Ali alfaraj thesis

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BIM By Ali Hassan Alfaraj 20044297

Dissertation submitted to the School of Engineering Department of Architecture Waterford Institute of Technology Supervisor: Robin Stubbs

April 2014

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Declaration I declare that this dissertation, in whole or in part, has not been submitted to any other University as an exercise for a degree. I further declare that, except where reference is made in the text, the contents are entirely my own work. The author agrees that the library may lend or copy the thesis upon request for study purposes, subject to the normal condition of acknowledgement.

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April 2014 Ali Alfaraj Word Count: 10,272 words

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Table of Contents Declaration................................................................................................................. I List of Figures ......................................................................................................... IV List of Table ........................................................................................................... VIII Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... IX Acknowledgement.................................................................................................... X Abstract.................................................................................................................... XI 1.

2.

Research proposal ............................................................................................ 1 1.1

Introduction ................................................................................................... 1

1.2

Background ................................................................................................... 1

1.3

Aim ................................................................................................................ 1

1.4

Objectives ..................................................................................................... 1

1.5

Suggested data collection methods .............................................................. 2

Literature Review .............................................................................................. 2 2.1

Why choosing this building in particular? ...................................................... 3

2.2

Main information of the DCM......................................................................... 3

2.3

BIM ............................................................................................................... 5

2.4

Sustainability ................................................................................................. 7

2.5

Case study .................................................................................................... 8

2.5.1 2.6 3

Masder city (Source city) ........................................................................ 8

Conclusion .................................................................................................. 10

Methodology .................................................................................................... 11 3.1

Introduction ................................................................................................. 11

3.2

Research Approach .................................................................................... 11

3.3

Primary research is building performance ................................................... 11

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3.4

Secondary research is it sustainable........................................................... 12

3.5

Limitation ..................................................................................................... 12

Result ............................................................................................................... 13 4.1

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Sun path and orientation ............................................................................. 13

4.1.1

Diurnal Weather Averages.................................................................... 14

4.1.2

Comfort level ........................................................................................ 18

4.1.3

Humidity................................................................................................ 24

4.1.4

Solar radiation and Thermal heat gain .................................................. 28

4.2

Wind Analysis.............................................................................................. 29

4.3

Energy Use ................................................................................................. 34

4.4

Natural Light ................................................................................................ 37

4.5

Building material and Sustainability............................................................. 38

Discussion ....................................................................................................... 40 5.1

Introduction ................................................................................................. 40

5.2

Analysis the result ....................................................................................... 40

5.2.1

Site ....................................................................................................... 40

5.2.2

Energy .................................................................................................. 40

5.2.3

Masder City in Abu Dhabi (Case study) ................................................ 41

Recommendation and Conclusion ................................................................ 45 6.1

Conclusion .................................................................................................. 45

6.2

Recommendation ........................................................................................ 35

References ............................................................................................................... XI Appendix A ............................................................................................................. XII Appendix B ............................................................................................................ XIII

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List of Figures Figure 1.5.1 BIM model of DCM ................................................................................. 2 Figure 2.0.1 Side view of the DCM

Figure 2.0.2 Internal view of the DCM ........... 3

Figure 2.0.3 An Aerial view taken from Google Earth................................................. 4 Figure 2.0.4 A sketch up model to the building from Google earth ............................. 4 Figure 2.0.1: some 3D solid geometry. Ranging from simple prisms to NURBS surface, can be produced in BIM ................................................................................ 5 Figure 2.0.2 In traditional construction drawings, a comprehensive “model� of the building is a composite of a variety of 2D views, which are commonly called drawings. If a view is missing, there is a gap in the model. ........................................ 6 Figure 0.1 An illustration of the structure of the sustainable city ................................ 8 Figure 0.2 Thermal image (Picture source http://masdarcity.ae/) ............................... 8 Figure 0.3 A photographic view of Masdar City (http://masdarcity.ae/) ...................... 9 Figure 4.1.1 A google earth image of the site. Shows the surrounding of the building (Repeated from chapter 2 for reader convenance). ................................................. 13 Figure 4.1.2 Annual incident solar radiation shows the three hottest and coldest months during the year............................................................................................. 14 Figure 4.1.3 Best orientation .................................................................................... 15 Figure 4.1.4 Brightest day ........................................................................................ 16 Figure 4.1.5 Strongest wind ..................................................................................... 17 Figure 4.1.6 Hottest day average ............................................................................. 17 Figure 4.1.7 Coldest day .......................................................................................... 18 Figure 4.1.8 Explain the psychometric chart ............................................................ 18 IV

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Figure 4.1.9 An avrage confort level through the whole year ................................... 19 Figure 4.1.10 Mainly this chart explain the different technique to cool the building .. 21 Figure 4.1.11 This chart shows the climate classification that help to understand the weather changes ...................................................................................................... 21 Figure 4.1.12 This chart can explain different techniques to cool or heat building using different methods ............................................................................................ 22 Figure 4.1.13 Comfort percentage using different technique .................................... 22 Figure 4.1.14 Thermal loads from people doing different activities - (Autodesk, 2013) ................................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 4.1.15 Diurnal Weather Averages ................................................................. 23 Figure 4.1.16 Solar energy potential map of the world. Saudi Arabia consider as a 2000kW/m²/Year (image source: NASA) .................................................................. 24 Figure 4.1.17 A historical record of Humidity ............................................................ 24 Figure 4.1.18 Avragre Humidity on wind rose chart ................................................. 25 Figure 4.1.19 Maximum Humidity wind rose chart .................................................. 25 Figure 4.1.20 Minimum Humidity wind rose chart ................................................... 26 Figure 4.1.21 Annual temperature bins. Shows that the site has a very dry summer ................................................................................................................................. 27 Figure 4.1.22 Low and high humidity shown in a psychometric chart (For reader convenience) ............................................................................................................ 27 Figure 4.1.23The graph above shows not only monthly temperatures averaged from historical climate data, but also two levels of error bars. .......................................... 28 Figure 4.1.24 Solar radiation .................................................................................... 28

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Figure 4.1.25 the Picture on the right is Stereographic sun path diagrams on winter, and the one on the right is the summer sunpath 29 Figure 4.2.1Yearly wind rose .................................................................................... 30 Figure 4.2.2 A seasonal wind rose shows the wind flow speed each season .......... 30 Figure 4.2.3 Wind rose, average temperature wind speed ....................................... 31 Figure 4.2.4 Wind rose, Maximum temperature wind speed .................................... 32 Figure 4.2.5 Wind rose, Minimum temperature wind speed ..................................... 32 Figure 4.2.6 Top view shows a 3D wind analysis that coming from the Northwest side in difference speed ........................................................................................... 33 Figure 4.2.7 Monthly wind rose (Frequency Distribution) ......................................... 34 Figure 4.3.1 This chart displays the DCM’s estimated electricity usage by month. If the project uses air conditioning, electricity usage increases during the hotter months of the year. ............................................................................................................... 35 Figure 4.3.2 this chart displays DCM estimated peak electricity demand by month.

Peak demand is the maximum instantaneous electrical load ................................... 35 Figure 4.3.3 Monthly Cooling load ............................................................................ 36 Figure 4.3.4 Monthly Heating load ........................................................................... 36 Figure 4.4.1 An internal view of the main hall shows the shadow and the light that coming from the dome and the skylight window ....................................................... 37 Figure 4.4.2 Same view of the hall shows the level of the light strength coming from the skylight ............................................................................................................... 37 Figure 4.4.3 Analysis of natural daylight to the Ground floor plan7 .......................... 38 Figure 5.2.2.5.2.1 This is a Cool Laod bar charts Comparseve between an upgarding the elements that cause a signigcanse energy demand on DCM building. .............. 41 VI

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Figure 5.2.2 This is a wind tower that design to be in Masder City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates .......................................................................................................... 43 Figure 5.2.3 illustration explain the wind tower system, and how it works ................ 43 Figure 5.2.4 this is a pictures of traditional wind tower ............................................. 44 Figure 5.2.5 A 3D view of DCM showing an asymbol of wind tower, representing the gulf architecture ........................................................................................................ 44

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List of Table Table 1 Psychometric Chart ..................................................................................... 19 Table 2 Seasonal table of different comfort zone ..................................................... 20

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Abbreviations 3D

Three dimensions

BIM

Building information modelling

DCM

Dammam Centre Municipality

EB

Existing Buildings

fr/s

frequency per second

KSA

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

kW

KiloWatts

kWh

kilowatt-hour,

LEED

Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design

m/s

Meters per Second

MC

Masder City

MJ

Mega joule

O&M

Operations and Maintenance

R-value

Thermal resistance each element in a structure

U-value

Heat loss through a structural element.

但-value

Heat loss through a junction

UAE

United Arab Emirates

W/m²

watt/meter-square

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Acknowledgement I would first like to thank the supervisor: Robin Stubbs who helped to do a humbly piece of work out of this thesis. Also, I would like to thank all WIT AT4 lecturers and students whom supported me to do this thesis by any way.

My special thanks to my newly married friend The Engineering Abdulwahid Al-Ghanim which by the way I couldn't attend his wedding-who helped me through this thesis and provided me with DCM architectural CAD-drawing and had supported me by giving me his generous hands in all sort of information I asked for the whole way Also, I would like to give a thanks for those who did a proofread to my thesis a several time.

The first come in the list is: Eng.Ali Alfehaid, and MKU. Adnan Alshobber. and also a special thank to Dr. Sukkian Altaleb to do a proofread as a final piece of work.

Also, I would like to give my thanks to people whom did a proofread for my thesis several times.

I am very grateful for my very supportive wife, Ruwaida Altaleb, for her kindness and for her grate patience and having to take care of our son almost alone in these days, Hassan, who brought the colour into my life and of course for all the delicious meals she prepared.

Finally, I would like to thank, of course my parents for bringing me to this life and without them I might never exist in this universe.

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Abstract This thesis is about an investigation to an existing public building, which is Dammam Centre Municipality (DCM) in Saudi Arabia, to assess and evaluate the building performance using Building Information Modelling (BIM) implementation. In order to achieve the aim of this research an investigation will occur to the current status using BIM package to understand if it would make any change to the existing status. This type of investigation would be mainly focused on energy performance so an analysis to the building will be done using BIM implementation, to get a report that provide an estimation of the current energy use.

Then, an analysis were created to assist the site in order to make it work for the DCM rather than fighting against it. So at first, the analysis will include a wind inquiry, wind frequency, humidity level, and temperature. Secondly, the analysis will also take a consideration of sun path in each season, therefore it will give an idea of where the heat gain, and lose. Moreover, an applicable material that can be used to prevent the heat gain or loss.

Finally, a comparative case study will take place, between Masder City, one of the most sustainable cities in the world, and DCM to find out the level of sustainability in that single building. And what aspect that have been taken to design that city. After that, a conclusion and recommendations will take place at the end of this thesis.

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1. Research proposal 1.1 Introduction This research will be based on an analysis of a public building called Dammam Center Municipality that was built recently in Dammam in the East province of Saudi Arabia.

The Western worlds are advanced. So, the analysis will utilize the Building Information Modeling (BIM) approach.

1.2 Background BIM has been playing a big role in the last decade especially here in western world including the U.S. and the main objective of its use is to change the industry to a better working place. The traditional way of working provides a low level of understanding of the project especially to the client him/her-self. Nevertheless, if you travel through the history and look at the architects drawing, you will find that it had been based on the architect's perspective rather than the Structural plan. But with the use of BIM, it is more than architectural and structural drawing. There are more advanced analyses to a building where they start to plan for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC), electrical, mechanical‌etc. Also, it looks at a 3D (dimensional) view of the building. Moreover, it is not only about the services, it also provides a flexibility to create a free form modeling. In addition to that, the information of the site helps to create a sustainable design because of “understanding of site conditions: topography, solar orientation, prevailing winds, and so on. This is nothing new, of course, but BIM presents an opportunity to integrate manipulating site data into the designing process in an immediate and recursive wayâ€?.

1.3 Aim The overall aim of this research is to investigate the use of BIM in an actual existing public building in Saudi Arabia, Dammam Centre Municipality (DCM).

1.4 Objectives In order to achieve the stated aim, the following objectives have been formulated: 1. Survey the existing building to identify the problems which arise because of using the traditional way of designing and co-operative between construction professionals instead of BIM

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2. To evaluate the design 3. To identify and appraise the existing approaches that been using on the building and whether it is sustainable or not 4. To develop/propose a project-based construction options to improve the performance 5. Analysis the building using BIM methodology

1.5 Suggested data collection methods In undertaking the Dissertation, both secondary and primary research shall be conducted the topic and building under review. Secondary research will comprise an extensive review of literature relating to primary research will be conducted in the format of survey of the building and of the construction personnel concerned with the design and construction of the building.

Figure 2.5.1.1 BIM model of DCM

2. Literature Review The following review will take Dammam Center Municipality (DCM) as a case study and will analysis the current situation and performance, also it will look at the

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Construction system that been using in Saudi Arabia. Finally, it will explain the utilize of BIM and how it is going to effect the performance of the building

2.1 Why choosing this building in particular?

Dammam Centre Municipality is one of the newest public buildings in Saudi Arabia.

According to the local newspaper, people are very prude of its architects. It will be very interesting to analyse it and see the use of BIM and, whether or not going to change the design criteria.

2.2 Main information of the DCM DCM is located on Dammam, East province of Saudi Arabia. It was designed by Alshaib Architecture consultant one of the most famous architects in Alhassa. The building was opened for the public on 7 th of October 2012. Accordion to Alsharq newspaper ““Sunday morning was the opening of the new building of DCM by Mr.AlOtaibi, Daifallah Bin Ayesh, where is located in the neighbourhood of Alanoud, Prince Nayef bin Abdul Aziz Rd. , after the completion of the implementation and processing of the building of all technical aspects of the offices, taking into account the modernism of Islamic Style.

Figure 2.2.5.1.1 Side view of the DCM

Figure 2.2.5.1.2 Internal view of the DCM

The Engineer Mr. Bakhurji, Mazen bin Adel explained some of criteria and features of the building. The overall area of it is 17,000 m², indicating that it is composed of two story building, the area of each floor is nearly 2,600m², and it has parking’s to accommodate reviewers and staff , in addition, he said “we have been focusing on making a parking and entrances for those people with special needs.

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He pointed out the total cost of construction amount which was 13,500,000 SAR – which equal to €2,658,429-, and took into account in the design of the building simplicity and modernity to offer the best services. ” (Alsharq, 2012) (Alkhobartimes, 2012) In addition, here is an aerial view from Google Earth to the area. The location circulated by a red line and you can see the Prince Nayef bin Abdul Aziz Rd on the left side of the location, See figure 3.

It also can be seen that the building is facing the West side toward the main road and there is not any building on the nearby area, which allow the sun to hit Figure 2.2.5.1.3 An Aerial view taken from Google Earth

the building from the very morning till the evening, it will be discussed more further in this research.

Figure 2.2.5.1.4 A sketch up model to the building from Google earth

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2.3 BIM BIM main objective is to model the process and to develop the using of computer-generated model to simulate the design, planning, construction and operation of a facility. This will go through modelling from the very first sketches until the operation of the building. The flexibility of designing and modelling different form and shape, and analysis it keening on achieving a sustainable building. (Levy, 2011) (Salman Azhar, et al , 2011)

Figure 2.2.5.1.1: some 3D solid geometry. Ranging from simple prisms to NURBS surface, can be produced in BIM

Once it is talked about BIM you will be reminded of the traditional way of designing, drafting and construct constructing process. A large portion of the planning and coordinat coordinating in the project occurred primarily in the architects’ and engineers’ minds and was not supported by technology. Most of the decisions were made on site based on people interpetation of the drawing that had been preduceing by the architects and engineers from many deciplines.

Figure 2.6 2-D drawing

The 2D drawing allows you to see it from two diminsion only and not valid to see it from any other diminsion.

The result of this is to repeatable of the same quession over and over ,and keep asking about different parts in the project (Reddy, 2011, p. 40).

Moreover, over many years ago, buildings had none of their construction budgets dedicated to mechanical and electrical systems, simply because those systems did not exist; Today, things has changed to a better level, but still not in the best. Things are not quintifyed because it needs a Specialized laboratorties. For example, 60 persents of a medical field needs many of 5

Figure 2.7 CAD draft, how much change need to, to change one window for example

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specilized work and needs to be done and it needs to be taken into certain budget; nevertheless, dedicated to mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems.

Furthermore, buidling materials and inregulare shapes of building façade and architecture design. Many technical drawing and details have to specifyed. It is in this technological climate that BIM has emerged (Levy, 2011).

In conclusion, 3D drawing is not impossble in the tradisional way but in need to do it in deffrent software like AutoCAD then need to imported to Google Sketch up which makes it diffecult and cannot change data concurrently or in fact changing might cause problimatic. The Ablity of the 3D modeling programe to create verual model that helps to make it quick and cost-efficient to create compared to physical models the model could be used for rendering, and inhouse studies, and communication ideas with consultants and clients.Although, the modeling time is less than the tradisional way of modeling which saves time and money (Epstein, 2012, p. 15).

Figure 2.2.5.1.2 In traditional construction drawings, a comprehensive “model� of the building is a composite of a variety of 2D views, which are commonly called drawings. If a view is missing, there is a gap in the model.

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2.4 Sustainability Current sustainable state in Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia is one of the driest regions in the world. It has no rivers or lakes and it depends on desalination plants to bring the water supply to the population. The government has been tackling the issue of increasing water demand, which is manifest in the domestic sector by by developing 33 desalination plants, thereby making Saudi Arabia the world’s largest producer of desalinated water (Vincent, 2008). However, the price of water and electricity is low that nobody will be interested in water and energy conservation. In addition to that, The Buildings in Saudi Arabia are tending to lay stress on a luxurious style of living without paying attention to sustainability principles. Moreover, they unfortunate do not use a sustainable way to generate the electricity. They always practice bringing of fossil fuels, which causes a major environmental impact on air, climate, water and land. Furthermore, the reason they abundant availability of renewable energy sources is because the rate of the oil comparing to for example; Photovoltaic (PV) is too expensive and not feasible economically (Taleb, 21 July 2010).

So, if a client desires a green building and sustainable. An energy analysis will be done. In fact, it is one of the main benefits of using BIM. There are many ways to utilizing BIM in more efficient buildings. The software helps to analyse the building and produce many information that help the architect to understand the site. Once he knows the prediction of the cost during the earlier design phase, they will have a chance to change, add and remove some feature of the building used and make it better. this has an impact on the energy consumption and the cost during the building life cycle. The owner can use the same data to fill in the application and maintaining of certification for LEED-EB operations and maintenance (O&M)) (Reddy, 2011).

It is worth to mansion that Sustainability is mainly depends on the economic and social responsibilities. It has been considering in recent years that architecture concept of sustainable design is affecting the quality of life (Taleb, 21 July 2010).

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2.5 Case study 2.5.1 Masder city (Source city) Masder is one of the most sustainable renewable energy. Clean technology was designed by Norman foster + Partner in Abu Dhabi City, United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Their aim was to create a hub of business area and institute where can have all sustainable sources. The performance of building applied different techniques that they had been inspirited by the East and Middle East architecture. Despite those techniques they had examine it to ensure that it works perfectly.

Figure 2.5.1.1 An illustration of the structure of the sustainable city

Here is a Thermal analysis image was taken in the central of Abu Dhabi street and Masdar Institute street. It is easy to recognise that the bright colour is representing the high amount of energy demand that has each surface and the blue colour is the low energy demand. according to the images, it appears that there is an extreme differences in energy demands in the same day and time, the temperature dropped from 55˚C to 32˚C. The consideration that was taken to design such a master plan are “the biggest environmental gains come from some of the

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Figure 2.5.1.2 Thermal image (Picture source http://masdarcity.ae/)

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most passive and least expensive, tools: the city’s (and buildings’) orientation (with regards to the sun and prevailing winds) and its form. Next most effective is building performance optimisation, such as an efficient envelope and systems, and smart building management. Active controls, such as renewable energy, are the most expensive, while offering the lowest relative environment-impact returns. That’s why designers first concentrated on orientation and performance optimisation”. This modern type of architecture can save a lot of money from cooling down to those building to comfort temperature (CityMasdar, 2013).

Examples of the supply chain outcomes in the six existing buildings of Masdar City that mansions in official Masdar City Website: 

100% sustainably sourced timber



90% recycled-content aluminium used for the inner façade



Green concrete that used ground granulated blasted slag to replace cement, resulting in a reduction of the concrete carbon footprint by 30-40% of CO2



Water-based paints that have no volatile organic compound, which harm human health



Reinforcing bars made of 100% recycled steel.

Figure 2.5.1.3 A photographic view of Masdar City (http://masdarcity.ae/)

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2.6 Conclusion Based on the preceding review, it is evident that the utilizing of BIM can improve the performance of the building in Saudi Arabia, and it can lead to an improvement in the performance.

Also, in relation to the a sustainable building, it can predicts the cost of the energy at earlier stages which makes the owner understands the efficiency of the building which is based on the concept that the architect provide, in another word, it can improve the quality of the life.

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3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction Last chapter presented the background and an overview of the research context for the project, followed by identifying the aims and objectives. It also reviewed the relevant literature associated with the research topic. Moreover, it provided supports with an example of BIM implementation. Furthermore, it explained that there are a lot of gaps in the matter of the use and the advantages of using BIM. Because it can be utilized to handle the project from the very first draft design until the completion and operate, it could take a further step to plan for maintenances.

The purpose of this research is to analyse the performance of the DCM building in Saudi Arabia by evaluating and comparing the results. The question of this research is Will BIM help to improve the performance of DCM? In this chapter, an outline of the methods that will be used to answer the research question.

The theme that will be used is a scientific experiment where the DCM will be re-created using BIM implementation and other case studies to compare the results.

3.2 Research Approach The general methods of this research will be qualitative in its nature, which it deals with quantitative research techniques. The research needs to take this approach because it helps in exploring more about the facts that surround DCM case study.

3.3 Primary research is building performance The primary research is about DCM performance where the main purpose of the research is to find out feasibility of using BIM as a tool to improve the performance in the DCM building. Therefore, a quantitative research will take a place to answer the aims and objective of this research.

In order to establish a building analysis report, it is very important to survey the building and create a BIM model from it. Furthermore, there is still a gap in term of the science technology of Saudi market.

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Survey the building: the Auto CAD drawing was provided by one of the employees.

Some information about the construction was provided, like the wall construction methods that they are used. The Auto CAD file contains elevations and sections, Ground floor, first floor, and roof. It also contains schedules of windows and doors, which has poor details but sufficient. This information was enough to create BIM model in order to simulate the building and analyse it.

Building energy report: this report is about the results that were predicted using historical information on the site. The report shows information based on the volume data and percentage of the glazing on each side. It also shows the followings: 1. Building performance factors

12. Monthly electricity consumption

2. Energy use intensely

13. Monthly peak demand

3. Life Cycle energy use/cost

14. Annual

wind

rose

(speed

distribution)

4. Renewable energy potential

15. Annual

5. Annual carbon emissions

wind

rose

(frequency

distribution)

6. Annual energy use/cost 7. Energy use: Fuel

16. Monthly wind roses

8. Potential energy savings

17. monthly design data

9. Monthly heating load

18. Annual temperature bins

10. Monthly cooling load

19. Diurnal weather averages

11. Monthly fuel consumption

20. Humidity

All this data were analysed in the cloud and it can be produced either by using Revit or Vasari (See Appendix A).

Other software, like Ecotect Analysis 2011 and Vasari 3, do further and deep visualizations of wind, sun path and solar radiation‌etc. Ecotect Analysis does further analysis of natural light and predicts the best orientation related to the data of weather that has been taken from U.S Energy Department website, which provides simulation software that Ecotect Analysis can recognise to give more information about the site, such as finding the coldest day, hottest day, brightest day, etc. so the designer can have a different options to show to the client

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3.4 Secondary research is it sustainable The secondary research is based mainly on Masdar City case study, online journals, and sustainable and architecture websites might be involved too. The purpose of using this particular case study is because they had used the latest sustainable technology to build the whole city. The strategy that they used will help to have a better understanding of creating a better functional sustainable environment, as it is the most sustainable city in the Middle East. Despite the differences between a city and a single building, the same principles will be applied the buildings as long as it has a similar climate.

3.5 Limitation The research will be very limited to the use of BIM implementation due to the lack of the options that are available to judge the building performance. There are more things to study such as the energy lost through specific details junction or developed design of window and window cell to decrease heat gain though it. Moreover, Saudi market might be limited to certain product availability such as insulation, a specific window-shading device, improve air tightness...etc.

It is also important to be aware of that there are some more limitations in the research in terms of getting an exact information about the R-value U-value and 但-value and BIM does not have this factor to calculate, which help to visualise more in depth an options and solution.

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4 Result This chapter is showing the result that was produced by using BIM implementation which will help to assess the (DCM) building. It is worth mentioning that the analytical results will be focusing on the existing assessment, which means it will not change any of the building design or floors layout. Before getting into the first analysis, an investigation was applied to the site in relation to the weather data and level of humidity. Then, an analysis was carried to know the building orientation. That information will help to predict the needed performance and whether it is related to heat gain or ventilation. Secondly, an investigation related to the wind data took a place to see how effective it is on the site. Thirdly, an investigation related to the Energy used in the building and how much cooling it needs to make the internal space at a comfort temperature. Fourthly, an investigation will be taken into consideration in relation to Natural light and the source of natural light in some of spaces such as Office, main hall, entrance, etc. Finally, building envelop or building material where an investigation was done to analyse the building walls.

4.1 Sun path and orientation The building orientation is toward the north where it has a very strong shading during the morning and the afternoon. Good to note that the working hours on that building is normally from 7 a.m. to 2 p.m.

As it is mentioned before, all the findings are produced using BIM implementation

through

Revit

Software where there is a certain

Figure 2.5.1.1 A google earth image of the site. Shows the surrounding of the building (Repeated from chapter 2 for reader convenance).

specification related to the office building and weather data of the location.

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4.1.1 Diurnal Weather Averages As shown in figure 4.1.2 below, the outdoor minimum temperature is around 7˚C during the winter but there is a significant change during the summer where the temperature is leaning to the upper side of the diagram and the ambient temperature which is between 22˚C to 25˚C are only during two months (March and November) of the year. However, it is above the comfort level in the rest of the year. kWh/ m²

ANNUAL INCIDENT SOLAR RADIAT ION AT 175.0° Total Annual Collection: 1032.54 kWh/ m² Underheated Period: 351.65 kWh/ m² Overheated Period: 131.19 kWh/ m²

<WorldMap>, SAU (26.0°, 50.0°)

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2000.0

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0.0

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Feb

Mar

Apr

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Dec

Figure 4.1.1.1 Annual incident solar radiation shows the three hottest and coldest months during the year.

Building orientation plays an important role in the building performance. So, an analysis was done through Ecotec to find what the best orientation for the building with taking into respect the weather data. The result in Figure .4.1.3 shows that the best orientation in a yellow coloure which pointed to the south at 175˚C. The worst point is toward the east in red coloure at 85˚C. Also, it shows some additional result such as the annual average about 125˚C, and under heating period, which is all brought to understand the environment. So now the designer will have an ideally realistic information to help him to think about more than one option options to consider 14

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improving the design orientation and all this will goes depending on the type of the activity…etc. which this research will talk about later.

Optimum Orientation Location: <WorldMap>, SAU Orientation based on average daily incident radiation on a vertical surface.

Underheated Stress: 11.3 Overheated Stress: 1992.4 Compromise: 175.0° © Weather Tool

345° 330°

N

15°

kWh/ m²

Best 30°

3.60

Worst

3.20 315°

45° 2.80 2.40

300°

60°

2.00 1.60 1.20

285°

75°

0.80 0.40

85.0°

270°

90°

255°

105°

240°

120°

225°

Avg. Daily Radiation at 175.0° Entire Year: 1.89 kWh/ m² Underheated: 3.24 kWh/ m² Overheated: 0.34 kWh/ m²

135°

210°

150° 195°

Compromise: 175.0°165° 180°

Annual Average Underheated Period Overheated Period

Figure 4.1.1.2 Best orientation

However, there is more information to highlight like the illustration in the next few pages. It shows few information relates to the site in first figure 4.1.4 brightest day.

Second Figure 4.1.5 about the strongest wind, third figure 4.1.6 about the average of the hottest day, last Figure 4.1.7 is about the coldest day in the year. So, this information helps to decide whether using a renewable energy product like wind, PV panels… etc. is helpful or not Here are some points to explain more about each figure factors: 1. A monthly duration average shows the average behavior of temperature through the year.

2. According to the daily condition of the pointed day, for example, in fig Figure.4.1.5, it proposes that the strongest wind comes to the site is on the 13th

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of June. On the left of the same figure is the temperature scale while on the right is the W/m². At the bottom is a 24-hours scale for which the behavior of the day is based on that scale.

3. The legend of the figure highlights the Temperature in blue, Direct solar in yellow, Rel-humidity in dash green line, diffuse solar, wind speed in bright blue and cloud cover in gray.

°C

MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - <WorldMap>, SAU

W/ m²

40

1.0k

30

0.8k

20

0.6k

10

0.4k

0

0.2k

-10

0.0k Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

°C

LEGEND Comfort: Thermal Neutrality Temperature Rel.Humidity Wind Speed

Direct Solar Diffuse Solar Cloud Cover

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

DAILY CONDITIONS - 15th February (46)

W/ m²

40

1.0k

30

0.8k

20

0.6k

10

0.4k

0

0.2k

-10

2

4

Figure 4.1.1.3 Brightest day

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MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - <WorldMap>, SAU

W/ m²

40

1.0k

30

0.8k

20

0.6k

10

0.4k

0

0.2k

-10

0.0k Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

°C

LEGEND Comfort: Thermal Neutrality Temperature Rel.Humidity Wind Speed

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

DAILY CONDITIONS - 13th June (164)

W/ m²

40

1.0k

30

0.8k

20

0.6k

10

0.4k

0

0.2k

Direct Solar Diffuse Solar Cloud Cover

-10

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

0.0k

Figure 4.1.1.4 Strongest wind

°C

MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - <WorldMap>, SAU

W/ m²

40

1.0k

30

0.8k

20

0.6k

10

0.4k

0

0.2k

-10

0.0k Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

°C

LEGEND Comfort: Thermal Neutrality Temperature Rel.Humidity Wind Speed

Direct Solar Diffuse Solar Cloud Cover

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

DAILY CONDITIONS - 28th July (209)

W/ m²

40

1.0k

30

0.8k

20

0.6k

10

0.4k

0

0.2k

-10

2

4

Figure 4.1.1.5 Hottest day average

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MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - <WorldMap>, SAU

W/ m²

40

1.0k

30

0.8k

20

0.6k

10

0.4k

0

0.2k

-10

0.0k Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

°C

LEGEND Comfort: Thermal Neutrality Temperature Rel.Humidity Wind Speed

Direct Solar Diffuse Solar Cloud Cover

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

DAILY CONDITIONS - 5th December (339)

W/ m²

40

1.0k

30

0.8k

20

0.6k

10

0.4k

0

0.2k

-10

2

4

6

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0.0k

Figure 4.1.1.6 Coldest day

4.1.2 Comfort level The shown

psychometric in

Figure

chart, 4.1.8,

demonstrates the average comfort zone through the whole year. To explain why it was decided to be the comfort level, a description of the chart itself is needed.

First, the bottom line is represents the temperature in Celsius degrees. Second, the right scale represents

Figure 4.1.2.1 Explain the psychometric chart

humidity. Third, the curve line represents the outside air. The comfort level is different in each season, as it is shown in Table 1.

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Table 1 Psychometric Chart

25˚C to 30˚C

ALL Year

Average

Summer

1st June to 1st September

30˚C to 35˚C

Autumn

1st September to 1st December

25˚C to 30˚C

Winter

1st December to 1st March

20˚C to 25˚C

Spring

1st March to 1st June

25˚C to 30˚C

Psychrome tric Chart

AH

Location: RIYADH, SAU Data Points: 1st January to 31st December Weekday Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Weekend Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Barometric Pressure: 101.36 kPa © Weather Tool

30

Figure 4.1.2.2 An avrage confort level through the

25

20

15

10

5 Comfort

DBT(°C)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

19

40

45

50

whole year

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Table 2 Seasonal table of different comfort zone Psychrome tric Chart

AH

Location: RIYADH, SAU Data Points: 1st June to 1st September Weekday Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Weekend Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Barometric Pressure: 101.36 kPa © Weather Tool

Psychrome tric Chart 30

AH

Location: RIYADH, SAU Data Points: 1st December to 1st March Weekday Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Weekend Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Barometric Pressure: 101.36 kPa © Weather Tool

30

25

25

20 20

15 15

10

10

5

5 Comfort

Comfort

DBT(°C)

DBT(°C)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

50

Winter

Summer Psychrome tric Chart

AH

Location: RIYADH, SAU Data Points: 1st September to 1st December Weekday Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Weekend Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Barometric Pressure: 101.36 kPa © Weather Tool

30

Psychrome tric Chart

AH

Location: RIYADH, SAU Data Points: 1st March to 1st June Weekday Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Weekend Times: 00:00-24:00 Hrs Barometric Pressure: 101.36 kPa © Weather Tool

30

25 25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

Comfort

DBT(°C)

5

10

15

20

25

Comfort

30

35

40

45

50

Autumn

DBT(°C)

5

Spring

20

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

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Psychrome tric Chart

120

Enthalpy (kJ/ kg) AH

Location: RIYADH, SAU Display: Monthly Mean Minimum/ Maximum Barometric Pressure: 101.36 kPa © Weather Tool

110

HILITE: Active Cooling

100 30 Ventilate or Air-Condition

90

80

25

70

Air-Condition 20

60

Ventilate

50

Evaporative or Air-Condition 15

40

30 10

20 Ventilate or Evaporative

D D

10

J

J F

A

M N

O

M F

MS

Evaporative

O

N J A

5

S

A M

A

J J

J

0 DBT(°C)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Figure 4.1.2.3 Mainly this chart explain the different technique to cool the building Psychrome tric Chart

AH

Location: RIYADH, SAU Display: Monthly Mean Minimum/ Maximum Barometric Pressure: 101.36 kPa © Weather Tool HILITE: Climate Classification

30

25

20

Warm Humid

Hot Humid 15

10 Warm Dry

Moderate Cool

D

A

M

DBT(°C)

5

10

15

20

O

S

J

M

F

J

Hot Dry

25

30

35

5

A J

N

40

45

Figure 4.1.2.4 This chart shows the climate classification that help to understand the weather changes

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Psychrome tric Chart

VP

Location: RIYADH, SAU Display: Monthly Mean Minimum/ Maximum Barometric Pressure: 101.36 kPa © Weather Tool

5.2

SELECT ED DESIGN T ECHNIQUES: 1. passive solar heating 2. thermal mass effects 3. exposed mass + night-purge ventilation 4. natural ventilation 5. direct evaporative cooling 6. indirect evaporative cooling

4.8

4.4

4.0

3.6

3.2

2.8

2.4

2.0

1.6

1.2 D D

J

J

DBT(°C)

5

F

10

O

A

M N

F

Comfort M MS

0.8

S

A O

N J A

M

A

J J

0.4

J

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Figure 4.1.2.5 This chart can explain different techniques to cool or heat building using different methods

%

Comfort Percentages NAME: RIYADH LOCATION: SAU WEEKDAYS: 00:00 - 24:00 Hrs POSITION: 24.7°, 46.8° © Weather Tool

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

80 60 40 20 0

%

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

NATURAL VENTILATION

80 60 40 20 0

%

Before

THERMAL MASS EFFECTS

After

%

80

80

60

60

40

40

20 0

%

Feb

Mar

Apr

20 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

0

Year

EXPOSED MASS + NIGHT-PURGE VENTILATION

%

80

80

60

60

40

40

20

20

0

Jan

DIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

0

Year

Figure 4.1.2.6 Comfort percentage using different technique

22

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Ali Alfaraj

20044297 Nevertheless, the comfort in each building will be also different, depending on the activity in the space. It was specified that the type of work that is being done within DCM. For more information about how much energy human produces in different

Figure 4.1.2.7 Thermal loads from people doing different activities - (Autodesk, 2013)

activity, see Figure.4.1.9.

Figure 4.1.2.8 Diurnal Weather Averages

On the other hand, the purple colour represents the direct solar per meter-square and as it can be seen that the direct solar start at 600 W/m² up to 900 W/m², and the average is taken, from figure 4.1.15, at 750 W/m².

Thus, with a simple calculation we can find the amount of energy which can be done by placing a Photovoltaic panel at the top of the building. Then, multiply the area of the roof by the average energy that produced in year. The following calculation was applied: 1462.10m² x 750 W/m²=1096575W/m² x 12 months =13158900 ÷ 1000 =13158.900kW Nevertheless to determine the amount of energy produced by Photovoltaic panel it is always depends on 5 factors: 23

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1. The site conditions: latitude, longitude, and local weather 2. The orientation and exposure of the panels to the sun 3. The efficiency of the panels 4. The available area for panels

Figure 4.1.2.9 Solar energy potential map of the world. Saudi Arabia consider as a 2000kW/m²/Year (image source: NASA)

5. The power conversion electronics

4.1.3 Humidity As the building located on the east province of Saudi Arabia where Arabian Gulf,the humidity is too high in that area.

Since the building is located in the east province of Saudi Arabia, the level of humidity is high around the area that the Arabian Gulf affects it.

The following graph, in figure 4.1.17, shows the humidity average in the morning which is represented by the red line in the graph. The blue line indicates a decrease in the humidity average by 20% through the year. However, the light green line resamples the daily range. The dotted lines, above and below the graph, represent the full average range of minimum and maximum humidity, based on the historical records.

As the temperature changes over years, hidden line is taken into consideration for much more sustainable design.

Figure 4.1.3.1 A historical record of Humidity

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Pre vailing W inds Ave ra ge R e la tive H umidity

345°

0.0%

Location: DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA (26.2°, 50.1°) Date: 1st January - 31st December Time: 00:00 - 24:00 © Weather Tool

330°

0.0% 0.2%

315° 0.0%

0.1%

1.2%

0.0%

1.9%

0.6% 0.1%

2.6%

1.1%

0.1% 0.1% 0.3%

1.0%

55 45

0.0%

35

0.0%

60°

0.1%

2.9%

1.2% 20 km/ h 4.9% 3.1%

65

45°

0.8%

15 <5

0.5%

0.0%

2.7% 2.8% 0.2% 10 km/ h 1.7% 3.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 1.8% 0.1% 2.2% 1.7% 0.2% 0.3% 0.1%

0.0%

75°

0.2% 2.6% 2.1% 0.5% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% EAST

0.1% 0.3% 1.2% 0.1% 0.4% 2.2% 0.4% 2.4% 0.1% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.5% 2.9% 0.1% 0.2% 0.7% 4.3% 0.0% 0.6% 2.6% 0.0% 2.0%

255°

0.1%

0.0%

0.5%

0.0%

0.1%

1.6%

105°

0.4%

1.2%

0.5%

0.0%

0.8%

4.9%

0.3%

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0.0%

0.2%

240°

25

0.4%

1.7%

0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 1.5% 0.1%

WEST

85 75

0.6%

4.4%

2.3% 0.2%

30°

0.0%

0.2%

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0.0%

0.3% 40 km/ h 0.5%

% 95+

1.7% 30 km/ h 2.4%

1.2%

0.1%

285°

15°

0.5%

0.2% 300°

0.0% NORTH 50 km/ h 0.1%

120°

0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0%

0.0%

225°

210°

135°

150° 195°

[Duration shown as percentages]

165°

SOUTH

Figure 4.1.3.2 Avragre Humidity on wind rose chart Pre vailing W inds Ma ximum R e la tive H umidity 330°

0.0% NORTH 50 km/ h 0.1%

345°

0.0%

Location: DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA (26.2°, 50.1°) Date: 1st January - 31st December Time: 00:00 - 24:00 © Weather Tool

0.0%

315° 0.0%

0.3% 1.9%

0.6% 0.1% 0.1%

285°

0.3% 1.0%

55 45 35

0.0%

60°

0.1%

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1.2% 20 km/ h 4.9% 3.1%

65

0.0%

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25 15

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<5

0.5%

0.0%

1.7%

2.7% 2.8% 0.2% 10 km/ h 1.7% 3.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 1.8% 0.1% 2.2% 1.7% 0.2% 0.3% 0.1%

0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 1.5% 0.1%

WEST

0.6%

4.4%

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75 45°

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30°

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95+

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0.2%

%

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75°

0.2% 2.6% 2.1% 0.5% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% EAST

0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 0.4% 2.2% 0.4% 2.4% 0.1% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.5% 2.9% 0.1% 0.2% 0.7% 4.3% 0.0% 0.6% 2.6% 0.0% 2.0% 1.2%

255°

0.1%

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4.9%

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0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0%

0.0%

225°

210° [Duration shown as percentages]

150° 195°

SOUTH

Figure 4.1.3.3 Maximum Humidity wind rose chart

25

165°

135°

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Pre vailing W inds Minimum R e la tive H umidity

345°

0.0%

Location: DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA (26.2°, 50.1°) Date: 1st January - 31st December Time: 00:00 - 24:00 © Weather Tool

330°

0.0% 0.2%

315° 0.0%

0.1%

1.2%

0.0%

1.9%

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2.6%

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55 45

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65

45°

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15 <5

0.5%

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2.7% 2.8% 0.2% 10 km/ h 1.7% 3.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 1.8% 0.1% 2.2% 1.7% 0.2% 0.3% 0.1%

0.0%

75°

0.2% 2.6% 2.1% 0.5% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% EAST

0.1% 0.3% 1.2% 0.1% 0.4% 2.2% 0.4% 2.4% 0.1% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.5% 2.9% 0.1% 0.2% 0.7% 4.3% 0.0% 0.6% 2.6% 0.0% 2.0%

255°

0.1%

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4.9%

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105°

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240°

25

0.4%

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0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 1.5% 0.1%

WEST

85 75

0.6%

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30°

0.0%

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% 95+

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285°

15°

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0.0% NORTH 50 km/ h 0.1%

120°

0.2% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0%

0.0%

225°

210° [Duration shown as percentages]

135°

150° 195°

SOUTH

165°

Figure 4.1.3.4 Minimum Humidity wind rose chart

Moreover, the building surroundings and the water sources affect the cooling energy demands. The result is also is affected by the water source. The more water, the more humid the building becomes.

Furthermore, the graph, shown in Figure 4.1.21 helps to understand the humidity behaviour by watching the differences between the two bars (Dry and Wet bulb temperature) The drier the air is, the less humidity is. In this graph, there is a wide range of differences and it suggests there is no humid summer. Regarding the Dry and wet bulb, on one hand, the dry bulb temperature is the air temperature without taking into account the moisture. A thermometer normally measures their temperature.

On the other hands, wet bulb temperature is the air temperature with taking into account the cooling potential of the evaporation. As a conclusion, to evaporate the

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moisture depends on the humidity in the air. So the dry will be always the lower than the wet bulb temperature because of the humidity.

Figure 4.1.3.5 Annual temperature bins. Shows that the site has a very dry summer

There is a monthly design data that can be produced from BIM clued energy analysis, which is based on the historical data that occurred in the previous years. This data can be used to improve the design better

by

using

the

information provided from past years. The first green box on the key ledge of the chart, shown in Figure 4.1.23

represents

Figure 4.1.3.6 Low and high humidity shown in a psychometric chart (For reader convenience)

the

Min/Max daily average on DCM site. However, there is still an average range of a cooling and heating dry bulb temperature which DCM has experienced them before by 1% chance but for better and more accurate result, The cooling and the heating range should be taken in consideration for more accurate results.

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Figure 4.1.3.7The graph above shows not only monthly temperatures averaged from historical climate data, but also two levels of error bars.

4.1.4 Solar radiation and Thermal heat gain The building is located in an open surrounding, as it can be seen in Fig.4.1.15, which means that the solar radiation is focusing on the building from all 3 sides. Therefore, it is increasing the material temperature so it is heating the outside then the inside of the building.

Figure 4.1.4.1 Solar radiation

The envelop will cause one of two, to create an overheating during the summer or winter or poor quality of indoor air.

However, as it is known

that

the

temperature in Saudi Arabia is very high, and as it was said before that, the external wall construction used a 300mm of cast insitu.

The 3D view, shown in Figure 4.1.25, illustrates the solar access associated with each surface. Each surface is shown in a unique colour; which represents a

Figure 4.25 Shadow range between 7 a.m. in morning until the 3 p.m. in the afternoon every 30 minutes (Working hours)

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total diffuse radiation in wh/m². Although, the shadow range, shown in Figure 4.1.25, highlights the range of shadow that will hit the site. The site behaviour during the working hours will help the designer to think about a proper improvement. For example, the designer can apply a shading device to the windows in a specific period in the day.

Figure 4.1.4.2 the Picture on the right is Stereographic sun path diagrams on winter, and the one on the right is the summer sunpath

4.2 Wind Analysis Wind has an important role in building design environment. It affects the temperature and air pressure around and within the building. The wind has a very strong speed frequency that hits the site from the northwest (NW) and North direction, See Figure.4.2.1. The chart (Wind yearly wind rose) shows wind behaviours on the site.

And it can also specify it to a certain monthly or seasons. This allows us to see where the wind is coming from. Thus, see figure 4.2.1, summer and spring seasons have a wind coming from the north side at speed of 9+ m/s, whereas during the Autumn and Winter the strongest direction of the wind coming speed frequency is between 6-9 m/s from the (NW) at average of 40% change.

In relation to the site, the building is oriented to face the west side and it has an entrance from the parking area at the rare side of the building. As it has been explained in this part that the wind coming from the north side in summer and spring almost has no effect on the site because of other buildings which covers the wind coming from the north side. The (NW) direction has an effect on the building because of the openness in that direction, see the Figure.4.2.3 which shows a 3D visualization at different wind speeds. The temperature will become different every time as it depends on the temperature and air speed. Therefore, it affects the thermal mass of the building. The

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wind speed can be seen in the wind rose (Average, min, max). also, it has been specified according to the working hours in the DCM..

Figure 4.1.4.1Yearly wind rose

Summer

Winter

Autumn

Spring

Figure 4.1.4.2 A seasonal wind rose shows the wind flow speed each season

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The wind will become different every time depending on the temperature and air speed. Therefore, it affects the thermal mass of the building. In the wind rose, as shown in Figure 4.2.4, 4.2.5,and 4.2.6 is indicates the wind speed (Average, min, max). Also, it has been specified according to the working hours in the DCM.

Pre vailing W inds Ave ra ge W ind T e mpe ra ture s

345°

0.0%

Location: DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA (26.2°, 50.1°) Date: 1st January - 31st December Time: 00:00 - 24:00 © Weather Tool

330°

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30

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4.4% 1.7% 0.0% 2.7% 2.8% 0.2% 10 km/ h 1.7% 3.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 1.0% 1.8% 0.1% 2.2% 1.7% 0.2% 0.3% 0.1%

0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 1.5% 0.1%

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0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 0.4% 2.2% 0.4% 2.4% 0.1% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.5% 2.9% 0.1% 0.2% 0.7% 4.3% 0.0% 0.6% 2.6% 0.0% 2.0% 1.2%

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SOUTH

Figure 4.1.4.3 Wind rose, average temperature wind speed

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Pre vailing W inds Ma ximum W ind T e mpe ra ture s

345°

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330°

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40 35

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1.2% 20 km/ h 4.9% 3.1%

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0.5%

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4.4% 1.7% 0.0% 2.7% 2.8% 0.2% 10 km/ h 1.7% 3.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 1.0% 1.8% 0.1% 2.2% 1.7% 0.2% 0.3% 0.1%

0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 1.5% 0.1%

75°

0.2% 2.6% 2.1% 0.5% 0.2% 0.1% 0.0% EAST

0.1% 0.3% 1.2% 0.1% 0.4% 2.2% 0.4% 2.4% 0.1% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.5% 2.9% 0.1% 0.2% 0.7% 4.3% 0.0% 0.6% 2.6% 0.0% 2.0%

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120°

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0.0%

225°

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135°

150° 195°

[Duration shown as percentages]

165°

SOUTH

Figure 4.1.4.4 Wind rose, Maximum temperature wind speed Pre vailing W inds Minimum W ind T e mpe ra ture s

345°

0.0%

Location: DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA (26.2°, 50.1°) Date: 1st January - 31st December Time: 00:00 - 24:00 © Weather Tool

330°

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315° 0.0%

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2.6%

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40 35

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0.5%

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4.4% 1.7% 0.0% 2.7% 2.8% 0.2% 10 km/ h 1.7% 3.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 1.0% 1.8% 0.1% 2.2% 1.7% 0.2% 0.3% 0.1%

0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 1.5% 0.1%

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0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 0.4% 2.2% 0.4% 2.4% 0.1% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.5% 2.9% 0.1% 0.2% 0.7% 4.3% 0.0% 0.6% 2.6% 0.0% 2.0% 1.2%

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4.9%

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SOUTH

Figure 4.1.4.5 Wind rose, Minimum temperature wind speed

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The higher the speed of the wind, the lower the tempreature it becomes. Therefore, it will bring much more cold air to the building which will disturb the comfort tempreture inside the building.

Here on the pictures, as shown in Figure 4.2.9 it can be seen that the coverage area by the wind speed. Each picture represents the speed of the wind that comes from the NW. It is starts at 0.100fr/s up to 0.900fr/s.

This information gives an idea of how is the environment interacts with the building.

Therefore, it will help to understand the existing location.

Figure 4.1.4.6 Top view shows a 3D wind analysis that coming from the Northwest side in difference speed

Annual Wind frequency is based on each months,see figure 4.2.5, as been desctribte in autodesk Vasari the manual â&#x20AC;&#x153;This wind rose shows the same data as the Speed Distribution wind rose, except the radial scale now represents wind speed rather than percent of time. Also, the colored segments of each spoke represent hours rather than wind speedâ&#x20AC;?.

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Figure 4.1.4.7 Monthly wind rose (Frequency Distribution)

4.3 Energy Use The following bar chart gives the predictable energy used depending on the wall and roof performance in relation to thermal gain. So, it is clear that the amount of cooling during the summer (August) time rises up to about 120.000 kW/h; whereas during winter, especially in December, it drops down to the half about 60.000 kW/h.

Therefore, it is clear that the people will not use a heating system but they will close all windows instead, which will cause another problem of poor internal air quality.

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Figure 4.1.4.2 This chart displays the DCMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s estimated electricity usage by month. If the project uses air conditioning, electricity usage increases during the hotter months of the year.

Figure 4.1.4.1 this chart displays DCM estimated peak electricity demand by month. Peak demand is the maximum instantaneous electrical load

By looking to these, two interesting bar chart, we can see very clear the type of energy being gain and the load used to produce heating and cooling. Starting by explaining the legends that placed on the right side of the chart. First group is the internal load like Misc Equipment (Includes plug loads like computers and office equipment), Light fixtures and Occupants the heat gain within the building. Second group is the Window solar, Window conductive, Infiltration, undergrounds Surroundings, INT Surroundings, Roofs and walls. Those consider as an external loads heat gain or loss due to conduction, convection, and radiation though the envelope.

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In these, two bar chart, as shown in Figure 4.3.1, and 4.3.2, it can be seen very clearly the type of energy being gained and the load used to produce heating and cooling. The legends that are placed on the right side of the chart consist of first group which is the internal load like Misc. Equipment (including electrical plug loads like computers and office equipment), Light fixtures and occupants the heat gain within the building. Second group consists of the Window solar, Window conductive, Infiltration, undergrounds Surroundings, INT Surroundings, Roofs and walls. Those are considered as external loads either gain or loss due to conduction, convection, and radiation though the envelope.

Figure 4.1.4.4 Monthly Heating load

Figure 4.1.4.3 Monthly Cooling load

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On the other hand, the next chart, as shown in Figure 4.3.4, shows a significance leaning to heat energy gain where heat must be removed to maintain thermal comfort.

The cause of the heat gain mainly is due to the windows and walls but not the roof because it is insulated. Therefore, there will be needs for the extra energy to maintain cooling levels inside the building.

4.4 Natural Light Natural light is very important aspect in buildings, which allows the occupancies to perform better instead of using the electrical light. However, by looking at the first impression to daylight floor analysis, it can be seen the assumption of the amount of light that is going to enter each space, as shown in Figure 4.4.1 and it can visualize the space that has concentrated area light like the main hall and stare core, .Yet, it does not allow the sun to shine into the offices from the two sides (North and South).

On the other hand, the building is exposed to the morning and afternoon sun (East and West), which considered to be very warm and causes a lot of heat gain..

The picture, in Figure 4.4.4 and 4.4.5 illustrate the light day analysis inside the building. according to the pictures, it can be seen where exactly the source of natural light is without the use of electrical light. Also, it shows that there are 4 main strong light sources coming in, 3 from the west and 1 from the east, from the main entrances.

Also, there are two skylight windows and dome at the front of the building and it is the main cause of the light to the middle main hall in the west side of the building, and those are about 37% of the total roof area. In addition, it is very important at this stage to consider the percentage of the light strength because it generates a thermal heat

Figure 4.1.4.2 An internal view of the main hall shows the shadow and the light that coming from the dome and the skylight window

Figure 4.1.4.1 Same view of the hall shows the level of the light strength coming from the skylight

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gain through the whole year. 40.0% is the middle number in the legend on the right of the picture. This number is considered as the average number in the list, and whatever figure below it, it is considered to be very warm, and the best rates of an average between 24% to 32% depending on the season. Although, there are two things to consider, first is the thermal comfort for the occupancy of using natural light, and the second is the thermal heat gain of facing a direct sunlight. Moreover, there are a few blue lines crossing the plan, which represent the sun path through the year and it has a name at the end of the line to tell which month is this.

Figure 4.1.4.3 Analysis of natural daylight to the Ground floor plan7

4.5 Building material and Sustainability In this part, several ways will be discussed to make a sustainable building. it can be a certain material or strategy that helps to create a better and sustainable environment. At first, as it has been explained before, the DCM is located on arid area and usually it is such a hot place. However, the temperature drops in this area between day and night.

This happens Due to the effect of thermal mass on the external side of the building.

It overheats the building and this depends on the colour of the material and the conductivity of the surface.

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Therefore, there is a need for daylight but not directed sun light, because it rises the temperature of the surface and light colours also need to reflect the sun from observing heat. Furthermore, having a courtyard with a natural ventilation and pools or fountains can help to create a better environment to cool the surroundings (Autodesk, 2013).

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5 Discussion 5.1 Introduction This chapter will discuss two main things. First, discuss the result of evaluating the performance of the building. Second, there will be a comparison between DCM and Masder City, which were designed by Norman Foster, as a good sustainable city example in the same region.

5.2 Analysis the result At this stage, there are several problems had been identified in The previous chapters using different types of building analysis. Consequently, More options will be provided to make some development in DCM in the future.

5.2.1 Site Analysing the building orientation will help to evaluate the solar radiation in each direction. So, as it has been shown in the results in chapter 4.1.4 the building oriented toward the west where it a very bright entrance because of the sky light, so the main hall will heat up very quickly. Also, without any wall insulation, things become worse. Second, Saudi Arabia is located very closely to equator where there is no lower sun during the wintertime. Therefore, the building has exposed to very dry Summer and wet Winter. Humidity affects the level of the comfort depending on the water source within the site, and temperature and wind direction become more effectively to get a good level of comfort. Lastly, the shape of the building and windows opening are important factors to help controlling energy gains and losses.

5.2.2 Energy All aspects are mentioned in 5.2.1 are important because they help to get a thermal comfort in the building without using much of energy demand. As it shows in the result chapter that the main energy demand loses through the wall, windows solar, windows conductive, lighting fixtures, Misc and equipment. Despite the heat generate from others elements like roofs, infiltration, occupants â&#x20AC;Śetc, they are not a major loses. The most important thing that it it is easier to notice the problem using the bar chart to see where the most heat gain, or lost in DCM. For this project it is easy to recognise that the main heat gain was through the window solar where 40

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the direct sun light comes through windows from the east and west. By upgrading some of those elements an approximate of 100000 MJ will be saved (Megajoule).

However, increasing the natural ventilation will help to put down some of the figures epically during the Autumn and Spring seasons

and accordingly it will Improve

the quality of air and the cooling demand.

Figure 5.2.2.5.2.2.1 This is a Cool Laod bar charts Comparseve between an upgarding the elements that cause a signigcanse energy demand on DCM building. These charts compare between the cool load level when using upgraded elements and with using non-upgraded

5.2.3 Masder City in Abu Dhabi (Case study) Masder City is a masterpiece of design, it is one of the most modern sustainable Cities in the Middle East. In comparison with DCM, Masder City applies a different design strategy to perform in a very sustainable and efficient way. In addition to that, the urbanism of Masder plays, a big role in making it sustainable but here it just goes to get through the strategies without taking into account what it makes or forces it to work in a single building. All the information and pictures were taken from http://masdarcity.ae/.

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The main strategy that was used in Masder City is orienting the city grid by minimising the solar heat gain from the sun on walls and streets. Also, by maximising cooling sources by using different type of cooling system like the tower (which designed to be higher than others building on the city) where it catches the required high speed of wind at upper level, to lower it down to the street level and putting a number of fountains to maximise the cooling at night time.

Nevertheless, there might be a lot of limitations in the way of applying all the aspects to a single building but there is a way to create a micro-climate effect to the site especially in a project like DCM size. This type of design is nothing new to Arabian Gulf or South West Asia, because it has been used in many countries.

But now it is being applied in a city scale.

Wind tower is a famous. used element in the past in most traditional Arabian Gulf houses. It is a landmark for their hoses just like the pitch roof in western hoses.

The wind tower that used in MC is an adoption from traditional wind tower which was used in city in South West Asia(Performance, 2010).

The possibility of applying this system is not anonymous to a modern world. It has been used in many country such as, in the UK in BedZED, so it is possible to use this type of passive cooling system in both large and small scale (Twinn, 2003).

However, coming back to the DCM design, it is very clear that the designer put those wind towers to give a traditional impression to the building without making any connection to the building and make it functional, to take an advantage of the wind tower as a passive cooling element, See figure 4.2.3.2. the illustrations explain the way in which the wind tower work, so as it was said before that it will be a good advantage to use it to ventilate the building in the nice days.

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Figure 5.2.3.1 This is a wind tower that was designed to be in Masder City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Figure 5.2.3.2 illustration explain the wind tower system, and how it works

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Figure 5.2.3.3 this is a pictures of traditional wind tower

Figure 5.2.3.4 A 3D view of DCM showing an asymbol of wind tower, representing the gulf architecture

5.2.3.2

Low rise, high density

Most buildings in MC are consisted of five storeys or less. Therefore, it decreases the size of the roof surface which exposed to the sun. The top floor will gain more heat than the lower one. By contrast, DCM is a two storeys building with skylight at the main entrance, which causes more heat gain to some parts inside the building. it exposes more to sun light through the day because of the openness around the building. However, there are various ways and possibilities to reduce the heat gain simply by passive cooling, ventilate the building or add a vegetation, water source like fountain or shading devices at the top.

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5.1.1 Vibrant urban realm Building a city that has a public space between buildings to motivate people to go outside and enjoy the outdoors. Within a minute, there are an access to a park to create a coolness that allow the wind to get through. Therefore, that will help to increase the people's body temperature comfort to a higher degree so they will be able to feel cool within the city and be part of it. And here is a very important strategy that has been used to increase people self-temperature, . For example people, working in office usually consumes 100 watt of energy, and people with higher activity will increase the normal body energy almost up to 200 watt ; therefore, when they stay on a shadow they will feel cooler and it will increase the comfort temperature to feel relax at 25˚C. It is possible to create that sort of feeling even with different type of atmosphere by enhancing the micro-climate around and inside the building. As it was mention before the vegetation and water source, So, that would be part of good orientation that DCM has.

6. Recommendation and Conclusion 6.1 Conclusion

In conclusion, throughout this dissertation an extensive research has been carried out on achieving this piece of work. BIM provides many actual figures and visualization to give a better understanding of the case study (DCM). This was the research aim ‘to investigate the use of BIM in an actual existing public building in Saudi Arabia, Dammam Centre Municipality.’

Meanwhile, by listing the objectives it would be much easier to remember them and answer them in few sentences: 1. Surveying the existing building to identify the problems which arise because of using the traditional way of designing and co-operating between construction professionals instead of BIM 2. To evaluate the design 3. To identify and appraise the existing approaches that has been used on the building and whether it is sustainable or not 45

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4. To develop/propose a project-based construction options to improve the performance 5. Analysing the building using BIM methodology To archive objective one, the reason to survey the building is to be able to redraw or model the DCM using BIM tools. By luck, I could get one of my engineering friends that he worked there so he was able to get a permission to get an access to those CAD electronic copies. A ten drawing sheets were provided by the author, see appendix A. Objective two, afterward, a BIM model was created by the author so he can produce and analyse the DCM using that model. He used a few software, Revit, Vasari and Ecotect Analysis. This is the list of the analysis that been done by those softwareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s: 1. Wind analysis (Wind speed &

6. Solar radiation

wind frequency)

7. Humidity level

2. Energy analysis report

8. Temperature

3. Day light analysis examine the

9. Analysis the best orientation of

natural light in the building

DCM

4. Comfort level that require for the

10. Find out the peak statues of (Windy

occupancy 5. Sun path

day,

brightest

day,

hottest day, and coldest day)

AS a Subsequent to those analyses, full understanding with support the figures.

Animation and illustration will be in hand, so here is the advantage of using BIM to give options to assess and evaluate the building to develop it in The future.

The third objective, this is a part of secondary research, where a comparative were done between the DCM and Masder City in Abu Dhabi one of the most sustainable city the world designed by Norman Foster. The main goal was to find out the current level of sustainable that could be done to a single building. So an analysis of the city objective and achievement would be helpful information. Because it is not always about the material, but also about the method that is being used to avoid. For example, heat gain or loss. As a significant result of comparing those two things. It became an evidence to work with the natural rather than fighting against them.

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Forth objective, this would be set as a recommendation for further research because the variety of the construction option that available in the market related to that country and the level of knowledge of the building and contractor is an important factor.

Fifth and the last objective, as it mention on third point that the same BIM implementation were done to evaluate the design.

6.2 Recommendation Further research recommendation would be for retrofitting and upgrading to get more into studying in more details. For example, the different types of insulation and shading devise plus maintenance aspects of the building that would bring the energy use to net zero energy.

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References Alkhobartimes, 2012. Alkhobartimes. [Online] Available at: http://www.alkhobartimes.com/news.php?action=show&id=1705 [Accessed 24 11 2013].

Alsharq, 2012. Alsharq News. [Online] Available at: http://www.alsharq.net.sa/2012/10/07/522681 [Accessed 17 10 2013].

Autodesk, 2013. Sustainability Workshop Autodesk. [Online] Available at: http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/buildingenvelope#sthash.aDNxmaHY.dpuf [Accessed 28 03 2014].

CityMasdar, 2013. Masdar City. [Online] Available at: http://masdarcity.ae/ [Accessed 28 03 2014].

Epstein, E., 2012. Implementing Successful Building Information Modeling..

Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House,.

Levy, F., 2011. BIM in Small-Scale Sustainable Design. Wiley ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley.

Performance (2010) Norman Foster.

Reddy, K. P., 2011. BIM for Building Owners and Developers : Making a Business Case for Using BIM on Projects.. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley.

Salman Azhar, Michael Hein and Blake Sketo , 2011. Building Information Modeling (BIM):Benefits, Risks and Challenges. [Online] Available at: http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29LM.19435630.0000127 [Accessed 1 11 2013].

Taleb, H. M., 21 July 2010. Developing sustainable residential buildings in Saudi Arabia: A case study. Applied Energy, Issue 88, p. 384.

Twinn, C., 2003. BedZED. THE ARUP JOURNAL 1/2003, Volume 1, p. 10.

Vincent, P., 2008. Saudi Arabia: an environmental overview. London, UK: Taylor & Francis.

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Appendix A The following is a list of CAD drawing that been provided by Abdulahid Al-Ghanim: 1. Ground floor 2. First floor 3. Roof 4. Sections 5. Elevations of East & West 6. Elevations of North & South 7. 3 Schedule of Windows 8. 2 Schedule of Doors 9. Interior details sections

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Appendix B A copy of the Energy analysis report that produced by Revit Architecture will be attached in next few pages.

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