastern façade, the Jali is 100mm deep and has a diameter of 600mm. This decreases the solar heat gains at the periphery of the eastern space by 50% to 409kWh/m2 in comparison to the base case. The recessed walls receive only 159kWh/ m2, which is 81% better than the base case.

The western side serves as circulation area, thus does not need to be as well protected as the eastern part. Nevertheless, it is recommended to introduce some shading elements as the staircase is situated at the periphery of the western façade.

Thus, Jali is implemented but more perforated and less deep with a diameter of 500mm and a depth of 50mm. The solar incidence at the periphery is reduced by by 41% (485kWh/m2), as compared to the base case. The recessed walls receive only 132kWh/m2, which is 84% better than the base case. The Jali combined with the staircase and elevator shaft result in less solar incidence on the western façade than on the eastern façade. As people walking up the stairs at the immediate edge

Fig. 78. Improved Design Proposal - East (top) & West (bottom) Facades.

SOUTH FACADE In the fully exposed base case scenario, the south façade receives annual solar radiation incident of 758kWh/m2. By implementing the extended double roof, the façade’s average solar gains are only reduced by 16%. If external corridors (1.5m deep) are added to each floor, the high-angled sun is blocked effectively and the solar incidence decreases significantly by further 48% to 276kWh/m2, which is 64% better than the base case and below the threshold. As guardrails are required, the Jali is once more introduced as design element and shading device. The impact on received solar gains is small with solely 2% further reduction; the annual heat gains are reduced to 259kWh/m2.

Fig. 79. Improved Design Proposal - South Facade.

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8.3 DESIGN STAGE 8.3.2 DESIGN OPTIMISATION

Fig. 80. Implemented Passive Design Strategies - South-West (Top) and North-East View (Bottom).

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8.3 DESIGN STAGE 8.3.2 DESIGN OPTIMISATION

OPENINGS - DAYLIGHT In order to save energy, good window design needs to balance solar heat gains with the amount of air and daylight able to enter the space to reduce the demand of cooling as well as artificial lighting and prevent glare, whilst allowing for natural ventilation. To provide good lighting conditions adequate for the welfare, safety and visual comfort for the respective occupation of the space, several factors need to be considered. The appropriate glazing ratio, brightness and colour pattern, use of directional lighting, direct and reflected glare control amongst others need to be planned carefully.

In order to test daylight availability, the daylight factor (DF) and useful daylight illuminance (UDI) were tested for the ground floor (GF) and 3rd floor (3F) apartment in the middle of the block. During the week, the apartments will mostly be occupied outside of daylight hours between 17:00 and 8:00 but could be in use during the entire weekend.

According to the ECBC, the window to wall ratio (WWR) shall be less than 40% and the maximum solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) with WWR ≤40% is 0.25. The visual light transmittance (VLT) is recommended with 0.27 only. The author of this thesis was sceptical and simulation results proved that even with very big windows the daylight factor threshold of 2% could not be reached, even though bright interior surfaces were considered.

STUDY AREA

All windows were tested with 1.2m height, what proved insufficient. Since bigger windows are also beneficial for natural ventilation, the height was increased to 1.5m (starting from above the desks at 0.8m). The simulations showed that the ideal window width for the ‘study bedrooms’ is 1.8m, 2.7m for the living room / kitchen area and 1.5m for the bathroom as all rooms achieved an average DF of more than 2%.

In terms of UDI, ‘No Star Hotels’ shall achieve an illuminance level between 100 and 2,000lux for minimum 50% of the floor area for at least 90% of the potential daylit time, which is assumed as from 9:00 to 17:00 (ECBC, 2017). The tested apartments achieve this level at more than 90% of the time at 100% of the floor area, thus exceeded the benchmark.

Further daylight studies were not undertaken, as this information is considered sufficient at this point in time.

WWR

UDI

North: 27%; South: 21%

100-2000lux

Surface Reflectance

9:00-17:00

Ceiling + Walls 0.8

STUDY AREA

Therefore, the VLT was increased to common 70%, considering that adaptive shading elements are available where needed to prevent from glare during morning or afternoon hours.

Floor 0.4, Furniture 0.6

STUDY AREA

STUDY AREA

Glazing VLT 0.27; SHGC 0.25

2.4% BEDROOM

2.1%

BATHROOM

LIVING ROOM

Fig. 81. Daylight Factor Analysis.

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BEDROOM

KITCHEN AREA

BEDROOM

2.5%

93%

93% BEDROOM

89%

BATHROOM

89%

LIVING ROOM

Fig. 82. Useful Daylight Illuminance Analysis.

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

KITCHEN AREA

2.0%

8.3 DESIGN STAGE 8.3.2 DESIGN OPTIMISATION

BIOCLIMATIC SECTION This illustrative section summarises the bioclimatic design strategies - passive and active - suggested for the student residence block in a hot-humid climate in Sri, City, India.

DOUBLE ROOF TO PROTECT BUILDING FROM UNWANTED SOLAR GAINS

ROOF-MOUNTED SOLAR PANELS FOR ELECTRICITY AND HOT WATER

RAINWATER HARVESTING AND RE-USE THROUGHOUT THE SCHEME

OVERHANGS AND SHADING SCREENS FOR SOLAR PROTECTION

OPENINGS DIMENSIONED FOR ADEQUATE DAYLIGHT AND NATURAL VENTILATION

Fig. 83. Bioclimatic Section trhough the Circular Building Case Study Apartment.

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8.4 PRODUCT STAGE 8.4.1 MATERIALS

As part of a sustainable, carbon-neutral strategy, it is inevitable to use materials with low impact on human and environmental health and well-being, especially when considering the ‘scale’ factor in terms of number of buildings developed, materials used and people living on a university campus.

Furthermore, health is humans’ biggest asset and should be prioritised always. Thus, hazardous materials should be avoided, and natural, non-toxic materials used instead.

This section suggests a certain material palette, which refers to locally available materials (within a distance of maximum 250km), potentially appropriate for this project. It is important to note, that this palette does not suggest the most sustainable options but the most realistic ones in context of this project. For instance, there is no sustainably forested timber available within a reasonable distance, thus it is not suggested as structural material. However, it is proposed to grow timber on site so that future phases could use it; and recycled / reclaimed wood as well as bamboo are available to be used for non-load bearing elements, such as shading devices, furniture, doors, window frames, wood board insulation etc.

In terms of construction, this means procuring locally available materials and building elements with low embodied carbon, composed of renewable rather than finite resources while being recyclable. As recycling is already part of India’s (construction) industry, the locally available options should be assessed carefully.

As an example, the coal-based thermal power plant close to Chennai (60km from the site) for example offers the utilization of fly ash; thus, industrial waste of one company turns into a resource for another project and, combined with the local proximity, result in financial and carbon cost savings, which is also understood as closing the loop or ‘building circular’. As it is most likely in this project that the buildings’ structure will be made of reinforced concrete (RC), these elements could be fabricated using up to 50% fly ash as blender for high-embodied carbon cement such as OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) and up to 100% recycled steel from one of the numerous steel industries around Chennai.

A Masterplan contains several building typologies, which require a variety of building materials; therefore, a broader list of sustainable alternatives to common building materials can be found in Appendix L. All embodied energy values indicated are derived from the “India Construction Materials Database of Embodied Energy and Global Warming Potential – Methodology Report” published by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in partnership with the EU in 2017. Material characteristics are derived from ECBC (2017), Khanna (2011) and TERI (2010).

At the same time, it is important to focus on good quality and durability of all building elements to reduce maintenance and replacement costs over the life of the building.

VIJAYAWADA

SITE BANGALORE

250 KM

CHENNAI

PATTUKKOTTAI Fig. 84. 250km Radius for ‘locally’ sourced materials.

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STRUCTURE Since no sustainable timber is locally available and four-storey buildings are too tall for sole brick construction, realistic structural materials for this project are concrete and steel. Even though these materials are high impact materials in terms of embodied carbon and concrete is difficult to recycle (though new solutions are being developed by the cement industry), the use of recycled content can reduce the impact significantly. For instance, the substitution of OPC with recycled contents combined with prefabrication of structural concrete elements would lead to carbon, time and cost savings. Steel is locally available as Chennai is an industrial centre for steel manufacture.

Fly ash can be used to substitute up to 50% of the cement and is cheap as well as immediately available, as it is a waste material from the nearby coal thermal power plant and many manufacturers around Chennai sell fly ash powder and products.

The local proximity reduces the embodied carbon due to short transport distances.

The structural engineer in the project (AKT II) compared the embodied energy (EE) of two different types of horizontal reinforced concrete slabs constructed in-situ: one contains 100% recycled reinforcement and up to 20% recycled aggregate, the other 50% fly ash (PFA) or 50% GGBS as cement replacement.

The latter would save 25-30% embodied carbon on the horizontal structure (based on UK values). If the slab was additionally prefabricated as lattice slab, an additional 5-10% carbon could be saved, leading to overall savings of 30-35% embodied carbon.

Thus, for consecutive investigation (thermal analysis, life cycle analysis and circularity assessment) it is assumed that the structure of the building is made of prefabricated ‘fly ash concrete’ lattice slabs, columns and beams.

EXTERNAL WALLS For the external walls, a fly ash lime gypsum (FaLG) brick is suggested as ‘fill’ in the concrete frame. They consist of 50% fly ash, 30% slaked lime and 20% calcined gypsum. Lime and gypsum are both normally obtained as by-products from other industries, but natural limestone is also ‘locally available’ in less than 200km distance. The Indian manufacturer’s and supplier’s directory ‘Indiamart’ indicates prices of around 4 Rs per FaLG brick, which is very affordable.

To produce FaLG bricks, only a small amount of water is needed as no soaking in water is required (in contrast to clay bricks), sprinkling is enough. Moreover, they do not need firing and have higher compressive strength than clay bricks as well as 20-30% less thermal conductivity than concrete blocks, while being lighter. Due to their high strength, there is practically no breakage during transport and use. Furthermore, they have good fire and thermal insulation properties and do not need to be plastered due to superior quality and finish as compared to conventional (adobe) bricks, leading to a fine finish with less material use. Moreover, the mortar required for joints and plaster reduces almost by 50% as compared to clay bricks. The small mortar requirement again allows for deconstruction instead of demolition at the end of their life, as the bricks are relatively easy to disassemble, so that the elements can be either reused or recycled at the end of their life.

Overall, the embodied energy (0.83MJ/kg) of fly ash lime gypsum bricks is lower than burnt adobe bricks (3.5-6.5MJ/kg) or lightweight concrete blocks (3.6MJ/kg). However, PFA stabilised soil blocks have the lowest EE with 0.11MJ/kg and could be used as fill in the concrete frame as well, as they have no load-bearing requirements. Rammed earth (2MJ/kg) is a traditional construction method with a distinct visual appearance and could be used as well, leaving the surface exposed.

The Urban Mining and Recycling (UMAR) Experimental Unit in Zurich developed the mortar-free brick wall, which challenges the material as well as the construction of a typical load-bearing wall. “The stones (…) have holes and are simply threaded onto steel rods from above. They can also be wedged into each other by a tongue and groove system and are thereby activated as a wall plate” (UMAR, 2018). With this system, both bricks and metal rods can easily be reused in other places.

Fig. 85. Mortar-free Brick Wall (UMAR, 2018).

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8.4 PRODUCT STAGE 8.4.1 MATERIALS

INSULATION As soft insulation, cellulose is recommended, which is an organic product and has low embodied energy of 3.6 MJ/kg.

As hard insulation, woodwool boards could be used, preferably made of recycled content. They have relatively low embodied energy of 12 MJ/kg (as compared to 85 MJ/kg in EPS or 120 MJ/kg in PU).

MORTAR FaLG Bricks If mortar is required, lime-based mortar (without the use of cement) or fly ash-based mortar (25% of cement replaced) is recommended.

PLASTERS Gypsum, mud plaster or fibre reinforced clay plasters are recommended as they are natural, non-hazardous materials.

Natural fibres act as reinforcement and reduce shrinkage, risk of cracking and abrasion.

PARTITION WALLS

Stabilised Earth Bricks

Laminated wood boards consisting of recycled wood waste are sound-proof, termite & expansion resistant. The embodied energy of a standard particle board component is 12 MJ/kg but can be reduced when using recycled components.

Calcinated phosphor gypsum walls have less embodied energy (3.7 MJ/kg) and are durable, cost effective and water & pest resistant. Furthermore, they are fire resistant and both, installation of wall panels and laying of electrical conduits is easy.

Moreover, plaster is not needed as these walls take paint directly, so material is saved. Both wall types can be recycled at the end of their life.

Rammed Earth

FINISHES - WALL Clay render is a natural product, supporting the humidity regulation in the room and locally available.

If paints are needed, water-based paints are recommended.

They have the same durability and costs as conventional solvent based paints, but they have much lower VOC content.

Laterite Bricks Fig. 86. Locally available Building Materials - Bricks.

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FINISHES - FLOOR The least material-consuming floor finish is sanding the concrete surface. Otherwise salvaged wood, bamboo boards or terrazzo tiles made from recycled aggregates could be used.

ROOFING As roofing, clay tiles are recommended as they are a natural product, locally available and cheap with 5Rs/piece. With 7.5 MJ/kg EE, they have less than e.g. asphalt shingles (11 MJ/kg).

Bamboo matt corrugated sheets are a light alternative with bearing strength comparable with GI (galvanised iron) sheets.

FACADE The shading elements are recommended to be made of bamboo or reclaimed wood instead of MDF as especially bamboo is a fast-growing renewable resource and available locally at low cost. MDF in contrast cannot be recycled so has to be incinerated or ends up on landfill.

WINDOW FRAMES Steel frame windows have generally lower embodied energy (51 MJ/kg) than PVC (61MJ/kg) or timber frame (63MJ/kg) ones and steel manufacturers are locally available. However, if the timber frames are produced from recycled wood, their EE is lower and as wood is a non-toxic, biodegradable material, it is preferred over steel or PVC. Even though PVC windows are usually available at lower prices, they are not recommended as they cannot be recycled and end up on landfill.

SEALANTS & ADHESIVES The use of water-based sealants and adhesives is recommended as they are eco-friendly, easily disposable or recyclable and VOC free.

CONSTRUCTION ‘WASTE’ & ROADS All construction ‘waste’ shall be sorted and if possible reused or recycled on site, if not immediately, then in later phases. As mentioned in other chapters in this report, a material and building element tracker shall quantify and qualify the available resources on site in order to generate as little waste as possible and save resources and costs.

Fig. 87. Bricks in Light (Tabassum, 2014).

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8.4 PRODUCT STAGE 8.4.1 MATERIALS

SUBSTRUCTURE

EXTERNAL WALLS

INSULATION

Precast Pad Foundation

Fly Ash Lime Gypsum (FaLG) Bricks

Cellulose

- Up to 100% recycled reinforcement; 50% cement substituted with fly-ash - Off-site production, reduced on-site construction time, increased accuracy - EoL: Landfill or aggregate

- 50% fly ash, 30% slaked lime, 20% anhydrous gypsum - 0.83MJ/kg EE - Lighter & stronger than clay bricks, yet less water & mortar requirement - High resistance against fire - Fine finish, no plaster required

SUPERSTRUCTURE

EXTERNAL WALLS

INSULATION

Precast Slabs, Columns & Beams

Stabilised Earth Bricks

Woodwool Boards

- Up to 100% recycled reinforcement; 50% cement substituted with fly-ash - Off-site production, reduced on-site construction time, increased accuracy - EoL: Reusable if dry joints used, otherwise landfill or aggregate

- Largely natural base, low cement content, low embodied energy - Fast & mortar-less construction - Abundantly and locally available - Compressive strength comparable to burnt clay bricks

- Relatively low embodied energy of 12 MJ/kg (85 MJ/kg in EPS) - Can use recycled content - Renewable, if sourced responsibly

- Organic product, low embodied energy (3.6 MJ/kg) - Renewable, if sourced responsibly - Breathing material (open to vapor)

Fig. 88. Material Palette for the Student Residence.

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FACADE

ROOFING

PARTITIONS

Bamboo Shading Elements

Clay Tiles

- Cheap, locally available, recyclable - Fast growing, renewable if sourced responsibly - locally available - Lightweight, high strength - Good resistance to weathering & fire - Familiar to workers & most residents

- Natural, recyclable product - Uniform in size , Good durability, Cost effective, Fire resistant - Energy efficient: 7.5 MJ/kg embodied energy (asphalt shingles: 11 MJ/kg)

Laminated Wood Board (LWB) / Calcinated Phosphor Gypsum (CPG) - LWB use recycled material, are resistant to termites and expansion, have good acoustic properties - CPG is durable, cost effective, water, pest & fire resistant - Low EE (3.7 MJ/kg)

WINDOW FRAMES

ROOFING

FLOOR FINISHES

Steel or Wood Frame

Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheet

Sanding Cement / Terrazzo / Salvaged Wood - Sanding cement: least material consumption as existing slab treated, high durability, low maintenance & cost - Terrazzo, recycled material as aggregates, good waterproofing - Salvaged wood - recycled timber

- EE 51MJkg for steel frame and 63MJ/kg for timber frame - Steel manufacturers locally available - Wood is natural, renewable if sourced responsibly, has good moisture control

- Water, fire & termites resistant - Light yet high bearing strength - Better thermal comfort and less embodied carbon than steel sheets

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8.5 CONSTRUCTION STAGE 8.5.1 MODULARITY & BUILDING IN LAYERS

MODULAR BUILDING DESIGN Additionally to minimised embodied carbon, adaptation to (unexpected) future changes in terms of spatial layout and reuse of components at their end of life shall be facilitated by modular construction methods. ‘Design for disassembly’, design for longevity but also standardisation are important principles to reduce the environmental impact – and financial costs – of construction over the entire lifetime of a building and campus. However, it might be necessary to design the structure and its load capacity slightly higher than the actual requirements in order to do so.

The concept of ‘Building in Layers’ was previously explained in Chapter 7.2. If these layers are considered individually when designing a building and dry rather than wet joints (bolted rather than welded or cast connections) are chosen, the ease of disassembly will be significant as the layers and components can be accessed separately or without destructing another element. In this project, dry connections and ‘plug & play’ systems shall be used, e.g. in form of separable bricks (mortar-free construction, similar to the UMAR technology) and reversible RC elements, which are being researched by industry; but also floor finishes, where needed, shall be reversible and services equally easily accessible.

Furthermore, a GIS-based resource tracker will allocate all materials and components on site for efficient use and reuse, economising resources while producing financial and carbon savings; sufficient material and equipment storage is provided on the Campus.

Fig. 89. Reversible Design - BRIC Material Inventory (Karbon, 2018).

The design for the student residence suggests a modular system with 7m wide units. One example of layout flexibility through modular design could be the extension of one apartment to a bigger space of two units, in total catering for eight people instead of four. As the partition walls between two apartments are made of separable brick elements, the wall can be disassembled and ca. 90% of the 5m3 bricks reused; The remaining, broken 10% can be recycled to aggregate or composted, if the brick was made of earth (see fig. 91).

Fig. 90. Reversible Concrete - Rocks bound together by a string (GBE, 2016).

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8.5 CONSTRUCTION STAGE 8.5.1 MODULARITY & BUILDING IN LAYERS

4

8

23m2/p

23m2/p

6.60 m

13.40 m

9.6 m

9.6 m

5m3

Fig. 91. Flexible Building Design - Student Residence Circular Campus - Two Apartments are combined into one.

3.5m

7m

7m

7m

7m

7m

7m

7m

3.5m

INNER NET HEIGHT = 2.90m Fig. 92. Reversible Building Design - Student Residence Circular Campus.

Fig. 93. Modular Building Design - Student Residence Circular Campus.

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8.5 CONSTRUCTION STAGE 8.5.2 PREFABRICATION

Prefabrication is advantageous because work can happen in parallel in the factory and on site at higher product quality and safety standards, while generating less construction waste.

Furthermore, factory prefabrication has the advantage of allyear production without being affected by seasonal variations.

However, for larger developments as this university Campus, onsite fabrication should be considered as it offers economic along with ecological benefits due to avoided transport costs and emissions along with options to reuse raw materials.

Additionally, local work forces can be trained and employed to benefit from the building development. In the case of the Circular Campus, local workmen looking for employment could be integrated in the project development.

Fig. 94. A Factory-built Brick Wall (TCI, 2019).

However, a disadvantage could be the higher degree of accuracy required, sometimes leading to difficulties when assembling on site. This could be considered during detailed design, allowing for slight tolerances by designing in ‘gaps’ that could be filled on site e.g. with insulation material.

PREFABRICATION SYSTEMS There are different types of prefabrication systems. Either individual building elements or entire components (i.e. a combination of walls, floors, roofs, balconies etc.) are prefabricated.

The partial prefabrication system uses precast roofing and flooring components as well as other minor elements, such as lintels, Jalis etc. The full prefabrication system is recommended for this project and has almost all the structural components prefabricated. It is suggested to prefabricate the entire ‘apartment module’ consisting of the structural elements (floor and ceiling slab, columns), the filler walls (cavity wall with two brick- and one insulation layer) and the partition walls (dry walls). Moreover, windows and doors shall be included so that solely services need to be connected on site.

Fig. 95. Delivery of Wall Panels (Forterra, 2019).

Considering that approximately 2600 of these modules will have to be built to house all 10,500 students of the Circular Campus University, the saving of time, energy, materials, embodied carbon, waste and eventually costs will be significant, even if the prefabrication facilities would have to be set up for the project.

Fig. 96. Prefabricated Apartment Unit (prefabAUS, 2015).

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

Fig. 97. A Building like a Tree (Link, 2019).

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8.6 USE STAGE 8.6.1 ENERGY SELF-SUFFICIENCY

After the implementation of operational energy demand minimisation strategies, the residual demand of the student residence with its 112 occupants was estimated and the required PV area, for renewable energy generation on the roof top, calculated.

Based on the assumed parameters, detailed daily and annual demand profiles for the different electrical load categories (small power for household appliances, electrical ceiling fans, internal and external lighting and lift) were established (see Appendix N).

The small power demand for domestic appliances adds up to 2,608kWh/a. This includes 4 mobiles and laptops as well as 1 kettle, rice cooker, stove with oven, fridge-freezer and hair dryer.

According to the National Building Code of India (NBCI), one ceiling fan shall be provided per 12m2. This results in 1,405kWh/a energy demand.

The Lighting Power Demand (LPD) is assumed accordingly to the SuperECBC criteria with 4.6W/m2 for bedrooms and living rooms, 3.8W/m2 for bathrooms (ECBC, 2017). For the kitchen, 5W/ m2were assumed and 3W/m2 for the external corridor and stairways. Superposed with the occupancy profile and the university calendar, this results in an annual demand of 15,772kWh/a for internal and external lighting.

For the lift, 5W/m2 were estimated, which translates to 23,841kWh/a; this is clearly the highest energy demand parameter and shows once more the benefits of designing accessible buildings with maximum four storeys. Yet, as the Circular Campus aims to be international outstanding, the Client required lifts in all residences to provide access for differently abled people.

Lifts

Lighting

Small Power

Fig. 99. Estimated Electricity Loads profile per year (kWh/a).

114

PARAMETERS ASSUMED Electricity • Available roof area: 990 m2 (double roof area with 1m distance to corners) • 112 students, each owning 1 Laptop and 1 mobile • University calendar with holiday periods (see fig. 98) • Apartments occupied at night-time (17:00-8:00) during the week and 24 hours during the weekend • No space heating required; No mechanical cooling used • Energy efficient electrical ceiling fans assist air movement • DHW provided by different system (solar hot water) • Premium PV cells with 19% efficiency produce 1559kWh per kWp (annually) • PV unobstructed, fixed, 15° tilted towards south • Surplus energy is exported to the grid and ‘bought back’ when needed (at night-time and peak hours)

The most important factor, however, is the renunciation of mechanical cooling, which would increase the energy demand significantly.

The total annual energy demand is 43,626 kWh/a, which translates to 28 kWp/a, which equals 148m2 PV area and a roof coverage of 281m2 (allowing space for maintenance and equipment). If the entire double roof was used for solar energy generation (minus the 22m2 required for DHW), 150,595 kWh/a electricity could be provided, which is 3.5 times more than the current consumption profile and would allow e.g. for mixed-mode cooling during the very hot summer periods.

Electrical Fans Fig. 100. Annual (Daily) University Calendar.

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

8.6 USE STAGE 8.6.2 DOMESTIC HOT WATER

DOMESTIC HOT WATER (DHW) The Indian Ministry of new and renewable energy suggests a hot water consumption (60°) of more than 150l/person/day. After conversations with several experts and own experience during visits to India, the author questioned this figure and reduced the DHW demand assumed to 20l/p/d (e.g. hot showers are rarely taken in this hot and humid climate).

The peak daily volume of hot water use is 2352l per block, which would result in 858,480l per block per year; superposed with the University calendar (occupancy profile), this figure decreases to 27,427l annual DHW demand, which equals 14kWh/m²/a (GEA without external corridors = 1960m2).

The best category of the ECBC suggests on site generation of 60% DHW, the student residence on the Circular Campus provides 100% of its own DHW demand on less than 22m2 (2%) roof area.

PARAMETERS ASSUMED Domestic Hot Water • Peak daily water consumption is 70l per capita per day; • 30% (21l) of this is hot water and 70% (49l) cold water • For 1kWh/m²a DHW collector area: ca. 1.5m2 area needed (MNRE.gov.in)

CARBON EMISSION SAVINGS The total annual electricity demand of combined power and hot water is 71,054 kWh/a. Since the student residence generates these from renewable energy, 58t of carbon emissions (CO2e) are saved per year (the current CE factor for grid electricity in India is 0.82 kgCO2e per kWh). This equals 233,000km driven by a car or 6 car rides around the world. Alternatively, 960 trees would need to grow for 10 years to sequester this amount of carbon.

ROOF AREA COVERED In order to be 100% self-sufficient in terms of energy and hot water demand, only 31% of the roof area are required: 280m2 (29%) for the PV system and 22m2 (2%) for the solar hot water system.

58

CO2

tCo2e/a

6x

x960 DHW

Electricity (PV)

233.000

km

10

years

Unoccupied

Fig. 101. Estimated Roof Coverage for Energy and DHW Self-Sufficiency (%).

Fig. 102. Carbon Emissions (CO2e) saved per year.

115

8.6 USE STAGE 8.6.3 WATER SELF-SUFFICIENCY

WATER DEMAND

PARAMETERS ASSUMED

The water demand was estimated based on a consumption of 70l per person per day; this was again superposed with the University calendar as the long holidays reduce the demand significantly over the course of a year.

As a closed-loop water management system shall be established, 100% of the rainwater falling on the roof shall be harvested - and stored in monsoon seasons, if there is a water surplus - and reused. Furthermore, all the generated grey water as well as black water shall be recycled for reuse.

The results show that 41% fresh water can be saved for domestic purposes and 59% for irrigation by the reuse of grey and black water.

Since the site is located in a climate with seasonal variations in rainfall, the surplus of 250m3 during the monsoon season needs to be stored in water tanks for the deficit in dry season.

Overall, rainwater covers 47% of the total annual water demand, grey water 41% and the residual 12% can be either supplied by recycled black water or by top-up from the Sri City utilities, if black water is not considered (e.g. because of religious reasons).

7840 2419

However, since the building is part of the campus network, more collective area can be integrated in the rainwater harvesting system, such as covered walkways, canopies, piazzas and roads.

The Campus-wide water balance calculations, performed by USD, showed that rainwater and grey water can cater for 100% demand of potable and non-potable water in domestic use.

The residual black water can be used for irrigation and landscaping in both cases, on campus and individual building scale.

32%

112 70

Water Demand • 112 students, each consuming 70l water/day • 56% of the water consumed is for potable use (39l) • 44% of the water consumed is for non-potable (31l) • 100% harvested rainwater will be treated and used for potable water demand • Grey water from shower and hand-wash basin will be recycled for potable and non-potable water demand • Black water from kitchen sink, washing machine and toilet will be recycled for non-potable water demand

9% l/p/day

15% BLACKWATER

non-potable

44%

42%

m3/a 2%

Fig. 103. Estimated Water Demand.

116

41%

potable

56% l/day

GREYWATER

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

59%

8.6 USE STAGE 8.6.3 WATER SELF-SUFFICIENCY

Fig. 104. Monthly and Annual Rainwater Yield.

m3 m3 400

350

SURPLUS

11%

300

SUPPLY BY RECYCLED RAINWATER & GREY WATER

250 200CANOPIES

BUILDINGS

ROADS

FLOODS

150

DEFICIT

23%

100

WATER DEMAND

50 0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Fig. 105. Estimated Annual Water Balance (Demand and Supply).

Rainwater

Rain stored

Grey water

Top Up

Fig. 106. Estimated Annual Water Supply.

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8.7 END OF LIFE STAGE 8.7.1 WHOLE LIFE CARBON ASSESSMENT

In order to inform the design decisions regarding the whole life carbon management of the building over its anticipated lifetime, a Life Cycle Assessment was undertaken (with One Click LCA).

The main optimisation focus was the selection of the least impactful structural materials. Therefore, the suggested concrete frame was compared to a steel frame (as steel is produced in Chennai) and a glue-laminated timber frame (since timber is expected to perform better than concrete or steel in terms of embodied energy, even if it needs to be transported further).

The other materials were considered the same in all construction typologies in order to see the direct impact of the structural changes.

The diagram below shows the embodied carbon equivalent (CO2e) per option. Even though steel is locally available and a recycled percentage of 90% was assumed, the total GWP (Global Warming Potential in CO2e) over the life cycle is more than double as high than of a concrete or timber frame. Timber is the best performing option, though a transport distance of 2000km was assumed. However, concrete is only 13% worse, which is better than the author expected.

PARAMETERS ASSUMED Whole Life Carbon Assessment • Apartment Building, GEA 2576 m2, GIA 2224m2 • Service Life of Building: 50 years • Country: India, Year of Construction: 2022 • Foundations: Ready-mix concrete C20/25, 55% recycled binders in cement • Structure A: Precast concrete columns, beams & slabs • Structure B: Steel columns, beams & sheets (90% rec) • Structure C: Glue-Laminated Timber • External Walls: Compressed earth bricks • Partition Walls: Gypsum Board • Double Roof: Timber roof truss & Steel sheets, 5mm • Roof: Waterproofing membrane on top of concrete slab • Staircase: Precast concrete • Ramp: In-situ concrete • Elevator: KONE, 630kg capacity • Windows & Doors: Wooden frame; Double glazing (win) • Shading elements: Bamboo • Services: Solar panel system, Solar water heater collector, Ceiling fans, Rainwater storage tank

The next section analyses the circularity of the respective options.

2,500,000

2,162,766 kgCO2e

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

878,104

776,104

kgCO2e

kgCO2e

A1-A3 Materials A4-A5 Construction B4 Replacement

500,000

0

B6 Energy

533

1189

481

kgCO2e/m2

kgCO2e/m2

kgCO2e/m2

Concrete Frame

Steel Frame

Timber Frame

Fig. 107. Comparison of Total CO2e (GWP) by Life Cycle Stages.

118

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

B7 Water C1-C4 End of Life

8.7 END OF LIFE STAGE 8.7.2 CIRCULARITY ASSESSMENT

The One Click LCA Platform also offers a Building Circularity Assessment tool. This was used to compare the different structure options regarding their EoL scenarios in order to be able to make informed decisions regarding resource optimisation. The higher the Circularity Factor, the longer the materials stay ‘in the loop’, the less the resource consumption.

The Circularity Assessment confirmed the assumption that the steel structure has the lowest virgin material portion and the highest potential for material recovery with a circularity factor (CF) of 86%. The glue-laminated timber is not as easy to recycle as steel but has the highest potential for reuse as material and contains the highest percentage of renewable materials. The overall CF is 78%. Concrete is the most difficult option in terms of recovering or returning the material(s); the ‘easiest’ option is to downcycle it. Moreover, concrete consumes the biggest portion of virgin materials, when compared to steel and timber. The overall CF is nevertheless 60%, as separable precast slabs were assumed.

The overall results make the decision for a structural material difficult, since steel has the highest GWP over its life cycle (though being locally available) whilst being the best option in terms of material recovery. Sustainably forested timber is not available in

PARAMETERS ASSUMED Circular Building Assessment DfD=Design for Disassembly, DfA=Design for Adaptation, EoL=End of Life

• Same material parameters as for WLC assessment • Structure A: Concrete slabs assumed to be separable via plug&play system • Structure B: Steel EoL: DfD&DfA • Structure C: Glue-Laminated Timber EoL: DfD&DfA • EoL Gypsum board partitions & waterproofing: Landfill • EoL double glazing, lift & rainwater storage: not defined • All other elements (brick walls, roof truss, solar systems, ventilators, floor tiles etc): DfD&DfA a reasonable distance from the site; however, if ‘simple’ timber was used instead of glue-laminated, the CF would increase to 80%. This would be the most regenerative and environmentally friendly option. If the concrete structure was fully made of reversible, reusable elements, it would be also compatible.

For a final decision, the thermal analysis should be conducted comparing all three options.

Con- Steel Timcrete ber Material Recovered

50% 82% 75%

Virgin Renewable Recycled Reused

50% 40% 10% 0%

18% 36% 46% 0%

25% 61% 14% 0%

60% 86% 78% Material Returned

70% 90% 80%

Use as material Recycling Downcycling Use as energy Disposal

42% 4% 48% 6% 0%

37% 47% 10% 0% 6%

63% 6% 22% 0% 9%

Fig. 108. Comparison of Building Circularity.

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8.8 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS

This chapter tried to illustrate a possible design optimisation process for bioclimatic and regenerative (student) housing in a hot-humid climate.

The combined application of regenerative and bioclimatic design strategies proved very beneficial, especially when compared to standard solutions, which often neglect local conditions and lack holistic design thinking. The simulation and calculation results illustrate the immense water, energy and carbon savings, which supposedly lead to long-term cost savings, through 100% energy and water self-sufficiency.

58 tCO2e can be saved annually alone through renewable solar energy generation on the roof top of the building. If the full potential was tapped, this could be even tripled.

In a climate where water is either scarce or abundant, an appropriate water management system is equally advantageous.

Especially in a building cluster, such as the University Campus, water self-sufficiency is very effective through rainwater harvesting, combined with grey- and black water recycling.

120

The study also aimed to prove that truly sustainable housing is not complicated to achieve but ultimately creates value and user comfort while leaving a positive footprint on the environment.

The author found that yes, truly sustainable housing is achievable through the appropriate implementation of bioclimatic and regenerative design strategies, but it requires detailed analysis of local conditions, careful design iterations and the ability of holistic thinking, always balancing the different design parameters.

A guideline, such as the ‘Circular Campus Guideline’ or the ‘Circular Building Indicators’ are helpful to provide the Architect and entire project team a direction regarding criteria to be considered, without restricting the creativity. In contrast, creative and innovative thinking among the entire team are necessary to realise a truly sustainable project. Furthermore, the early engagement of all stakeholders is essential, as in a regenerative loop each of the project members will be affected again and again, at various stages of the process.

And ultimately, the end-user – the building occupant – plays an important role in terms of environmental performance of the building. The individual behaviour can increase or decrease the water, energy and material consumption significantly. Therefore, the education of each and every one regarding sustainable ways of living cannot be underestimated.

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

09 CONCLUSIONS

10 CONCLUSIONS

The outcomes of this thesis project confirm, that bioclimatic and regenerative building de-sign can be impactful tools for the transformation of the construction sector into an asset against climate change. If the construction industry changes the wasteful, linear ‘make-use-dispose’ practices for the circular ‘makeuse-return’ principles, buildings can be ‘good’ and not just ‘less bad’ for the environment, the user and the investor.

The case study example of the Circular University Campus in India illustrates that a holistic approach and collaborative thinking are key factors for a successful, truly sustainable project.

Setting up a common vision right from the beginning and reviewing targets as well as related actions regularly are essential. The study furthermore indicates that ‘sharing’ is not only required in terms of ideas, as in an interdisciplinary project cooperation, but also in terms of buildings (e.g. in form of a closed water management system) as well as between people, for instance through vehicle or space sharing. Basically, all measures that make the use of resources as efficient as possible and keep them in use for as long and at the best quality as achievable, are welcome in a regenerative, circular economy. Value creation without resource depletion, growth without waste generation are key targets.

But not only material, energy and water resources are of importance – fossil-free transportation, enhanced biodiversity and regenerative food production are equally significant on the way towards a zero-carbon, circular society, if the identified target of reducing global carbon dioxide emissions by 45% until 2030, in order to keep the planet below 1.5°C, shall be achieved.

This links back again to the importance of a holistic approach.

But who is and will be the driver in these times of transformation?

We. You. Me. We.

122

After highlighting the significance of collaboration, it is critical to mention the impact of the individual. Visualising and understanding the influence of the individual user behaviour on the environmental performance of a building would surprise most of us. The Circular Campus suggests implementing the ‘Living Lab’ approach, which encourages learning from the received feedback on behaviour and thus fosters a sustainable community.

The vision and goal of ‘leading the institutional pathway to a sustainable future’ implies a certain responsibility. A university campus is the ideal platform to develop innovative solutions on different scales – from the individual to a group, from a building to a neighbourhood. The developed principles of the ‘Circular Campus Guideline’ can be translated to projects of similar, smaller or bigger scale. The State of Andhra Pradesh could adopt some of the regenerative, circular economic strategies, for instance.

Based on these guidelines, the second part of this thesis developed a project specific ‘Campus Action Plan’. The third part superposed the Campus principles with ‘Circular Building Indicators’ and derived the ‘Project Specific Circular Building Indicators’.

Furthermore, to close the loop from neighbourhood or cluster to building scale, the design for a student residence, which was originally proposed by the Project Architects, was enhanced.

Extensive analytical studies proved the hypothesis that truly sustainable housing is achievable through the appropriate implementation of bioclimatic and regenerative design strategies, but it requires effort. Detailed analysis of local conditions, careful design iterations, holistic thinking and engagement of the entire project team, including the supply chain, require motivation of individuals. Of You. And Me. Who eventually join into ‘We’.

The ‘Circular Building Case Study’ development and respective analyses proved that it is worth the effort. Benefits are e.g. significantly reduced emissions and waste generation, and therefore ultimately minimised costs, whilst providing delightful, healthy, liveable space for the users and enhancing the environment – who could resist that offer?

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

ACRONYMS

3D Three dimensional AI Artificial Intelligence AP Andhra Pradesh BIM Building Information Modelling BRE Building Research Establishment BREEAM Building Research Establishment

Environmental Assessment Method BS British Standards CE Carbon emissions CIBSE Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers CO2 Carbon dioxide CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent DF Daylight Factor DHW Domestic hot water DQI Design Quality Indicator E East EC Embodied carbon ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code EE Embodied energy EoL End of life EU European Union FaLG Fly ash lime gypsum (brick) GEA Gross external floor area GGBS Ground granulated blast-furnace slag GHG Greenhouse gases GIA Gross internal floor area GIS Geographic information system GRIHA Green rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment GWP Global warming potential ha Hectare ICE Inventory of Carbon and Energy ICT Information and Communication Technology IT Information Technology IGBC Indian Green Building Council IFC International Finance Corporation IIT Indian Institute of Technology kW kilo Watt kWh kilo Watt hour LCA Life Cycle Analysis LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design MJ Mega Joule MDF Medium-density fibreboard N North NBC National Building Code NBCI National Building Code of India

NGO O&M OC OPC PFA PoE PV RC RIBA RICS S SHGC UDI UK UKGBC US VLT W WLC

Non-governmental organisation Operation and maintenance Operational carbon Ordinary Portland Cement Pulverised fuel ash Post-occupancy evaluation Photovoltaic Reinforced concrete Royal Institute of British Architects Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors South Solar heat gain coefficient Useful Daylight Illuminance United Kingdom United Kingdom Green Building Council United States Visual light transmittance West Whole life carbon

127

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

CIRCULAR ECONOMY - SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT Cradle to Cradle (McDonough and Braungart, 1992)

Industrial Ecology

• Eliminate the concept of waste. “Waste equals food.” Design products and materials with life cycles that are safe for human health and the environment and that can be reused perpetually through biological and technical metabolisms.

Create and participate in systems to collect and recover the value of these materials following their use.

• Power with renewable energy. “Use current solar income.”

Maximize the use of renewable energy.

• Respect human & natural systems. “Celebrate diversity.”

Manage water use to maximize quality, promote healthy ecosystems and respect local impacts. Guide operations and stakeholder relationships using social responsibility.

• Industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems Natural Capitalism (Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins and L. Hunter Lovins) • • • •

Radically increase the productivity of natural resources Shift to biologically inspired production models and materials Move to a “service-and-flow” business model Reinvest in natural capital

Blue Economy (Gunter Pauli) Performance Economy (Walter Stahel, 1976) • • • • •

product-life extension, long-life goods, reconditioning activities, waste prevention. ‘functional service economy’ (selling services rather than products)

• open-source movement with concrete case studies • 100 innovations that can create 100 million jobs within the next 10 years

Regenerative Design (John T. Lyle)

Biomimicry (Janine Benyus) • Nature as model: Study nature’s models and emulate these forms, process, systems, and strategies to solve human problems.

• Nature as measure: Use an ecological standard to judge the sustainability of our innovations.

• Nature as mentor: View and value nature not based on what we can extract from the natural world, but what we can learn from it.

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

APPENDIX B

C2C CIRCULARITY PASSPORTS Because of seriously health-threatening ingredients in many materials and products and the increasing importance of health and well-being, several institutions have been trying to make the building industry more transparent regarding material qualities.

The EPEA Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency, founded in 1987 by the chemist Michael Braungart, has developed the Cradle to Cradle Certified™ Program.

This contains the Cradle to Cradle CertifiedCM products and the Cradle to Cradle Circularity Passports®.

The certification of materials through Cradle to Cradle passports are an important first step for the implementation of the Cradle to Cradle principle “Waste equals Food, Everything is

a Nutrient for Something Else” into practice. The network has been increasing constantly and offers a good opportunity to exchange knowledge and answer questions on a professional platform.

The development has started in 2012 and has to be mentioned as the main Cradle to Cradle achievement in practice.

“Circularity Passports® is a Cradle to Cradle® tool to scaleup the implementation of the circular economy. By closing the information gap along the supply chain and the lack of quality assurance, the Circularity Passports® prepares the way for products and projects towards circularity” - EPEA (2017)

Fig. 109. Circularity passport (EPEA 2017).

131

APPENDIX C

BAMB - ASSESSMENT TOOLS From 2015 to 2019, the Horizon 2020 project developed in cooperation with 16 partners (companies, research institutes and universities) a design protocol for reversible building design to enable different stakeholders in the construction industry to adapt circular economy principles. Several tools were developed in order to support, assess and monitor a circular building industry, such as: 1. The “Circular Building Assessment Tool” with indicators for architects and engineers. Environmental, Economic and Reversible Building Design (RBD) factors are evaluated through the input of user information, BIM data, Material Passports and default data. Structured data templates assess the four levels of building, space, element and material/component. Additionally, different construction options can be compared regarding their embodied carbon equivalent and costs, e.g. new vs. recovered bricks. At time of submitting this thesis project, the tool was not yet available on the market, a pilot phase was supposed to start in September 2019.

2. The “Reversible Building Design Protocol” evaluates the capacity and capability of building functions and building elements to transform (change use or form, etc.). This indicates the potential for planners to rethink some of the spaces and building components in order to achieve a flexible, dismountable, reversible building that can adapt to changing future needs.

(BAMB, 2019).

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

APPENDIX D C2C AND WLC ANALYSIS COMBINED - A FRAMEWORK FOR A CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

The figure below illustrates the aspects currently considered by LCA, WLC and/or C2C and highlights the potential for a comprehensive, unified assessment framework by complementing LCA/WLC with C2C and further developing linked criteria and principles:

In previous research, the author of this dissertation derived an assessment framework for a circular construction industry from the C2C and WLC analysis principles (see fig. below).

1. The Design process (1.) itself is missing in LCA, whereas C2C criteria consider aesthetic, adaptive design that provides good daylight, air and water quality for the occupants’ well-being, celebrates diversity and is easy to disassemble.

2. Regarding the Product stage (2. & 3.), C2C evaluates the material qualities and considers aspects which are neglected

by LCA; such as ingredients hazardous to health and social fairness, e.g. by supporting local jobs and providing fair working conditions. However, LCA considers resource efficiency, as opposed to C2C. WLC evaluates energy used for production.

3. The Construction and Use stage (4. & 5.) along with energy efficiency and transportation are neither considered in C2C certification, contrary to LCA/WLC. 4. Respective the End-of-Life stage (6.), C2C aims for a closed-loop design process by using 100% recyclable or biodegradable materials, whereas LCA examines de-construction, demolition, waste processing and disposal but does not consider the potential for reuse, recovery or recycling.

To attain regenerative design processes, as intended by Circular Economy and Cradle to Cradle, the choice of materials and structures which do not produce much waste during sourcing and construction but are recyclable with minimum waste and use of energy in order to reduce need for new materials is essential. Measuring the resulting carbon impacts of all construction related aspects and elements, hence expanding the current LCA method, allows us to compare the relative environmental performance of new and reused building components.

Holistic WLC assessment could play an important role on the way towards a genuinely circular design model. So far, the stage beyond a building’s life cycle (stage D) has usually not been considered. In extending stage D lies enormous potential for recycling and reusing building components and thus closing the gap between end-of-life and new design stage.

1. Closed-loop Design

2. Raw Materials

- DESIGN FOR WELL-BEING

- EXTRACT

(daylight, air & water quality, (bio-) diversity, water management, renewable energies)

- PROCESS

- DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY - COLLABORATION W. STEAKHOLDERS

Cl

- TRANSPORT -> RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Raw Ma te ri

-> RESOURCE LOCATOR ON SITE

s al

-> INTEGRATED DESIGN: BIM/ICT

Design op o -l ed os

3. Manufacturing

- DE-CONSTRUCTION (Instructions

- FABRICATION ENERGY USED

- BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION - REUSE / RECOVER / RECYCLE -> “MATERIAL BANK” -> AVOID DEMOLITION (Waste Processing, Transport, Disposal)

CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY CIRCULAR BUILDING INDUSTRY

– assessment framework –

-> CIRCULARITY PASSPORTS

Manufacturing

& Take-Back Services)

End of Life

6. End of Life

-> PRECAST / IN-SITU? - CARBON MANAGEMENT - WATER STEWARDSHIP - MATERIAL HEALTH - SOCIAL FAIRNESS -> MATERIAL PASSPORTS -> CIRCULARITY PASSPORTS

-> POST-OCCUPANCY EVALUATION

ion uct tr ns Co

5. Use

Us e

- MAINTENANCE - REPAIR / REFURBISHMENT - REPLACEMENT: LEASING?

4. Construction

- OPERATIONAL ENERGY USE

- TRANSPORT

- OPERATIONAL WATER USE

- INSTALLATION PROCESS

-> LIFESPAN?

-> MATERIAL APPLICATION (Quantity: Embodied Carbon)

-> BMS + RESOURCE LOCATOR

C2C

LCA

WLC

Potential to improve

Fig. 110. Circular Construction Industry - Assessment Framework.

133

APPENDIX E

FROM LINEAR TO CIRCULAR TO REGENERATIVE During research for this dissertation, the author found that the term ‘circular’ is not as accurate as ‘regenerative’.

These diagrams show the evolution of the regenerative diagram aligned with the life cycle stages of a building.

DESIGN

ENDOFLIFE

DESIGN

ENDOFLIFE

RESOURCES & PRODUCTION

RESOURCES & PRODUCTION

USE

USE

DESIGN

DESIGN

ENDOFLIFE

ENDOFLIFE

RESOURCES & PRODUCTION

RESOURCES & PRODUCTION

USE

USE

DESIGN

ENDOFLIFE

RESOURCES & PRODUCTION

USE

134

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

APPENDIX F

ADDITIONAL CLIMATE DATA

NELLORE

TIRUPATI

SITE

CHENNAI Fig. 111. Interpolation of Weather Stations - Meteonorm.

Fig. 112. Ground Temperatures.

135

APPENDIX G

HYDROPONICS

AQUAPONICS

In Hydroponics, plants grow in sand, gravel or a liquid without the use of soil, but mineral nutrients are added.

AEROPONICS

Aquaponics are a symbiotic combination of aquaculture (growing fish) and hydroponics. Beneficial microbes & bacteria convert the waste created by fish into plant nutrients and plants filter the water that returns to the fishes.

Aeroponics do not require any growing medium as plants grow in an air or mist environment without the use of soil.

Furthermore, plants with aerated root systems are less susceptible to infection by pests and disease.

HYDROPONICS

AEROPONICS

AQUAPONICS

Fig. 113.Water-efficient Farming.

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

APPENDIX H

ASSESSMENT SCHEMES

GRIHA Large Developments

IGBC Green Campus

LEED Neighbourhood

Living Community

One Planet Living

Well Community

CO2

Innovation

Community Well-Being

Pollution

Transport

Materials

Waste

Water

Electricity

BREEAM Communities

Fig. 114. Different Assessment Schemes in Comparison.

137

APPENDIX I

This table explains the derivation for the stakeholder benefits diagram in chapter 13.5.1.2.

138

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

APPENDIX J SOLAR IRRADIATION ANALYSIS RESULTS SOLAR IRRADIATION ANALYSIS

DESIGN OPTIONS shape type Bar BASE Bar BASE Bar BASE Bar BASE Bar CAVITY Bar CAVITY Bar CAVITY Bar CAVITY Bar DR ext Bar DR ext Bar DR ext Bar DR ext Bar IMPR Fin Bar IMPR Fin Bar IMPR Fin Bar IMPR Fin Bar-corridor BASE Bar-corridor BASE Bar-corridor BASE Bar-corridor BASE Bar-corridor CAVITY Bar-corridor CAVITY Bar-corridor CAVITY Bar-corridor Bar-corridor Bar-corridor Bar-corridor

CAVITY DR DR DR

Bar-corridor DR Bar IMPR Hor600 IMPR-N Bar IMPR Hor600 IMPR-N Bar IMPR Hor600 IMPR-N Bar IMPR

IMPR-N

STUDENT RESIDENCE BLOCK (annual solar irradiation analysis) story GF

roof

%

north

%

ORIENTATION east %

south

%

west

-

438.1 kWh/m2

818.3 kWh/m2

758.1 kWh/m2

827.1 kWh/m2

1

-

438.1 kWh/m2

818.3 kWh/m2

758.1 kWh/m2

827.1 kWh/m2

2 3rd GF st 1

1884.5 kWh/m2 -

2 3rd GF st 1 nd 2

0.0 kWh/m2 -

st

nd

nd

0%

438.1 kWh/m2 818.3 kWh/m2 758.1 kWh/m2 827.1 kWh/m2 438.1 kWh/m2 818.3 kWh/m2 758.1 kWh/m2 827.1 kWh/m2 397.8 kWh/m2 9% 735.1 kWh/m2 10% 714.1 kWh/m2 6% 746.7 kWh/m2 10% 369.7 kWh/m2 16% 680.4 kWh/m2 17% 668.0 kWh/m2 12% 693.4 kWh/m2 16%

320.5 kWh/m2 100% 173.6 kWh/m2 407.0 kWh/m2 392.6 kWh/m2 358.7 kWh/m2

27% 60% 7% 10% 18%

3rd 72.1 kWh/m2 96% 292.3 kWh/m2 33% GF DR,e&w REC&JALI 288.0 kWh/m2 34% st 1 291.7 kWh/m2 33% 2nd 295.4 kWh/m2 33% 3rd GF st 1 nd 2

99.2 kWh/m2 -

3 GF

1884.5 kWh/m2 -

rd

1st 2nd rd

3 GF

1st nd 2

95% 290.1 kWh/m2 253.4 kWh/m2 253.4 kWh/m2 253.4 kWh/m2 0%

34% 42% 42% 42%

540.7 kWh/m2 234.9 kWh/m2 773.9 kWh/m2 732.6 kWh/m2 671.0 kWh/m2

34% 71% 5% 10% 18%

548.3 kWh/m2 224.8 kWh/m2 723.7 kWh/m2 709.0 kWh/m2 649.6 kWh/m2

28% 70% 5% 6% 14%

555.2 kWh/m2 245.4 kWh/m2 783.6 kWh/m2 744.2 kWh/m2 683.7 kWh/m2

33% 70% 5% 10% 17%

480.0 kWh/m2 160.9 kWh/m2 160.9 kWh/m2 160.9 kWh/m2

41% 80% 80% 80%

465.7 kWh/m2 259.4 kWh/m2 259.4 kWh/m2 259.4 kWh/m2

39% 66% 66% 66%

494.5 kWh/m2 143.2 kWh/m2 140.0 kWh/m2 141.0 kWh/m2

40% 83% 83% 83%

153.9 kWh/m2 520.8 kWh/m2 520.8 kWh/m2 520.8 kWh/m2

81% 36% 36% 36%

259.4 kWh/m2 394.8 kWh/m2 394.8 kWh/m2 394.8 kWh/m2

66% 48% 48% 48%

105.4 kWh/m2 533.0 kWh/m2 533.0 kWh/m2 533.0 kWh/m2

87% 36% 36% 36%

438.1 kWh/m2 0% 818.3 kWh/m2 0% 758.1 kWh/m2 0% 827.1 kWh/m2 0% 253.2 kWh/m2 42% 519.9 kWh/m2 36% 394.5 kWh/m2 48% 532.0 kWh/m2 36% 253.0 kWh/m2 42% 516.5 kWh/m2 37% 394.3 kWh/m2 48% 528.7 kWh/m2 36% 252.0 kWh/m2 42% 466.6 kWh/m2 43% 392.7 kWh/m2 48% 480.3 kWh/m2 42%

0.0 kWh/m2 -

%

100% 173.6 kWh/m2 60% 234.9 kWh/m2 71% 224.8 kWh/m2 70% 245.4 kWh/m2 70% 253.2 kWh/m2 42% 520.8 kWh/m2 36% 275.8 kWh/m2 64% 533.0 kWh/m2 36% 253.2 kWh/m2 42% 519.9 kWh/m2 36% 275.8 kWh/m2 64% 532.0 kWh/m2 36% 252.8 kWh/m2 42% 516.0 kWh/m2 37% 275.8 kWh/m2 64% 528.3 kWh/m2 36%

-

rd

3 72.1 kWh/m2 96% 292.3 kWh/m2 33% 480.0 kWh/m2 41% 275.8 kWh/m2 64% 494.5 kWh/m2 40% GF DR,e&w recessed 369.4 kWh/m2 16% 233.0 kWh/m2 72% 190.7 kWh/m2 77% st

1 2nd rd 3

W circulation 99.9 kWh/m2

364.1 kWh/m2 17% 233.0 kWh/m2 72% 340.2 kWh/m2 22% 233.0 kWh/m2 72% 95% 290.1 kWh/m2 34% 218.8 kWh/m2 73%

190.7 kWh/m2 77% 184.8 kWh/m2 78% 147.0 kWh/m2 82%

Analysis of outer facade (periphery) of circulation area (west) and social space (east)

Bar Outer faรงade IMPR-N Bar Outer faรงade IMPR-N Bar Outer faรงade IMPR-N

GF

471.7 kWh/m2 42%

532.6 kWh/m2 36%

1 2nd

461.0 kWh/m2 44% 437.9 kWh/m2 46%

527.8 kWh/m2 36% 459.3 kWh/m2 44%

Bar Outer faรงade IMPR-N

3

267.5 kWh/m2 67%

418.2 kWh/m2 49%

Analysis North Facade Base Case

st

rd

GF

438.1 kWh/m2 407.0 kWh/m2 Extended DR Only Hor. 900mm GF-3F 346.7 kWh/m2 Only 1Vert. 900mm GF-2F 349.0 kWh/m2 Only 2 Vert. 900mm GF-2F 315.9 kWh/m2 Hor GF-1F + 2 Vert.GF-2F a 900mm 288.0 kWh/m2

1st Floor

7% 21% 20% 28% 34%

438.1 kWh/m2 392.6 kWh/m2 341.4 kWh/m2 348.2 kWh/m2 318.8 kWh/m2 291.7 kWh/m2

10% 22% 21% 27% 33%

2nd Floor 438.1 kWh/m2 358.7 kWh/m2 326.3 kWh/m2 319.3 kWh/m2 295.4 kWh/m2 295.4 kWh/m2

3rd Floor

18% 26% 27% 33% 33%

438.1 kWh/m2 292.3 kWh/m2 290.1 kWh/m2 290.1 kWh/m2 290.1 kWh/m2 290.1 kWh/m2

33% 34% 34% 34% 34%

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Regenerate

HEALTH & HAPPINESS Human-centred, Increase health & well-being; biophilic & universal Encourage active, social and design with access meaningful lives; Promote sustainable living and to diverse & safe empower the community while indoor & outdoor facilities, inspiration creating local identity; Create safe, equitable places to and education. live and work

WATER Water demand & supply and waste water treatment during construction & operational phases.

140

Preserve and protect all the natural water bodies and drainage channels on site; Do not withdraw ground water if it is not recharged through closedloop activities; Take precautions to prevent water run-off from polluting construction activities; Design with permeable paving + soft landscape

Share

Optimise

Loop

Establish (online) platform for sharing space, equipment & personals; Create local jobs

Optimise thermal, visual and aural Provide feedback on in user comfort; behavioural impact on environmental performa Provide amenities for basic buildings to educate pe needs, health & well-being, more sustainable lifesty education, inspiration and emergency for everybody

Design for resilience; Different sites support each other with water supply during construction phase

Design for water self-sufficiency: Minimise water demand through efficient low-flow fixtures in all buildings; In communal buildings, sensors and self-closing water taps should be used; Plant vegetation suitable for the climate

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

Collect and recycle all r grey water and black w regenerative, closed-lo mangagement

Virtualise

Exchange

Mandatory Benchmarks

Optional Benchmarks

Promote open source design and Provide effective controls & BMS sharing of knowledge for smart and safe infrastructure ance of and building systems, e.g. fire eople for a detection yle

Design the development accordingly to guidelines on universal accessibility; Provide min. 7 basic amenities within the campus; Provide health & well-being facilities to cater for at least 20% of campus occupants; Identify smoke/tobacco free zones; Provide dedicated resting areas and toilets for service staff; Provide access to clean drinking water and hygienic toilets for construction workers; Organise min. 3 outreach/ educational programmes per year; Constitute a formal committee/ forum with the involvement of campus occupants, local communities & NGOs, to identify and implement min. 2 eco-friendly practices/ green initiatives within and outside the campus; Develop & publish project specific user manuals and operation, maintenance &

Establish awards to acknowledge the efforts of campus occupants, local communities, NGOs for implementing eco-friendly practices/ green initiatives

rainwater, water for oop water

Preserve all natural water bodies and channels on site; No groundwater shall be taken out of the natural water cycle; Design for max. 70 l/head/day and at least 1 day resilience; Install efficient low-flow fixtures; Design for 75% water selfsufficiency; Collect 100% rainwater from the roof area for reuse; Use recycled grey or black water for at least 50% of total water required for non-potable water use, landscaping and watercooled equipment; Buildings having central AC plants are not allowed to use fresh water for cooling purpose; Ensure that quality of potable and non-potable water complies with relevant standards; Use of dual plumbing system to separate grey and black water; Provide sub-metering of main municipal supply, treated water being reused on site and rainwater collected

ndividual

Install smart sensors; Monitor water usage; Establish a remote monitoring and control system for the entire plumbing network; Establish a virtual operation and maintenance protocol for the various plumbing and water treatment systems; Use IOT, ICT, BIM etc. to improve systems integration

Provide highly efficient systems and techniques and use IOT for all water systems including irrigation;

Install self-closing water taps; Design for 100% water selfsufficiency; Recycle 100% grey water and black water to potable and/or nonpotable water quality; Provide or install highly efficient irrigation systems and techniques

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Regenerate

ENERGY Energy demand & supply during whole life cycle.

MATERIALS Usage of healthy, locally sourced, low carbon and recyclable materials.

WASTE Waste minmisation and appropriate treatment of residual waste during construction & operational phases.

142

Share

Optimise

Loop

Generate renewable energy

Share and/or sell renewable energy on site (e.g. for electric vehicles) or back to the grid

Minimise energy demand and Use renewable energie optimise thermal and visual Learn for the next (build comfort by implementing passive phase from PoE design strategies and installing energy-efficient fittings; Optimise building envelope performance appropriate for climate (form, orientation, window to wall ratio, building components and glazing performance); Optimise dimensions of all spaces for natural ventilation and illuminance

Design with nature-based solutions; Use low-impact materials, either recyclable or compostable; Use easily separable composites; Do not use toxic materials from the Red List; Integrate 'bio design', e.g. green facades

Design for disassembly: Reuse structural elements, building components and materials; Share equipment and services

Design out waste and design for assembly, disassembly and recoverability to optimise resource efficiency; Optimise durability and flexibility of building elementâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lifespan; Source materials responsibly

Aim for Zero waste; Use recylced contents; Use standardised prefabricated options; Design in layers and modular;

Establish smart waste segregation, storage and treatment system for the community

Design out waste strategies; Smart waste manageme Minimise waste generation (separation, compostin through 'design for disassembly, authorised recyclers) longevity and adaptability'; Sort and treat all waste appropriately: compost biodegradable and recycle nondegradable (e.g. sell to recyclers)

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

Keep materials and bui components in the clos system (reuse, refurbis recycle); Establish take-back sc with suppliers; Establish 'Buildings as Banks' platforms

Virtualise

es; ding)

ilding sed-loop sh,

chemes Material

Exchange

Mandatory Benchmarks

Optional Benchmarks

Design for 75% self-sufficiency; Use 100% renewable energy only; Generate min. 50% of total annual energy consumption by onand/or off-site renewable energy; Design for 3 hours resilience; Install daylight sensors / timerbased control for all nonemergency exterior & common area lighting; Monitor and meter all sources of energy to the campus (local municipal grid, DG set, on-site renewable energy source); Install individual sub-meters for each building

Design for 100% self-sufficiency; If appropriate to climate, min.

50% of total hot water demand shall be provided by on-site solar hot water generation;

Ensure that 100% of the building materials (by cost) are manufactured locally within a distance of 250 km; Use at least 50% recycled waste in road construction and pavements by volume of materials for 100% of roads on site; If cement is used for the construction of building structures, max. possible content has to be recycled; 100% of all steel used shall be recycled, if structurally possible

Energy demand and supply shall be metered at all sources; Replace physical products and services with virtual services: Remote performance monitoring for smart maintenance; Deliver maintenance services remotely; Use IOT, ICT, BIM etc. to improve systems integration

Generate renewable energy; Use daylight sensors, timerbased controls and LED or similar for efficient lighting; Lease lighting and energy

Use IOT, ICT and BIM to monitor performance and facilitate maintenance and repair; Do post-occupancy evaluation (PoE); Promote products which help people reduce their consumption

Use low impact materials, e.g. secondary materials or recycled content materials; Optimise maintenance strategy; Organise repair workshops; Lease building elements (e.g. faรงade) with performance based contracts

Ensure that min. 75% of the building materials (by cost) are manufactured locally within a distance of 250 km; Use at least 25% recycled waste in road construction and pavements by volume of materials for 100% of roads on site; If cement is used for the construction of building structures, min. 50% content has to be recycled; Min. 75% of all steel used shall be recycled

Establish intelligent waste manegment service contracts, think in broader context (community, city, etc.)

Implement a waste management plan on site and provide hygienic, segregated storage of organic, recyclable inorganic and hazardous waste; Divert minimum 75% of waste generated during construction and demolition from landfills for reuse or recycling; Install on-site waste treatment system for handling organic waste for 75% of food and garden waste; Provide contractual tie-up with recyclers for purchase and safe recycling of inorganic recyclable waste and e-waste

ment Develop waste recycling plans ng, selling to prior to beginning of construction; Track all resources on site and their quantity & quality; Create material inventory including material passports for content characteristics and embodied carbon transparency;

Install remote real-time monitoring and control of smart mini-grid with user interface which operates in mobile devices

Divert 100% of waste generated during construction and demolition from landfills for reuse or recycling; Install on-site waste treatment system for handling organic waste for 100% of food and garden waste

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SITE PRESERVATION & BIODIVERSITY Site planning, Protect and restore land: Regenerate and detoxify greymanagement, field or brown-field sites; preservation & Maintain existing water bodies enhancement. and biodiversity; Enhance biodiversity; Enhance air, water & soil quality; Enhance microclimate

FOOD PRODUCTION On-site organic Prduce healthy, local food through sustainable, organic food production. (urban) farming on site SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION Fossil-free Aim for Zero pollution transportation; pedestrian and bicycle friendly campus.

144

Share

Optimise

Loop

Maximise space utilisation, share Optimise space utilisation by as much space as possible efficient and flexible design, use spaces for multiple funtions; Design for optimum air flow between buildings; Avoid air, water, soil & noise pollution; Minimise outdoor light pollution

Retrofit and reuse exist buildings and assets fo use

Engage the community inside and Research into technologies for outside your plot boundaries water-efficient irrigation systems without the use of pesticides or synthetic fertilisers

Loop resources in a Wa Energy-Food Nexus

Maximise asset utilisation by sharing and reusing: Establish e.g. bicycle and Evehicles sharing pool

Operate renewables-po vehicles within or outsid campus as shuttle serv

Optimise fossil-free transport links between buildings and to public transport nods: Create safe (covered and bright) pedestrian network; Provide bicycle lanes network and bicycle parking

Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

Virtualise

Exchange

Mandatory Benchmarks

Optional Benchmarks

ting Deliver services remotely: or different Establish operation and maintenance protocol; Dedicate staff for operation and maintenance of different systems remotely and only where necessary on site; Promote video and virtual conferencing

Promote innovative, integrated circular design and business approaches: Leasing services or take-back schemes instead of conventional purchase of products (e.g. LEDs or office equipment)

Retain 100% of water bodies and channels existing on the site; Retain site contour to an extent of atleast 50% of the site; Retain min. 50% of existing landscape; Min. 50% of site area is green landscape (horizontal or vertical) with 100% native species; Max 25% of site area is paved, out of these min. 50% is permeable; Plant min. 3 trees for 1 tree cut; Implement soil erosion control measures and store 100% fertile topsoil for reuse; Incorporate SUDS for managing over 90% of the storm water quantity on site

Retain min. 75% of existing landscape; Min. 50% of site area is green landscape (horizontal or vertical) with 100% native species; Max 15% of site area is paved, out of these min. 50% is permeable; Increase existing vegetation cover on site by 25% with native vegetation

ater-

Monitor water consumption and yields to optimise farming

Install accessible, efficient irrigation systems

Plan food production (horizontal or vertical) on min. 25% of the total landscaped area

Plan food production on min. 50% of the total landscaped area

owered de the vices

Establish app for sharing pool and optimised use of vehicles

Provide charging points for evehicles and equipment

Provide protected pedestrian network linking all main buildings; Provide bicycle network & parking within a walking distance of 100m; Provide adequate illumination for both; Provide access to a public transportation facility within 800 meters walking distance from the campus entrance; Provide electric charging infrastructure for min. 50% of cars and bikes parked on site; Cover 100% of parking spaces; Provide dedicated differentlyabled parking spaces

Provide bicycles for campus occupants; Provide electric charging infrastructure for 100% of cars and bikes parked on site;

145

APPENDIX L SUSTAINABLE MATERIAL ALTERNATIVES CHART ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL ADVANTAGES

I. Structural Materials Renewable and carbon neutral material if timber is sourced sustainably Easy fabrication and prefabrication Lightweight, considerably less building weight and consequently smaller footing dimensions Compressive strength comparable to concrete, good tensile strength Upto 35% of fly ash can directly be substituted for cement as blending material Saves energy upto 20% Superior microstructure leading to lower permeability Higher electrical resistance leading to lesser chances of reinforcement corrosion Substitutes stone chips in concrete reducing dead weight Promotes fuel efficiency and carbon in ash provides sufficient heat Possess 28-day comprehensive strengths of the order of 40 MN/m2 and densities about 1100 to 1800 kg/m3 Better thermal & acoustical insulation & high fire resistance Are 85% recyclable and energy efficient No plastering required on inner side and no curing required.

Saves reinforcement & stronger than cast-in-situ structures High fire resistance & better insulation Are 1/3rd in cost compared to 2nd grade timber Higher strength to weight ratio than RCC 20% saving on material & cost Suitable for precasting, flexible in cutting, drilling & jointing Can be made entirely of recycled scrap iron High strength & non combustibility Available forms permit efficient & uniform application Resistant to weathering, erosion & termite infestation

II. Bricks & Blocks Lower embodied energy and CO2 emissions due to minimal use of high energy materials like cement and non-requirement of firing, unlike the burnt clay bricks Topsoil can be restored after extracting lower layers of earth Aesthetically appealing due to finish and blending with traditional building practices in rural areas Lower embodied energy due to use of natural locally available materials High recyclability, specially in case of interlocking blocks which donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t use connecting mortar Improvement over a traditional building practice which has proven itself over the years Good alternative for regions where sand is a scarce material

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

Highly suitable for speedy & mortar less construction Can be used for all applications of burnt clay bricks Are sun dried & use cement for gaining required strength Available in several load bearing grades, higher compressive strength than clay bricks Saves in mortar plastering Low water absorption, only sprinkling of water sufficient 20-30% less thermal conductivity than concrete blocks Give highest strength among various bricks Most suitable for mechanized operations Fine finish & energy efficient Lower requirement of mortar in construction Raw material contains 70% recycled power plant waste, reduced dead loads on super structure Good thermal insulation (upto 26% power savings) Less water in construction, manufacturing process is 100% recyclable Substitutes stone chips in concrete, reduces dead weight Has a density of app. 1/5th of concrete Are substitutes for conventional bricks & concrete blocks with densities from 800 kg/m3 to 1800 kg/m3

III. Insulation Low tech and low cost method of increasing the insulating capacity of the roof Earthen pots are locally made and boost employment generation

Low cost and highly thermally efficient technique very effective for insulation of roofs Low embodied energy technique as compared to all other insulation options

IV. Plasters Reduce plastic shrinkage & permeability Plant fibres act as reinforcement and controls cracking Provide increased impact & abrasion resistance Waste utilization prevents water & soil pollution Is energy efficient & cost effective Has a very high setting time & compressive strength Are economic, produces less waste Smart finish & less energy consuming Non-emission of VOC & other toxic fumes No skilled man power required, durable & less water consumption

147

APPENDIX L

V. Roofing Highly cost effective, durable & lighter than other tiles Validated & certified by BMTPC Easily installed, coloured to interest & reduce heat gain Uniform in size & more durable Cost effective, fire resistant & energy efficient

Low self weight, reduces loading on super structure Light, possess high resilience & better thermal comfort Bearing strength comparable with GI sheet, ACCS etc.

VI. Flooring Made using waste & recycled material Forms a good waterproofing layer on exposed surfaces Is very cost effective (Rs.20-30/sqft)

Manufactured from waste gypsum Light, fire resistant & good acoustic effects

Good alternative to wooden flooring Is tough, easy to install & water resistant Cost effective (Rs.110-150/sqft)

VII. Wood Substitutes Use of waste/ recyclable timber Can be reuse by converting into chips/ particles for particle boards

Use of recycled waste (toothpaste containers) Sound proof, termite resistant & expansion resistant

Economical compared to bamboo mat board for thickness more than 6mm Higher strength than veneer plywood Superior physical mechanical properties compared to bamboo mat board Made from plastic components, low installed & maintenance costs Light in weight, high strength Good resistance to weathering & fire

Cost effective as compared to conventional materials Stronger, more durable & resistant to corrosion Developed using fly ash as filler & jute cloth as reinforcement

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

VIII. Boards & Panels Durable, cost effective, water & pest resistant Smooth, easy installation & no need of plastering Ability to take add-ons like wall paper, decorative laminates, painting etc Take paint directly, is fire resistant & easy laying of electrical conduits

Made of recyclable materials like fly ash, agro waste etc Are stronger and more cost effective Used for roofing, partitions & panels

Light in weight, fire resistant and good thermal & sound insulation properties.

Used as lightweight partition panels, false ceiling lining, interior decoration, boxing, cladding etc.

Low water absorption value (6-7%) Density nearly 50% of timber shutters.

Easy installation & maintenance Can be painted, polished or laminated

IX. Paints Has very low VOC Easy to apply & highly economic Has good water resistant properties Has good covering capacity, easy mixing character, better resistance to crazing & microbial growth

Have same performance and durability as conventional solvent based paints Has very low VOC Have no cost variations compared to conventional ones

X. Sealants & Adhesives Has very low VOC Have no cost variations compared to conventional ones Have same performance and durability as conventional solvent based paints

Are eco-friendly, consume lower energies during their life cycles Easily disposable or recyclable Lower occupational hazards & emission levels

149

APPENDIX M MATERIAL PROPERTIES CHART

*Laterite is cut into required shape and size manually, thermal energy requirement for manufacturing of blocks is negligible. However, transportation cost is to be considered for the transportation of material from mining site to construction site. The expenditure for production of laterite blocks include the land cost, labor for excavation and labour for shaping and sizing. There is no need of transportation cost as the blocks are made from the mining site itself. *value for germany * info by IFC india *info by Szokolay *info by Anesia *info by Hammond (Bath University)

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Bioclimatic and Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India

Residential Bar ELECTRICAL LOADS Profile - Electrical Ceiling Fans & Lift

APPENDIX N Project: Student Residence - Block Date: 19.08.19

Residential Bar ELECTRICAL LOADS Profile - Electrical Ceiling Fans & Lift Project: Student Residence - Block Date: 19.08.19 Bedroom [GIA] Power Demand [W/m²] Area GIA / GEA [m²] Number of Items Consumption per building [W]

3 Bedroom 1,047 [GIA] 87 255

Living [GIA]

Kitchen [GIA]

Bathroom [GIA]

3 Living 358 [GIA] 30 87

3 Kitchen 140 [GIA] 12 34

3 Bathroom 168 [GIA] 14 41 06:00-08:00; 3 12:00-14:00; 168 17:00-18:00; 14 21:00-22:00 41 6 06:00-08:00; 0.2 12:00-14:00; 17:00-18:00; 21:00-22:00 6 0.2 Bathroom [GIA]

Power Demand [W/m²] 3 3 3 17:00-00:00; 17:00-20:00; use[m²] AreaTimes GIA /inGEA 18:00-08:00 1,047 358 140 07:00-08:00 07:00-08:00 Residential BarofELECTRICAL LOADS Number Items 87Profile - Lighting 30 12 Consumption per building [W] 255 87 34 Actual hours used/day [h] 14 7 4 Project: Student Residence - Block Actual kWh/day [kWh] 3.6 0.6 0.1 Date: 19.08.19 17:00-00:00; 17:00-20:00; Times in use 18:00-08:00 07:00-08:00 07:00-08:00 Residential Bar ELECTRICAL LOADS Profile - Lighting Actual hours used/day [h] 14 Project: Student Residence - Block Actual kWh/day [kWh] 3.6 Date: 19.08.19 Bedroom [GIA]

Lighting Power Demand [W/m²] Area GIA / GEA [m²] Consumption per building [W]

4 0.1 Kitchen [GIA]

4.6 Living 358 [GIA] 1,649

5 Kitchen 140 [GIA] 700

3.8 Bathroom 168 [GIA] 638 06:00-08:00; 12:00-14:00; Lighting Power Times Demand in use [W/m²] 18:00-00:00 4.6 4.6 5 3.8 17:00-00:00 17:00-20:00 17:00-18:00; Area GIA / GEA [m²] 1,047 358 140 168 21:00-22:00 Residential Bar ELECTRICAL LOADS Profile - Small Power Consumption per building [W] 4,817 1,649 700 638 Actual hours used/day [h] 6 7 3 6 06:00-08:00; Actual kWh/day [kWh] 28.9 11.5 2.1 3.8 Project: Student Residence - Block 12:00-14:00; Times in use 18:00-00:00 17:00-00:00 17:00-20:00 4.6 4.6 5.0 3.8 Date: 19.08.19 17:00-18:00; 21:00-22:00 Residential Bar ELECTRICAL LOADS Profile - Small Power Actual hours used/day [h] 6 7 3 6 Actual kWh/day [kWh] 28.9 11.5 2.1 3.8 Project: Student Residence - Block Kitchen: Bedroom: Bedroom: Kitchen: 4.6 4.6 5.0 3.8

Date: 19.08.19

4.6 Bedroom 1,047 [GIA] 4,817

7 0.6 Living [GIA]

4x Phone

4x Laptop

Kettle

Rice Cooker

Electrical Fan Lift Power [Super GEA] Demand TOTAL Electrical 5 Lift 2,576 [Super GEA]

Fan Power Demand 417 TOTAL

Lift Power Demand TOTAL

Fan & Lift Power Demand TOTAL

Lift Power Demand TOTAL 12,880

Fan & Lift Power Demand TOTAL 13,297

12,880 07:00-08:00; 5 12:00-14:00; 2,576 17:00-19:00; 21:00-22:00 417 12,880 12,880 13,297 6 07:00-08:00; 4.6 77.3 77.3 81.8 12:00-14:00; 17:00-19:00; 21:00-22:00 6 4.6 77.3 Lighting 77.3 81.8 External Lighting Lighting Power Corridor & Demand Demand Stairways INTERNAL EXTERNAL Demand [GEA] TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL

Lighting External Lighting Lighting 3 Power Corridor & Demand Demand 396 Stairways INTERNAL EXTERNAL Demand 8,992 1,188 7,804 1,188 [GEA] TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL 3 18:00-22:00 396 1,188 4 4.8 18:00-22:00 4 4.8

Kitchen: Stove/Oven

7,804

1,188

8,992

46.4

4.8

51

4.8

51

46.4 Kitchen: FridgeFreezer

Bathroom: Hairdryer

TOTAL

Power full op. per hour [W] 5 30 1800 450 1450 200 1000 Usage/day [h] 8 8 0.2 0.5 1 24 0.5 Kitchen: Kitchen: Bedroom: Bedroom: Kitchen: Kitchen: Bathroom: Number of Items 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 TOTAL Rice Fridge4x Phone 4x Laptop Kettle Stove/Oven Hairdryer Actual kWh/day [kWh] 8.5 0.16 0.96 0.36 0.225 1.45 4.8 0.5 Cooker Freezer Residential Bar DOMESTIC HOT WATER DEMAND Profile GIA/room [m²] 37.4 37.4 5 5 5 5 6 Power full op. per hour [W] 5 30 1800 450 1450 200 1000 Project: Student Residence - Block Actual usage/day/m² 4.3 25.7 72.0 45.0 290.0 960.0 83.3 1480.3 Usage/day [h] 8 8 0.2 0.5 1 24 0.5 Date: 20.08.19 Residential Bar DOMESTIC HOT WATER DEMAND Profile Number of Items 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 Daily0.96 Daily0.5 heat Annual 8.5 Annual Actual kWh/day [kWh] 0.16 0.36 MAXIMUM 0.225 1.45 4.8 Project: Student Residence - Block Daily Domestic annual MAXIMUM MAXIMUM MAXIMUM demand heat heat Daily Date: 20.08.19 Domestic MAXIMUM Daily heat GIA/roomArea [m²]Area Students Occu 37.4 5 5 annual heat 5 6 demand demand Domestic Cold37.4 daily heat DHW 5 annual heat for DHW per Hot water daily DHW demand for Super Water demand for water demand (Uni for DHW for DHW / pancy demand for GEA demand for Actual usage/day/m² 4.3 25.7demand per 72.0 45.0 290.0 960.0 83.3 1480.3 1l DHW building GEA building Unit Values

Area [m²] Super 2,576 GEA

Unit

[m²]

Values

2,576

DHW demand demand per (Uni m² (Uni DHW DHW / m² calendar Daily MAXIMUM Daily heat Annual Annual (DHW) Daily (DCW) building profile) calendar calendar Daily Domestic annual MAXIMUM MAXIMUM MAXIMUM demand heat heat Students Domestic MAXIMUM Daily heat [m²] Nr. [m²/p] [l/c/day] [l/c/day] [l/c/day] [l/day] [l/a] [kWh/l/day] [kWh/day] [kWh/a] [kWh/a] [kWh/m²/a] Area Occu Domestic Cold DHW daily heat annual heat [kWh/m²/a] annual heat [kWh/day] for DHW demand demand per Hot water daily DHW demand for GEA pancy Water water demand demand for demand for demand for (Uni for DHW for DHW / 1,960 building 112 18 70.0 49.0 21.0 108.2 39,490.1 20.1 75.1 27,427.4 14.0 demand per2,352.0 building 858,480.0 1l0.046 DHW demand demand per DHW DHW DHW / m² calendar (Uni m² (Uni (DHW) (DCW) building profile) value calendar from calendar [m²] Nr. [m²/p] [l/c/day] [l/c/day] [l/c/day] [l/day] [l/a] [kWh/l/day] [kWh/day] [kWh/a] [kWh/m²/a] [kWh/day] 'O[kWh/a] - Annual [kWh/m²/a] DHW 1,960 112 18 70.0 49.0 21.0 2,352.0 858,480.0 0.046 108.2 39,490.1 20.1 75.1 27,427.4 14.0 Profile' Max. Roof Area requ. DHW 20% (ECBC) Max. Roof Area requ. DHW 60% (SuperECBC) Max. Roof Area requ. DHW 100% (KREA) Available Roof Area Max. Roof Area requ. DHW 20% (ECBC) Max. Roof Area requ. DHW 60% (SuperECBC) Percentage of Roof 100% DHW supply Max. Roof Area requ. DHW 100% (KREA) > for 1 kWh/m²a DHW collector area: max.

Available Roof Area Percentage of Roof 100% DHW supply > for 1 kWh/m²a DHW collector area: max.

m²

m²

4.3 m² 12.9 m² 21.5 m² 990 4.3 12.9 2 21.5

m² m² m² % m²

kWh/m²a

2.8 8.4 14.0

kWh/m²a

2.8 8.4 14.0

value from Demand 'O - Annual 20% DHW 60% Profile' 100% Demand 20% 60% 100%

1.5 m² 990 m² 2 % 1.5 m²

151

APPENDIX N Residential Bar Monthly Power Loads per Type and with Occupancy Schedule Project: Student Residence - Block Date: 19.08.19 Residential Bar Monthly Power Loads per Type and with Occupancy Schedule Project: Student Month Jan Residence Feb - Block Mar Date: 19.08.19 Month Occupanc y Variation per month [%] Occupanc

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

TOTAL [kWh/a]

Annual Average

TOTAL [kWh/a]

Annual Average

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

95

100

95

100

95

20

95

100

100

100

95

20

85

95

20

95

100

100

100

95

20

85

1,506

307

1,506

1,585

1,534

1,585

1,457

317

15,772

1,314

1,506

307

1,506

1,585

1,534

1,585

1,457

317

15,772

1,314

134

27

134

141

137

141

130

28

1,405

117

134

27

134

141

137

141

130

28

1,405

117

2,276

464

2,276

2,396

2,318

2,396

2,202

479

23,841

1,987

2,276

464

2,276

2,396

2,318

2,396

2,202

479

23,841

1,987

249

51

249

262

254

262

241

52

2,608

217

249

51

249

262

254

262

241

52

2,608

217

y Variation 95 100 95 100 Actual per month LIGHTING [%] Power 1,506 1,432 1,506 1,534 Actual Demand LIGHTING [kWh] Actual Power 1,506 1,432 1,506 1,534 FAN Demand 134 128 134 137 Power [kWh] Actual Demand FAN [kWh] Actual Power 134 128 134 137 LIFT Demand 2,276 2,164 2,276 2,318 Power [kWh] Actual Demand LIFT [kWh] Actual Power 2,276 2,164 2,276 2,318 SMALL Demand Residential Bar Monthly237 Balance /249 Occupancy 249 254 Power [kWh] Actual Demand Project: KREA University Resi Bar SMALL [kWh] Date: 13.07.19 Power 249 237 249 254 Demand Residential Bar Monthly Balance / Occupancy [kWh]

MonthProject: KREA JanUniversity FebResi Bar Mar Date: 13.07.19 Occupancy Variation per month [%] Month Actual Population per month, incl.

Occupancy Variation [people] Variation per month [%]Water Potable

Actual Population Demand [m³] per month, incl.

Non-Potable Water Variation [people] Demand [m³] Potable Water Total Water Demand excl. [m³] Demand

Storage [m³/day] Non-Potable Water according to Demand [m³] occupancy Total Water Demand excl.

Greywater Storage [m³/day] Generation according to according [m³/day] occupancy to occupancy Greywater Blackwater Generation Generation [m³/day] according according [m³/day] to to occupancy occupancy

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Annual Average

95

100

95

100

95

20

95

100

100

100

95

20

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

85 Annual Average

106

112

106

112

106

22

106

112

112

112

106

22

95

95

100

95

100

95

20

95

100

100

100

95

20

85 3.7

4.2

4.4

4.2

4.4

4.2

0.9

4.2

4.4

4.4

4.4

4.2

0.9

106

112

106

112

106

22

106

112

112

112

106

22

95

3.3

3.4

3.3

3.4

3.3

0.7

3.3

3.4

3.4

3.4

3.3

0.7

2.9

4.2

4.4

4.2

4.4

4.2

0.9

4.2

4.4

4.4

4.4

4.2

0.9

3.7

7.4 3.3

7.8 3.4

7.4 3.3

7.8 3.4

7.4 3.3

1.6 0.7

7.4 3.3

7.8 3.4

7.8 3.4

7.8 3.4

7.4 3.3

1.6 0.7

6.6 2.9

7.4

7.8

7.4

7.8

7.4

1.6

7.4

7.8

7.8

7.8

7.4

1.6

6.6

3.1

3.2

3.1

3.2

3.1

0.6

3.1

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.1

0.6

2.7

3.1 4.4

3.2 4.6

3.1 4.4

3.2 4.6

3.1 4.4

0.6 0.9

3.1 4.4

3.2 4.6

3.2 4.6

3.2 4.6

3.1 4.4

0.6 0.9

2.7 3.9

Blackwater Total Water Generation 4.4 Demand incl. [m³/day] according 11.2 Storage [m³/day] to occupancy according to occupancy Total Water Demand incl.

Storage [m³/day] 11.2 according to 152 occupancy Bioclimatic and

4.6

4.4

4.6

4.4

0.9

4.4

4.6

4.6

4.6

4.4

0.9

3.9

11.8

11.2

11.8

11.2

2.4

11.2

11.8

11.8

11.8

11.2

2.4

9.9

11.8

11.2

11.8

11.2

2.4

11.2

11.8

11.8

11.8

11.2

2.4

9.9

Regenerative Building Design: Towards a Circular Construction Industry in India