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International Journal of Scientific Research in _______________________________ Research Paper . Multidisciplinary Studies E-ISSN: 2454-9312 Vol.5, Issue.10, pp.33-38, October (2019) P-ISSN: 2454-6143

Geomorphological Analysis of Landforms of Upper Cauvery Karnataka India Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez1*, M Inayathulla2 1,2

Dept. of Civil Engineering, UVCE, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India *Corresponding Author: parvezuvce@gmail.com Tel.: +919060506390 Available online at: www.isroset.org Received: 29/Sept/2019, Accepted: 16/Oct/2019, Online: 31/Oct/2019

Abstract: Landforms together make up a given terrain, and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography. The Study Area lies between 750 29’ 19” E and 760 37’ 40” E longitude and 110 55’ 54” N and 130 23’ 12.8” N latitude. The study area covers an area of 10874.65 km2, having maximum length of 143.73 km. Drainage density is 1.43 km/km2 hence area is of coarse texture. The length of overlandflow is less than 0.4 indicating more runoff less infiltration. The study of hypsometric properties of watershed using hypsometric integral (HI) and hypsometric curve retrieved in that, HI value is 0.57 and hence watershed falls under the Mature Stage. Circularity ratio is 0.26 which shows that the drainage area is less circular. Keywords: DEM, Drainage Density, GIS, Hypsometry, Stream Frequency, Stream Length. I. INTRODUCTION The Cauvery river enters Tamil Nadu at Hognekal of Dharmapuri district from the west and takes a southern course from Mettur and again takes south-eastern course at Erode and then flows to Bay of Bengal flowing through Trichirapalli, Thanjavur and Cuddalore districts. The study area forms part of Cauvery basin, which lies on left banks of Cauvery river. Lakshmantirtha river is a major tributary to river Cauvery and has its originates in Brahmagiri Devasi Hills of Western Ghats in southern Kodagu district and flows through a distance of about 130 km. It enters the Mysore district near Chikkahejjur, south west of Konana Hosahalli in Hunsur taluk and flows through Hangodu, Hunsur and Kattemalavadi before its confluence with Cauvery on the right side at Sagarkatte in Krishnarajanagar taluk. Watershed is a natural hydrological entity from which runoff resulting from precipitation flows past a single point into large stream, river, lake or ocean. Morphometric analysis provides quantitative description of the basin geometry to understand initial slope or inequalities in the rock hardness, structural controls, recent diastrophism, geological and geomorphic history of drainage basin (Strahler, 1964). Morphometric analysis requires measurement of linear features, gradient of channel network and contributing ground slopes of the drainage basin. . A major emphasis in geomorphology over the past several decades has been on the development of quantitative physiographic methods to describe the evolution and behavior of surface drainage © 2019, IJSRMS All Rights Reserved

networks (Horton, 1945). The influence of drainage morphometry is very significant in understanding the landform processes, soil physical properties and erosional characteristics. The hypsometric analysis can be used as a morphometric parameter, i.e. hypsometric integral, to deduce its relationship with the area of watersheds. Statistical analysis of these parameters has been carried out by classifying them into different classes based on the natural breaks method. This brings out strong relationships for hypsometric integral classes and area classes with the number of watersheds in respective classes and the total area occupied by respective hypsometric and area classes. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Study Area The study area geographically lies between 750 29’ 19” E and 760 37’ 40” E longitude and 110 55’ 54” N and 130 23’ 12.8” N latitude, as shown in Fig 1, the study area has an area of 10874.65 Sq km. The maximum length and width of the study area is approximately equal to 143.73 km and 96.75 km respectively. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 1867 m and 714 m above MSL, respectively. The study area covers five district of Karnataka state i.e., Chikmangalur, Hassan, Kodagu, Mandya and Mysore as shown in Fig 2. The maximum average annual rainfall in the catchment is 1072.66 mm has been recorded in the year 2005 and minimum average annual rainfall of 524.58 mm in 1998. June, July and August are the months with heavy rainfall and rainfall in July was the heavies

Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies

Vol. 5(10), Oct 2019 2.2 Methodology 2.2.1 Morphometric analysis DEM data is used to calculate the flow direction a staple for determining many important hydrologic parameters stream network is determined by using Arc GIS tools. Quantitative morphometric analysis was carried out for watershed for linear aspects, areal aspects and relief aspects. The analysis was carried out using Arc GIS.

Fig 1 Location Map of Study Area

Fig 3 DEM Map

Fig 2 Districts in study area

Sl No 1 2 3 4 5

Table 1: Distribution of district area District Name Area Percentage (sq_km) area Chikmangalur 761.12 7.00 Hassan Kodagu Mandya Mysore Total Area

4476.15 2559.4 1006.56 2071.42 10874.65

41.16 23.54 9.26 19.05 100%

Fig 4 Flow Direction 34

Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies

Vol. 5(10), Oct 2019 integrals drop below 35%.The hypsometric integral was estimated using the elevation-releif ratio method proposed by Pike and Wison (1971). The relationship is expressed as

Where, Emean = mean elevation of the watershed Emin = minimum elevation within the watershed Emax = maximum elevation within the watershed.

Fig 5 Stream Order 2.2.2 Hypsometric Analysis The curve shows how much area lies above and below marked elevation intervals. The areas used are therefore those of horizontal slices of the topography at any given level. This method produces a cumulative curve, any point on which expresses the total area (reduced to horizontal projection) lying above that plane [4]. The curve can also be shown in non-dimensional or standardized form by scaling elevation and area by the maximum values. The non-dimensional hypsometric curve provides a hydrologist or a geo-morphologist with a way to assess the similarity of watersheds.

Fig 6 Elevation Map

A hypsometric curve is a histogram or cumulative distribution function of elevations in a geographical area. Differences in hypsometric curves between landscapes arise because the geomorphic processes that shape the landscape may be different. Hypsometric curve is developed and maintained in a steady state as relief slowly diminishes. The monadnock phase with abnormally low hypsometric integral, when it does occur, can be regarded as transitory, because removal of the monadnock will result in restoration of the curve to the equilibrium form. From inspection of many natural hypsometric curves and the corresponding maps, A N Strahler estimates that transition from the inequilibrium (youthful) stage to the equilibrium (mature) stage corresponds roughly to a hypsometric integral of 60%, but that where monadnocks become conspicuous features the

Fig 7 Drainage Map 35

Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies

Vol. 5(10), Oct 2019 III. RESULTS

3.1 Morphometric analysis Quantitative Morphometric analysis were carried out for watershed. The results of Morphometric characteristics are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Table 2 Morphometric Parameters Watershed Parameters Units Watershed Area Sq.Km Perimeter of the Watershed Km Watershed Stream Highest Order No. Maximum Length of watershed Km Maximum width of Watershed Km Cumulative Stream Segment Km Cumulative Stream Length Km Drainage Density Km /Sq.km Constant of Channel Maintenance Sq.Km/Km Stream Frequency No/Sq.Km Bifurcation Ratio Length Ratio Form Factor Shape Factor Circularity Ratio Elongation Ratio Compactness Coefficient Total Watershed Relief m Relief Ratio Relative Relief Ruggedness Number Texture Ratio

Sl No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Values 10874.65 717.76 8 143.73 96.75 15939.00 15566.55 1.43 0.70 1.47 3.98 2.13 0.53 1.90 0.26 0.82 1.94 1123 0.0078 0.0016 0.0016 17.49

Table 3 Morphometric Characteristics

Stream order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

No. Of streams 12557 2648 561 132 31 7 2 1

Total length of streams (km) 8020.617 3946.756 1801.898 914.479 333.676 324.379 207.446 17.300

Cumulative length (km) 8020.617 11967.373 13769.271 14683.750 15017.426 15341.805 15549.251 15566.551

Mean stream length (km) 0.639 1.490 3.212 6.928 10.764 46.340 103.723 17.300

Bifurcation ratio (km)

Length ratio

4.742 4.720 4.250 4.258 4.429 3.500 2.000

2.333 2.155 2.157 1.554 4.305 2.238 0.167

3.2 Hypsometric analysis Table 4 Calculations of Percentage Hypsometric curve

Sl No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Elevation (m)

Area (sq.km)

Altitude (m)

Elevation difference

e/E

cumulative area (Sq.km)

a/A

714 714-750 750-800 800-850 850-900 900-950 950-1000 1000-1050

0.000 94.492 802.933 1998.343 2517.978 2371.564 1572.583 681.033

1837.00 1800.00 1750.00 1700.00 1650.00 1600.00 1550.00 1500.00

1123.00 1086.00 1036.00 986.00 936.00 886.00 836.00 786.00

1.000 0.967 0.923 0.878 0.833 0.789 0.744 0.700

0.000 94.492 897.426 2895.769 5413.747 7785.310 9357.894 10038.927

0.000 0.009 0.083 0.266 0.498 0.716 0.861 0.923

Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

1050-1100 1100-1150 1150-1200 1200-1250 1250-1300 1300-1350 1350-1400 1400-1450 1450-1500 1500-1550 1550-1600 1600-1650 1650-1700 1700-1750 1750-1800 1800-1837

326.892 196.987 122.348 74.248 47.615 25.698 16.019 13.735 5.742 3.025 1.801 0.877 0.501 0.199 0.081 0.018

Vol. 5(10), Oct 2019 1450.00 1400.00 1350.00 1300.00 1250.00 1200.00 1150.00 1100.00 1050.00 1000.00 950.00 900.00 850.00 800.00 750.00 714.00

736.00 686.00 636.00 586.00 536.00 486.00 436.00 386.00 336.00 286.00 236.00 186.00 136.00 86.00 36.00 0.00

0.655 0.611 0.566 0.522 0.477 0.433 0.388 0.344 0.299 0.255 0.210 0.166 0.121 0.077 0.032 0.000

10365.819 10562.806 10685.153 10759.401 10807.016 10832.714 10848.733 10862.468 10868.210 10871.235 10873.036 10873.913 10874.414 10874.613 10874.694 10874.711

0.953 0.971 0.983 0.989 0.994 0.996 0.998 0.999 0.999 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

The study of hypsometric properties of the present area using hypsometric integral (HI) and hypsometric curve retrieved in that, HI value is 0.57 and hence the sub basin falls under the mature stage.

Hypsometric curve 1.2 1

e/E

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Fig 8 : Stream Order vs Mean stream length

0 -0.500

0.000

0.500

1.000

a/A Fig 6 Hypsometric Curve

Fig 7:Stream Order vs No of Streams

1.500

IV. CONCLUSIONS The length of overland flow in present study is less than 0.4. Hence, the Watersheds selected for study have smaller flow paths associated with less infiltration and high runoff. The drainage density reflects the land use, affects the infiltration and watershed response time between precipitation and discharge. The drainage density of the area is 1.43 km/km2 indicating that the area is coarse texture. The shape ratio shows the Study area is less elongated to oval shape. Stream frequency is Low. The bifurcation ratio is a dimensional property and it ranges between 3 and 5 for watersheds in which the geologic structures do not distort the drainage pattern. The values of relief is 1123 m indicates that the watershed has enough slope for the runoff to occur from the remote point of the watershed to mouth. Circularity ratio is 0.26 which indicates the area under consideration is in the mature stage. The higher relative relief indicates that it is composed of resistant rock patches and lower relief ratio indicates less resistant patches of rocks. The study of hypsometric properties of Subbasin using hypsometric integral (HI) and hypsometric curve retrieved in that, HI value is 0.57 and hence Area falls under the Mature Stage. 37

Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies

Vol. 5(10), Oct 2019

REFERENCES [1] A1 Saud M.Morphometric Analysis of Wadi Aurnah Drainage System Western Arabian Peninsula.(2009) [2] Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez, Chalapathi K and M Inayathulla. " Analysis of Landforms of a Mini Watershed of Manvi Taluk, Raichur District Karnataka" International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology Volume 6 Issue 4 September 2019 Page 105-109 [3] Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez, and M .Inayathulla. "Morphometry, Hypsometry Analysis and Runoff Estimation of Aam Talab Watershed Raichur, Karnataka" International Journal Of Advance Research And Innovative Ideas In Education Volume 5 Issue 3 2019 Page 1713-1727 [4] Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez, M Inayathulla, "Rainfall Analysis for Modelling of IDF Curves for Bangalore Rural, Karnataka", International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.5, Issue.8, pp.114-132, 2019 [5] Schumn,S.A.(1956).Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in Badland, at Perth Amboy, NewJersey. Geological Society of America, Bulletin.67:597-646.

Authors Profile Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez Is a life member of Indian Water Resources Society, ASCE Born in Gangavathi, Obtained his BE in Civil Engineering in the year 20092013 from UVCE, Banagalore and M.E with specialization in Water Resources Engineering during 2013-2015 from UVCE, Bangalore University and Pursuing Ph.D from Bangalore University. And has 3 years of teaching experience. Till date, has presented and published several technical papers in many National and International seminars, Journals and conferences. Dr M Inayathulla Is a life member of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering (EWRI), ASCE, WWI, ASTEE, ASFPM. Born in Karnataka, Obtained his BE in Civil Engineering in the year 1987-1991 from UBDT, Davanagere and M.E with specialization on Water Resources Engineering during 1992-1994 from UVCE, Bangalore University and got Doctorate from Bangalore University 5. Presently working as Professor at UVCE, Bangalore University, India. And has more than 25 years of teaching experience. Till date, has presented and published several technical papers in many National and International seminars and conferences.