Impact Collaborative | Volume 1

VOLUME 1 An exploration of the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on urban centers

CONTENTS

1.0

Studio Introduction . . . . i

2.0 3.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

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Studio Premise The COVID-19 Pandemic Defining Urban Centers Brainstorming and Emergent Themes

Case Studies . . . . . . 2

2.1 - New York City 2.2 - Chicago 2.3 - Kansas City

Urban Themes . . . . . 42

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3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

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Public Transportation Open Streets Entertainment Working Remotely

Appendices . . . . . 122

4.1 - Brainstorming Appendix 4.2 - Branding Document 4.3 - Sources

5.0

Microprojects . . . . VOL 2

5.1 - Distanced, But Not Secluded 5.2 - Urban Igloo Dining 5.3 - Vacant Space to Open Space 5.4 - Urban Crowd Control - Space Dividers 5.5 - Safe Seats 5.6 - Sidewalk Metro 5.7 - Dining on the Block 5.8 - Work From Anywhere 5.9 - StrEATside 5.10 - Rethinking the Subway Car

MEET THE TEAM

Dakota Burke

Entertainment Expert - Chicago

Tanner Garrington

Entertainment Expert - Kansas City

Annie Ringhofer

Working Remotely Expert - New York City

i

Isabel Das

Open Streets Expert - New York City

Taylor Massey

Public Transportation Expert - New York City & Kansas City

Riley Saucedo

Entertainment Expert - New York City

Tyler Duggan

Working Remotely Expert - Chicago

Jenna Melvin

Sam Dykes

Working Remotely Expert - Kansas City

Lena Michalek

Open Streets Expert - Chicago

Open Streets Expert - Kansas City

Megan Strayer

Lauren Brown

Public Transportation Expert - New York City & Chicago

Studio Director

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1.1 | Studio Premise The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the way that we live. In this studio, we have narrowed the focus of these effects to the function of urban centers.

COVID-19 began its spread in major cities through the close, social contact of individuals in daily life. Consequently, the measures implemented to increase social distance and reduce transmission of the virus have drastically affected city life. With increasing urbanization and a rising number of residents and commuters living and working downtown, major urban centers serve as a paradigm of impact. Cities gain energy from daily interactions and the “hustle and bustle” of urbanites, but how can cities adapt when all of this becomes dangerous? Three urban centers were chosen as case studies for analyzing the impacts of the pandemic due to their scalar comparisons and unique characteristics:

New York City

Chicago

Kansas City

As a physical aggregate of societal changes, how do existing structures coupled with government response cause differing impacts? When considering how long these effects will last and how the shutdown could forever change the way we think about urban centers, we must begin to rethink the “new normal”.

What could allow these cities to become more adaptable and resilient to current and future dilemmas?

The Impact Collaborative is a result of the collective effort of 11 finalyear Master of Architecture students at the University of Kansas during the fall semester of 2020 to satisfy the coursework requirements of studio ARCH 811.

Working in dynamic and evolving teams, the studio has collaborated to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in downtown New York City, Chicago, and Kansas City. Each individual has built upon their unique academic and personal experiences to gain an in-depth understanding of the intersection of a specific city and area of impact in its downtown, providing the studio with a collection of experts. Synthesized information gathered from intensive research, data visualization, and interviews serve as a basis to propose unique micro-projects focused on urban intervention during and after the pandemic.

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1.2 | The COVID-19 Pandemic Simple trips to the grocery store, social events, and daily life have all been impacted by COVID-19. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has created guidelines to prevent the spread of the virus. Before going to a public setting, it is important to plan the trip and to be prepared; call the business, restaurant, etc. to be informed on their COVID-19 practices and updates to prevent the spread of the virus to customers and employees. Always take precaution before entering a public space to help prevent the transmission of the virus.

If a person has been exposed to COVID-19 within 14 days, showing symptoms, or has a fever; it is recommended that they stay home from any social events until tested for COVID-19 to help prevent the spread of the virus.

If hosting an event, take precautions to plan an outdoor setting and follow social distance regulations. Keep the use of frequently touched materials/items to a minimum when possible. It is recommended to keep a list of people at an event to help track the transmission of the virus if necessary.

It is strongly encouraged/required to wear a mask in any public setting, especially when social distancing regulations are hard to follow. In any public setting, keep 6 feet from people who do not live in the same house as you. To encourage distancing in social environments, consider activities that can follow the guidelines and preferably be outdoors. If being outside is not an option, it is recommended to ventilate the space well and to follow the social distancing measures including wearing a mask. Hand washing is very important when in public settings; it is recommended for a person to wash their hands both before and after leaving a social event or public gathering. Professionals recommend hand washing for 20 seconds each time.

COVID-19 has caused changes to more than the economy and US businesses, and has also impacted personal health, relationships, and social activities. Nearly 90% of U.S. adults say their life has changed at least a little because of COVID-19, and almost 50% of Americans say their life has changed in a major way. Statistics show that 91% of Americans feel uncomfortable attending a crowded party, 77% feel uncomfortable eating out in a restaurant, 66% feel uncomfortable going to a poll to vote, 42% feel uncomfortable going to the grocery store, and 38% feel uncomfortable visiting with a close family member or friend at their home. (NB-45)

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1.3 | Defining Urban Centers Urban centers are lively, concentrated hubs typically defined by high-rise buildings consisting of offices, residences, restaurants, and retail spaces, while often lacking open or green areas. Urban centers are connected by vast networks of public transportation that millions of locals and visitors utilize to travel between city centers, attractions, and surrounding suburbs. There are six main groups of people who comprise an urban center: residents, workers, consumers, tourists, and business travelers. (M-25) Each group utilizes urban centers in unique ways over various periods of time. Residents and workers of the city travel to and from urban centers daily while consumers may only frequent the city on the weekends or holidays. Tourists and business travelers visit less often but typically stay for longer periods. The wide variety of people that inhabit and visit urban centers are just a few of a city’s key components; successful urban centers also require a variety of businesses and amenities within walkable distances, pedestrianfriendly infrastructure, reliable public transportation, cleanliness and effective maintenance, and adequate public green space and landscaping. (AI-16)

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New cleaning and safety measures were implemented to keep people from contracting or spreading COVID-19.

Urban centers had to adapt to include testing sites and more room for social distancing.

Urban centers needed essential jobs to continue providing basic needs like food and healthcare to residents.

Some industries experienced reduced hours, furloughing, or even unemployment in businesses that could not remain open.

With higher unemployment rates, housing evictions became an issue in urban centers. Families face challenges with food security, which increased the importance of locally grown food and urban farming.

Non-essential jobs required people to work remotely, changing their social interactions and lifestyles. A sense of community was lost with stay-at-home orders because people could no longer gather in groups.

COVID-19 negatively impacted the infrastructure and city life of urban centers.

The need for community has sparked creative solutions to restore the city life by re-imagining public outdoor spaces.

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1.4 | Brainstorming and Emerging Themes Through collective brainstorming and intensive investigation on the spatial, social, economic, and policy impacts of COVID-19 on dense urban centers, we have been able to better define physical components, demographic groups, and interactions that have been changed by necessary responses to the pandemic.

These topics (left) encompass a wide variety of circumstances throughout all three case study cities that need to be considered by architects and allied industries.

Focus is narrowed to four specific concepts that have been significantly altered by the pandemic and apply to the studio mission:

Public Transportation

Open Streets

Entertainment

Working Remotely

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2.1 New York City Known around the world for its economic prowess and iconic skyline, New York City is often a reference point when discussing the United States. If the state of New York was a country, it would have the 11th biggest economy in the world, (M-29) with a gross domestic product (GDP) was valued at over $1.5 trillion. By 2035, the GDP of New York City alone is expected to rise to $2.5 trillion, (M29) which would raise its economy to 8th biggest in the world. (NB-22) It is the most densely populated city in the U.S., boasting just over 27,000 people per square mile. (SF-13) New York City is a large hub for immigration, home to Ellis Island where 12 million immigrants entered the U.S. between 1892 and 1954.

(NB-44) As of 2018, New York City is home to 3.1 million immigrants, which comprises 38% of the city’s population and 45% of its workforce. (MI-50) Over 800 languages are spoken, making it one of the most linguistically diverse cities in the entire world. (M-26) New York City has a long history of high population density, and in the late 1800s became the first city to have a city-wide zoning code to regulate building construction and planning. From overcrowded tenements to towering skyscrapers, New York City has evolved over the years into one of the most notable cities for architecture, specializing in skyscrapers. Some of the city’s most notable buildings include: 40 Wall Street (built in 1930 and 927 feet tall), the Chrysler Building (built in 1930 and 1,046 feet tall), the Empire State Building (built in 1931 and 1,250 feet tall), the twin towers of the World Trade Center (built in 1973 and 1,362 and 1,730 feet tall), and the One World Trade Center (built in 2014 and 1,776 feet tall). (NB-11)

Feature Urban Characteristics Due to its densely populated nature, housing structures dominate a majority of the landscape in downtown New York City. With more than 8 million people spread out over five boroughs, each neighborhood in the city has unique, identifiable characteristics that set them apart and create discernible identities.

The Upper East Side is famous for its luxury retailers and Neo-Renaissance architecture, while areas such as Downtown and Midtown are associated with more modern architecture and design. The majority of the city’s borders are occupied by shoreline making New York City famous for its iconic skyscrapers and vertical sprawl that has climbed to accommodate the constant influx of residents over the years. New York City is also aptly nicknamed the “concrete jungle” as

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Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade in Manhattan, 2018

New Year’s Eve celebration in Times Square, where approximately 1,000,000 people gather each year to watch the ball drop in person.

2.1 New York City 4

The Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade, with approximately 8,000 participants (including Broadway performers, celebrities, bands, and dancers) and 3.5 million spectators.

it is defined by its dense architectural landscape and rigorously gridded streets broken up by strategically placed parks and green spaces. In a city where people live stacked on top of each other in large high rise buildings, outdoor areas are coveted, and larger areas like parks become a shared living space.

Annual Events In 2018, 65.2 million visitors traveled to New York City to attend the many holiday, sporting, cultural, and community events. (M-30) The holiday season sees around 5 million visitors. Throughout November and December New York City hosts events such as the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade, the Rockefeller Christmas Tree Lighting, and New Year’s Eve at Times Square.

Sporting events such as The U.S. Open Tennis tournament, the Big East Men’s Basketball Championship, and the TCS New York City Marathon showcase top athletes and bring fans to the city. New York City is home to 10 professional sports teams, of which the New York Knicks, New York Liberty, and New York Rangers use Madison Square Garden which is colloquially known as the “The World’s Most Famous Arena”. Madison Square Garden holds up to 20,000 spectators and hosts events from sports, to concerts, to conventions, and everything in between. (NB-36) Many film festivals such as the New York Film Festival, Tribeca Film Festival, and the New York International Children’s Film Festival bring guests and creators from across the globe. New York Fashion Week, which takes place in the Meatpacking District, is where the world’s top designers gather biannually to debut their newest collections. The performing arts scene in New York City hosts events such as the New York City Ballet Fall/Winter Repertory Season, NYC Broadway Week, and Shakespeare in the Park. (MI-56) New York City is also well known for its culinary scene and subsequently hosts many food-focused events. NYC & Company, the official destination marketing organization and visitors bureau of New York City, organizes NYC Restaurant Week where over 400 restaurants feature special set menus at discounted prices to display their chef’s newest and best creations. (M-41) This special week is intended to “promote the incomparable diversity of New York City’s dining scene-- a pivotal driver of exploration across the City.” (MI-60)

2.1 New York City 5

Cultural events are held to help recognize and celebrate various groups that make up the fabric of New York City. Parades are one of the main ways New Yorkers like to celebrate; in 2019 the Pride Parade featured over 100 floats and groups marching down Fifth Avenue with 5 million visitors flooding the city for the weekend. (M-4) The Lunar New Year is celebrated in Chinatown, Flushing, Queens, and Brooklyn with a parade and other small festivals. Many of the five boroughs and other specific neighborhoods dedicate a week each year to celebrate their unique qualities: Bronx Week, Celebrate Brooklyn, and Harlem Week. (MI-56)

Tourist Attractions New York City is home to one of the world’s most famous skyscrapers, the Empire State Building. At 1,454 feet tall, it is most famous for its two observatory decks that offer the highest vantage points of the city. The building has exhibits that take visitors throughout the Empire State Building’s story and even include an interactive scene of King Kong from the original 1933 film. (NB-40) In the Theatre District of New York City, tourists can find Times Square, famous for its bright flashing lights and giant digital billboards. The square is bright and lively year-round as it provides entertainment for tourists all day and night. (MI-57) Times Square has endless retail stores, including Hershey’s Chocolate World, Christmas in New York, and Swarovski. Another popular tourist attraction are the theatrical productions on Broadway. There are forty theaters located in the Theatre District of New York City, giving tourists many opportunities to watch a performance. (NB-54) Located in Lower Manhattan is the 9/11 Memorial and Museum. The memorial features two reflecting pools set in the footprints of the Twin Towers. The victims’ names are inscribed in bronze around the reflecting pools so visitors can see the impact of the terrorist attack. From Lower Manhattan, tourists can take a ferry to Ellis Island to see the Statue of Liberty.

(MI-57) The national monument brings millions of visitors each year because she is a symbol of freedom, inspiration, and hope. (NB-44)

2.1 New York City 6

Central Park is a green oasis in central Manhattan, the park covers 778 acres and is the most visited urban park in the U.S.

The National September 11 Memorial commemorates the destruction of the World Trade Center, the victims of the attacks, and those involved in rescue and recovery operations.

2.1 New York City 7

Relevance of Case Study The dense urban landscape of New York City creates a unique environment to observe economical and social changes because it is extremely difficult to socially distance with a population of 8.4 million people in just 302 square miles.

New York City is 2.4 times more dense in population than Chicago, and eighteen times more dense than Kansas City. (SF-13) As a city of skyscrapers and an extensive public transit system, enclosed spaces such as elevators and metros became pressure points of anxiety and fear for the general public. This affected all aspects of life: school, work, and play, as the average height of a building in New York City is 18.7 floors. (M-19) Midtown Manhattan is an important central business district in New York City, and contains many notable buildings and tourist destinations. With 300,245 residents, (NB-39) it houses the majority of skyscrapers in the city, including the tallest hotels and apartment buildings, giving it a balanced mix of residents and visitors. It includes neighborhoods like Hell’s Kitchen, the Theater District, Chelsea, Koreatown, and the Garment District. Midtown also sees a dramatic influx of workers during the week, breathing life into the downtown. During a typical weekday, the population of Midtown Manhattan can swell to an additional 679,000 people. (NB-37) This makes Midtown an interesting study of how COVID-19 has affected central business districts both positively and negatively.

New York City is the only case study on the coast, defined by both inland rivers and the bay meeting the ocean. Unlike Chicago’s extensive Riverwalk frontage and Kansas City’s riverfront market, New York City has a different relationship with its rivers. Due to high contamination levels and lack of confidence in the city’s sewer system, recreation on the rivers is much more restricted and regulated than the other case studies. (AI-8) This creates an interesting dialogue between the inner workings of the city juxtaposed against its international identity.

2.1 New York City 8

Population density map showing the daytime population in Midtown Manhattan during an average weekday.

2.1 New York City 9

COVID-19 Response New York City’s first confirmed COVID-19 case was reported on March 1, 2020. On March 2, 2020, the second case of COVID-19 was confirmed by community spread. Once the case count for New York City reached ninetyfive, Mayor de Blasio declared a state of emergency on March 12, 2020, and shut down large venues to reduce the disease’s spread. On March 14, 2020, Governor Cuomo announced the first COVID-19 related death in New York City.

As COVID-19 deaths began to rise, Governor Cuomo began implementing new measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19: gyms, casinos, bars, and restaurants were closed indefinitely. Mayor de Blasio announced a shelter-in-place order that would begin on March 20, 2020, which would require individuals to stay in their home unless performing essential activities like grocery shopping. (M-49) New York City began Phase I of reopening on June 8, 2020, allowing thousands of manufacturing and construction jobs to return to work. Phase II began on June 22, 2020, allowing outdoor dining and the opening of playgrounds.

New York City started Phase III on July 6, 2020, which allowed personal care businesses to open but suspended indoor dining because of increased infection rates tied to the bars and restaurants. On July 12, 2020, New York City reported zero new deaths related to COVID-19, four months after the city’s first recorded death. As the city approached Phase IV, Governor Cuomo threatened to postpone the next phase because of large crowds gathering maskless. Phase IV started as scheduled on July 20, 2020, but was modified to keep malls and museums from reopening. (M-49) In July, several bars and restaurants were cited for COVID-19 violations as people ignored mask and social distancing guidelines. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) launched a new free mask dispenser to encourage more riders to wear masks and social distance while using the bus and subway system. When tourism spiked in August, Mayor de Blasio implemented a mandatory 14 day quarantine. The mandatory quarantine attempted to minimize the disease’s spread since a fifth of the new cases came from travelers from other states. On September 9, 2020, New York City announced that indoor dining will return on September 30, 2020. The new rules for restaurants include a limited capacity of 25%, temperature checks, continued contact tracing, and the removal of bar service. (M-49)

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13 De Blasio issues guidance requiring face coverings indoors

8 Cuomo announces first phase of reopening

21 NY State investigates 157 cases of severe inflammatory syndrome

19 MTA begins testing ultraviolet technology

30 Cuomo announces overnight subway closures to disinfect trains and stations

23 NYC opts to freeze bodies of COVID-19 victims

Regional EMS Council issues order to not transport COVID-19 patients

10 Hospitalizations in NY State peak in the 18,000/day range

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23 Cuomo orders hospitals to double capacity 22 PAUSE Plan takes effect

NY, NJ, CT formulate rules for closures CDC recommends no gatherings of more than 50 people, NYC schools close First 2 COVID-19 deaths in New York Trump declares a National Emergency

20 Cuomo executive order - all but essential businesses closed 19 Cuomo scales executive order to no more than 25% 18 Cuomo issues executive order - reduce workforce density by 50% 16 15 14 13

10 First COVID-19 containment zone in New Rochelle

3 CDC lifts all federal restrictions on COVID-19 testing 2 Cuomo and de Blasio promise contact tracing 1 First COVID-19 case in NYC

COVID-19 Timeline

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1 NYC public schools resume in-person instruction, 42% opt for all-remote 30 Indoor dining resumes at 25% capactiy

25 Implementation of Open Streets and Open Restaurants becomes permanent

21 Cuomo permits low-risk yports

18 Cuomo increases social distancing enforcement around college bars

14 MTA s issuing fines to passengers who o not comply with mask ordinance

12 Large NYU parties cause concerns

9 Malls and casinos reopen at 50% capacity with no indoor dining

5 “Ocean Parkway� cluster of COVID-19 cases emerge

27 Cuomo revises threshold for re-closing university facilities to 100 cases or 5%

24 De Blasio announces new school learning plan, can request outdoor spaces

19 EMS union warns of potential layoffs 18 De Blasio orders tavelers to complete qne forms before accessing rooms

29 MTA launches pilot program to mount free mask dispensers inside buses

21 NYC reaches goal of performing 50,000 COVID-19 tests / day 20 Phase IV of reopening

13 Child care centers reopen with NYC Board of Health approval

7 U.S. withrdawal from W.H.O. 6 Phase III of reopening

2.1.1 Public Transportation

2.1.2 Open Streets

Public transportation is the primary mobility resource for a majority of New Yorkers, getting them to work, school, grocery stores, and other everyday destinations. It also connects people to shopping districts, cultural events, and community resources. Roughly 4 out 5 New Yorkers use public transit to get to and from work, compared to a national average of 3 out of 20. (MI-55) The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) comprises six agencies that provide public transportation to the greater New York City metropolitan area. The MTA has stated that the city ranks near the top of several surveys for business and livability because of the extensive mass transportation system. (MI-51)

Pedestrian life is crucial to the fabric of New York City; 55% of households do not own a car and subsequently rely on public transportation and walkability of the dense urban landscape. (M-35) New York City has been striving to improve pedestrian life in its urban centers long before implementation of social distance requirements became a public health concern. The NYC Plaza Program, which began in 2007, has been transforming underused streets into vibrant and social public spaces to ensure that all New Yorkers live within a 10-minute walk of quality outdoor space. (MI-62)

New York City is the most heavily impacted city in regards to public transit due to the high volume of annual ridership, about 1.698 billion in 2018. When New York City became a hot-spot for COVID-19 in March 2020, public transportation saw ridership decrease drastically. In March 2019, the ratio of heavy rail (subways) unlinked transportation passenger trips (trips in which a single person boarded a single train) to the total population was 3.77:1. In March 2020, that ratio fell to 1.98:1. (NB-48) While both subway and bus ridership has increased each week since April, people are still hesitant to resume normal transportation habits.

(MI-51) To protect riders and employees from exposure to COVID-19, the MTA implemented practices including minimizing cash transactions, requiring face coverings, and increasing cleaning and sanitization. (NB-26)

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In the same manner, the arrival of COVID-19 and subsequent social distancing regulations has prompted the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) to expand its efforts to provide safe, efficient, and environmentally-responsible spaces for the public with the goal of re-purposing 100 miles of New York City streets. (MI-64) Beginning in May of 2020, programs such as Open Streets, Open Streets: Restaurants, Open Restaurants, Cool Streets, Open Streets: Play, Street Seats,and Seasonal Streets have been converting roadways into usable public space that safely prioritize pedestrians, bikers, and outdoor seating. (MI-64) The open streets are granted through an application process and spaces are managed with safety barriers, limited vehicle access, modified speed limits, and new signage.

Each open street is coordinated between the Mayor’s office, the NYC Council, the New York Police Department (NYPD), Parks, the NYCDOT, BIDs, and community organizations. (MI-63) The NYCDOT programs are integral in studying the impact of COVID-19 on central business districts in Manhattan as they have changed the urban landscape and social fabric of the communities they support.

2.1.3 Entertainment

2.1.4 Work From Home

When it comes to entertainment, New York City is one of the largest hubs for going out, shopping and live shows.

One of the largest sources of entertainment in the city comes from Broadway shows which brought in over $1.8 billion during the 2018-2019 show season.(M37) In June, it was announced by the city that all shows would be closed for the remainder of 2020 with tickets for 31 shows will be refunded, resulting in hundreds of millions in revenue to be lost. (NB-9)

Prior to COVID-19, Manhattan boasted a dynamic daytime population of approximately 3.94 million people.

With a base of 1.63 million residents, the borough has a greater influx of daily commuters than any other U.S. county with 52% of workers commuting into the city. (AI11) This establishes Manhattan as the largest business district in the country - a symbol of global dominance, and heavily impacted by office shutdowns. (M-17) As of April 2020, the city’s leasing rate for commercial offices decreased 62% from the previous year. (M-45) Real estate taxes account for approximately one third of the city’s revenue, and shops, transit, and other services have been designed around the growing mass of commuters.

The next form of entertainment to take a massive hit in New York City is that of shopping and other leisurely activities. As tourists are a large part of the economy, the lack of travel has taken a large toll on shopping districts in the city. Stores and malls have been shut down since the beginning of the pandemic and will be allowed to open back up with strict safety protocols at 50% capacity on the September 9, 2020. Casinos and similar facilities are also allowed to reopen on September 9, 2020 with strict safety protocols and a 25% capacity limit. (MI-59) Due to these shutdowns, New York City’s local economy is expected to lose $1.1 billion in sales tax this year. (MI20) While different protocols have allowed restaurants to expand into the streets and utilize indoor dining with decreased capacity, the months lost at the beginning of the lockdown has definitely set this industry back with the decrease in tourist activity in the city.

After being shuttered for over two months, offices were allowed to reopen on June 22, 2020 during Phase 2 of the New York 10 Point PAUSE plan. (MI-69) However, the city’s largest commercial tenants including Barclays, JP Morgan Chase and Morgan Stanley have decided that it is highly unlikely that all their workers will ever return to the office. During lockdown workers adapted to function productively from home, and companies discovered that this model may be more feasible financially than paying exorbitant Manhattan rent for office and commercial spaces. Employees in support of returning to the office dislike the absence of social contact and difficulties in virtual team work. However, concerns about the timeline for a vaccine, office crowding, (MI-70) and the economic decline may influence corporations of all sizes to reconsider their physical footprints in the city.

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2.2 | CHICAGO Home to 2.7 million residents, Chicago is the third-most populous city in the United States and the most populous in the Midwest. With just over 11,000 people per square mile, (SF-11) Chicago’s density ranks fourth highest amongst major U.S. cities. From the ivy at Wrigley Field to the reflection of the Bean, the city of Chicago is iconic for its people and culture. While not as large or dense as New York City, Chicago is an international landmark connecting the national and global economy.

Chicago marks the beginning of the famous “Historic Route 66.” (NB-27) It starts at Grant Park, in front of the Art Institute of Chicago, and spans to the Santa Monica Pier in California. Before it was known as “Route 66”, it was simply the National Old Trails Highway, one of the United State’s first transcontinental highways. This highway enabled small-town farmers to transport crops and grain across the country. While not in commission anymore, Chicago still remains an active hub for trade and transportation, with 50% of all US rail freight going through the city. (MI-6)

Feature Urban Characteristics Similar to New York City’s distinct historical districts, Chicago also houses several culturally diverse neighborhoods. Little Italy is home to Italian-American restaurants and delis passed down over generations. (MI-44) Lexington Street features Italianate architecture and beautiful churches such as Saint Basil and Holy Family. Pilsen is rich in Latino culture, featuring iconic music venues and beautiful murals. It was named one of the “12 coolest neighborhoods around the world” by Forbes, (MI-66) and is home to the National Museum of Mexican Art--a free museum that engages patrons with Mexican culture. Chinatown is known for its elaborately adorned street facades and pagodas, and its authentic Chinese cuisine. The original stretch of the neighborhood along Cermak Road and Wentworth Avenue houses shops with exotic teas, handmade jewelry, and festive paper dragons. Bronzeville is known for its legacy of civil rights and music, home to civil rights activist Ida B. Wells and musician Louis Armstrong.

Also found in this neighborhood are the Robert W. Roloson Homes, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.

Chicago is known for its rich architectural history, Hyde Park, in the south side of the city, was home to the iconic 1893 World’s Fair featuring the “White City”. It boasted a variety of buildings designed by famous architects

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such as Lois Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Ludwig Mies van de Rohe. Many tours in Chicago are based around architectural landmarks in the city, whether skyscrapers along the river or homes out in the suburbs. Architecture boat tours on the Chicago River take hundreds of thousands of tourists along the waterfront each year. (M-31) One of the most significant districts in Chicago is “the Loop.” Bounded by Lake Street on the north, Wabash Avenue on the east, Buren Street on the south, and Wells Street on the west, this part of the city is enclosed by an elevated railway and houses the city’s historical central business district. (NB-20) This central district was at one point in time a residential district of primarily timberframe structures, before the Fire of 1871 ravaged the city center. This turning point shifted the district’s character from residential to commercial. (NB-18) The Home Insurance Company Building was one of the most notable commercial buildings in the area, and was the world’s first skyscraper in 1885 at 10 stories tall. (NB-18) Creating a legacy for skyscrapers, the famous Willis Tower on South Wacker Drive was the tallest building in the world from 1974 to 1998, and remains the second tallest building in North America. (NB-4)

Unique Location Chicago is the largest city in the United States without access to a coast.

Its Midwestern location provides a way-point between the coasts and as a result, serves as an economic hub connecting the major coastal cities. Chicago is located adjacent to Lake Michigan, the third largest lake in the country, and is entangled with the Chicago River. Chicago embraces its river and features an extensive Riverwalk program that brings commerce right to the river’s edge. Residents enjoy engaging in water recreation on the Chicago River and Lake Michigan, either kayaking, paddleboarding, fishing, or boating. (MI-8) The opportunity for recreational engagement with the river and lake sets Chicago apart from other U.S. cities, helping to bring life and energy into the city.

Events and Tourism Chicago, second only to New York City, welcomes one of the largest numbers of tourists of any US city with 58 million domestic and international visitors in 2018. (M-39) Tourists come to see the city’s world-class museums, lively shopping districts, and energetic nightlife. Millennium Park, with its famous

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The Chicago Plumbers Union has dyed the city’s river green for St. Patrick’s Day each year since 1962. The river typically stays green for twenty-four to forty-eight hours.

Lollapalooza is a four-day music festival in Grant Park that started in 1991 and features genres like alternative rock, heavy metal, punk rock, hip hop, and electronic music.

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stainless steel Cloud Gate also known as the “Bean” attracts upwards of 25 million visitors each year, and ranks among the top ten tourist destinations in the United States. (M-22) Chicago also has several notable parades throughout the year such as the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade, and the city’s famous St. Patrick’s Day Parade in which the river is dyed green. The city also hosts a variety of music festivals each year including festivals for jazz, blues, gospel music, house music. The biggest music festival the city hosts each year is Lollapalooza which draws in hundreds of thousands of people from all over the world each year. Apart from music festivals, there are also food festivals like the Taste of Chicago, as well and festivals for the whole family such as the Kids and Kites Festival or SummerDance. (MI-9) Chicago’s main retail corridor is the “Magnificent Mile”, the section of Michigan Avenue that runs from the Chicago River 13 blocks north to Oak Street.

The Magnificent Mile comprises over 460 stores, 275 restaurants, 60 hotels, and welcomes over 22 million visitors each year. (NB-1) Housed within this famous retail corridor are notable buildings in the Chicago skyline such as the Tribune Tower, 875 North Michigan Ave (formerly known as the John Hancock Building), the Wrigley Building, and the Chicago Water Tower. Other notable attractions outside of the Magnificent Mile are the Field Museum, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Navy Pier, Adler Planetarium and the Shedd Aquarium.

Chicago boasts hometown pride in sports, as it has professional sports teams in each major professional league--and two teams in the MLB. Wrigley Field, located in Wrigleyville on the north side of the city, is home of the Cubs.

The Blackhawks hockey team boast several Stanley Cup titles and help contribute to pride the city holds for its sports teams. The Bulls are the city’s professional basketball team, playing in the United Stadium. The city’s football team is the Chicago Bears, whose home field is Soldier Field in the Near South Side neighborhood.

Chicago, while being a major metropolitan center, has prioritized the development of public parks and greenspace. Millennium Park is one of the most popular but Lincoln Park, Grant Park and Burnham park are also popular places to get outside and enjoy nature. Maggie Daley Park brings in large crowds during the winter with it’s uniquely shaping ice skating rink also known as the Ice Ribbon. The city is also pushing for more green design with it’s Adding Green to Urban Design initiative that pushes for more open space and green design in all new urban planning designs.

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Wrigley Field is home to the Chicago Cubs, and is the second oldest ballpark in the United States. It is located in the northern neighborhood aptly named Wrigleyville.

The Magnificent Mile is located on Michigan Avenue, north of the Chicago River and “The Loop.� Michigan Avenue was originally planned after the Champs-Elysees in Paris.

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COVID-19 Response The first positive case of COVID-19 was recorded in Chicago in late January 2020, but the cases spiked into the 100’s for the first time on March 9, 2020.

AI-4 In the suburb of Oak Park near Chicago, the first shelter-in-place order was issued on March 20, 2020. (M-36) The order stated that residents were to only leave their houses for essential jobs, errands, and some exercise, following similar guidelines in place in New York City. Illinois Governor J.B. Pritzker issued the first statewide “stay-at-home” order two days later on March 22, 2020. (M20) On May 5th, the governor announced a 5 phase plan to reopen the city and also announced that the state was already in Phase 2. On May 29th the state moved to Phase 3 except for the City of Chicago which didn’t move to Phase 3 until June 3rd. Phase 3 included allowing some non-essential businesses to reopen but with capacity restrictions and restaurants were allowed to reopen but could only offer outdoor seating. On June 26th the state moved to Phase 4 of it’s reopening plan, which still includes capacity restrictions for many businesses and events, mask enforcement, and extensive social distancing measures.

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12 Lightfoot announces expansion of pilot program to create additional outdoor space for restaurants

10 Pritzker signs $43 billion state budget that relies on borrowing and federal aid 9 Chicago Dept of Cultural Affairs cancels all events through Labor Day

3 Chicago allows businesses to offer outside dining during phase III of reopening

FDA approves the COVID-19 antigen test Illinois conducts more than 20,000 COVID-19 tests in a single day for the first time Lightfoot outlines 5 phase reopening plan with additonal standards for infection rates and testing capacity Lightfoot announces measures to address COVID-19 in Latino communitites Pritzker announces regional 5 phas plan to reopen the state

26 Lightfoot announces plan to train hundreds of contact tracers

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30 Airlines announce rules requiring face masks

25 Chicago house party attended by more than 1,000 people makes natioal news

3 Pritzker advises wearing cloth face masks in public

31 Pritzker and Lightfoot create an emergency fund for artists

28 McCormick Place converted to field hospital to handle 3,000 COVID-19 patients 27 U.S. surpasses China for most confirmed cases

20 Pritzker issues stay-at-home order for Illinois, bans gatherings of more than 10

16 First COVID-19 death in Chicago, hospitals ban visitors and elective surgeries 15 CDC recommends no gatherings of more than 50 people, Pritzker closes bars and restuaruants for dine-in 14 Cloud Gate and Brookfield Zoo close 13 Trump declares a National Emergency, Pritzker orders all public and private schools closed useums 12 Pritzker orders cancellation of public events with more than 1,000 attendees 11 In-person university classes are suspended 10 Several local schools close temporarily due to presumptive positive cases 9 Governor J.B. Pritzker issues a disaster proclamation, allows state to tap into additional resources

4 Chicago Tribune launches list of closings as large events are cancelled 3 CDC lifts all federal restrictions on COVID-19 testing

COVID-19 Timeline

October September August July

8 Chicago Public Schools begin schoolyear with remote learning 7 Navy Pier shuts down again due to Labor Day crowds

1 Chicago theaters are lit in red to support the RESTART Act 31 Chicago faces a historic $1.2 billion shorfal for the 2021 fiscal year

28 Illinois voters break previous record for requiesting mail-in ballots

Chicago theaters plan for streaming shows during fall 2020, resuming live performances 2021

8 Trump issues executive order for new unemployment benefit, 25% funded by the state

7 U.S. withrdawal from W.H.O.

3 Shedd Aquarium reopens to the public

1 Several jazz clubs reopen while observing the required 25% capacity

25 Hospitals begin to eliminate units dedicated to COVID-19 patients 24 Chicago bars that don’t sell food are no longer permitted to serve indoor,s

17 Lightfoot-s plan to allocate COVID-19 relief money passes through City Council

3.1.1 Public Transportation

3.1.2 Open Streets

Chicago’s public transportation system is the second largest in the United States. It is essential to the unity of the city, bridging the downtown central district and its surrounding neighborhoods. The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) operates 224.1 miles of heavy rail (subways and metros) and 1,536 miles of bus routes, connecting the city of Chicago to its 35 suburbs and 3.5 million people. (MI-23) In 2016, 27.5% Chicago households did not own cars, using public transportation, biking, or walking as a preferred method of transportation. (NB-35) On an average weekday, 1.6 million rides are taken on the CTA, meaning 45.7% of Chicago residents use public transit each day. (MI-23)

Chicago implemented an Open Streets program at the end of May, closing streets around the city, to help citizens have a safe space to get outside while maintaining proper social distancing. (MI-53) On May 29th, Mayor Lightfoot announced the Expanded Outdoor Dining initiative which utilizes street space to allow restaurants to expand their seating into the streets.

(MI-49) As of the end of September restaurants and bars are allowed to operate with a 25% capacity for indoor seating, limiting business and revenue. With the new initiative, clusters of businesses can apply to have their street closed, usually for a weekend, to allow for the restaurant to expand outdoor seating from just the sidewalk into the street. While the program started by closing only 6 streets, more than 17 streets were closed the last weekend of September to allow restaurants to utilize the street space. (MI-29)

The CTA is suffering due to COVID-19 related shutdowns and social distancing guidelines, resulting in drops in ridership and losses of revenue. In March 2019, the ratio of unlinked transit passenger trips (one person boarding one train) to total population was 0.66:1, while in 2020 the same ratio has seen a decrease to 0.36:1. (NB-48) While the public transportation system may not be as commonly utilized in Chicago as it is in New York, thousands of essential workers rely on public transit to commute. (MI-11) Chicagoans who live in “historically marginalized communities rely on transit to get to essential businesses like grocery stores and pharmacies.” (NB-57) To ease the fear of public transit during the COVID-19 pandemic, the CTA is implementing practices including requiring face masks, daily vehicle cleaning, overnight deep cleaning, station sanitization, rear boarding, and bus crowding management. (MI-12)

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While Open Streets were proving to be successful, they weren’t located equitably throughout the city. Most of the Open Streets are located on the North Side of the city. The West and South Sides of the city, where lower income families live, could have benefited greatly from the implementation of some open streets but were overlooked. Organizations such as the Active Transportation Alliance (ATA) are actively trying to find solutions but are finding the community outreach needed to plan these programs is much harder during the pandemic. (NB-12)

3.1.3 Entertainment

3.1.4 Work from Home

Chicago’s entertainment industry is one of the top five largest entertainment industries in the nation. (M-10) After the pandemic showed signs of spreading rapidly, Chicago’s mayor, Lori Lightfoot made the decision to close restaurants, bars, clubs, zoos, and arenas to minimize the number of large gatherings. Following these closings, Lori established a 5-Step Recovery process to gradually reopen facilities to the public. (MI-68)

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the city of Chicago has seen 4,400 businesses close and has felt the weight of the spiraling U.S. economy. (M-40) As a result, Chicago’s workforce has had to quickly adapt to the changes brought as a result of COVID-19.

Of these changes, there has been a surge of workers, working remotely. With 42% of buildings in Chicago being designated for office space, urban centers are experiencing major drops in workforce density as the employees and commuters that once fueled the city are no longer physically present. (NB-52) This shift in work culture has prompted experts from many disciplines to examine the future of the work environment and the effects it will have on post-pandemic life.

A large portion of Chicago’s entertainment industry has been permanently shut down for 2020 including large scale concerts, shows, and other events. Annual music festivals such as Lollapalooza, and Windy City Smokeout were also cancelled for the season.

Although the entertainment industry is not able to work to its fullest potential right now, many entertainers and artists have begun standing up to have their voices heard in the RESTART Act that Congress has been reviewing, which offers relief to those in the entertainment industry as wages and payments have been negatively impacted by the COVID pandemic. (M-12) To promote the signing of the RESTART Act, a nationwide gathering called “Red Alert” was held in Rosemont, which is a suburb of Chicago. (M-40) To bring attention to this event, they bathed the Allstate Center in red light.

With increased numbers of Chicagoans working remotely, employees, CEOs and companies have all experienced the positive benefits of not having to go to a physical office space. Working remotely eliminates the need to pay building rent and operational costs. Due to no need for office space, companies can allocate the money that they would have spent renting a physical space and invest it into something else. Other advantages to working at home include having a work-life balance, flexibility, no commute time, comfortability, and safety. As skyscrapers and other office buildings sit vacant, developers and owners are anxious over whether or not this distanced workforce will return. The fear of lost investments and revenue is now prompting owners and developers to look into adaptive reuse strategies in an effort to mitigate the financial loss brought on by COVID-19. Architects, developers, and city officials are looking into new ways to utilize these once busy office spaces.

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2.3 | KANSAS CITY The contemporary Kansas City known today started as a small cow town in the late 1800s. Cities in the east were desperate for livestock, so a Texas cattleman, Joseph McCoy, decided to use the trains to deliver cattle to St. Louis and Chicago. McCoy loaded his cattle at Abilene, Kansas, and decided that Kansas City was an excellent place to stop and feed the cattle before continuing east. Kansas City needed a bridge to cross the Missouri River to become a railroad hub for transporting the cattle. The Kansas City Stockyards were built in the West Bottoms in 1871. By 1875 the stockyards quadrupled in size and started to grow over to the Missouri side. The stockyard surged the population of Kansas City as it grew two and a half times faster than the national average.

Between 1880 and 1890, Kansas City was marked as a new metropolis as the population continued to grow. The growing city attracted bankers, jewelers, and other capitalists to Kansas City and eventually transformed the “cow town” to a “contemporary city” with art, food, and music. (M-32)

City of Dualities Kansas City is unique as it straddles the line of two states, Kansas and Missouri. Having the city be in two states makes each side different from the other. Kansas City, Missouri, has the majority of big city amenities like stadiums, art museums, and galleries that satisfy an urban lifestyle. Kansas City, Kansas, is more suburban, so there is less big city infrastructure needed. (NB-33) Not only is Kansas City located in two states, but there are also two rivers that converge together near the border. The Kansas (Kaw) River and Missouri River converge at a place now named Kaw Point, where Lewis and Clark’s expedition came to a rest in 1806. (SF-6) The Missouri River helped develop Kansas City as it was used for irrigation and hydroelectric power. (NB-15)

Kansas City Neighborhoods Kansas City has many distinct neighborhoods, each with its unique urban characteristics. Westport is the first neighborhood that existed before Kansas City was established. The mixed-use district is one of the most walkable neighborhoods in Kansas City, Missouri. The streets are lined with trees and small-scale buildings, which create “exterior rooms” for pedestrians. (MI-77) The Crossroads Arts District is home to more than 200 art galleries featuring local art. The neighborhood was formerly filled with abandoned warehouses and

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The T-Mobile Center in Kansas City is home to the College Basketball Experience and hosts a variety of events each year ranging from sporting events to concerts. The arena holds over 19,000 people and has 72 suites.

Kansas City BBQ is known for it’s tomato-based barbecue sauce and sweet notes of molasses. Kansas City has over 100 BBQ restaurants, many nationally renowned.

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historic buildings, but Hollywood’s movie industry brought the Crossroads back to life in the 1930s. Galleries started moving in the neighborhood in the 1980s, and the name Crossroads Arts District became the neighborhood’s official name.

(NB-31) The River Market District is located just south of the Missouri River. The neighborhood is most famous for the farmers market, which sells produce, spices, and fresh-cut flowers. The city developed the riverfront warehouses into residential lofts, restaurants, shops, and ethnic markets to liven the neighborhood.

(MI-31) The Power and Light District is a nine-block entertainment hub located in the heart of downtown Kansas City. Unlike the previous neighborhoods, Power & Light features several modern skyscrapers that have added variety to the Kansas City skyline. (MI-65) To add to the unique neighborhood experience, Power & Light is the only district in Kansas City that allows open plastic containers of alcohol in public. (NB-41) The Country Club Plaza is a fifteen-block development designed by J.C. Nichols. The Spanish architecture style is a distinct neighborhood feature as each building has a red-tiled roof and ornate ironwork. During an event called Plaza Lights, the entire neighborhood is covered in lights from Thanksgiving to midJanuary. At the Plaza’s eastern gateway is a replica of a fountain in Seville, Spain, called the Seville Light. (NB-31)

City of Fountains Kansas City is also known as the ‘City of Fountains.’ The name comes from the City of Fountains Foundation, which was established in 1973 to raise funds to construct and manage the fountains around Kansas City. (MI-27) Since the foundation was created, the city has maintained over 200 fountains throughout the metro, making Rome the only city with more fountains than Kansas City.MI-32 Of all the fountains found in Kansas City, forty-eight are publicly owned, and are the icons of Fountain Day, the holiday celebrated in early April. (MI-27)

Tourist Attractions Kansas City is known for its culinary tradition of barbecue, which started in 1920 by Henry Perry. His food slabs became so popular that other people

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began trying to imitate his techniques to create their own styles. There are now more than 100 barbeque restaurants throughout the Kansas City metropolitan area. Food festivals and competitions are held year-round as people compete in several categories like best sauce and best ribs. (MI-26) Sporting events are a significant component of Kansas City social life yearround. Kansas City is home to professional sports teams like the Chiefs, Royals, and Mavericks. On February 2, 2020, the Kansas City Chiefs won Super Bowl LIV and celebrated with a parade in downtown Kansas City. Thousands of fans gathered despite the cold temperature to watch the team drive by and listen to the speeches made at Union Station. (M-5) The T-Mobile Center (formerly known as the Sprint Center) has been hosting the Big 12 Men’s Basketball Championship for thirteen years. The tournament has become a tradition in Kansas City as it features four days of fast-paced college basketball. (MI-46) Kansas City offers many iconic museums for tourists, such as Disney’s first animation studio called Laugh-O-Gram Films. It is believed that the mouse that Walt Disney befriended in the studio became the inspiration for Mickey Mouse. The building is now owned by Thank You Walt Disney, Inc. to preserve the history and educate those who visit. (NB-28) The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Arts provides free public art in Kansas City to about 500,000 visitors a year. The founders believed that art and culture were necessary for a city to be civilized, so the museum maintains more than 35,000 works of art for the community.

(NB-2)

Annual Events Visual arts strongly contribute to Kansas City’s culture, so many annual art events occur throughout the year. First Fridays in the Crossroads Arts District is a monthly event filled with music, art, and food. People can enjoy live music at the Green Lady Lounge or Crossroads KC at Grinders. There are many art galleries in the district to tour, like the Weinberger Fine Art, Blue Gallery, and Jones Gallery. A line of food trucks gathers on 18th and McGee to provide food and drinks along with the unending entertainment. (MI-28) The Kansas City Fringe Festival showcases visual, film, and performing artists in several venues from River North to Old Westport. The eleven-day festival opens with an Opening Night Party where the artists preview their

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JC Nichols Fountain on the Country Club Plaza

Nelson Atkins Museum

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shows in “rapid-fire succession” to give the audience a taste of what is to come.

Throughout the festival, many events encourage the audience to meet and connect with the participating artists. (NB-56) The diverse cultures in Kansas City contribute to several annual events, including the Ethnic Enrichment Festival. The festival is held at the entrance of Swope Park and features more than sixty different cultures selling their native foods and crafts. There are also several performances of different ethnic music and dances throughout the weekend. (NB-21) Dedicated to the city’s “cow town” beginning, the American Royal Livestock, Horse Show, and Rodeo feature competitions and entertainment for people of all ages. Over 1,700 exhibitors from thirty-eight states made the trip to Kansas City for the 120th Annual Royal to show cattle, hogs, sheep, and goats. (NB34) After the rodeo, people can stay late and dance to live music at the Rodeo Tailgate. (NB-51)

Relevance to Case Study As of 2019, the population of Kansas City, Missouri was estimated to be around 495,327 people with a density of about 1,542 people per square mile. The relatively low density of Kansas City in comparison to New York City and Chicago provides a different perspective on the impacts of COVID-19 on downtown areas. The Kansas City government and many partner organizations have created policies to adapt city and neighborhood streets, public transportation, and entertainment venues for the public health and safety of residents during the pandemic. Residents have adapted to new social changes in their everyday social and work life.

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The annual Ethnic Enrichment Festival features over 60 different cultures in KC. It features food, art and music for Kansas City residents to learn from.

The American Royal Livestock, Horse-show and Rodeo features some of the best cowboys in the world, and has both youth and professional divisions.

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COVID-19 Response Mayor Quinton Lucas and the Kansas City Health Department began implementing techniques to prevent the spread of COVID-19 before any cases were confirmed in the city. Mayor Lucas shared on March 7, 2020, that the city was aware of the first positive case in Johnson County, Kansas. By March 11, 2020, KCMO Health Director Dr. Rex Archer and Dr. Carney provided more recommendations to prevent the spread of COVID-19. They advised people who are sixty years old or older with underlying health conditions to avoid events with large crowds. (MI-19) On March 12, 2020, Mayor Lucas declared a state of emergency, canceling or delaying events with more than 1000 people. By March 16, 2020, the state of emergency was updated by Mayor Lucas to not allow gatherings with ten or more people. All public K-12 schools were required to close by March 18, 2020, until further notice. On March 18, 2020, the Kansas City Health Department reported its first two COVID-19 cases in Kansas City, Missouri. Mayor Lucas issued a stay-at-home order on March 21, 2020, which required Kansas Citians to stay at home except for essential activities like grocery stores and healthcare facilities. The Kansas City Health Department announced the first confirmed death from COVID-19 in Kansas City on April 2, 2020. Shortly after, the Missouri Governor issued a statewide stay-at-home order. Through April, the new infection cases began to decline each week, prompting Kansas City to begin exploring reopening. (MI-19) On April 29, 2020, Mayor Lucas announced the 10/10/10 “soft reopening” plan. The “soft reopening” plan would allow businesses to reopen with 10% building occupancy or ten people (whichever is greater). Despite the surge in cases at a meat processing plant, Kansas City began the 10/10/10 “soft reopening” plan on May 15, 2020. Once businesses started to reopen, the Kansas City Health Department released several guidelines for opening pools, socially distanced restaurants, and parks. On May 31, 2020, businesses could increase the capacity to 50% of the building occupancy and require employers to accommodate employees with health or safety concerns. On June 29, 2020, the percentage capacity limits were eliminated even with rising cases, but face coverings became required indoors. The latest update from Mayor Lucas was announced on August 13, 2020, extending the state of emergency until January 16, 2021. The mayor explained that COVID-19 is not going to disappear, especially as winter approaches. The current guidelines include wearing a face covering while indoors and still limiting bars at 50% maximum capacity. (MI-19)

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28 Lucas increases capacity limits to 50 percent

22 KCMO eases requirements for sidewalk and street cafes, parklets, and parking lot dining 18 Soft opening begins

9 FDA approves the COVID-19 antigen test

11 Lucas announces reopening guidelines for KC restaurants and non-essential businesses

5 Identify case cluster connected to St. Joseph meat processing plant

1 KC website connects businesses with local PPE suppliers 30 Airlines announced rules requiring face masks 29 Lucas annonces “Soft Reopening” plan

21 KCMO posts recommendations for community- and faith-based organizations

16 Lucas extends stay-at-home order

8 KCMO Health Director cautions against homemade masks

6 KCMO Health Department recommends wearing cloth masks

4 Governor of Missouri enacts statewide stay-at-home-order

2 First confirmed death from COVID-19 in Kansas City 1 2 KCPD members test positive for COVID-19

23 City facilities closed to the public 22 Core 4 partner counties issue stay at home orders for 30 days 21 Lucas issues Citywide “Stay-at-Home” Order, extends school closures

18 All public and private schools close, first two COVID-19 cases confirmed Restaurants for takeout only, no visits to nursing homes, households required to quarantine 16 Lucas amends Emergency proclamation to gatherings of 10 15 CDC recommends no gatherings of more than 50 people

13 Trump declares a National Emergency 12 Mayor Quinton Lucas declares a State of Emergency, events with over 1000 people cancelled 11 KCMO Health Director issues recommendations for hygiene and seniors

7 First presumptive positive cases in Kansas and Missouri 6 Coronavirus FAQ published by KCMO Health Dept

3 CDC lifts all federal restrictions on COVID-19 testing

COVID-19 Timeline

October September August July

8 Trump issues executive order for new unemployment benefit, 25% funded by the state

23 City Council announces CARES Act spending plan

26 Lucas requires face coverings indoors 25 Kansas City stops publishing case count data per day

4.1.1 Public Transportation

4.1.2 Open Streets

Only 3% of Kansas City, Missouri residents use public transportation to commute, which is significantly lower than New York City and Chicago. (NB-10) Instead, residents rely on their cars to connect them to their community. Although the public transportation system is not an essential way to get around Kansas City, 62% of riders depend on public transit. (MI-33) The agency responsible for the public transportation system in the Kansas City metropolitan area is the Kansas City Area Transportation Authority (KCATA). KCATA’s mission is to provide a service that gives everyone equal access to public transportation. To fill that need, they provide paratransit services for the elderly and disabled riders so there is equitable access to “safe, reliable public transportation.” (MI-38)

Prior to the pandemic, Kansas City’s Parks and Recreation Department partnered with Better Block and BNIM in the to re-imagine Grand Boulevard (NB-7) and partnered with Bike Walk KC for a pop-up traffic calming demonstration in 2017. (NB-24) During the COVID-19 pandemic, Kansas City has worked with a wide variety of partners, to give its residents ample space to be outside by adding touchless technologies and decreasing traffic in neighborhoods and parks.

KCATA announced on March 19, 2020, that they were going to temporarily suspend fares on all public transportation for the rest of the year to reduce contact between bus drivers and riders. (MI-73) In response to the stay-at-home order and increased bus driver absenteeism, KCATA reduced its routes and hours on April 12, 2020. With more people returning to work in August, KCATA restored most of the routes and hours to the original schedule. (MI-2) The quick actions of KCATA proved to be successful as only seven bus drivers have tested positive for COVID-19 since April. (MI-14)

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Two key programs have provided residents with space to safely walk, run, bike and play and encouraged the community to get outside during the summer months of the pandemic. The Open Streets KC program has changed the urban fabric of Kansas City by allowing residents to apply for a permit to close their neighborhood streets to traffic and by adding over 100 automated pedestrian crossings. (MI-5) KC Parks is another entity that organized programs to close through streets within larger parks to provide a greater space for outdoor activities. (MI-41) As stay at home orders were extended, KC Parks provided programs to encourage Kansas City residents to be outside and safely socially distance. A few examples are the PopUp Recreation program, free outdoor concerts from the KC Symphony, (MI-37) and Summer Reading from KC Libraries. Most of these programs are not expected to be permanent and are seen as temporary solutions to the stay-athome order implemented in March. Most of the KC Park programs were directed towards children and intended to end at the beginning of the school year when demand for these programs decreased.

4.1.3 Entertainment

4.1.4 Work From Home

One of the biggest aspects of life that has been affected is the way everyone stays entertained. The entertainment life has died down. Although life has not returned to normal, Kansas City has done everything in its power to restore city life in a safe and responsible way. One of the biggest impacts to help restore city life is the KC Clean Commitment pledge which was unveiled by Visit KC. The goal is to have the entertainment businesses hold each other accountable. So far 107 organizations in Kansas City that have committed to this pledge. (MI39) The guidelines of the pledge encourage all patrons to use proper face masks/coverings, limit occupancy, provide hand-sanitizing to staff and customers, sanitize any frequently touched surfaces often, and provide a safe place to work for all employees. (MI-39) Mayor Lucas also instituted reopening guidelines on June/29, 2020 for all organizations, (MI-74) which allow for only 50 percent capacity for dine-in services. Many attractions have reopened with safety protocols, even though many local, regional, and national events have been canceled or postponed due to the recommendations of the CDC. (MI-13)

With Nearly 900 businesses permanently closing in the Kansas City Area. (M-50) The Kansas City Missouri Department of Health has created a guide for the health and safety of businesses and workers in Kansas City.

The three themes to keep workers and businesses safe are: Initiate, Implement, and Involve. (MI-67)

Each major Kansas City attraction has been impacted differently. The MLB and Kauffman Stadium have decided that no fans will be allowed and only teams, staff, and media will be let in. (NB-14) The NFL and the Chiefs organization have decided to allow a reduced stadium capacity for Chiefs games. (NB-16) And after being closed since March, the Nelson Atkins Museum of Art will reopen with a mandated mask policy and the Kansas City Zoo, and Worlds of Fun have opened, but will close for the season soon.

Within the “Initiating” theme, businesses should strategically develop a business plan regarding how to function during a pandemic. It is important to outline key functions to determine required operations and people for the business, and consider potential adjustments due to COVID-19 regulations. Businesses must also determine health risks that the workspace and employees could face. This may impact communication, necessary functions via remote locations, and a change of workplaces and resources. (MI-67) After completing the “initiate” phase, businesses are encouraged to “implement” health and safety precautions, and apply infection control measures including: instruction posters, sanitation materials, tissues and no-touch waste bins, and require employees to stay home when sick or showing COVID-19 symptoms. Businesses must prepare for social distancing, allowing remote communication, and providing employees with resources for remote operations. Businesses should anticipate absenteeism and adapt to maintain critical operations while following COVID-19 prevention guidelines. (MI-67) The final step, “Involve,” encourages the involvement of the workforce and the updated business plans for effective measures against COVID-19. Businesses must determine how to relay information to the workforce to keep everyone updated on business operations and COVID-19 updates. (MI-67)

2.3 Kansas City 41

3.1 Public Transportation Public transportation is critical to urban city centers. When it thrives, the city is lively and dynamic, and when it falls short, the city is isolated and disconnected.

Many cities are defined by the speed and efficiency of their transportation systems, as it connects residents and tourists alike to experience the city as a whole. The bus and subway systems create a low-cost solution to encourage more people to utilize public transit. However, COVID-19 has shifted the view of public transportation from necessary to risky. Ridership has decreased because residents are using personal vehicles or staying home. New York City, Chicago, and Kansas City are experiencing different impacts of COVID-19 on their public transit system, so each city must adapt differently.

Health and Safety: Reduce Pollution Ambient air pollution is linked to 4.2 million premature deaths globally.

(SF-1) A major contributor to ambient air pollution is fuel combustion from motor vehicles, making dense urban centers with high automotive traffic more susceptible to polluted air. Using public transportation minimizes the number of vehicles on streets and provides alternatives for both residents and tourists to move around the city.

Economic Impact: Commuting Many people who live in dense urban centers may opt to pay for annual or quarterly passes for public transportation than to take on the costs of ownership of a personal vehicle. Census data from before the COVID-19 pandemic shows that while only 5% of all US commuters use public transportation, that number doubles to 10% in major cities. The numbers are even higher in minority groups, jumping to 16.67% using public transportation to get to and from work. (M-47)

42

Riders social distance on a New York City subway car.

To minimize contact between riders and bus operators, public transportation agencies are asking riders to board through the back door.

3.1 Public Transportation 44

Urban Fabric: Experiencing the City Public transportation in urban centers connects people to work opportunities, community resources, and entertainment opportunities. Businesses near public transportation routes benefit economically because it increases the number of people who visit. According to the American Public Transportation Association (APTA), 87% of trips on public transit have a direct impact on the local economy.

(NB-47) Tourists that visit cities without a personal car use public transportation to get around. Subways and buses provide transportation from airports to nearby hotels, and the routes are designed to stop near important tourist destinations.

City residents also use public transportation to go shopping and access local resources.

COVID-19 Impact In a COVID-19 world, ridership in public transportation has declined. In March 2020, transit passenger boardings were down 40.68% percent nationwide. (NB-48) In large urban centers such as New York City, ridership has dropped significantly while automotive traffic has only been reduced minimally.

(M-33) The decline in ridership could have far-reaching impacts on public transport systems around the U.S. Many public transportation authorities will have to reconcile financial deficits with closing certain lines, cutting back on services, or eliminating lesser-performing transit systems (like buses) altogether to allocate needed resources to more profitable systems.

In May 2020, the CDC issued a statement urging people to avoid public transportation due to the density of travelers and the inability to implement social distancing measures on crowded trains and buses. As a result, many people fear using public transportation systems and are wary of stepping foot in subway and other transportation stations. However, transportation officials and urban and city planners have strong opinions against increasing usage of personal motor vehicles due to contribution to ambient air pollution. The encouragement of single-rider automotive traffic will effectively reverse the progress that has been made, potentially transitioning from one public health crisis (COVID-19) to another (ambient air pollution-related illnesses and diseases).

3.1 Public Transportation 45

People Impacted In the Census data from 2018, only 3% of Kansas City residents use public transportation to get to work. 39% of New York City residents use public transit to get to work compared to 25% of Chicago residents. (NB-10) Nationally, of those who use public transportation on a daily basis, 46% do not have access to a personal motor vehicle. (NB-13) Therefore, New York City is most impacted by COVID-19 because of a higher demand for public transportation.

The APTA found that almost 80% of public transportation riders were between twenty-five and sixty-five years old. (NB-13) This age range comprises full-time working adults and is the most impacted by the pandemic. (NB-10) The APTA also found that most riders belong to minority groups. (NB-13) Minority groups make up the majority of essential workers with 53% employed in industrial, commercial, residential facilities and services as well as 50% in food and agriculture services. (NB-38) Since essential workers are needed to provide essential services, they are still needing to commute to work. Chicago has the highest percentage of minority groups making up 67% of the population. New York City is close behind with 59% and Kansas City has the lowest at 45%.

(NB-10) Based on this data, minority residents in Chicago are impacted more significantly by the effects of COVID-19 on transportation compared to Kansas City.

The last group most impacted by COVID-19 and public transportation is low-income families who earn less than 50,000 dollars a year. In Kansas City, 47% of families earn less than 50,000 dollars a year, which is the highest percentage among the three cities. 45% of Chicago families fall below this benchmark, as well as 37% of New York City families. (NB-10) The APTA found that low-income families are more likely to use the bus system because of the lower fares, and high-income families (earn more than 100,000 dollars a year) are more likely to use rail. (NB-13) When cities started enforcing stay-at-home orders, nonessential workers started to work from home, which meant more high-income families no longer needed public transportation.

3.1 Public Transportation 46

Most Impacted

Most Impacted

Ages 18-64 Minority Groups

Most Impacted

Minority Groups Ages 18-64

Ages 18-64

Low Income Families

Low Income Families

Low Income Families

Minority Groups

HighIncome Families HighIncome Families

Least Impacted

Least Impacted

HighIncome Families

Least Impacted

3.1 Public Transportation 47

3.1.1 New York City Public Transportation Public transportation in New York City is integral to the function of the city. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) is the largest public transportation system in the United States, serving 15.3 million people in its 5,000 square mile area, larger than all other US public transit systems combined.

(MI-55) It provides 2.6 billion trips each year, accounting for 1/3 of the country’s public transportation users. While across the country, 15% of workers in the United States use public transit to get to work, 80% of commuters in New York City use public transit, avoiding an estimated 17 million metric tons of greenhouse gases annually. (MI-55) When New York City became a hotspot for COVID-19 in March 2020, public transit saw ridership decrease drastically. In March 2019, heavy rail (subways) the ratio of unlinked transit passenger trips (trips in which one person boarded one train) to the total population was 3.77:1 In March 2020, that ratio fell to 1.98:1. While both subway and bus ridership has increased each week since April, (MI-51) people are still hesitant to resume transit habits during and postCOVID-19. To protect riders and employees from exposure to COVID-19, safety practices have been enacted including minimizing cash transactions, requiring face coverings, and increased cleaning and sanitization. (NB-26) Incorporating social distancing measures and cleaning procedures are important for the safety of riders and employees because the public transportation system is what keeps New York City running.

48

New York City’s Grand Central Station - 2015

New York City’s Grand Central Station - March 2020

3.1.1 Public Transportation 49

More Successful No MTA employee deaths since June 2nd1

Increased cleaning schedule

$50 fines for those that violate mask mandate

Contactless payment

Testing new cleaning technology2

COVID-19 death benefits to families of transit workers3

Increased bus frequency while subway is closed for deep cleaning

Reduced routes4 Staggering business hours to distribute rush hour traffic5

Services could be reduced by up to 40% if MTA does not receive extra federal funding

4,224 MTA employees have tested positive.

(8.45%)

Budget shortfalls may cause an increse in tolls

131 MTA employees have died from COVID-19.

(0.26%)

Less Successful

3.1.1 Public Transportation 50

1 - Reducing contact between riders and MTA employees through contactless payment, reduced routes, and increased cleaning has contributed to the decline in MTA employee COVID-19 related deaths. (MI-54) 2 - MTA is testing new cleaning technology like antimicrobial biostats, ultraviolet light, electrostatic sprayers, and innovative air filters.

(MI-54) 3 - In April, the MTA and its unions agreed on a COVID-19 death benefit plan for MTA employees’ families. The paperwork is extensive and can be difficult for families if the death certificate does not list COVID-19 as the cause of death. However, families have started receiving payments in August. (M-42) 4 - MTA reduced their routes when ridership dropped significantly in March. However, closing the subway at night has helped the MTA deep clean the subway cars to protect both the riders and employees. (MI-54) 5 - MTA has worked with local businesses to stagger the start times of work to prevent large crowds throughout the day. This measure allows riders to social distance to and from work. (MI-54)

7

9

1 3 2 4

5

8

6 1

3.1.2 Chicago Public Transportation Chicago has the second largest public transportation system in the country.

The CTA sees an annual ridership of just under 500 million trips, 259 million of those attributed to buses and 238 to rail. (MI-23) Public transit in Chicago saves more than 750 million gallons of gasoline each year and avoids 6.7 million tons of greenhouse gases annually from being released in the atmosphere. (MI-7) In March 2019, the ratio of unlinked transit passenger trips to total population was 0.66:1, while in March 2020 the same ratio fell to 0.36:1. (NB48) While the public transportation system may not be as commonly utilized in Chicago as it is in New York, thousands of essential workers rely on public transit to get to and from work. (MI-11) Chicagoans who live in “historically marginalized communities rely on transit to get to essential businesses like grocery stores and pharmacies.� (NB-57) While transportation authorities in New York City and Kansas City have cut back on services to mitigate losses in revenue, Chicago has not only maintained their services, but expanded them to better serve marginalized communities. (M-14) To help ease fears of public transit during the COVID-19 pandemic, the CTA is also implementing practices such as requiring face masks, daily vehicle cleaning, overnight deep cleaning, station sanitization, rear boarding, and bus crowding management. (MI-12)

52

Crowded metros in Chicago show public transportation is essential to city life.

Empty metros represent the fear and hesitation surrounding public transportation and enclosed spaces during the pandemic.

3.1.2 Public Transportation 53

More Successful Cleaning on vehicles BEFORE and DURING services

Daily cleaning of high-traffic areas in stations2

Did not reduce scheduled services (some train and bus routes were expanded to reduce overcrowding)

given out 12,000 free CTA “Travel Healthy Kits” to riders that includes a mask, hand sanitizer, and healthy riding tips

Welfare fund established to help families of CTA employees who have died from COVID-19

Deep cleaning of vehicles each night1

Deep cleaning in stations during overnight hours3

roping off of seats closest to drivers to ensure social distancing

Mask enforcement (some bus drivers say riders are still not wearing masks)

Real-time video crowd monitoring4

No clear way to find information about employee positive testing rates (not on news sources or CTA website)

Less Successful

3.1.2 Public Transportation 54

2 - Rail stations are disinfected multiple times a day. High-traffic areas include door handles, handrails, passenger intercom units, vending machines, turnstiles, and elevator buttons.

(MI-12) 2 - The CTA has formed ten teams of 4-5 people to deep-clean stations overnight to limit the impact on riders. Each team power-washes station surfaces such as platforms, station floors, and station walls. 50-75 stations are deep-cleaned each week. (MI-12) 4 - CTA employees can use existing realtime cameras to monitor crowds at highridership stations. Have the ability to make announcements to encourage social distancing if the station becomes too crowded. (MI-12) 5 - Buses drivers have the authority to run as “drop-off only” if their bus is becoming too crowded. Guideline of more than 15 people on a 40-foot bus and 22 on a 60-foot bus.

Any stops that are passed by buses will be served by the next bus on that route. (MI-48)

Bus crowding management allows bus drivers to bypass certain stops5

In May 2020, 6 CTA employees had died from COVID-19 (0.06%)

1 - Each night vehicles are deep cleaned by a 3-in-1 product that cleans, deodorizes, and disinfects surfaces. This intensive cleaning from the top of the windows to the floor includes grab bars, seats, farecard readers, and stop request pull-cords and buttons. (MI-12)

3

LaSalle Street Station

3

5

2A

2 6B

1E

4C

4

1 5

7 D

3.1.3 Kansas City Public Transportation In 2018, 81% of Kansas City, Missouri residents drove alone to work, making public transportation less essential in Kansas City when compared to New York City and Chicago. (NB-10) Kansas City’s public transportation is still necessary because, to some residents, it is the only way to commute to work or access local resources. KCATA is the agency that operates all the transportation services like the bus services, vanpool service, and the Kansas City Streetcar (KC Streetcar) system. (MI-38) The KC Streetcar opened in 2016 with two miles of free transportation through the heart of downtown Kansas City. (MI-1) Currently, the KC Streetcar project team is working on the design to extend the track north past the Riverfront and south to connect to the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC). The KC Streetcar extension will connect two important employment centers (Central Business District and the Plaza), which will connect people to more opportunities. (MI-43) In 2015 the KCATA system provided transportation to 15.1 million passengers and averaged 50,000 daily riders. (MI-33) With people working from home and bus capacities cut in half, the ridership has dropped to 21,000 daily riders. (M-46) During COVID-19, it is critical to keep the buses and streetcars functioning so that essential workers can continue to commute safely. The recent changes include marked seating to provide social distancing, cutting the bus capacity in half, opening windows to circulate air, and requiring able-bodied riders to board from the bus’s back door.

On March 19, 2020, KCATA announced that bus fares would be suspended temporarily to prevent unnecessary contact with drivers. (MI-73) Although this response was implemented to keep riders and bus drivers safe, Kansas City has been preparing to go fare-free since the KC Streetcar opened up fare-free in 2016. The pandemic has provided Kansas City officials an opportunity to test the “zero fare transit” plan thoroughly. (M-16) In April, KCATA announced that they would be reducing the service hours and temporarily canceling some routes in response to the stay-at-home order.

However, with fewer routes running, KCATA had to lay-off sixty-six part-time employees. (MI-72) Over time, the service hours have increased, and specific routes have increased frequency to provide essential workers transportation.

(MI-2)

56

The RideKC Streetcar provides free transportation along Main Street in downtown Kansas City.

RideKC Bus reduces routes after the stay-at-home order is enforced in Kansas City.

3.1.3 Public Transportation 57

More Successful Between April and July only 1 bus driver tested positive for COVID-19

Plexiglass shields for drivers

Suspended fares on buses

Mask Requirements

Riders boarding on back of bus 7 bus drivers have tested positive for COVID-19 so far1

Reduced routes2 Riders are not taking safety protocols seriously3

Part-time bus drivers laid off4

No clear way to notify riders of positive bus driver cases (only on website)

High driver absenteeism with the majority related to COVID-195

Between August and September, 6 bus drivers tested positive for COVID-19 (0.75%)6

Less Successful

3.1.3 Public Transportation 58

1 - Compared to New York City and Chicago, Kansas City has had a lower COVID-19 positive rate. The reduced routes, limited contact between the bus driver and riders, and mask requirements have helped reduce the number of positive cases in RideKC bus drivers. (MI-72) 2 - KCATA reduced routes in April after the stayat-home order was issued. The sharp decrease in daily ridership and higher than average driver absenteeism contributed to reducing the routes in Kansas City. The reduced routes are more successful for bus drivers since the number of times they interact with riders has been reduced. (MI-72) 3 - Kansas City bus riders have not been taking the safety protocols seriously. Bus drivers feel powerless in situations where riders do not social distance or wear a mask because there is no fine or penalty for breaking the protocols.

(M-46) 4 - Bus driver absenteeism in April was above average, with about 120 bus drivers absent daily. 80 out of the 120 were related to COVID-19 in regards to quarantining or childcare issues. (MI-72) 5 - KCATA had to lay-off sixty-six part-time operators since the start of the pandemic. The reduced routes meant that there was less need for the number of drivers for the bus routes.

(MI-72) 6 - A sharp increase of bus drivers testing positive for COVID-19 has happened in a short amount of time. The sharp increase started happening around the time routes started to increase, and more riders started to break safety protocols. (MI-14)

2

1

3.2 Open Streets Open streets is a civic movement that partially or fully closes roadways to vehicular traffic, which allows pedestrians to take control of the street and sidewalk encouraging alternative modes of transportation like walking, cycling, or public transportation. The Executive Director of 8-80 Cities, one of the founding organizations of the Open Streets Project, explains how “people traffic replaces car traffic, and the streets become ‘paved parks’ where people of all ages, abilities, and social, economic, or ethnic backgrounds can come out and improve their mental, physical, and emotional health.” (NB-42) Open streets have the most widespread impact when located on lively city blocks with many established businesses and restaurants to draw people in. Furthermore, the program is most impactful when open streets expand with intention, linking neighborhoods, attractions, and businesses for pedestrians and cyclists.

While only an emerging idea in the United States before COVID-19, open streets are extremely valuable to urban centers. They provide communities with accessible and free recreation that improves public health and is less expensive than building new recreation facilities. Open streets encourage social integration, invite greater civic participation, promote brick and mortar businesses, and connect neighborhoods and residents through different means of transportation.

The popularity of open streets has soared during the pandemic because they allow city dwellers to safely venture outdoors, support local businesses, and partake in community engagement while socially distancing.

COVID-19 has shifted the typical locations of open streets due to work from home and quarantine precautions that caused business districts to lose density, while residential neighborhoods increased in density. Consequently, COVID-19 initiated a movement in open streets, which thrive on dense, lively streets, from central business districts to more residential zones.

60

The 2007 New York Plaza program repurposed areas around the city into public park spaces

Example of the Better Block program that help transform street space into outdoor gathering space

3.2 Open Streets 62

Prioritizing Pedestrians Before COVID-19 Historically, cities have implemented programs to reduce vehicular traffic and promote the safety and enjoyment of pedestrians and cyclists in urban centers.

In the case of dense cities, where open outdoor space is scarce, organizing groups are required to be creative in how they manage their public space and promote pedestrians over vehicular traffic. Many cities have developed programs to increase healthy and sustainable opportunities for pedestrians. Organizations such as 10 Minute Walk, a national movement supported by the Urban Land Institute strive “to ensure that everyone in your city has safe, easy access to a quality park within a 10-minute walk of home by 2050�. (NB-53) The NYC Plaza Program, which began in 2007, partnered with 10 Minute Walk to transform underused streets into vibrant, social public spaces completing projects like Times Square and the Flatiron Plaza. (MI-62) In 2017, Kansas City partnered with Better Block and BNIM to re-imagine Grand Boulevard, reconditioning part of the street into outdoor dining. Kansas City also partnered with Bike KC to slow down vehicular traffic and increase pedestrian and cyclist safety and enjoyment.

(NB-7) Most notably, the Open Streets Project, a national advocacy group founded in 2011, has worked with over 16 cities -- including New York City, Chicago, and Kansas City -- to develop outdoor pedestrian-friendly spaces. The concept of open streets gained popularity after the Open Streets Project helped cities across America to adopt their program and to foster collaboration between cities, law enforcement, and local community outreach organizations.

3.2 Open Streets 63

Managing Open Streets Since the beginning of the pandemic, the city transportation departments in New York City, Chicago, and Kansas City have taken on the administration of open streets. Restaurants can submit applications to their city’s transportation departments to request street and/or sidewalk space to be converted for dining purposes. Similarly, neighborhoods can request to have their streets closed to thru traffic, where community groups can then organize public programming.

Each city has different procedures for applying and maintaining open streets, which are largely dependent on local traffic patterns, city zoning restrictions, and COVID-19 safety and social distancing guidelines.

In New York City, the initiatives are awarded to streets through an application process and ample evaluation of neighborhoods greatly impacted

by COVID-19. Once streets are chosen, the spaces are created and maintained through strict safety regulations including safety barriers, limited vehicle access, modified speed limits, new signage, and coordination between the Mayor’s office, the NYC Council, NYPD, NYC Parks, NYC DOT, BIDs, and other community organizations. (MI-63) In Chicago, businesses clustered together can apply to have their streets closed to vehicular traffic and opened to pedestrians for a weekend. This allows restaurants to expand outdoor seating into the roadways and accommodate more guests while following proper social distancing guidelines. Individual restaurants cannot apply for open street permits alone and must apply for a permit allowing them to expand their outdoor seating to their private parking lots. (MI-29) In Kansas City, the Open Streets Program has been focused on the residential neighborhoods of the city instead of downtown. Kansas City partnered with Better Block, KC Parks, SPIN, and Bike Walk KC to provide permits for residential streets to be closed to vehicular traffic. The initiative in Kansas City is focused on giving residents, specifically children, more space to walk, bike, run, and play safely. (MI-41)

3.2 Open Streets 64

Guidelines NYC DOT published for restaurants using one lane of the street for seating while the rest of the street remains open to vehicular traffic

Details of how a street can be completely closed off for restaurant and pedestrian use

3.2 Open Streets 65

3.2 Open Streets 66

Variations on the Open Streets Model Open streets have evolved into a multitude of variations aiming to provide safe pedestrian spaces and activities for the communities they serve. One of the most common forms of open streets is the adaptation of sidewalks, parking spaces, and traffic lanes for outdoor seating to support restaurants and bars as they implement social distancing requirements that have reduced capacity allowances for indoor dining. Open Restaurants and Open Streets: Restaurants are two of New York City’s programs that provide additional outdoor dining spaces for single establishments or larger groups of restaurants. Chicago implemented a similar program that allows restaurants to utilize street space for dining areas.

Programs in Kansas City have encouraged the use of the city parks, outdoor activities, and proper social distancing by stopping vehicular traffic on roads that cross through larger parks. (MI-41) Additionally, programs like PopUp Recreation, sponsored by KCParks, provided crafts, snacks, reading, and music programs to the public. New York City has a similar program, Open Streets: Play, that focuses on safe, socially distanced amenities for children and families including reading programs, music and concert opportunities, and community lead play activities.

Another unique variation, Cool Streets, implemented in New York City, converts naturally shaded streets into designated public cooling zones with a variety of water features to help keep residents safe during high heat indexes that plague dense urban centers

3.2 Open Streets 67

The Impact on Cities Open streets have drawn both praise and criticism across the country. They are successful because they have reduced the spread of COVID-19, increased pedestrian safety, provided outdoor public space, and sparked the revival of outdoor community engagement. (AI-1) Additionally, open streets implemented to help small businesses and restaurants have been successful in combating the economic effects of capacity restriction and social distancing regulations.

The programs have received criticism that they are not always equitable; some demographics may not feel safe in their neighborhood due to crime or over policing regardless of open streets. Additionally, many open streets are not permanent installations, and therefore their set up and tear down requirements are a hindrance to groups that manage them. There are also concerns accommodating open streets has modified traffic patterns, inconveniencing surrounding residents, streets, and commuters. In New York City, open streets balance their intended purpose (additional restaurant seating, outdoor activity space, etc) with vehicular traffic needs through specific open and closure periods based on location, time, and day of the week. In Chicago, open streets intended for pedestrians are only open on the weekends to avoid rush hour traffic. Streets intended for restaurant dining close to vehicles at 5pm on Thursday and re-open to thru traffic on Sunday night in attempts to only disrupt one day of commuting.

In Kansas City, many open streets are connected to outdoor green spaces causing an influx in park patrons which puts stress on general park maintenance and can even lead to increased transmission of COVID-19.

It has been found that many of the Open Streets programs are both inequitable and unequal, serving more predominantly white neighborhoods and neglecting communities dominated by people of color. (AI-1) In its early stages, the Open Streets program in New York City favored wealthy and white neighborhoods; of New Yorkers who lived within walking distance of an open street, only 16 percent were Black. (NB-43) While many businesses and restaurants have been able to remain open with the implementation of open streets, it is misguided to ignore the negative consequences of open streets in favor of their positive impacts.

3.2 Open Streets 68

Most Impacted

Business Owners

Predominantly white neighborhoods

Resutrant Owners

Residents On the Street

Bikers, Runners, Walkers

Retail/ Resturant Workers

Shoppers

Elderly

Drivers

Daily Commuters

Adults

City Maintenance Staff

Children

Neighboring Businesses

Residents on Neighboring Streets

POC Neighborhoods

Teenagers

Tourists

Least Impacted

3.2 Open Streets 69

One of the wining designs from a competition the City of Chicago held to address how to continue the use of outdoor spaces through the winter

3.2 Open Streets 70

Looking Forward The future of open streets is uncertain as cities plan for the colder weather and continuation of social distancing requirements. Kansas City ended their programs after the summer when kids returned to school, while other cities such as New York City and Chicago decided to extend their programs into 2021. New York City and Chicago are facing challenges in the continuation of open streets due to hazardous weather conditions that may cause maintenance issues for open streets and could discourage citizens from taking advantage of these outdoor programs. In an attempt to combat these possible problems, Chicago organized a design competition to help generate ideas and community involvement in the continuation of open streets. As these programs evolve alongside the pandemic, there will be more insight about urban centers and our societal use of outdoor spaces based on the successes and failures of open streets.

3.2 Open Streets 71

More Successful

More Successful

implementing action quickly

Allowed for extra space to get outdoors

Collaboration of government, local, and community organizations

NYPD Presence/ Removal1

Permanence of open streets3 Over reliance on sidewalk space4

1 - NYPD originally held a large presence in the Open Streets program to ensure to ensure safety Plan for for vehicles, pedestrians, and bicyclists. However, Open every continuation in the current social climate, it was found that in weekend through thepresence made commany neighborhoods NYPD winter munity members less willing and more uncomfortable while occupying Open Streets. Therefore Includes of Open Streets was the control and organization programs swiftly handed over to other organizations. Colfor laboration of government,local, and community resturants organizations

Communication about future past oct. 31st

Inclusion of street vendors2

Traffic congestion6

Bike lane, pedestrian connection

great at 3fiwasn’t - Many Open Streets only close the road to thru rst but they are 1 traffic during daytime hours, requiring the set up learning and deconstruction of barricades and more each day. It can be see as advantageous that these programs are allowing for normal traffic in morning and night; it is also disadvantageous to the groups Alternative required to rebuild the barricades and more each Lower income routes for day.

Additionally, the impermanence of some open communites traffic not were not streets increases safety concerns. thought

Less Successful

3.2.1 Open Streets 72

included2

4 -through Many Open Streets occupy the sidewalk space adjacent to their storefront, which reduces the Compared movement. to ability for safe pedestrian Not other cities, implemented a 5 - Open streetsChicago are had typically solitary blocks very limited quickly closed to through traffic.

While the open streets program create needed outdoor space, they do not facilitate necessary pedestrian and bike movement through city.

3

Inclusion of POC neighborhoods

Encourage social distancing

Worked with different organizations on the program1

2 - Many open street programs lack opportunities for food stands and other vendors without formal storefronts. Additionally, these open streets programs may take up sidewalk space for outdoor dining that were originally used by street vendors.

Management

Management (surprise closures)

Interconnection of open streets5

More Su

6 - Closing thru traffic on Open Streets has led to traffic congestion because of detours on surrounding streets.

Less Successful

Provide access to all neighborhood types and demographics

Adapt the program seasonally3

Less Su

7

9

1 3 2 4

8

6 1

More Successful

Provide outdoor space to neighborhoods

Allowed for extra space to get outdoors

Open every weekend

Plan for continuation through the winter Includes programs for resturants

Encourage social 1 - When the program first started the prodistancing cesses of notifying residents, closing down Encourage streets, and then reopening them after healthy wasn’t thought through and caused lots of traffic problems. outdoor As the play program grew the city learned more efficient ways to close the Worked with streets and how to help residents different organizations 2 - Almost all of the open on the were implemented on the 1 program

streets in Chicago North Side of the city excluding lower income neighborhoods on the South and West sides of the city 3 - Some popular streets were closed to implement the program and the city didn’t think about the influx of traffic that would be caused on other streets. This causes both concern for pedestrian safety, for those that still have to use the sidewalks on the busy streets and the, and people using their cars since the roads are more congested.

Management wasn’t great at first but they are learning1

Bike lane, pedestrian connection

More Successful

Provide access to all neighborhood

Alternative routes for traffic not thought through3

Lower income communites were not included2

Not implemented quickly

Compared to other cities, Chicago had a very limited program

Provide access to all neighborhood types and demographics

Revamp business districts2 Adapt the program seasonally3

Less Successful

3.2.2 Open Streets 74

Less Successful

More Successful KC Clean Commitment

Mandated mask law 50% restaurant capacity No spectators at Royals games Local/ Regional events cancelled

Children hardly affected in entertainment districts

Attractions reopen with preventative measures

Reduced Capacity at Chiefs games

Gatherings of more than 10 people

Anti-Maskers

Rising number of cases

Unemployed workers

Clustering in bar areas around Westport

Restaurants closing

Less Successful

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1 - Rather than try start the program from scratch, KC Parks and Rec working in conjunction with other organizations that have previously implemented open streets.

2 - Almost no open streets were open in the business district so their impact was only felt in residential areas 3 - Most programs were only implemented for the summer and were ended once school started again. There is no plan to continue the programs into the fall or winter

3.3 Entertainment Entertainment is an extremely important aspect to any city. It is the component that contributes to the activity and the vibrancy of the downtown area and creates a definable sense of place for the people who live and visit there. Entertainment businesses including restaurants, bars, taverns, cafes, cinemas, theaters, and sporting facilities attract both tourists and residents when placed together in a cluster. By drawing in these types of people, the downtown area becomes vibrant as people partake in the various activities. However, when a pandemic like COVID-19 strikes, the entertainment districts become unsafe for larger groups of people. The lack of ability to maintain a sense of security and cleanliness during the pandemic caused the shut down of many cities’ entertainment industries almost immediately in order to prevent the spread of COVID-19 within these venues.

Health and Safety: Reinventing the Industry The entertainment industry thrives off of generating revenue for cities from live performances and ticket sales. However, as live performances are cancelled from COVID-19, workers within the entertainment industry are forced to find new ways to make ends meet. This new method revolves around using streaming platforms and other services in order to interact with people stuck at home.

Economic Impacts: Renewing the Metro Entertainment districts like the Power and Light District in Kansas City are showing up all over the country. The districts are important to the economy in a city because it is the central gathering place. They are designed to rejuvenate the real estate, generate tax revenue, and provide jobs for the people in the area.

The Power and Light District is an award-winning entertainment district that has had over 95 million visitors over the last decade. (MI-65) Every entertainment district is different in its respective city but without the revenue that the districts attract, the cities would never be able to flourish.

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Urban Fabric: Getaway From Everyday Life Entertainment is a key factor to any vibrant city and a key contributor to the success of most business districts. In cities such as New York City and Chicago, the entertainment available within their downtowns are considered top five cities for entertainment within the U.S. Additionally, these two cities also have two of the top five largest business districts in the nation as well. This is crucial because entertainment districts work to provide a sense of place in order to bring both locals and tourists to the downtown area. This addition of new faces to a city’s downtown area provides a vibrant atmosphere where business men and women can then use in order to get out and mingle or grab a meal.

COVID-19 Impact Entertainment happens in areas where large groups can gather, which is what many officials discourage in order to minimize the transmission of the COVID-19. Thus, after a six month period of shutdown, the entertainment industry is experiencing a period of reopening. Although many events such as festivals, concerts, and parades have been cancelled for the 2020 year, restaurants, bars, and some sports venues have begun to reopen their doors and allow people to gather again with limitations. However, even though some forms of entertainment have begun to reopen, the industry itself is mostly stuck in survival mode as cities are hesitant to reopen facilities due to considering them nonessential. This ability to assess the reopening of facilities in the entertainment industry is different from county to county though. It is up to each county to assess the risk level and the standard to reopen most facilities is to have a code yellow risk level.

Due to the nature of dense cities such as Chicago and New York City, the entertainment industry is much more hesitant to reopen. With venues and other facilities still shut down, performers, artists, and promoters have made the switch to stream festivals, concerts, and lessons. Although this is not a permanent replacement for people physically attending events, streaming acts as a stopgap to connect employees within the entertainment industry to guests and visitors that they would normally connect with in person. This method of streaming gives employment the ability to continue making money when they would normally be put out of work, however there are other benefits of streaming events. Proceeds made from most events go towards nonprofit organizations in order to keep smaller venues afloat during the shutdown caused by the pandemic. (M-8)

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3.3.1 New York City Entertainment Live Entertainment At the top of the list, Broadway productions raked in over $1.8 billion during the 2018-2019 season. Peak seasons for Broadway and other live shows fall primarily during the months of May through August, with a second rush starting in October and ending in January. These busy seasons are a result of holiday travel and available time off for families since tourists make up 65% of the audiences in these shows. In June, it was announced by the city that all shows would be closed for the remainder of 2020 to slow the spread of COVID-19.

Due to this shut down, Broadway has given their patrons three options for their canceled tickets: (1) a full refund, including service and handling fees; (2) a voucher worth 120% of ticket amount with no expirations or limitations; or (3) a donation of ticket cost to the Broadway Cares COVID-19 Emergency Assistance Fund, which goes to Broadway professionals onstage and behind the scenes.

While the fund has received over $7 million in donations, it comes up short of the hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue that the industry will lose as a result of closing during the main show seasons. (NB-17)

Leisure Activities Also to take a massive hit in New York City is that of shopping and other leisure activities. Retail and hospitality workers in New York City were a part of the larger number of those laid off during the lockdown with almost 250,000 employees left unemployed. (SF-14) Since tourists are a large part of the local economy, the lack of travel has taken a large toll on shopping districts in the city. Stores and malls were shut down at the beginning of the pandemic and were allowed to reopen at 50% capacity September 9th, 2020 with strict safety protocols. Casinos and similar facilities where large gatherings of people occur were also given the green light to reopen on at a lower occupancy rate of 25%. (NB-25) When you add the impact on restaurants and bars, New York City’s local economy is expected to lose $1.1 billion in sales tax this year.MI-20 While different protocols have allowed restaurants to expand into the streets and utilize indoor dining with decreased capacity, the months of business lost at the beginning of the lockdown combined with decreased tourism in New York City has proven difficult for the industry.

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More Successful Immediate Closure

Slow Reopening Extended Lockdown

More Successful

Museums disable touchscreen interactions

Artists premiere their work via virtual connections

Water Increase fountains are frequency replacedtowiththose who had 1. Extended eligibility and depth of water bottle previously been ineligible (self-employed cleaning at filling stations workers, contractors, etc.) entriesindependent and restrooms

2 - No job protections in place for them and Plexiglasstravel and quarantine drastically decreased shields reduced business. installed Theater

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human industry open 3 - where The average rent in Manhattan is $3,475 interaction to limited so theoccurs check didn’t cover much. casting scences 4 - Uncertain future opening dates have cause Post some establishments to close down for good. updated hours and busy/ slow times on websites

Open Streets

Concerts and festivals cancelled

Tourists The Skydeck is open only on the weekends

Taxi Drivers

approx, 250,000 jobs lost without WFH option

$1,200 stimulus check didn’t cover many needs in NYC

Permanent Closures

Local economy expected to lose more than $1billion

Less Successful

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Rising number of cases

More

Chicago Cultural Center is closed due to Covid-19

Unemployed Workers Visitors of Art Institute asked to postpone visit if feeling unwell

Less Successful

Mandated mask law

50% restauran capacity

No spectators at Royals games

Local/ Regional events cancelled

Anti-Maske

Rising number of cases

Unemploye workers

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3.3.2 Chicago Entertainment Chicago is considered to be the fifth most entertaining city in the United States. (M-24) This statistic is based on CNBC’s ranking of cities by their “fun” factor, which weighs entertainment, recreation, and nightlife options within cities.

Chicago’s entertainment is famous because there are multiple parks that hold various events throughout the year. The comedy scene is also big to the city and its residents along with Comedians themselves.

Public Parks One of the most important components to entertainment in Chicago are the various parks they use to organize festivals, concerts, and special events in addition to everyday recreation. Grant Park and Maggie Daley Park are two of the parks used for these events, but the most renowned and most used is Millennium Park. Every year Millennium Park is host to many festivals such as Gold Coast, Riot Fest, Taste of Chicago, and Lollapalooza. Due to COVID-19, most festivals have been canceled to avoid large group gatherings. As a result, parks have transitioned into being places solely of recreation. Millennium Park and Grant Park have sections that usually exist as walk-up movie theaters where guests can bring towels, blankets, drinks, and food to enjoy a picnic and watch movies on a forty-foot LED screen. (MI-52) However, due to COVID-19, their Summer Film Series has been canceled as well.

Comedy Scene Chicago’s Comedy Scene is so well renowned that it is considered a ‘National talent breeding ground’. (M-23) The Loop itself is filled with multiple different comedy clubs such as Second City, The Comedy Bar, Zanies Comedy Club, and more that specialize in different subcategories of Comedy like improv, stand-up, and sketch. Like many other forms of entertainment, COVID-19 initially laid waste to the comedy scene as comedy clubs, bars, and restaurants shut down in April as a precaution to stop the spread of the pandemic. However, in the depressing days of isolation comedians did not stop sharing their art.

An example is comedians continuing to use the stage at The Second City to perform their acts in front of a camera that streamed to viewers stuck at home.

(M-1) However, some problems come with this as it takes the control out of the performer’s hands and into the server’s hands that they are performing on.

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Second City Comedy Club, considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy is one of the most influential comedy clubs in Chicago.

Every year, in addition to many festivals, a Summer Film Series is held at Pritzker Pavilion in Millennium Park.

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More Successful

Museums disable touchscreen interactions Increase frequency and depth of cleaning at entries and restrooms Plexiglass shields installed where human interaction occurs Post updated hours and busy/ slow times on websites

Artists premiere their work via virtual connections Water fountains are replaced with water bottle filling stations

Theater industry open to limited casting scences

Concerts and festivals cancelled

The Skydeck is open only on the weekends

Rising number of cases

Chicago Cultural Center is closed due to Covid-19

Unemployed Workers Visitors of Art Institute asked to postpone visit if feeling unwell

Less Successful

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More Successful KC Clean Commitment

Children hardly affected in Mandated 1 - With artists not entertainment able to communicate mask ideas to large groups ofdistricts people in-person, law

they have turned to streaming and sharing their work virtually through Zoom and other means of 50% online communication. restaurant 2 - Water bottle stations are implemented Attractions instead capacity of water fountains order to keep reopeninwith guests hand-free.

preventative measures

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Chiefs 4 - Instead of screening,games guests are held to an honorLocal/ system in order to judge if they are able to Regional attend places of entertainment makevents ing health safety slightly risky. cancelled Gatherings of more than 10 people

Anti-Maskers

Rising number of cases

Unemployed workers

Clustering in bar areas around Westport

Restaurants closing

Less Successful

3.3.3 Kansas City Entertainment Kansas City is most famously known for its barbecue, fountains, and jazz music, but recently, Kansas City has built a reputation on being a city of sports. With the World Series win from the Royals in 2015, and the Superbowl championship from the Chiefs this year, there has never been a more entertaining span of five years in this city. Along with its sports life, Kansas City is known for its entertainment districts like the Power and Light District, the Country Club Plaza, the Crossroads district, Westport, and the 18th & Vine Historic Jazz District.

One of the biggest impacts to help restore city life is the KC Clean Commitment pledge which was promoted by Visit KC and its partners in early July. The goal of the pledge is to band the hospitality and entertainment businesses under a common goal to protect both the workers and the customers.

So far 107 organizations in Kansas City have committed to this pledge, including organizations in art and culture, live entertainment, food and beverage, and retail.

(MI-39) The guidelines of the pledge encourage all staff and customers to use proper face masks, limit occupancy in common areas, provide hand-sanitizing or handwashing stations to all staff and customers, sanitize any frequently touched surfaces often, and provide a safe place to work for all employees. (MI-39) In addition to this pledge, Mayor Quinton Lucas instituted reopening guidelines on June 29, 2020 for all organizations, (MI-74) which allows 50% capacity for dine-in services and encourages curbside pickup. Many attractions have reopened with safety protocols, though many local, regional, and national events have been canceled or postponed due CDC recommendations. (MI-13) Each entertainment venue within the city has been impacted differently based on the use, size, and typology. The MLB has decided that no fans will be allowed on the premises and that only players, staff, and media will be permitted.

(NB-14) The NFL, Arrowhead Stadium, Kansas City Mayor Quinton Lucas, City of Kansas City Health Director Dr. Rex Archer, and City of Kansas City EMS Medical Director Dr. Erica Carney have decided to allow a reduced stadium capacity for Chiefs games. (NB-16) And after being closed since March, the Nelson Atkins Museum of Art has reopened with a mandated mask policy and the Kansas City Zoo and Worlds of Fun amusement park have also reopened.

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More Successful KC Clean Commitment

Footnotes Mandated mask law 50% restaurant capacity No spectators at Royals games Local/ Regional events cancelled

Children hardly affected in entertainment districts

Attractions reopen with preventative measures

Reduced Capacity at Chiefs games

Gatherings of more than 10 people

Anti-Maskers

Rising number of cases

Unemployed workers

Clustering in bar areas around Westport

Restaurants closing

Less Successful

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1 - KC Clean Commitment encouraged businesses around the metro to protect our region from COVID-19 and pledge to follow safety guidelines 2 - Reduced capacity at Chiefs games and no spectators at Royals games can be considered both successful and not successful.

Stopping the spread by not allowing people in is successful. Not being able to watch the game in person is not successful 3 - Younger people are clustering around the bar scenes in the Westport area as well as other bar areas in Kansas City. The clustering seems to spread the virus faster 4 - A lot of events were canceled around Kansas City like the Big 12 conference men’s and women’s basketball tournaments, concerts, and any other nonessential event with more than 250 people.

5 - Hundreds of Kansas City businesses are facing losses due to COVID-19 which causes unemployment all around the metro. A lot of those businesses include entertainment businesses.

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4 - Visit KC / Yard House / Garment Distric 5 - Cosentino’s Market / One Light Luxury 6 - The Polished Edge / Zafar

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8 - Protein House / The Mixx / Drunken Fis 9 - Chipotle / Burger King

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13 - Rally House Power & Light / T-mobile 14 - The College Basketball Experience 15 - T-Mobile Center

16 -Court of Appeals / Missouri Court of A

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It features the casual side of Kansas City with its popular nightlife with bars like Kelly’s Westport Inn, Harpo’s, Westport Ale House, Harry’s Bar and Tables, and HopCat. Other popular entertainment venues in Westport include like Battle of Westport, Riot Room, The Westport Saloon, and the Westport Ale House.

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3.3.3 Entertainment 97

3.4 Working Remotely Businesses across the nation are adjusting operations to respond to COVID-19 shutdowns in an effort to keep employees safe while also trying to lessen economic repercussions. With government mandates and stay-at-home orders restricting in-person operations to essential businesses, many companies are adjusting to a work-from-home model and leaving business districts, skyscrapers, and office buildings across the country vacant. This shift in urban density has drastically impacted the daily vitality of downtown areas and has led to severe economic downfalls nationwide. Despite the possibility of a vaccine, companies are considering extending the scope of remote work beyond the COVID-19 crisis. With an increased number of employees working remotely and lower desirability of office space, the social and urban fabric of cities will forever be changed.

Labor Force The prosperity of the U.S. economy relies on the productivity of the 157 million Americans that make up the workforce. (SF-5) Based on COVID-19 stayat-home orders, this volume can be further broken down into “essential” or “nonessential” roles. While official definitions vary state to state, the Economic Policy Institute estimates that fifty-five million Americans are considered essential and will remain working in-person in perpetuity. The National Council of State Legislatures classifies essential workers in the following categories: • • • • • • • •

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Energy, water, and wastewater Child care Non-elective healthcare and emergency response Agriculture and food production Critical retail (grocery stores, hardware stores, mechanics) Critical trades (construction workers, electricians, plumbers) Transportation Social services (SF-4)

New York City - W 42nd Street in Midtown Manhattan

Chicago - Dearborn Street in the Loop

Kansas City - E 13th Street in Downtown

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Unemployment skyrocketed from 3.8% in February to 13% in May due to the impacts of the pandemic, though a significant decline in labor force participation means that this number does not reflect the full impact. (NB-32) Between March and May 2020, 20.6 million Americans lost their jobs, more than any other time in American history. (AI-14) Despite the job market, Americans overwhelmingly say they fear it’s too soon to reopen the economy and almost two thirds of polled participants say reopening now will result in a higher death toll.

Home Offices Due to emergency stay-at-home orders and CDC social distancing guidelines, offices around the country have closed or are operating at limited capacity. As a result, the United States workforce has had to adapt quickly to a work from home model, seeing an exodus of workers from central office buildings and a surge of telework. While 5.2% of the U.S. workforce reported working from home full-time prior to COVID-19, this percentage has swelled to 42% as of July. (AI-17) Previous stigma around working from home implied that it was inefficient and allowed employees to shirk responsibility, however studies show that remote workers may actually be more productive. (AI-3) Working from home instead of the traditional office setting now accounts for two-thirds of the U.S. economy. (AI-17) Working remotely eliminates the need for companies to pay expensive building rent and operational costs. (AI13) Due to reduced need for office space, companies can reallocate money from renting physical space to invest in optimizing policy and communication to enhance remote work operations. Working remotely also makes possible the ability to have a better work-life balance. Before the pandemic, commuting to the office took time. Without the need to commute, employees are finding increased freedom in how they spend their free time, including spending more quality time with family. The result of a lack of commuters to and from urban business districts dramatically reduces the daytime population of cities. In turn, downtown businesses and restaurants are serving fewer patrons and facing economic uncertainties.

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The Rise of Video Conferencing Currently, access to broadband is not considered a public utility in the U.S., meaning that Internet is considered a privilege that millions of Americans cannot access or cannot afford to access. Federal Communications Commission Chairman Ajit Pai estimates that 25 million Americans do not have access to broadband, while Microsoft reports that 162.8 million are not using the internet at broadband speeds. (NB-6) As of 2017, the U.S. ranked 10th out of 28 countries in terms of broadband speed, and 21st out of 29 countries in terms of cost when aggregating both standalone and bundled broadband products.

(SF-10) It is estimated that the average household cable package costs more than all major utilities combined. (M-2) Due to the nature of the pandemic, many telecommunication providers such as Comcast, AT&T, and PG&E are easing shutoffs, waiving late fees, and providing free hotspots to accommodate consumers in need. (M-6) The rise of video conferencing as a virtual workplace allows employees to collaborate from anywhere. Digital platforms such as Zoom, Google Meet, and Microsoft Teams have seen dramatic growth as public adoption of the platform continues to rise. Since the beginning of the year, Zoom’s stock price rose by a staggering 248%, driving up its market share value to sixty-seven billion dollars.

(M-28) As employees adjust to a new normal, virtual platforms like Zoom will play a critical part in maintaining the stability of the economy.

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Reducing Density Urban centers are experiencing major drops in workforce density as the employees that were once physically present now work remotely. While some offices may be moving to more remote strategies in the future, decreasing density in the office could prompt some to invest in more office space. Urban flight away from cities in favor of more spread-out, “safer� suburbia. This notion is rooted in the idea of low density, low rise buildings such as office parks which may begin to take precedence over high-rise office buildings. These office parks would be located within suburban centers, allowing employees to stay within their town, therefore minimizing the risk of exposure to COVID-19.

Office parks would eliminate many of the factors that make high rise office buildings potentially dangerous in the transmission of COVID-19. One of the greatest concerns of high-rise buildings is the need for elevators. Elevators are not designed for social distancing, and creates an area of close proximity for people within the building. Low-rise buildings make it possible for people to take stairs instead of an elevator, avoiding being in a confined space with other people creating less risk to contract COVID-19. Low-rise buildings create low density spaces holding less people, which is crucial in the prevention COVID-19 transmission. With fewer people in a building, the potential exposure risk decreases. The model of office parks instead of high rise office buildings creates an environment that employees will feel safe during working hours with lower risk of COVID-19 exposure.

Fear of lost revenue from skyrise office buildings is prompting building owners and developers to look into adaptive reuse strategies in an effort to mitigate the financial loss. Adaptive reuse strategies could include low income housing, urban farms and daycare facilities.

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Social Changes: Inequities Historic levels of unemployment have created larger economic and opportunity divides between the social classes of the United States. A 2017 report concluded that before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic 50-78% of Americans were living paycheck to paycheck. (M-15) The unemployment rate among workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher education is well below the national average at 7.2%, but rises to 18.5% for people without a high school diploma. Working remotely is an opportunity for those with a college degree 62% of the time, compared to 9% for those without.

(NB-32) There is also a technological disparity, higher-paid and higher-educated individuals have more resources to work remotely than others. Young adults ages 16-24 are unemployed at 25.3%, almost twice the national average. This population has a concentration in higher risk industries such as food services.

The unemployment rate for women in May (14.3%) was higher than the unemployment rate for men (11.9%). Women (47%) are more likely than men (41%) to say their personal life has changed. (NB-45) One reason is that women accounted for the majority of workers in the leisure, hospitality, and educational sectors as of February 2020. (NB-32) Additionally, it is more common for women to take on the responsibility of child care, which has strongly been impacted by COVID-19, in addition to working from home.

White (45%) and Hispanic (47%) adults say that their lives have changed significantly, only about a third (34%) of Black adults will say that same. (NB45) Immigrants are currently unemployed at a higher rate than those born in the U.S., at 15.7% compared with 12.4%. These statistics show demographics and inequalities of being able to work from home and having the necessary resources.

This study shows that the higher the education a person has, the more their life is likely to be changed from the COVID-19 outbreak, which relatedly similarly to income amount, the higher the income, the more likely life has been changed significantly. (NB-45)

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Social Changes: Mental Health According to a survey from March, 47% of people who were sheltering in place reported negative mental health effects which were higher than those not sheltering in place at 37%. It is believed that productivity is increased working in an office setting because humans are “social animals,� and that social interaction provided by an office can influence wellbeing, efficiency, and creativity. (NB-30) Many people are looking forward to returning to office spaces to collaborate, think creatively, and connect with their teams. (NB-58) Increased time with family and loved ones has been shown to boost morale and overall happiness. Other advantages of working remotely include having flexibility, comfortability, and safety.

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3.4.1 New York City Working Remotely Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, Manhattan boasted a dynamic daytime population of approximately 3.94 million people. Compared to a base of 1.6 million residents, this borough has the greatest increase in population during the day among all U.S. counties. (AI-11) 52% of the census-defined daytime population are nonresidents who commute to Manhattan for work. This population influx establishes Manhattan as the largest business district in the country - a symbol of global dominance as a city, and the city’s local economy depends on the restaurants, transit, and tax base established by this routine. (M-17) As of April 2020, the city’s leasing rate for commercial offices was down 62% from the previous year due to changes related to COVID-19. (M-45) Real estate taxes account for approximately one-third of the city’s revenue, and shops, transit, and other services have been designed around the growing mass of commuters.

Less tax revenue would result in less allotted for basic services and slow the city’s economic recovery.

While completely shuttered for over two months, offices were allowed to reopen on June 22nd per phase two of the New York 10 Point PAUSE plan.

(MI-69) As part of this process, offices were required to follow any additional government mandates and develop and post an office safety plan. (SF-7) However, the city’s largest commercial tenants including Barclays, JP Morgan Chase and Morgan Stanley decided that it is highly unlikely that all their workers return to their buildings. During the lockdown period, workers had to function productively from home, and companies are discovering that this model may be more feasible financially than paying exorbitant rent for office and commercial spaces in Manhattan. Employee preferences for returning to the office are tied to the absence of social contact and difficulties in virtual team work. Concerns about timeline for a vaccine, office crowding, (MI-70) and the economic decline may influence corporations of all sizes to consider reducing or eliminating their physical footprints.

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More Successful Executive order requires that workers are guaranteed job protection and financial compensation if quarantined

first phase of reopening 100 days after 1st case

Increased flexibility in WFH environments1

Telecommute leads to greater employee satisfaction and greater productivity

Written safety plan required to reopen businesses

Phased business reopening plan

Employers save money when employees work from home2

WFH employees save commute time3

More companies see WFH as a viable long-term option4

NYC Employee Retention Program includes grants for small businesses

Shared Work Program of NY State Dept of Labor allows employers to reduce staff hours5

CARES Act stimulus package provides relief to business owners

WFH can cause feelings of social isolation6 increased support for remote work = lower rental rates for commercial real estate

Difficulty of WFH in small/ shared NYC apartments8

Businesses do not have legal duty to retain employees during PAUSE plan Columbia University study - if NYC had shut down and mandated social distancing a week earlier 17,000 lives could have been saved

2 - Increased productivity, less physical infrastructure, lower real estate costs, and reduced employee absenteeism and turnover may reduce costs for employers when employees work remotely.

3 - Employees working from home save a substantial amount of time by eliminating the daily commute.

City govt offices looking to reduce expenditures on office space by reducing face-to face work

Inequitable access to WFH resources7

1 - Work from home environments offer individuals more freedom to take care of children or family and better work-life balance.

Lack of clarity in inital work from home policy9

Unemployment rate in NYC @ 19.9% in July 202010

Less Successful

4 - Major Manhattan businesses such as Barclays, JP Morgan Chase, and Morgan Stanley have stated that it is highly unlikely that all of their workers will ever return to the office full time.

5 - New York State has made provisions for employees with reduced hours to collect both partial wages and partial unemployment benefits. This encourages companies to retain their employees on a part time basis while mitigating the financial burden between private companies and the state government.

6 - Employees used to spending the majority of their day in the office can have difficulties adjusting to virtual collaboration and feelings of loneliness.

7 - Internet access can be unavailable, unreliable, or inaccessible in many communities. Additional physical needs including adequate hardware, software, or appropriately ergonomic furniture can also be prohibitive for a successful transition to working remotely.

8 - Small quarters, coordination with roommates or family members, and city noise pollution are challenges faced by many working remotely in New York City.

9 - Unclear initial direction from Governor Cuomo between March 17th (reducing workforce density in offices) and 20th (all nonessential businesses closed) did not allow businesses and employees sufficient time to prepare for working from home.

10 - The unemployment rate in New York is 6% higher than the national average due to more drastic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Upper West Side

East Halem Central Park

Yorkville Lincoln Square Upper East Side Clinton

Lenox Hill

Theater District

Midtown

Hell’s Kitchen

Chelsea

Murray Hill

Midtown South

Kips Bay

West Village Gramercy Park

Greenwich

NoHo

SoHo

East Village

Little Italy

Tribeca

China Town Bowery

Civic Center White Hall Wall Street Southern Tip

Turtle Bay

Two Bridges

Lower East Side

3.4.2 Chicago Working Remotely Providing 4.8 million jobs, (SF-2) the metropolitan area of Chicago is a central economic hub within the United States. With a resident population of 2.7 million, (SF-11) Chicago experiences major shifts in density as the workforce commutes to and from the metropolitan area. This commuting workforce brings economic vitality to the city, supporting restaurants, businesses, transit, and tax bases. With offices around the nation being closed or at limited capacity as a result of COVID-19, Chicago’s workforce has had to quickly adapt.

Chicago has seen 4,400 businesses close and has felt the weight of the spiraling U.S. economy. (M-27) With 42% of buildings in Chicago used for office space, (NB-52) urban centers are experiencing major drops in workforce density.

This dispersed workforce that once commuted to the city every day, now works remotely. Skyscrapers, office buildings and central business districts now sit vacant, leading developers and owners anxious about whether this distanced workforce will return. With mayor Lori E. Lightfoot forecasting a $1.2 billion budget gap for the 2021 fiscal year, (MI-10) the fear of lost investments and revenue is now prompting owners to research adaptive reuse strategies in an effort to mitigate financial losses.

Many companies are now transitioning to smaller office space as the need for workers to be present diminishes. The leftover space that was once used by these companies is now being considered for alternative uses. Through adaptive reuse strategies, architects, developers, and city officials are looking into ways to utilize these once busy office spaces.

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LaSalle Street Station

More Succesful No commute time2

Employee safety1 Time flexability3

4 - With virtual meeting platforms online before COVID-19, the adoption of these technologies by employ-ees was relatively smooth.

5 - With increased access to reliable Internet access, white collar workers were able to transition to a working remote-ly model.

Employee productivity6 Work/ Life Balance7

2 - Not having to go into the physical office eliminates employee commute time.

3 - With no more time spent at the office, working remotely allows employees to enjoy more free time.

White collar workers5

Transition to working remotely4

1 - Work closures and stay at home orders have made it possible for employees to stay safe and continue working.

6 - Growing but limited research has shown increases in employee productivity.

Internet infrastructure8

7 - With less time spent commuting to and from the office and with less of a need to be present, people are benefiting from the extra time now available.

8 - With large amounts of the population without proper Internet connection, connecting Chicagoans to the inter-net is a top priority.

Job Loss9

9 - Chicago residents have experienced many layoffs with rising business closures.

Work economy10

Child care11

10 - With 4,400 business closures Chicago’s work economy has felt the effects of a stay at home economy.

11 - With schools and childcare facilities closed parents are having to juggle working remotely and childcare.

Retail12

Social distancing13

Blue collar workers deemed nonessential15

Shared spaces16

12 - With decreased amounts of workers commuting to the city, retail spaces have lost significant business.

Restaurant/ Food14

14 - With decreased amounts of workers commuting to the city, restaurants have lost significant business.

15 - Blue collar, non-essincial workers have felt the economic uncertainties brought as a result of COVID-19, experiencing major job loss and 16. Shared open spaces have been shown to exacerbate the spread of COVID-19, the design of these spaces will need to be re-imagined.

Work space17 Elevators18

Less Succesful

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13 - Even with social distancing guidelines, the city of Chicago has experienced increasing numbers of COVID-19 cases.

17 - With less workers present and shared spaces no longer in favor, the office space will dramatically change.

18 - The confinement and close proximity to strangers that an elevator forces on riders is a major challenge to overcome. High rise and multistory buildings now pose huge potential transmission risks as a result.

Near Northside

River North

Streetsvile

New East Side West Loop The Loop

Painters Row

University Village

East Pilsen

China Town

South Loop

3.4.3 Kansas City Working Remotely The KC Chamber, Civic Council of Greater Kansas City, and the Kansas City Area Development Council along with the state of Missouri and Kansas, worked together to create a collective dataset with the goal of informing, supporting, and preparing KC’s business community for THE post pandemic economy. Out of 341 total businesses, 166 of the respondents are small businesses (1-49 employees), 76 are medium businesses (50-249 employees), 55 are large businesses (250999 employees), and 44 are extra large businesses (1000 or more employees).

According to the survey, the top concern is health and wellness, uncertainty of the future, employee layoffs, and having to meet financial obligations. With workfrom-home orders initiated, 93.8% of the respondent businesses are having to take extraordinary measures with eliminating in-person meetings. 89.8% of businesses are having to take extraordinary measures transitioning employees to work from home. This includes the transition to remote operations and digital communication tools. (MI-21) Within the survey, community needs are specified from the respondent businesses in Kansas City. These needs include: financial aid for small businesses and nonprofits, rent and mortgage relief, interventions for individuals who are homebound with food and necessities, as well as home safety checks for those with known domestic abuse, and financial relief and employment search resources for displaced workers. The percentage of financial obligation struggles ranges widely from small to extra large businesses. All respondent businesses combined, 53% of businesses are struggling financially in the Kansas City area.

Percentages of businesses struggling financially by size is as follows: Small 70%, Medium 57%, Large 30%, Extra Large 13%. The larger the business, the more likely the business is to meet financial obligations. (MI-21) In 2019, Kansas City had a strong office market which was expected to continue into 2020. Before the pandemic, Kansas City’s office market had over 860,000 square feet of positive absorption. Vacancy remained stable under 11.5% and Class A rental rates rose to $24.50 per square foot. Kansas City was expecting two to three new office buildings to be constructed. After the pandemic hit, sublease activity increased creating an abundance of supply in a short term. This is a problem because there is little demand due to COVID-19.

The absorption rate of 2020 was 183,256 square feet, showing that demand is lagging compared to 2019. (NB-30)

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More Successful

Time flexibility1

No Commute Time / Expenses2

Fewer Interruptions1

Managers, Professionals, and Financial workers can do remote2

Post Grad3

Bachelors Degree3

Suburbs will develop more2 Elevators bad with Covid-191

Higher Income4

Essential Workers4

Middle Income4

Some College3

Some people left behind (less education and lower paid jobs)1

Growth of city centers will stall2

Easy to miss cues remotely1

Lack of remote facilities or equiptment2

No physical separation of work vs leisure time1

Retail, Healthcare, Transport and business can’t work from home2

Make effort for change of scenery1

Not everyone can work from home2

Non Essential4

2 - Not everybody is able to work from home. Statistics show that the higher a person is paid, the more likely working from home will be an option. That means that professionals managers and financial workers will likely be able to work from home comfortable, which leaves out a large part of the population who may not be able to work remotely. Most essential workers, health care workers, and retail employees do not have the option to work from home, which increases their likeliness of exposure to COVID19.

3 - statistics show that the more education a person has, the more likely working form home will be an option for them.

HS or less3

Less Successful

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1 - Working remotely has both pros and cons. Pros include time flexibility and less interruptions and expenses when considering costs of commute and the typical office environment. Cons include less changes of scenery, no physical separation between work and leisure time, and it is easier to miss cues when not in an office with like minded individuals.

Lower Income4

4 - Similarly, a study shows that the higher the income the more likely working remotely will be an option. This may have corresponding factors to higher education.

Also shown is essential vs non essential employees. essential workers are more likely to be able to work form home than non essential workers.

Columbis Park Industrial

Pendelton Hieghts

South Indian Mound

River Market Columbus Park

Quality Hill

Park View

Central Business District

Independance Plaza

Paseo West Forgotten Homes

Westside North

Crossroads

Hospital Hill

Crown Center Long Fellow Beacon Hill

stside South Union Hill

eman eghts

Broadway Gillham

Mt. Hope

North Hyde Park

Linwwod

City Center Valentine

Roanoke

Hanover Place

Old West Port

Central Hyde Park Squier Park South Hyde Park

South Moreland

Ivanhoe Southwest

Manheim Park

North East Kansas Cisty

North Indian Mound

BRAINSTORMING | HEALTH AND SAFETY A.1 Businesses are screening employees and customers by doing regular temperature checks before coming to work or using the building. They are also asking anyone who is experiencing symptoms of COVID-19 to stay home.

A.2.1 Businesses keep records of customer’s names and contact information to help trace the spread of COVID-19 and alert the people who have been exposed. The information is kept confidential and is only used for this purpose.

A.3.1 The cleaning standards have increased both at home and in public. Retail stores are wiping down machines after each person uses it to disinfect the surface. Public transportation has increased the number of times it is cleaned to prevent the virus from spreading.

A.3.2 Touchless technology does not require a person to touch it with their hand physically. A new Chicago office building (Fulton East) implemented touchless elevators, thermal scanning, and touchless bathroom fixtures to implement new safety measures.

A.3.5 The CDC recommends a 6ft distance between people to prevent the spread of the virus. Businesses have adapted to this guideline by spreading workstations farther apart and placing signs on the floor to direct people where to stand in lines.

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BRAINSTORMING | LABOR IMPACTS B.1 Jobs that provide services that are needed to keep people safe and healthy are allowing people to continue to work as usual. These people still need public transportation and are demanding a work environment with more personal protective equipment like masks and plastic barriers.

B.2 Jobs with a higher risk of exposure to COVID-19 include healthcare workers, grocery store workers, first responders, restaurant workers, and teachers.

B.3 Most minority groups work in essential jobs that put them at a higher risk of exposure, but do not have the proper healthcare benefits to get tested or get care if exposed.

B.4 Kansas City is reporting a 10% job loss from May 2019 – May 2020. New York is reporting a current unemployment rate of 19.8% with hospitality, trade, transportation, and utilities as the most impacted. Chicago reports an unemployment rate of 11.3%, which is down from the 17.2% reported in April.

B.6 In an attempt to decrease debt, many cities have cut their budget and began furloughing city staff members.

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BRAINSTORMING | ECONOMIC IMPACTS C.1 COVID-19 has brought food insecurity to the forefront again as schools and food kitchens have stopped to prevent the spread of the virus. Urban farming and locally grown food could improve food security and create a sense of community as people work together to grow their own healthy food.

C.2 New York City’s parks are experiencing revenue loss because of budget cuts and decreased activity. This will reduce the hours of maintenance workers resulting in thousands of plants going unplanted and trees not being trimmed (creating hazards.)

C.4 There are not enough affordable units for low-income families to rent. Many of these families have lost their job because of COVID-19 shutdowns and risk eviction.

C.5 Cash use has decreased to help prevent the spread of COVID-19. The New York subway system no longer accepts cash, which could negatively impact families who do not have debit/credit cards.

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BRAINSTORMING | SOCIAL CHANGES D.1 Concerts, festivals, and art shows have been canceled because of COVID-19 and have caused people to feel disconnected from their community and culture. These cultural events are also a vital source of income to the people who create the event and could force them to look elsewhere for financial security.

D.2.1 With fitness centers closed or restricted to comply with social distancing guidelines, people are going outside more. More people are biking, walking around their community, and using parks regardless of whether they are open or not.

D.3 Some people feel a new sense of community by reaching out to neighbors to ensure all needs are met. Other people feel disconnected from their community because of social distance guidelines and stay at home orders preventing them from gathering like before.

D.4 COVID-19 disproportionately affects minority groups such as the homeless, disabled, and elderly because of dense living conditions, lack of health insurance, and weaker immune systems.

D.4.2 Latinx and Black residents have a higher COVID-19 positivity and death rate compared to other race-ethnicities.

D.4.3 Shelters are overcrowded, so Chicago Coalition for the Homeless advocates for isolation housing to help overcrowding and the highly vulnerable people.

D.5 The way people interact in public and at work have changed and can cause stress if social distancing guidelines are not clear. People are also stressed about their financial stability as some workplaces have closed or are furloughing people to stay open.

D.6 People who do not work essential jobs are now working from home, decreasing the number of people commuting and creating less demand for office space in urban cities.

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D.7 Closures of childcare centers are negatively impacting single mothers who work at essential jobs but cannot leave their child home alone. Twoparent households could see a gender role switch because most essential jobs employ women, and most men work remotely.

D.8.1 Schools are providing online learning when COVID-19 cases are high to prevent the virus’s increased spreading.

D.8.2 New York is opening its parks for outdoor classrooms to help maintain social distancing guidelines. Kansas City has opened specific community centers with staff to help grade school children with their online classes and provide food.

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BRAINSTORMING | URBAN FABRIC E.1 The risk of transmission of COVID-19 through aerosols is having experts call for new regulations in air quality measures and updates in air filters used in HVAC systems. A MERV rated air filter of 13 or higher is recommenced by aerosol experts.

E.2 Cities around the world are enacting street closures to give people selfisolating room to walk, lounge and enjoy being outside. The ability to be outside has made coping with stay at home guidelines less strenuous on residents, contributing to overall well-being and health.

E.3 Having a walkable city contributes to overall city health and well being.

With the CDC calling for a 6ft minimum social distance between people, sidewalks and paths need to accommodate for these new social distancing guidelines.

E.4 Open spaces and parks help people relieve stress, stay active, and get fresh air which are important factors in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The implementation of pocket parks and other open public spaces is going to become more appealing post COVID-19.

E.5 As people self isolate at home, the desire for urban green space has increased. With people seeking more outdoor space, experts are looking into the potentials of pocket parks, green roofs and other open spaces within high dense urban centers.

F.1 Modern architects saw designs as a cure for sickness, modular construction allows for easily disinfected surfaces and cleen spaces helping to keep people safe from the virus.

F.2 80,000 small businesses are expected to close their doors in NYC postCOVID-19. With many of these small business restaurants, restoring the dining industry is a top priority for government officials.

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F.3 Respiratory issues brought on by COVID-19 has begun to spark conversations about the health of our buildings, experts are calling for upgrades to HVAC systems along with other major components of buildings.

F.4 The rise of COVID -19 has exposed weaknesses in the national infrastructure, this raised awareness has many calling for self efficient and self sustaining cities.

G.1 With a stay at home orders, social distancing guidelines and public fear of large groups, people are experiencing forced lifestyle changes as a result of COVID-19.

G.2 People who do not work essential jobs have left the office to continue working at home. Without the need to pay expensive rents, companies and people are expected to continue working at home post COVID-19 leaving many to spectulate on the future of skyskrappers.

G.3 Responsible for $65 billion in revenue for New York, tourism is vital to the economy of the state. With COVID-19 keeping tourist at bay, the city stands to lose a large part of its economic sector. Restoring peoples trust in travel is key to restoring tourism within the city.

G.4 Dispersed and spread out seating that follows CDC guidelines of 6ft social distancing have begun to open amidst the corona-virus pandemic. With the NFL at 30% capacity, other sports and entertainment venues are looking into similar solutions to bring audiances back. The future of entertainment events may have to follow these models post COVID-19.

G.5 COVID-19 has been responsible for the cancellation of festivals, religious gatherings and other social events. This has led many to feel disconnected from their culture and community.

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G.6 Community events, public gatherings, and other shared spaces are crucial in forming a sense of community. With COVID-19 putting a halt to these activities, fostering a sense of community has become increasingly challenging within cities. With virtual meetings taking the place of in-person events, restoring a sense of community is forcing experts to rethink the way people interact will interact post COVID-19.

H.1 Public transportation has seen a dramatic dip in the amount of riders during the COVID-19 crisis. Subway ridership in NYC alone has experienced an 80% decrease with many riders favoring public buses. This shift in ridership of public transportation has shown the public mistrust of public transportation in light of the pandemic.

H.1.1 With social distancing guidelines set at 6ft, enclosed public spaces now raise concerns about the future of shared public spaces. Sanitation, air movement, and close contact are all considerations that experts are looking into in order to try and restore urban life.

H.2 Office and work closures as a circumstance of COVID-19 has sentenced many Americans to working from home rather than an office. With 30% of the of the U.S. workforce predicted to work from home post COVID-19, cities and business districts will have to rethink the way buildings are used.

H.3 With supply chain break downs, halts on manufacturing and worker safety concerns, developmental delays on infrastructure has proved to be a major concern for people and cities.

I.1 In the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, new opportunities have emerged to help mitigate and deal with the spreading of the virus. Through the use of new technologies, prevention strategies and design considerations, new opportunities for dealing with COVID are rising.

I.2 Increased human density has been shown to exacerbate the spread and magnitude of COVID-19. With high densities of people, cities are most susceptible to large scale outbreaks.

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4.2 | STUDIO BRANDING The collective studio identity and brand is key to establishing consistency across phases of work and individual contributors. Development of logos (right), icons, text styles, and color palettes aid in communicating a cohesive message throughout multiple volumes while allowing for individual creativity and representation.

The Impact Collaborative is meant to highlight research-based ideas for change and demonstrate the affect that micro-interventions could have in urban centers: the impact of the studio outcome. Working as both individuals and a comprehensive team in a manner more synonymous with a small designfirm than an academic studio, “collaborative� is meant to highlight the balance between university and professional settings.

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Color Palette

RGB 212, 122, 12 CMYK 14, 60, 100, 2 #D47A0C

RGB 226, 188, 94 CMYK 12, 24, 75, 0 #E1BC5D

RGB 127, 164, 115 CMYK 54, 20, 67, 2 #7FA473

RGB 170, 192, 225 CMYK 32, 17, 1, 0 #AAC0E1

RGB 100, 109, 156 CMYK 69, 59, 17, 1 #646D9C

RGB 147, 149, 152 CMYK 0, 0, 0, 50 #939598

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Main accent color to be used in diagramming and logos. Can be used in detailing of graphics but should not be used for fill of large shapes and spaces. This will also represent the “Labor Impacts” section of research.

This color will be used for the “Health and Safety” section of research.

This color is to be used for all greenery in mapping and diagramming. This color will also be used for the “Economic Impacts” section of research.

To be used for sky in any rendering or graphics (other than photos) and used for water features in diagrams and maps. This will also be used for the “Social Impacts” section of research.

This will also be used for the “Urban Fabric” section of research.

+HIGHLIGHT

+SHADOW

RGB 223,155,73 CMYK 12, 42, 82, 0 #DF9B49

RGB 127, 73, 7 CMYK 0, 0, 0, 0 #7F4907

RGB 239, 222, 173 CMYK 6, 10, 36, 0 #EFDEAD

RGB 169, 141, 68 CMYK 33, 39, 86, 7 #A98D44

RGB 160, 187, 150 CMYK 40, 14, 48, 0 #A0BB96

RGB 77, 99, 70 CMYK 68, 42, 76, 30 #4D6346

RGB 212, 223, 239 CMYK 15, 7, 1, 0 #D4DFEF

RGB 128, 145, 170 CMYK 54, 38, 22, 0 #8091AA

RGB 178, 181, 205 CMYK 30, 24, 8, 0 #B2B5CD

RGB 75, 83, 118 CMYK 78, 69, 32, 15 #4B5376

RGB 199, 200, 202 CMYK 0, 0, 0, 25 #C7C8CA

RGB 99, 100, 102 CMYK 0, 0, 0, 75 #636466

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Text Styles TIER 1 + MAIN HEADINGS ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890

Neuzeit Grotesk Black, 20 pt

TIER 2 + SUB-HEADINGS ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890

Neuzeit Grotesk Bold, 18 pt

TIER 3 + SMALL HEADINGS

Neuzeit Grotesk Regular, 16 pt

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890

TIER 4 + Body Text ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890

TIER 5 + Captions ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1234567890

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Abadi MT Pro Light, 11 pt

Abadi MT Pro Light Italic, 9 pt

Category Icons

Inverted Icons To be used when backgrounds are too dark and cause the icons to become illegible.

Grayscale Icons To be used when backgrounds are too busy and cause the icons to become illegible.

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Kansas City

Chicago

New York City

City Icons

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Theme Icons

Public Transportation

Entertainment

Open Streets

Working Remotely

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Brainstorming AUDIENCE Professors and academics Upper level students

City officials and planners Potential employers in architecture and related disciplines

MISSION STATEMENT To analyze the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and explore ways in which city centers can adapt and remain public amenities that provide stability to its residents and visitors in times of distress.

INITIAL PERCEPTIONS High level (graduate / professional) academic studio Research intensive (urban analysis) Adaptable, resilient, different from expectations Intensely collaborative (shared vision) Existing conditions and adaptation Future forecasting

RELEVANT WORDS Envisage: to have a mental picture of Bellwether: a leader or indicator of trends Stiction: a force required to cause movement Convoke: call together in a meeting Exoteric: suitable to be imparted to the public Labile: readily or continually undergoing change Lacuna: a blank space or a missing part Apposite: highly perinent or appropriate Paradigm: an example or pattern for something Perforce: by force of circumstances Momentum: the impetus and driving force gained by the development of a process or course of events Delve: research or make painstaking inquiries into something Velocity: rate of occurrence or action Studio: a space in which art is taught or practiced Collaborative: involving two or more people working together for a special purpose Co-Op (cooperative): a company that is owned and managed by the people who work in it 138

EN VISAGE STUDIO

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SOURCES | ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS AI-1 Atherton, Emiko. “Complete Streets, COVID-19, and Creating Resilient Communities.” Institute of Transportation Engineers.ITE Journal, vol. 90, no. 7, 2020, pp. 20-24. ProQuest. Web. • Increased need for streets that support biking, walking, and rolling • How communities are adapting during COVID-19

AI-2 Bertolini, Luca. “From ‘Streets for Traffic’ to ‘Streets for People’: Can Street Experiments Transform Urban Mobility?” Transport Reviews, 2020, pp.

1–20. doi:10.1080/01441647.2020.1761907.

• New York City’s Pavement to Plazas program • Shift from car to walking, cycling, and public transportation

AI-3 Bloom, Nicholas. “The Bright Future of Working from Home.” Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, Stanford University, May 2020, siepr.stanford.edu/research/publications/bright-future-working-home.

AI-4 “COVID-19 Maps and Data for Chicago and Illinois.” School of Public Health | University of Illinois at Chicago, publichealth.uic.edu/uic-covid19-public-health-response/covid-19-maps-chicago-illinois/.

• Mapping the outbreaks in Illinois • Rates of COVID-19 positive tests in Illinois

AI-5 Dubey, Souvik, et al. “Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19.” Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, vol. 14, no. 5, 27 May 2020, pp. 779–788., doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035.

• Define psychological impact of COVID-19 • Burden of quarantine and isolation

AI-6 “Effects of COVID-19 on Families.” UC Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 4 Apr. 2020, www.uchealth.com/en/media-room/ covid-19/effects-of-covid-19-on-families.

• The “new normal” • How parents address these issues to kids

AI-7 Giles-Corti, Billie, et al. “City Planning and Population Health: a Global Challenge.” The Lancet, vol. 388, no. 10062, 2016, pp. 2912–2924., doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30066-6.

• Published before COVID-19 pandemic • Eight different design interventions to enhance health in urban areas

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AI-8 “How Safe is the Hudson? Scientists Check the River.” Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 31 Aug. 2016, https://www. ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/how-safe-hudson-scientists-test-riveradirondacks-ocean.

• Why New York Citians avoid the river • Fecal contamination levels beyond safe limit for human recreational contact

AI-9 “Kansas City, Missouri, United States.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 22 Oct. 2019, www.britannica.com/place/ Kansas-City-Missouri.

• History of Kansas City, Missouri • Unique features of the city and list of tourist attractions

AI-10 Megahed, Naglaa A., and Ehab M. Ghoneim. “Antivirus-Built Environment: Lessons Learned from Covid-19 Pandemic.” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 61, 2020, p. 102350., doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102350.

• Architectures role during pandemic • Adaptive reuse and design application

AI-11 Moss, Mitchell, and Carson Qing. “The Dynamic Population of Manhattan.”

Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, Mar. 2012, wagner. nyu.edu/files/rudincenter/dynamic_pop_manhattan.pdf.

• Census defined daytime population • How commuters arrive in Manhattan every day

AI-12 “Most Americans Say Coronavirus Outbreak Has Impacted Their Lives.”

Social & Demographic Trends Project, Pew Research Center, 30 Mar. 2020, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/03/30/most-americans-say-coronavirusoutbreak-has-impacted-their-lives/.

• People with higher education tend to work from home as a result of COVID-19 • Lower income families struggle with child care

AI-13 Mustajab, Duta, et al. “Working From Home Phenomenon As an Effort to Prevent COVID-19 Attacks and Its Impacts on Work Productivity.” The International Journal of Applied Business, vol. 4, no. 1, 2020, p. 13., doi:10.20473/tijab.v4.i1.2020.13-21.

• Working remotely to prevent spread of COVID-19 • Productivity from home decreased

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AI-14 Soucheray, Stephanie. “US Job Losses Due to COVID-19 Highest since Great Depression.” Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, 8 May 2020, www.cidrap.umn.edu/ news-perspective/2020/05/us-job-losses-due-covid- 19-highest-greatdepression.

• Deficits • Job Statistics

AI-15 Usman, Bilal Aftab. “The Busiest Subway Stations in New York City.”

WorldAtlas, 25 Apr. 2017, www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-busiestsubway-stations-in-new-york-city.html.

• Busiests New York City subway stations • New York City subway stations ranked

AI-16 “What Makes a Great City? Great Public Spaces. And These 6 Rules.”

The Kinder Institute for Urban Research, 3 Oct. 2016, kinder.rice. edu/2016/10/03/what-makes-a-great-city-great-public-spaces.

• Urban planner Alex Garvin’s guide to public spaces • Open to anyone and have something for everyone

AI-17 Wong, May. “Stanford Research Provides a Snapshot of a New Workingfrom-Home Economy.” Stanford News, Stanford University, 29 June 2020, news.stanford.edu/2020/06/29/snapshot-new-working-home-economy/.

• Work from home economy • Worker impacts

AI-18 Zhou, Hao, et al. “Social Inequalities in Neighborhood Visual Walkability: Using Street View Imagery and Deep Learning Technologies to Facilitate Healthy City Planning.” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 50, 2019, p.

101605., doi:10.1016/j.scs.2019.101605.

• Findings of a study in China to measure visual walkability • Street features, pedestrian perception, and integrated visual walkability

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SOURCES | MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS MI-1 “About KC Streetcar: Free to Ride: Connecting Downtown Neighborhoods.”

RideKC Streetcar, kcstreetcar.org/about-streetcar/.

• Route map • Available parking in downtown

MI-2 “August Service Changes and East Village Opening.” RideKC, 24 July 2020. ridekc.org/bulletins/august-service-changes.

• Several routes restored to weekday service • Trips added to accommodate essential workers

MI-3 Bender, Kate, and Julie Steenson. “Resident Survey FY 2019-2020 Presentation to Business Session.” The City of Kansas City, Missouri, 11 June 2020, www.kcmo.gov/home/showdocument?id=5484.

• Presentation of Resident Survey by DataKC • August 2019 to May 2020

MI-4 “Business License Holders.” Opendata KC, 22 Sept. 2020. data.kcmo. org/Business/Business-License-Holders/pnm4-68wg.

• Dataset of business license in Kansas City • 25,727 business permits registered

MI-5 “Capital Projects Division.” City of Kansas City, Missouri, www.kcmo.gov/ Home/Components/FacilityDirectory/FacilityDirectory/190/360.

• Temporarily closed down streets to provide a space for people to play outdoors • Permit based and the program has since ended

MI-6 “The Chicago Regional Green Transit Plan.” May 2012. https://www. r tachicago.org/sites/default/files/content/strategicprograms/RTA_ GreenTransitPlan.pdf • Strategies to achieve the CTA’s sustainable goals

MI-7 “The Chicago Regional Green Transit Plan.” May 2012. https://www. r tachicago.org/sites/default/files/content/strategicprograms/RTA_ GreenTransitPlan.pdf • Strategies to achieve the CTA’s sustainable goals

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MI-8 Chicago Water Fun. www.chicagowaterfun.com/.

• On-the-water recreation • Overflow Action Days to protect the river system

MI-9 City of Chicago. Chicago Festivals. 2020, www.chicago.gov/city/en/ depts/dca/provdrs/chicago_festivals.html.

MI-10 “City of Chicago Provides Financial Relief for Transportation During State’s Stay at Home Order.” City of Chicago, 24 Mar. 2020, www.chicago.gov/ city/en/depts/cdot/provdrs/future_projects_andconcepts/news/2020/ march/city-of-chicago-provides-financial-relief-for-transportation-dur.html.

• CTA will be offering “transit credit” for unused days • Waiving fare collection on its TAP rides

MI-11 “City of Chicago Provides Financial Relief for Transportation During State’s Stay at Home Order.” City of Chicago, 24 Mar. 2020, www.chicago.gov/ city/en/depts/cdot/provdrs/future_projects_andconcepts/news/2020/ march/city-of-chicago-provides-financial-relief-for-transportation-dur.html.

• CTA will be offering “transit credit” for unused days • Waiving fare collection on its TAP rides

MI-12 “Coronavirus Info (COVID-19).” CTA, 10 Sept. 2020, www.transitchicago. com/coronavirus/.

• Ridership information • Service/operational changes

MI-13 “Coronavirus Update.” Visit KC, 2020, www.visitkc.com/coronavirus.

• Reopening guidelines • Reduced restaurant capacity and reopening with preventative measures

MI-14 “COVID Exposure Updates.” RideKC, 21 Sept. 2020, ridekc.org/news/ covid-positive-update.

• News of new positive COVID-19 test results for bus operators • Includes routes with the dates and times that the bus operators drove

146

MI-15 “COVID-19 Daily Cases, Deaths, and Hospitalizations.” Chicago Data Portal, City of Chicago, data.cityofchicago.org/Health-Human-Services/ COVID-19-Daily-Cases-Deaths-and-Hospitalizations/naz8-j4nc/data.

MI-16 “COVID-19 Guidance Documents.” City of Kansas City, MO, www.kcmo. gov/city-hall/departments/health/coronavirus-covid-19-kcmo-informationand-response/covid-19-guidance-documents.

• KCMO Health Department Guidance for the community and organizations

MI-17 “COVID-19 Hits KC Regional Business Community Hard.” Greater Kansas City Chamber of Commerce, 30 Mar. 2020, www.kcchamber.com/currenttopics/covid-19-hits-kc-regional-business-community-hard.

• Business survey for Kansas City region • Collect information on partnerships, policy considerations and trade efforts

MI-18 “COVID-19 Impacts KC Parks Staff and Operations.” Kansas City Parks, 29 July 2020, kcparks.org/news-covid-impacting-kc-parks-staff-operations/.

• More people are using the parks in KC requiring more maintenance • Citizen satisfaction with park is at 60%

MI-19 “COVID-19 in KCMO.” City of Kansas City, Missouri, www.kcmo.gov/cityhall/departments/health/coronavirus.

• Updated city actions and Kansas CIty’s Health Department guidance

MI-20 “COVID-19’s Toll on the Local Economy: A Preliminary Estimate of Job Losses & Tax Revenue Declines.” Independent Budget Office of the City of New York, Apr. 2020, ibo.nyc.ny.us/iboreports/covid-19-toll-on-the-localeconomy-a-preliminary-estimate-of-job-losses-and-tax-revenue-declinesapril-2020.html.

• Economic assumptions and tax revenue impacts of New York City

MI-21 “COVID-19 Survey Results.” KC Chamber, 30 Mar. 2020, www. kcchamber.com/sites/default/files/2020-03/COVID-SURVEY-RESULTSfinal.pdf.

• Kansas City business survey results • Lists the top concerns and the impacts they are experiencing

147

MI-22 “COVID-19 Weekly Transportation Reports.” NYC Planning, www1.nyc. gov/site/planning/planning-level/transportation/transportation-overview. page.

• Weekly data collected by the DCP to understand the effects of COVID-19 on transportation • Data on subway ridership, bike shares, traffic speeds, and social distancing

MI-23 “CTA Facts at a Glance.” CTA, 2017, www.transitchicago.com/facts/.

• Information on the wservice overview of the CTA • Service area and ridership statistics

MI-24 “Daily Counts: Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths.” COVID-19: Data, NYC Health, www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/covid/covid-19-data.page.“Environment & Health Data Portal.” NYC, http://a816-dohbesp.nyc.gov/IndicatorPublic/ VisualizationData.aspx?id=2191,4466a0,100,Summarize.

• Cool Streets • Chosen based on their Heat Vulnerability Index

MI-25 “Environment & Health Data Portal.”

NYC, http:// a 8 1 6 - d o h b e s p. n y c . g o v / I n d i c a t o r P u b l i c / V i s u a l i z a t i o n D a t a . aspx?id=2191,4466a0,100,Summarize.

• Cool Streets • Chosen based on their Heat Vulnerability Index

MI-26 “Everything You Need to Know About Barbecue in Kansas City.” Visit KC, 1 Apr. 2020, www.visitkc.com/everything-you-need-know-aboutbarbecue-kansas-city.

• History of barbecue in Kansas City • Local favorites

MI-27 “Everything You Need to Know About Fountains in Kansas City.” Visit KC, 31 Mar. 2020, www.visitkc.com/visitors/things-do/attractions/everythingyou-need-know-about-fountains-kansas-city.

• History of the fountains in Kansas CIty • Fountain Day in April

148

MI-28 “Everything You Need to Know About KC’s First Fridays.” Visit KC, 21 Apr. 2020, www.visitkc.com/visitors/things-do/arts-and-culture/everythingyou-need-know-about-kcs-first-fridays.

• Music, art, and food • Location

MI-29 “Expanded Outdoor Dining - Locations on the Public Way.” City of Chicago, 2020, www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/bacp/supp_info/ expanded-outdoor-dining-locations.html?cq_ck=1595014816775.

• Groups of businesses can apply to close a street for outdoor dining • There are over 17 streets that will be closed on the weekends for outdoor dining

MI-30 “Fourth Amended Proclamation Declaring a State of Emergency.” 13 Aug. 2020. https://www.kcmo.gov/home/showdocument?id=5710 • State of Emergency document presented on August 13, 2020“History of the Kansas City River Market.” Kansas City River Market, kcrivermarket.com/history-of-the-kansas-city-rivermarket/.

• History of the River Market • Development

MI-31 “History of the Kansas City River Market.” Kansas City River Market, kcrivermarket.com/history-of-the-kansas-city-river-market/.

• History of the River Market • Development

MI-32 “How Many Fountains Are in Kansas City?” The Kansas City Public Library, kchistory.org/faq/how-many-fountains-are-kansas-city.

• City of Fountains Foundation has registered 200 fountains • History of the fountains in Kansas City

MI-33 “Kansas City Area Transportation Authority Title VI Program Update.” Dec. 2016. https://ridekc.org/assets/uploads/documents/ KCATATitleVIReportFinal.pdf • Demographic ridership collected by survey

149

MI-34 “Kansas City Parks and Recreation - Where KC Goes to Play.” Kansas City Parks, kcparks.org/.

• Closed vehicular traffic within parks to provide more space for walking and biking • Partnered with KC Symphony and Library to bring pop up resources and activities to the parks

MI-35 “Kansas City Plaza Lights 2019.” Visit KC, 9 Dec. 2019, www.visitkc. com/visitors/things-do/kansas-city-plaza-lights.

• Local tradition in the COuntry Club Plaza • List of facts about Plaza Lights

MI-36 “Kansas City’s Sports Culture.” Visit KC, 19 Mar. 2020, www.visitkc. com/visitors/things-do/sports-recreation/kansas-citys-sports-culture.

• List of Kansas City Sports

MI-37 “Kansas City Symphony Partners with KC Parks for Free Outdoor Concerts This Fall.” Kansas City Parks, 3 Sept. 2020, kcparks.org/chamber-musicin-kcparks/.

• Providing free outdoor concerts to encourage the public to social distance and only hold events outside • The Symphony goes to a different park every week to reach the majority of residents in Kansas City“KCATA Overview.” KCATA, www.kcata.org/about_kcata/entries/overview.

• Bi-state agency • Operates RideKC, MAX Bus Rapid Transit, and Flex demand-response

MI-38 “KCATA overview.

Overview.”

KCATA,

www.kcata.org/about_kcata/entries/

• Bi-state agency • Operates RideKC, MAX Bus Rapid Transit, and Flex demand-response

MI-39 “KC Clean Commitment.” Visit KC, www.visitkc.com/clean.

• Initiative to band together Kansas City’s businesses under a common goal • List of who is committed in Kansas City

MI-40 “KCMO Coronavirus Activity Timeline.” KCMO.gov, City of Kansas City Missouri, www.kcmo.gov/city-hall/departments/health/coronaviruscovid-19/coronavirus-covid-19-2/kcmo-coronavirus-activity-timeline.

150

MI-41 “KC Parks Making It Easier to Social Distance.” Kansas City Parks, 17 Apr. 2020, kcparks.org/kc-parks-openstreets/.

• Streets on major parks were closed to provide more space • Users have been asked to walk in a counter clockwise direction

MI-42 “KC Parks Offering PopUP Recreation for Youth.” Kansas City Parks, 16 July 2020, kcparks.org/news-kc-parks-offering-popup-recreation-912youth/.

• Free events for kids 9-12 • Providing snacks, crafts and outdoor activities

MI-43 “KC Streetcar: Main Street Extension.” RideKC Streetcar, 2 Mar. 2018. https://kcstreetcar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/MainStExt_FactSheet_Updated-20180302.pdf • KC Streetcar Extension plan and timeline • Provides research on why the extension is beneficial to Kansas City

MI-44 “Little Italy / University Village - Chicago Neighborhoods.” Choose Chicago, 12 Aug. 2019, www.choosechicago.com/neighborhoods/littleitaly-university-village/.

MI-45 Make a Difference While You Distance in KC Parks. (2020, April 21).

Retrieved September 08, 2020, from https://kcparks.org/makeadifference/ • Event for park users to help pick up trash as they walked through the parks

MI-46 “March Basketball in Kansas City.” Visit KC, 12 Mar. 2020, www.visitkc. com/visitors/things-do/sports-recreation/march-basketball-kansas-city.

• T-Mobile Center • Big 12 Men’s Basketball Championship

MI-47 “Mayor Emanuel Announces Chicago’s Legal Protection Fund Serves Record Number In The City’s Immigrant Community.” City of Chicago, 2 Dec. 2018, www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/mayor/press_room/press_ releases/2018/november/ChicagosLegalProtectionFund.html.

151

MI-48 “Mayor Lightfoot Announces CTA To Provide Rear Door Boarding, New System to Reduce Crowding on All Buses.” Chicago Transit Authority, 9 Apr. 2020, www.transitchicago.com/mayor-lightfoot-announces-cta-toprovide-rear-door-boarding-new-system-to-reduce-crowding-on-all-buses/ MI-49 “Mayor Lori Lightfoot Announces Plan to Open Chicago’s Streets to Support Businesses and Help Residents in Response to Covid-19.” City of Chicago, 29 May 2020, www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/mayor/press_ room/press_releases/2020/may/OpenStreetsCovid.html.

• Expanding open street pilot projects in Chicago • Total of six pilot streets being looked at

MI-50 Mayor’s Office of Immigrant Affairs. “State of Our Immigrant City.”

The City of New York. 2018. https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/immigrants/ downloads/pdf/moia_annual_report_2018_final.pdf • Annual report of the demographic overview of the city’s immigrant population

MI-51 “Metropolitan Transportation Authority.” MTA, www.mta.info/nyct.

• Contains the schedule, maps, and COVID-19 updates for safety

MI-52 “Millennium Park Summer Film Series: Free Things to Do in Chicago.”

Choose Chicago, www.choosechicago.com/articles/festivals-specialevents/millennium-park-summer-film-series/.

• List of Millennium Park film schedule in 2019

MI-53 “Mobility During COVID-19.” City of Chicago, 2020, www.chicago.gov/ city/en/depts/cdot/supp_info/covid-mobility.html.

• Our Streets or Shared Streets is a community-based response program • Surveys about creating more shared streets, extending the program to summer 2021, and what people enjoy most about Shared Streets“MTA Action Plan for a Safe Return.”

MTA, new.mta.info/coronavirus/reopening-plan.

• MTA’s 13-point Plan for keeping transportation safe

MI-54 “MTA Action Plan for a Safe Return.” MTA, new.mta.info/coronavirus/ reopening-plan.

• MTA’s 13-point Plan for keeping transportation safe

152

MI-55 “The MTA Network.” MTA, https://new.mta.info/about-us/the-mtanetwork.

• North America’s largest transportation network • Serves a population of 15.3 million people

MI-56 “New York City Annual Events Guide and Calendar.” NYC The Official Guide, NYC & Company, https://www.nycgo.com/annual-events-in-nyc.

• Summary of many annual events in New York city, organized by month

MI-57 “New York City’s Attractions.” NYC The Official Guide, NYC & Company, www.nycgo.com/things-to-do/attractions/.

• List of all the tourist attractions in New York City

MI-58 “New York City Map.” NYC Gov, http://maps.nyc.gov/doitt/nycitymap/ • Interactive map showing information including current design/construction projects and public wifi hotspots.

MI-59 “Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19).” Department of Health, 23 Sept. 2020, coronavirus.health.ny.gov/home.

• A list of what you need to know regarding COVID-19 in New York City

MI-60 “NYC & Company Annual Report 2019-2020.” NYC & Company, 2020.

• Annual report details the city’s initiatives to boost tourism within all five boroughs, specifically NYC Restaurant Week

MI-61 “NYC OpenData.” NYC Gov, https://opendata.cityofnewyork.us/ • Openset Data aggregates published by New York City agencies

MI-62 “NYC Plaza Program.” NYC DOT, https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/ pedestrians/nyc-plaza-program.shtml.

• Create neighborhood plazas to transform underused streets into vibrant social spaces • Discusses the goals and mechanisms in creating these spaces

MI-63 “Open Restaurants.” NYC DOT, https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/ pedestrians/openrestaurants.shtml.

• Information about the Open Restaurants program • Specific regulations for outdoor dining are detailed such as offset from street, maximum space capacity, and barricade rules

153

MI-64 “Open Streets.” NYC DOT, pedestrians/openstreets.shtml.

https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/

• Provides information on the application process, site requirements, and management regulations

MI-65 “Our History.” Power & Light District, www.powerandlightdistrict.com/ explore/our-history.

• History of Power & Light District • Future development and events

MI-66 “Pilsen - Chicago Neighborhoods.” Choose Chicago, 22 Aug. 2019, www.choosechicago.com/neighborhoods/pilsen/.

MI-67 “Planning for a Coronavirus Pandemic: A Guide for Business and Organizations.” City of Kansas City, Missouri, www.kcmo.gov/city-hall/ departments/health/coronavirus-covid-19/guide-for-businesses.

• Guides for minimizing impacts of the pandemic on businesses • Stepped program with initiate, implement, and involve phases.

MI-68 “Reopening Chicago.” City of Chicago, www.chicago.gov/city/en/sites/ covid-19/home/reopening-chicago.html.

• Contains the 5 stage process and lists goals, standards, and city pandemic statistics

MI-69 “Reopening New York City.” New York Forward, forward.ny.gov/ reopening-new-york-city.

• Resources for the public and businesses • Industry guides in each phase

MI-70 “Reopening New York City: What Offices Need to Know.” NYC Health, https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/imm/covid-19reopening-offices-guidance.pdf • Provides steps and guidelines to legally and safely reopen nonessential commercial offices

MI-71 “RideKC: Kansas City Regional Transit.” RideKC, ridekc.org/.

• Routes, maps, and schedules of all transit systems in Kansas City • Information on COVID-19 safety measures and if employees test positive

154

MI-72 “RideKC Reduces Bus Service in KCMO Due to Stay-at-Home Order.”

RideKC, 7 Apr. 2020, ridekc.org/news/ridekc-reduces-bus-service-inkcmo-due-to-stay-at-home-order.

• Bus routes will run on modified service using a Saturday schedule • Sharp decrease in ridership and higher than normal employee absenteeism

MI-73 “RideKC Regional Transit Services Response to COVID-19.” RideKC, 19 Mar. 2020, ridekc.org/news/covid-19.

• RideKC Transit suspends fares temporarily • RideKC Streetcar reduces hours temporarily

MI-74 “Tenth Amended Order 20-01.” City of Kansas City, MO, 10 July 2020, www.kcmo.gov/home/showdocument?id=5225.

• Provides community health guidance on social distancing and mask requirements

MI-75 “Transportation and Infrastructure KCStat Meeting.” City of Kansas City, Missouri, 5 Mar. 2019, www.kcmo.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=326.

• Transportation and Infrastructure KCStat Meeting held on March 5, 2019 • Before COVID-19, 41% of residents have not used the bus or streetcar in the last year

MI-76 Walsh, Elizabeth. “COVID-19 Overall Trends - Cases and Deaths.”

OpenData KC, City of Kansas City Missouri, data.kcmo.org/Health/COVID19-Overall-Trends-Cases-Deaths/2wd3-28zr.

MI-77 “Westport District Master Plan.” 2018.

• Characteristics of the Westport District • Historic and walkable

155

SOURCES | STATE AND FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS SF-1 “Ambient Air Pollution: Health Impacts.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, www.who.int/airpollution/ambient/health-impacts/ en/.

• Statistics of worldwide ambient air pollution • Health risk associated with ambient air pollution

SF-2 “Chicago Area Employment - November 2019 : Midwest Information Office.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 7 Jan. 2020, www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/news-release/2020/ areaemployment_chicago_20200107.htm.

• Local rate of employment growth is below national average

SF-3 “Combating Coronavirus.” U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 4 Aug. 2020, www.uschamber.com/coronavirus.

• Information including guidelines for reopening businesses

SF-4 “COVID-19 Essential Workers in the States.” National Conference of State Legislatures, 21 May 2020, www.ncsl.org/research/labor-andemployment/covid-19-essential-workers-in-the-states.aspx.

• Defining an essential worker • Answering why specific industries are considered essential

SF-5 “5 Out of 20 Fastest-Growing Industries From 2019 to 2029 Are in Healthcare and Social Assistance.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 4 Sept. 2020, www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2020/5-out-of-20-fastest-growingindustries-from-2019-to-2029-are-in-healthcare-and-social-assistance. htm.

• United States economy • Economic future

SF-6 “Kaw Point Park.” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, • www.nps.gov/articles/kaw-point-park.htm.

• Where the Missouri River meets the Kansas (Kaw) River

SF-7 “New York State on PAUSE.” Department of Health, New York State, coronavirus.health.ny.gov/new-york-state-pause.

• 10-point policy issued on March 22, 2020 • Wash hands, wear a face covering, avoid large groups, and stay home if sick

156

SF-8 “Personal and Social Activities.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 11 Sept. 2020, www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/personal-social-activities.html.

• Guidelines for personal and social activities • Information on restaurants, hosting gatherings, and attending events

SF-9 “Policy Brief: COVID-19 in an Urban World.” United Nations, July 2020, Policy Brief: COVID-19 in an Urban World, https://www.un.org/sites/un2. un.org/files/sg_policy_brief_covid_urban_world_july_2020.pdf.

• Tackling inequalities and development deficits • Information about COVID-19 and urban centers

SF-10 United States. Federal Communications Commission. Sixth Report: International Comparison Requirements Pursuant to the Broadband Data Improvement Act, International Broadband Data Report. International Bureau, 2018 SF-11 “U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Chicago City, Illinois; United States.”

Census Bureau QuickFacts, www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/ chicagocityillinois,US/PST045219.

• Table that displays census information for Chicago

SF-12 “U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: New York City, New York.” Census Bureau QuickFacts, www.census.gov/quickfacts/newyorkcitynewyork.

• Table that displays census information for New York City

SF-13 “U.S. Census QuickFacts: Kansas City, Chicago, New York.” U.S. Census Bureau, 1 July 2019, www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/ table/kansascitycitymissouri,chicagocityillinois,newyorkcitynewyork/ PST045219.

• Table that displays demographic, housing, education, economy, business, and geography statistics for each city in the case study • Table that displays census information for Chicago

SF-14 Volovelsky, Elena. “Labor Statistics for the NYC Regions.” New York State Department Of Labor, https://www.labor.ny.gov/stats/nyc/.

• Tables and graphs of labor statistics for New York City

157

SOURCES | NON-PROFIT AND BUSINESS NB-1 “About the Magnificent Mile.” themagnificentmile.com/about/.

The

Magnificent

Mile,

www.

• 13-block stretch of North Michigan Avenue in Chicago • List of unique entertainment and attractions

NB-1 “About the Nelson-Atkins.” The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, nelsonatkins.org/about/.

• History of the museum • Collect of more than 35,000 works of art

NB-2 “American Royal BBQ.” American Royal, 14 Aug. 2020, www.americanroyal. com/bbq/.

• Largest barbecue contest in the world hosted in Kansas City • Canceled for the year of 2020 due to the pandemic

NB-3 “An American Icon With a Rich History.” Willis Tower, 2019, www. willistower.com/history-and-facts.

• History of Willis Tower • Facts about the skyudeck and ledge

NB-4 Anderson, Cindy, and Dave Zaharchuk. “COVID-19 Trilemma Tradeoffs: Public Health, Economic Security and Data Privacy.” Institute for Business Value, International Business Machines, www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/ institute-business-value/report/covid-19-trilemma.

• Employer impacts • Security

NB-5 Andriole, Steve. “It’s Time For An Internet-For-All Public Utility (Before Corona Crashes It).” Forbes, 30 Mar. 2020, www.forbes.com/sites/ steveandriole/2020/03/30/its-time-for-an-internet-for-all-public-utilitybefore-corona-crashes-it/#5dd76869af95.

• The United States digital infrastructure was never designed for the current demand • Suggests that public digital infrastructure is the solution

NB-6 “Better Block Kansas City.” BNIM, www.bnim.com/project/better-blockkansas-city.

• Grand Boulevard Streetscape Plan • A long-term vision for revitalizing Grand Boulevard in downtown Kansas City

158

NB-7 BikeWalkKC. “Welcome to BikeWalkKC.” BikeWalkKC, bikewalkkc.org/.

• Hosted a recent pop-up slower traffic demonstration • Focused on intersection, stop signs, colorful crosswalks, wider bulb outs with great approval from residents

NB-8 “Broadway Season Statistics.” The Broadway League, broadwayleague.com/research/statistics-broadway-nyc/.

www.

• Broadway season statistics • Broadway calendar-year statistics

NB-9 “Census Reporter.” Census Reporter: Making Census Data Easy to Use, censusreporter.org/.

• Census data of demographics in each city

NB-10 “Census Reporter.” Census Reporter: Making Census Data Easy to Use, censusreporter.org/.

• Census data of demographics in each city

NB-11 “A Century of New York City’s Evolving Skyline.” Visual Capitalist, www. visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/skyscrapers-nyc.html.

NB-12 “Chicago Launches Our Streets as Part of COVID-19 Response.” Active Transportation Alliance, 29 May 2020, activetrans.org/blog/chicagolaunches-our-streets-as-part-of-covid-19-response.

• Helping city officials get input on how well open streets are working and where more should be implemented

NB-13 Clark, Hugh M. “Who Rides Public Transportation.” Jan. 2017. https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/Resources/resources/ re p o r t s a n d p u bl i c a t i o n s / D o c u m e n t s / A P TA - W h o - R i d e s - P u bl i c Transportation-2017.pdf • Key demographics of who rides public transportation in the United States • Age, ethnicity, income, and vehicle availability

159

NB-14 Cohen, Andy, and Diane Hoskins. “Insights From Gensler’s U.S. Work From Home Survey 2020.” Dialogue Blog, Gensler, 26 May 2020, www. gensler.com/research-insight/blog/insights-from-genslers-u-s-work-fromhome-survey-2020.

NB-15 “Confluence - Missouri River - Kansas River.” Waymarking, 3 Sept. 2014, www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMMD69_CONFLUENCE_Missouri_ River_Kansas_River.

• Kaw Point, dedicated to Lewis and Clark camping at the confluence of the two rivers“COVID-19 Guidelines.” Kansas City Chiefs, www.chiefs.com/stadium/covid/.

• Guidelines for fans attending a Kansas City Chiefs football game

NB-16 “COVID-19 Update” Broadway, announcement/covid-19-update/

https://www.broadway.com/

• All New York City Broadway shows have been cancelled through May of 2021

NB-17 “COVID-19 Update” Broadway, announcement/covid-19-update/

https://www.broadway.com/

• All New York City Broadway shows have been cancelled through May of 2021

NB-18 Danzer, Gerald. “The Loop.” Encyclopedia of Chicago, 2005, encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/764.html#:~:text=The%20 concept%20was%20extended%20to,the%20development%20of%20 the%20metropolis.

• History of “The Loop” in Chicago • Historical demographics

NB-19 “Decades of Immigrants.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, www.pbs. org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/chicago-decades-immigrants/.

NB-20 The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “The Loop.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 2017, www.britannica.com/place/the-Loop.

• Descriptions of what people will find in “The Loop”

160

NB-21 “Ethnic Enrichment Festival.” Ethnic Enrichment Commission, 15 Aug. 2020, www.eeckc.org/events/ethnic-enrichment-festival/.

• Sixty different cultures participate • Food, crafts, music and dancing

NB-22 “GDP (Current US$).” The World Bank, data.worldbank.org/indicator/ NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true.

NB-23 Greene, Kathryn. “Every Kansas City Neighborhood You Need to Know.” TripSavvy, 19 May 2019, www.tripsavvy.com/every-kansas-cityneighborhood-you-need-to-know-4588113.

• List of the Kansas City neighborhoods and what makes them unique

NB-24 Green, Maggie. “Pop-Up Traffic Calming Demonstration Yields Great Success.” Bike Walk KC, 27 Sept. 2017, bikewalkkc.org/blog/2017/09/ pop-up-traffic-calming-demonstration-yields-great-success/.

• Intersection of 38th and Warwick in Old Hyde Park neighborhood • Demonstration improved the intersection safety for all users

NB-25 Gonzalez-Rivera, Christian. “Destination New York.” NYC Future, Center for an Urban Future, May 2018, nycfuture.org/research/destination-newyork.

• Boosting key sectors of New York City’s economy • New York City is a vital source of well-paying and accessible jobs

NB-26 “Health and Safety Guidelines: Transportation.” NYC The Official Guide, NYC & Company, 9 Sept. 2020, https://www.nycgo.com/ coronavirus-information-and-resources-for-travelers/health-and-safetyguidelines/#transit/.

• General recommendations for people using the subways, buses, and trains of New York City

NB-27 “The History of Route 66.” National Historic Route 66 Federation, www. national66.org/history-of-route-66/.

161

NB-28 “History.” Thank You Walt Disney, Inc., 5 Feb. 2016, thankyouwaltdisney. org/history/.

• Walt Disney’s first film studio • Inspiration for Mickey Mouse

NB-29 Ink, Social. “Case Study: Plaza Program; New York City, USA.” Global Designing Cities Initiative, Island Press, globaldesigningcities.org/ publication/global-street-design-guide/streets/pedestrian-priority-spaces/ pedestrian-plazas/case-study-plaza-program-new-york-city-usa/.

• Discusses the overall goals and the outcomes of the Plaza Program in New York City • Information and examples from various projects under the program

NB-30 Jozsa, Evelyn. “Kansas City’s Office Market Amid COVID-19 and Beyond.”

Commercial Property Executive, Commercial Property Executive, 30 July 2020, www.cpexecutive.com/post/kansas-citys-office-market-amid-covid19-and-beyond/.

• Kansas CIty’s office market was very strong before COVID-19 • Survey indicates that people are looking forward to being back in the office

NB-31 “Kansas City’s Diverse Commercial Districts and Neighborhoods.” Main Street America, 9 Oct. 2017, www.mainstreet.org/blogs/national-mainstreet-center/2017/10/09/kansas-citys-diverse-commercial-districts-andneighborhoods.

• Describes unique characteristics of some of Kansas City’s districts and neighborhoodsKochhar, Rakesh. “Unemployment Rose Higher in Three Months of COVID-19 than It Did in Two Years of the Great Recession.” Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 26 Aug. 2020, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/11/unemployment-rosehigher-in-three-months-of-covid-19-than-it-did-in-two-years-of-the-great-recession/.

• Higher unemployment rate in women, black men, and immigrants

NB-32 Kochhar, Rakesh. “Unemployment Rose Higher in Three Months of COVID-19 than It Did in Two Years of the Great Recession.” Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 26 Aug. 2020, www.pewresearch.org/facttank/2020/06/11/unemployment-rose-higher-in-three-months-of-covid19-than-it-did-in-two-years-of-the-great-recession/.

• Higher unemployment rate in women, black men, and immigrants

162

NB-33 Lengquist, Chris. “Kansas City: Two States, Two Cities, Much Confusion.”

Kansas City Investment Property and Property Management, 1 Feb. 2008, cinvestmentproper ty.wordpress.com/2008/02/01/kansas-city-twostates-two-cities-much-confusion/.

• Difference between the two sides of Kansas City

NB-34 “Livestock.” American Royal, 7 Apr. 2020, www.americanroyal.com/ livestock/.

• Kansas City traditional livestock show • All ages can participate

NB-35 Maciag, Mike. “Vehicle Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map.” Governing, 28 Nov. 2017, www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownershipnumbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html.

• Data chart and map of vehicle ownership in the United States

NB-36 “Madison Square Garden Facts & History | MSG | Official Site.” https:// www.msg.com/madison-square-garden/history.

• This site provides information on Madison Square Gardens history and venue specifics.

NB-37 “Manhattan Population Explorer.” Manpopex, manpopex.us/.

NB-38 McNicholas, Celine, and Margaret Poydock. “Who Are Essential Workers? A Comprehensive Look at Their Wages, Demographics, and Unionization Rates.” Economic Policy Institute, 19 May 2020, www. epi.org/blog/who-are-essential-workers-a-comprehensive-look-at-theirwages-demographics-and-unionization-rates/.

• Demographics of essential workers during COVID-19

NB-39 “Midtown Manhattan Demographics.” Point2, www.point2homes.com/ US/Neighborhood/NY/Manhattan/Midtown-Manhattan-Demographics. html.

NB-40 “Observatories & Exhibits.” NYC Observatories & Exhibits | Empire State Building, www.esbnyc.com/visit/observatories-exhibits.

• Description of the Empire State Building observatories and exhibits

163

NB-41 “Open Containers in Public.” Open Container opencontainerlaws.com/opencontainersinpublic.html.

Laws,

www.

• Open container law for Power & Light District

NB-42 “The Open Streets Guide.” Feb. 2012. https://nacto.org/docs/usdg/ smaller_open_streets_guide_final_print_alliance_biking_walking.pdf • Case studies of open streets • Best practices for open street programs

NB-43 “Open Streets Progress Report.” Transportation Alternatives, www. transalt.org/open-streets-progress-report.

• Provides data and explanations to argue for the continuation and expansion of the Open Streets program

NB-44 “Overview + History: Statue of Liberty.” Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island, www.statueofliberty.org/statue-of-liberty/overview-history/.

• The history of the Statue of Liberty and the symbolism

NB-45 Panchal, Nirmita, et al. “The Implications of COVID-19 for Mental Health and Substance Use.” Kaiser Family Foundation, 21 Aug. 2020, www.kff. org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/the-implications-of-covid-19-formental-health-and-substance-use/.

• 53% of adults in US reported their mental health has been negatively impacted • 36% difficulty eating 32% eating • 12% increase in substance and alcohol abuse

NB-46 “Placemaking: Better Block.” The Better Block, www.betterblock.org/.

• Partnered with Kansas City, MO to establish the open streets permit • Involved in the Grand Boulevard urban redesign in 2017

NB-47 “Public Transportation Facts.” American Public Transportation Association, 3 Aug. 2020, www.apta.com/news-publications/publictransportation-facts/.

• Fact list regarding public transportation in the United States before COVID-19

164

NB-48 “Public Transportation Ridership Report: First Quarter 2020.” American Public Transportation Association, 27 May 2020. https://www.apta.com/ wp-content/uploads/2020-Q1-Ridership-APTA.pdf • Ridership report of several public transportation agencies in the United States • January 2020 to March 2020

NB-49 Rappaport, Anna, and Steven Siegel. “Impact of COVID-19 on Family Dynamics in Retirement.” Society of Actuaries, May 2020, www.soa.org/ globalassets/assets/files/resources/research-report/2020/covid-19family-dynamics.pdf.

• Financial, relationship, and housing impacts

NB-50 “Ridership Report Archives.” American Public Transportation Association, 15 Sept. 2020, www.apta.com/research-technical-resources/transitstatistics/ridership-report/ridership-report-archives/.

• Ridership report highlighting the estimated unlinked transit passenger trips for public transportation at major cities in the US

NB-51 “Rodeo.” American Royal, 24 July 2020, www.americanroyal.com/ rodeo/.

• Entertainment for families • Live music and dancing after the event

NB-52 “The Skyscraper Center: Chicago.” Global Tall Building Database, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, www.skyscrapercenter.com/ city/chicago.

• 42% of buildings are used for office space

NB-53 “10 Minute Walk.” 10 Minute Walk, 10minutewalk.org/.

• Goal for everyone to have access to a quality park or green space by 2050

NB-54 Times Square NYC, www.timessquarenyc.org/.

• List of entertainment options in Times Square

165

NB-55 “We Are All in This Together - OneKC Strong.” COVID-19 Response, Kansas City Area Development Council, www.thinkkc.com/investors/covid19-response.

• Data about Kansas City businesses and COVID-19“What Is Fringe?” Kansas City Fringe Festival, 20 July 2020, kcfringe.org/about/.

• Connect and engage with artists • From River North to Old Westport

NB-56 “What Is Fringe?” Kansas City Fringe Festival, 20 July 2020, kcfringe. org/about/.

• Connect and engage with artists • From River North to Old Westport

NB-57 Whitehead, Kyle. “Public Transit Is Critical to Chicago’s COVID-19 Response.” Active NB-58 Transportation Alliance, 19 Mar. 2020, activetrans.org/blog/publictransit-is-critical-to-chicagos-covid-19-response.

• Needing emergency assistance to continue funding the agency • Supports the demands for extra protection for operators

166

SOURCES | MEDIA M-1 Andries, Dan. “Can’t Stop the Comedy: Performers Adapt to COVID-19.”

Arts and Entertainment News, WTTW, 19 May, 2020, https://news.wttw. com/2020/05/19/can-t-stop-comedy-performers-adapt-covid-19 • Interactive Zoom “Improv House Party” • Involving the audience in the sketches

M-2 “The Average Cable Bill Now Exceeds All Other Household Utility Bills Combined.” DecisionData, 22 June 2020, decisiondata.org/news/reportthe-average-cable-bill-now-exceeds-all-other-household-utility-billscombined/.

M-3 Bach, Trevor. “What the Surge in Working From Home Means for Big Cities.”

U.S. News & World Report, 29 June 2020, www.usnews.com/news/cities/ articles/2020-06-29/how-teleworking-may-accelerate-the-shift-awayfrom-big-cities.

• Moving away from big cities • Occupations changes

M-4 Barron, James. “Pride Parade: 50 Years After Stonewall, a Joyous and Resolute Celebration.” New York Times, 30 Jun. 2019, https://www. nytimes.com/2019/06/30/nyregion/nyc-pride-parade.html.

• Recap of New York City Pride Week 2019 with detailed information of visitors, events, and the history

M-5 Bogage, Jacob, and Annie Gowen. “Kansas City’s Super Bowl Parade and Celebration Concludes a ‘Beautiful’ Journey.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 5 Feb. 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/02/05/ chiefs-super-bowl-parade/.

• Super Bowl Parade in downtown Kansas City • Union Station

M-6 Bomey, Nathan. “How Utility, Phone and Internet Companies Are Giving Consumers a Break During Coronavirus Pandemic.” USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information Network, 23 Mar. 2020, www.usatoday.com/ story/money/2020/03/16/utility-cable-internet-phone-coronaviruscovid-19/5060084002/.

167

M-7 Botting, Sheila. “What Should We Do with 45,000 Half-Empty Public Buildings?” Harvard Business Review, 10 July 2020, hbr.org/2020/07/ what-should-we-do-with-45000-half-empty-public-buildings.

• Empty buildings • Low density • Affordable housing

M-8 Buck, Fielding. “Entertainment Industry Treading Water after 6 Months of Coronavirus Restrictions.” Orange County Register, Orange County Register, 19 Sept. 2020, www.ocregister.com/2020/09/19/entertainmentindustry-treading-water-after-6-months-of-coronavirus-restrictions/.

• Most entertainment venues that closed still have not reopened • Return of the drive-in

M-9 Bullard, Gabe. “Goodbye, Open Office? How Workspaces Will Change After Coronavirus.” National Public Radio, 19 May 2020, www.npr. org/local/305/2020/05/19/858865632/goodbye-open-office-howworkspaces-will-change-after-coronavirus.

• Smaller office space • Adaptive reuse • Empty office space

M-10 “Chicago Hits Top 5 Ranking.” Crain’s Chicago Business, https://www. chicagobusiness.com/news/chicago-hits-top-5-ranking-big-us-citiesagain?utm_source=Facebook&utm_medium=Social&utm_campaign=Soci alFlow&fbclid=IwAR1qSgSuNwg3U9xFX2LZIg_M-CCSFTCmLfCm6BjiUjJw SfJH2OzwPIMf4aA. M-11 Cohen, Andrew. “MLB Teams Seek to Welcome Fans This Season, Despite COVID-19.” SportTechie, 26 June 2020, sporttechie.com/mlb-teams-fans2020-season-covid-19.

• MLB welcomes fans with reduced capacity • Some teams will play without fans

168

M-12 “Coronavirus and Entertainment: The Latest News and Events in Chicago and around the World.” Chicago Tribune, 22 June 2020, www. chicagotribune.com/coronavirus/ct-cb-coronavirus-enter tainmentcancellations-20200310-hti5j27lmncs7g4jwvr7tzzwny-story.html.

• Every update about COVID-19 in Chicago

M-13 “COVID in the U.S.: Latest Map and Case Count.” The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-us-cases.html.

• Data maps • United States COVID-19 count

M-14 “COVID-19 Is Permanently Changing Chicago’s Transit.” Governing, www. governing.com/community/COVID-19-Is-Permanently-Changing-ChicagosTransit.html.

• CTA struggles with revenue losses and the CARES Act may not cover the gap

M-15 Glink, Ilyce, and Samuel J Tamkin. “Perspective | A Breakdown of What Living Paycheck to Paycheck Looks Like.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 17 Aug. 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/08/17/ breakdown-what-living-paycheck-to-paycheck-looks-like/.

• In August, 32 million Americans filed for some sort of unemployment assistance • Lines at food banks, some stretching for miles

M-16 Gurley, Gabrielle. “Riding for Free in Kansas City.” The American Prospect, 23 Jan. 2020, prospect.org/infrastructure/riding-for-free-in-kansas-city/.

• KCATA has been pushing to eliminate most bus fares • Planned to be put to the test in the Spring of 2020

M-17 Haag, Matthew. “Manhattan Faces a Reckoning If Working From Home Becomes the Norm.” The New York Times, 12 May 2020, www.nytimes. com/2020/05/12/nyregion/coronavirus-work-from-home.html.

• Companies are exploring working from home long-term • Real estate taxes provide revenue for New York, which could mean lost money

169

M-18 Hess, Abigail. “People Who Work from Home Earn More Than Those Who Commute - Here’s Why.” CNBC, Consumer News and Business Channel, 13 Oct. 2019, www.cnbc.com/2019/10/13/people-who-work-fromhome-earn-more-than-those-who-commuteheres-why.html.

• Earnings increase if people can work from home • Commute time

M-19 Hickey, Walt. “The Tall Apple: Number of Stories in NYC Skyscrapers Might Floor You.” FiveThirtyEight, FiveThirtyEight, 7 Mar. 2014, fivethirtyeight. com/features/the-tall-apple-number-of-stories-in-nyc-skyscrapers-mightfloor-you/.

M-20 “Illinois Governor Issues Stay-at-Home Order.” NBC Chicago, NBC Chicago, 20 Mar. 2020, www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/illinoisgovernor-expected-to-issue-stay-at-home-order-sources/2241118/.

• Parks and libraries closed • Close non-essential businessesIntarasuwan, Kiki, et al. “Timeline: Tracking the Spread of COVID-19 in Tri-State.” NBC New York, NBC Universal Media, 5 Mar. 2020, www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/timeline-tracking-the-spread-of-covid-19-in-tristate/2313123/.

M-21 Intarasuwan, Kiki, et al. “Timeline: Tracking the Spread of COVID-19 in Tri-State.” NBC New York, NBC Universal Media, 5 Mar. 2020, www. nbcnewyork.com/news/local/timeline-tracking-the-spread-of-covid-19-intri-state/2313123/.

M-22 Johnson, Steve. “Millennium Park Is New Top Midwest Visitor Destination, High-Tech Count Finds.” Chicagotribune.com, Chicago Tribune, 17 Dec. 2018, www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-millennium-parkvisitors-ent-0406-20170406-column.html.

• Focus on visitor experience in Millennium Park as a portal to cultural experience in Chicago

M-23 Kamp, James. “5 Things to Know About Chicago’s Comedy Scene”.

Timeout.com, 28 Jan. 2015, https://www.timeout.com/chicago/blog/5things-to-know-about-chicagos-stand-up-comedy-scene • List of 5 major clubs • “Superfan audiences” is the continue support for the comedy scene

170

M-24 Kiesnoski, Kenneth. “20 US Cities with the Biggest Entertainment Bang for Your Buck.” CNBC, CNBC, 17 Sept. 2019, www.cnbc. com/2019/09/17/20-us-cities-with-the-biggest-entertainment-bang-foryour-buck.html.

• List of the 20 most fun United States cities

M-25 Levanon, Gad. “Covid-19 Has Devastated America’s City Centers. Will They Ever Recover?” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 19 June 2020, www. forbes.com/sites/gadlevanon/2020/06/19/covid-19-has-devastatedamericas-city-centers-will-they-ever-recover/.

• Impact the residents, workers, consumers, tourists, and business traveler • Looks at possible impact on real estate after COVID-19

M-26 Lubin, Gus. “Queens Has More Languages than Anywhere in the World Here’s Where They’re Found.” Business Insider, Business Insider, 15 Feb. 2017, www.businessinsider.com/queens-languages-map-2017-2.

• Locations of all the languages in Queens

M-27 Marotti, Ally. “An Estimated 4,400 Chicago-Area Businesses Have Closed During the Pandemic. 2,400 Say They’ll Never Reopen.” Chicago Tribune, 22 July 2020, www.chicagotribune.com/coronavirus/ct-coronavirus-chicagobusiness-closures-yelp-20200722-nmhvpmv72fdyzdjgvzoun7rima-story. html.

• 4,400 Business closure in Chicago • Empty urban center

M-28 Mashayekhi, Rey. “Up Nearly 250% This Year, Zoom’s Stock Is Breaking out under • Working from home increases Zoom use in companies and schools

M-29 McCamy, Laura. “11 Mind-Blowing Facts about New York’s Economy.”

Business Insider, Business Insider, 24 Apr. 2019, markets.businessinsider. com/news/stocks/11-mind-blowing-facts-about-new-yorkseconomy-2019-4-1028134328.

• New York’s economy before COVID-19

171

M-30 Mcgeehan, Patrick. “N.Y. Draws a Record 65 Million Tourists (in Spite of Trump’s Trade War, Many Were Chinese).” The New York Times, The New York Times, 16 Jan. 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/01/16/nyregion/nyctourism-record.html.

• New York City’s booming tourism numbers • Breakdowns of how they are planning to keep up with growing visitors

M-31 Mensik, Hailey. “Architecture Tours Lead the Way in Bringing Visitors to Increasingly Congested Chicago River.” Chicagotribune.com, 5 July 2018, www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-chicago-river-tours-economicimpact-20180626-story.html.

• 200,000 visitors took Wendella’s architecture tours in 2017 • Most tours sail through main stem of the Chicago River

M-32 “Moove over! It’s Time to Embrace Kansas City’s Cowtown Past.” The Martin City & South KC Telegraph, 16 Apr. 2018, martincitytelegraph. com/2018/04/16/moove-over-its-time-to-embrace-kansas-cityscowtown-past/.

• History of how Kansas City grew from a cowtown to a contemporary city

M-33 Muoio, Danielle. “The Coronavirus Comeback No One Wants: New York City Traffic.” Politico New York, 19 July 2020, www.politico.com/states/ new-york/albany/story/2020/07/17/the-coronavirus-comeback-no-onewants-new-york-city-traffic-1301905.

• Resurgence in city car travel is threatening the city’s air quality • Shift in personal transit habits since the pandemic

M-34 Newman, Katelyn. “America’s Most Racially Diverse Big Cities.” U.S. News & World Report, U.S. News & World Report, 22 Jan. 2020, www.usnews. com/news/cities/slideshows/the-10-most-racially-diverse-big-cities-inthe-the-us?slide=8.

• New York City race and ethnicity statistics

M-35 “New Yorkers and Their Cars.” NYCEDC, 5 Apr. 2018, https://edc.nyc/ article/new-yorkers-and-their-cars.

• Information regarding New Yorker’s ownership of cars per household as well as more detailed data for each borough

172

M-36 “Oak Park Shelter-in-Place Order Takes Effect to Slow Coronavirus Outbreak.” NBC Chicago, NBC Chicago, 20 Mar. 2020, www.nbcchicago. com/news/local/oak-park-shelter-in-place-order-takes-effect-to-slowcoronavirus-outbreak/2240830/.

• Breakdown of when people are allowed to leave their homes • List of acceptable travel

M-37 Paulson, Michael. “Broadway Will Remain Closed Through the Rest of the Year.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 29 June 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/06/29/theater/when-broadway-reopeningcoronavirus.html.

• Broadway closes till 2021“Power & Light District Reopens with Social Distancing Guidelines: News Break.” News Break Kansas City, MO, KCTV 5, 17 June 2020, www. newsbreak.com/missouri/kansas-city/news/1585950790274/power-light-district-reopenswith-social-distancing-guidelines.

• In June, people could start using Live Block while socially distancing

M-38 “Power & Light District Reopens with Social Distancing Guidelines: News Break.” News Break Kansas City, MO, KCTV 5, 17 June 2020, www. newsbreak.com/missouri/kansas-city/news/1585950790274/powerlight-district-reopens-with-social-distancing-guidelines.

• In June, people could start using Live Block while socially distancing

M-39 Rackl, Lori. “Chicago Sets New Tourism Record with Nearly 58 Million Visitors in 2018 - and the Mayor Is Thrilled.” Chicagotribune.com, Chicago Tribune, 23 Aug. 2019, www.chicagotribune.com/travel/ct-trav-chicagotourism-record-numbers-2018-0111-story.html.

• Large rate of tourist growth in Chicago from 2017 to 2018 • City is pursuing big ticket tourism draws like the NFL Draft and Riverwalk

M-40 “‘Red Alert’ Event Calls Attention to Struggles of Entertainment Industry Amid Pandemic.” NBC Chicago, NBC Chicago, 1 Sept. 2020, www. nbcchicago.com/news/local/red-alert-event-calls-attention-to-strugglesof-entertainment-industry-amid-pandemic/2332806.

• Bill offering relief to people in the entertainment industry

173

M-41 “Restaurant Week 2019 Announced, Includes 400 Dining Spots Across NYC.” CBS New York, CBS New York, 17 July 2019, newyork.cbslocal. com/2019/07/17/restaurant-week-2019-announced-includes-400dining-spots-across-nyc/.

• Details the restaurant participating in New York City’s Restaurant Week for 2019

M-42 Rivoli, Dan. “MTA Now Sending COVID Death Benefit to Families of Transit Workers.” Spectrum News NY1, 11 Aug. 2020, www.ny1.com/ nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/08/12/mta-now-sending-covid-deathbenefit-to-families-of-transit-workers.

• COVID-19 death benefit plan for families of transit workers • 131 workers have died from COVID-19

M-43 “6 Months of COVID-19: Timeline of the Outbreak and How Politics, Sports, Entertainment and the Economy Changed.” Chicagotribune.com, Chicago Tribune, 15 Sept. 2020, www.chicagotribune.com/coronavirus/ ct-viz-coronavirus-timeline-20200507-uvrzs32nljabrpn6vkzq7m2fpqstory.html.

M-44 “Small Business Relief Tracker: Funding, Grants And Resources For Business Owners Grappling With Coronavirus.” Forbes, https://www. forbes.com/sites/briannegarrett/ 2020/03/20/small-business-relieftracker-funding-grants-and-resources-for-business-owners-grappling-withcoronavirus/#18498b42dd4c • Updated information regarding programs to help small businesses, broken down by industry and city

M-45 Smith, Virginia. “With New York City Offices Still Closed, Companies Consider Downsizing - or Heading for the Suburbs.” MarketWatch, 13 May 2020, www.marketwatch.com/story/with-new-york-cityoffices-still-closed-companies-consider-downsizingor-heading-for-thesuburbs-2020-05-13.

• Satellite offices in the suburbs • Pressure to decrease rents

174

M-46 Taborda, Noah. “As More People Go Back To Work, Kansas City Bus Drivers Are New ‘Front Line Workers’ Fighting COVID-19.” KCUR 89.3, 20 May 2020, www.kcur.org/community/2020-05-20/as-more-people-goback-to-work-kansas-city-bus-drivers-are-new-front-line-workers-fightingcovid-19.

• KCUR interviewed Kansas City bus driver, Fred Ersery, on how public transportation has changed due to COVID-19

M-47 Tan, Shelly, et al. “Amid the Pandemic, Public Transit Is Highlighting Inequalities in Cities.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 15 May 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/05/15/amid-pandemic-publictransit-is-highlighting-inequalities-cities/?arc404=true.

• Statistics are from US Census Bureau via IMPUS USA

M-48 Taylor, Derrick Bryson. “A Timeline of the Coronavirus Pandemic.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 6 Aug. 2020, www.nytimes.com/ article/coronavirus-timeline.html.

M-49 Vazquez, Jennifer, et al. “Timeline: Tracking the Spread of COVID-19 in Tri-State.” NBC New York, NBC New York, 27 Sept. 2020, www. nbcnewyork.com/news/local/timeline-tracking-the-spread-of-covid-19-intri-state/2313123/.

• Record of New York’s actions during the pandemic

M-50 “Yelp Data: Nearly 500 KC-Metro Businesses Have Permanently Closed Since March.” Kansas City Business Journal, 18 Aug. 2020, www. bizjournals.com/kansascity/news/2020/08/18/yelp-nearly-500-kcmetro-business-closed-pandemic.html.

• As of July, 489 businesses have closed permanently in the Kansas City region • List of hardest hit industries with statistics

175

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THANK YOU Impact Collaborative would like to thank our generous reviewers for their time in evaluating our work. We appreciate the feedback provided by: Peter Broeder, Max Cantu-Lima, Tanner Hyland, Jessie Jacobe, Tayvia Navy, Brett Pearson, Franz Prinsloo, Kyle Walsh, and Nick Weber.

Impact Collaborative would also like to thank our Studio Director, Lauren Brown, for her efforts in guiding and encouraging us in our research and design.