W19P298

GROUP A3 Lydia Ogden, Ben Tattersall, Martha Sainsbury, Matt Faraci, Tomasz Kopczewski

RECLAIMING POPLAR:

THE EAST LONDON GREEN LINK

DOCUMENT INTRODUCTION This document lays out an urban design proposal for the future of Poplar.

Firstly, it presents an analysis of the key urban issues in the area today.

Secondly, it presents a vision for a vibrant and healthy future for Poplar characterised by mitigation of the key problems identified in the analysis Thirdly, it offers a strategy to achieve this vision.

Fourth, it presents key urban design interventions that follow the strategy. As this proposal is fundamentally holistic in its approach to urban change in Poplar, interventions are multi-faceted and simultaneously correspond to multiple strands of the strategy. Therefore, interventions are organised along a scale, from large infrastructure, to micro interventions.

CONTENTS

Current View of Poplar

01 The Analysis 4 Key Moments 5 Demographics 6 Labour Market 7 Tenure Mix 8 Building Height 9 Green and Blue Space 10 Cycle Superhighway 11 Road Network 12 Rail Network 13 Transport Summary 14 SWOT Analysis 15 SWOT Maps 16 02 The Vision 17 The Vision Image 18 03 Strategy 19 Sustainable Development Goals 20 Key Issues 21 The Answers 22 Strategy Diagram 23 Concept Map 24 04 Masterplan 25 Masterplan Overview 26

Connections with Surroundings 27 A Threat Called Canary Wharf 28 05 Interventions 29 The East London Green Link 30 Energy 36 Housing 41 Aspen Way 45 Cycle Network 48 Traffic Calming 50 Public Realm 52 Tactical Urbanism 56 06 Phasing, Reviewing and Funding 59 Phase 1 60 Phase 2 61 Phase 3 62 The Future: 30+ Years 63 Reviewing, Monitoring and Funding 64 09 Conclusions 65 Conclusions 66 References 67 Image Sources 68 Contribution 69

MEET THE TEAM

LYDIA

BEN

MARTHA

MATT

TOMASZ

MSc Urban Design and City Planning

MSc Urban Design and City Planning

MSc Urban Design and City Planning

MSc Urban Design and City Planning

MSc Urban Design and City Planning

BA Russian and Politics University College London

BA Geography and Planning Newcastle University

BA Geography and Planning University of the West of England

BA Architecture University of Westminster

BSc Geography Queen Mary University of London

Experience in project work at social housing and regeneration consultancy

Experience in public sector planning for Gateshead Council

Experience in public consultations and environmental planning

Experience in estate regeneration and public realm proposals at an architecture practice

Experience in private planning consultancy

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Central London

City of London

Whitechapel

Poplar Canary Wharf

Limehouse

Bethnal Green

Victoria Park

Mile End Bow

Leamouth

Welcome to Poplar

01 THE ANALYSIS

Situated in East London, Poplar is an East End town within the London borough of Tower Hamlets. Poplar is bound by Canary Wharf to the south, Canning Town to the east, Bromley by Bow to the north and Limehouse to the west.

Poplar’s growth as an urban area simultaneously grew with the emergence of the East India Docks where resources from all corners of the British Empire arrived into the UK. Located to the south of Poplar, East India Docks still has a significant presence separating Canary Wharf and Poplar, despite the loss of its prior functionality.

Strong links to trade and industry,

along with significant post-war social housing development makes Poplar intrinsically linked with working class identity, like much of the East End. This provides a striking contrast to its southern neighbour, Canary Wharf, characterized as a global financial centre from its conception in the 1980s to modern day. Analysis within this chapter will uncover the strengths and weaknesses within Poplar’s current built form. A concluding SWOT analysis will summarise the key points which will form the basis of the vision and strategy, informing the development of Poplar over the next 30 years.

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01 THE ANALYSIS KEY MOMENTS IN POPLAR’S HISTORY

Total Urban Renewal plans start after WW2

East India Docks open on Poplar’s Doorstep 1803 WW1 1914-18

Poplar suffers severe bomb damage in WW2 1939-45

Slum clearance programmes rehome people from dilapidated terraces into Poplar’s first social housing 1920s-1930s

Poplar Rates Rebellion in 1921

Bangladeshi community start to settle in Poplar 1970s

Urban decline throughout East London 1970s-1980s

Poplar is a central location in the Festival of Britain. Pioneering social housing developments, like the Landsbury Estate, are built 1951

First Canary Wharf Skyscrapers take form 1991

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01 THE ANALYSIS

DEMOGRAPHICS Analysis shows that poplar is a very diverse area, history shows that this diversity is ever changing and evolving.

The Poplar ward profile (2014) shows that around 30% of the population was White, whether that be British or Other (Tower Hamlets, 2019a).

Around 40% of the population were Bangladeshi and 10 % were Black (Tower Hamlets, 2019a).

The remaining 20% were of mixed and other ethnicities (Tower Hamlets, 2019a).

Further analysis showed that trends in positive migration are driven by international migration into the Tower Hamlets area (Tower Hamlets, 2019b). Between 2016 and 2017

there was a net international migration into the borough of around 5,500 people, whereas around 2,000 people emigrated out of the borough during the same period (Tower Hamlets, 2019b).

This suggests an increasingly diverse population as net international migration into the borough continues year on year (Tower Hamlets, 2019b).

The framework aims to promote the ethnic diversity of Poplar by showcasing identity and encouraging community ownership through the engagement with planning via tactical urbanism interventions.

12% 23% 10%

10%

41% Pie chart showing ethnic diversity among the local population (Tower Hamlets, 2019a).

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01 THE ANALYSIS

LABOUR MARKET When analysing the Poplar Ward profile (2014), unemployment among the local population was around 10%, higher by around 3% and 5% when compared to Tower Hamlets and the Greater London area respectively (Tower Hamlets, 2019a). Just over 50% of the population were in employment during 2014. This is 20% lower than the wider Tower Hamlets area and just over 15% lower than the Greater London area (Tower Hamlets, 2019a).

Recent data gathered by the ONS annual population survey suggests that, in the Poplar and Limehouse area, employment has reached around 69%

whereas unemployment has fallen to around 8% (Nomisweb. co.uk. 2019).

Overall, the number of students and retired people in Poplar during 2014 was comparable to both Tower Hamlets and Greater London at around 5% (Tower Hamlets, 2019a).

The Framework proposed aims to promote socioenvironmental sustainability and community ownership, by stimulating the local economy through the provision of ToolKits and the East London Green Link.

Bar graph showing economic activity among the local population (Tower Hamlets, 2019a).

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01 THE ANALYSIS

Privately Rented Socially Rented Owner Occupier

TENURE MIX Analysis of the Poplar Ward profile (2014) shows that the main tenure type in Poplar are socially rented properties, at just over 50% (Tower Hamlets, 2019a). This is nearly twice as high as the wider Greater London region.

The opposite is true of owner occupier rates, Poplar has an owner occupier rate of around 22%, whereas the Greater London region has a rate of around 52% (Tower Hamlets, 2019a).

This data shows that, when compared to the Greater London region, Poplar has a

higher rate of socially rented properties. Therefore, it is key to provide a suitable housing mix for the next 30 years in order to support both social and economic growth.

The delivery of high-quality housing, as well as the right mix of housing for the Poplar area, will be ensured via the implementation of the housing policy framework outlined within the interventions chapter of this document.

Bar graph showing tenure mix within Poplar (Tower Hamlets, 2019a).

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01 THE ANALYSIS

Poplar Building Height Pie Chart

BUILDING HEIGHT The building heights in this region of East London vary on a drastic level.

Canary Wharf dominates the East London skyline, with towers reaching heights between 80 and 240+ meters, casting long shadows over the residences of Poplar and other local communities. The tower types found in Canary Wharf leads to a high average floor to area ratio of around 1.5.

for residential purposes and manifest in slab and terraced row typologies. The floor to area ratio of Poplar is around 1.1, this is due to the smaller floor plates and heights of buildings.

The stark difference in heights between the two areas, Canary Wharf and Poplar, widens the divide between them and leads to a visual sense of separation.

On the other hand, Poplar is dominated by buildings ranging from 5 to 20 meters, with some towers reaching heights of no more than 80 meters. These buildings are mainly used

Pie charts and map showing building height in the Poplar area (OS MasterMap Building Height, 2019).

Canary Wharf Building Height Pie Chart

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01 THE ANALYSIS

GREEN AND BLUE SPACE As with much of central and inner London, truly public green space is a scarce resource within Poplar. There are key large green spaces within the centre of Poplar, including Poplar Recreation Ground and All Saints Church Yard. These are key spaces for households which don’t have private gardens or courtyards resulting in these spaces being relatively well used. Many smaller green spaces, while providing visual amenity, lack functional or physical amenity situated next to main roads or within absent spaces left over after planning developments. These spaces therefore are underutilised

and give no real purpose for communities within Poplar.

Overall, green space is generally disjointed and lacking for most residents in Poplar. Opportunity arises within this framework to provide significant upgrades in the amount of green space within Poplar.

In regard to blue space, there is a large amount situated to the south of Poplar with East India Docks, the River Thames and linear blue spaces of Limehouse Cut and River Lea to the north.

New development and links have the ability to reconnect Poplar to these blue spaces.

Top: All Saints Church Yard Bottom: East India Dock (Author, 2019)

Green Space

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01 THE ANALYSIS

CYCLE SUPERHIGHWAY A cycle superhighway runs through Poplar along Poplar High Street. The CS3 cycle superhighway begins in Barking and ends in Hyde Park, going via Embankment, Blackfriars, Monument and Poplar. The cycle superhighway provides a critical east-west connection but is underutilised in Poplar’s present form. Initial observation does not create an impression that Poplar High Street is situated on a cycle superhighway compared to stretches of cycle superhighways situated elsewhere in London. An integrated cycle network, along with enhancements to Poplar’s section of superhighway, would

allow for a cycle revolution within Poplar.

Segregated Cycle Lanes in Bloomsbury (Author, 2019)

Poplar Cycle Superhighway (Google Maps 2019)

Cycle Superhighway

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01 THE ANALYSIS

ROAD NETWORK Poplar is well integrated into the major road network which connects East London to Central London and the eastern home counties of Essex and Kent. With the dominance of vehicular transport throughout the 20th and initial decades of the 21st century, large vehicle arteries were essential for the function and mobility of Poplar and the wider city. Two main arteries run through Poplar, Aspen Way to the south and East India Dock road to the north. These arteries link to a wider vehicular network providing north south and east west connections. These roads, while providing vehicle connections, create large physical barriers for pedestrian and cycle networks between

Poplar and its neighbours.

With an emphasis on reducing Poplar’s carbon emissions between 2020 to 2050, vehicle modes contribute to the climate crisis and do not meet socioenvironmental sustainability goals. Alongside these climate related problems, large roads create significant barriers for sustainable modes of transport such as walking and cycling.

Proposals within this plan aim to address poor pedestrian and cycle connections through improved access and reordering of transport hierarchies away from vehicle dominance.

East India Dock Road- a harsh pedestrian environment (Author, 2019)

Key Roads (A Roads or above)

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RAIL NETWORK

01 THE ANALYSIS

The construction and opening of the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in the 1980s and 1990s was a significant game changer for Poplar and it’s passenger rail connections. The DLR provides rail connections within East London linking Poplar with Stratford, West Ham and Canary Wharf. Beyond the East End, the DLR’s network expands to Woolwich, Lewisham and the City of London. The Jubilee line, situated in Canary Wharf, provides further connections into central London. However, poor pedestrian connectivity limits the convenience and accessibility of the Jubilee line for Poplar’s residents. Overall,

despite the introduction of the DLR, much of Poplar is still relatively inaccessible in regard to public transport. This is reflected in an average PTAL rating of 3 for Poplar, compared to an average PTAL rating of 6 for Canary Wharf (TFL, 2019).

The opening of Crossrail provides a huge opportunity to increase Poplar’s connections to the wider city with a high capacity network linking to Central London and Heathrow Airport. Effective integration and improvements are essential to link Poplar to the new Canary Wharf Crossrail station located on East India Docks.

Poplar DLR Depot (Author, 2019)

DLR

Jubilee Line

Crossrail

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01 THE ANALYSIS

TRANSPORT SUMMARY As reflected in Poplar’s average PTAL rating of 3 (TFL, 2019), Poplar has relatively poor public transport connections compared to neighbouring areas such as Canary Wharf. Vehicular modes of transport are relatively well connected but lack long term sustainability. Poplar’s future transport needs cannot rely on vehicular transport because of the environmental detriment vehicles play in the climate crisis, along with the social equity implications relating to financial burdens of owning and maintaining a car. Poplar has strong transport assets within and surrounding its boundary, including the DLR, cycle

superhighway and Crossrail.

However, the integration of these pieces of infrastructure are relatively poor and have the opportunity to be improved.

Improvement to these assets create the opportunity to unlock Poplar’s potential to thrive, connected to the wider city.

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01 THE ANALYSIS SWOT

From the SWOT analysis it can be said that the location of Poplar provides a strong foundation in terms of transport and connections to Central and East London. Poplar has a strong identity which represents the diverse communities of the East End of London. This strong identity has the potential to reinforce solidarity in the community for built environment improvements that reflects the needs of local people. Chrisp Street Market is a key landmark within Poplar and one of the longest standing features of its historical and social legacy. Poplar has small areas of green space which are important in supporting healthy and sustainable lifestyles.

However, public realm in and around Chrisp Street Market is relatively poor with opportunity for enhancement to create a positive user experience and increase town centre footfall. Hostile pedestrian environments encourage car use but does not serve pedestrians and cyclists effectively. Challenges in terms of the unemployment rate highlight that there are barriers preventing employment and job security. Canary Wharf poses as a threat to Poplar due to its ability to gentrify and strip Poplar’s local identity and community.

S

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Poplar’s proximity to Central and East London.

Hostile pedestrian environments.

Opportunity Sites bound to East India Dock e.g. Billingsgate Market

Strong sense of community and cultural identity.

The well established Chrisp Street Market.

Existing active transport networks via the Cycle Super Highway serving Poplar High Street.

Multiple existing green spaces.

Disjointed green spaces.

Current housing stock is insufficent in numbers, poor quality, and has been inadequatley managed.

Barriers restricting employment, e.g. employability land.

access to insufficient

Sustainable energy production.

Transition to sustainable transport modes.

T Gentrification.

Fractured local economy.

Canary Wharf.

Climate Change.

Increase green space provision.

Pollution.

Underutilised active-transport networks such as the Cycle Super Highway Weak North-South connections.

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01 THE ANALYSIS SWOT MAPS

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Chrisp Street Market, the main asset that the framework will preserve and enhance

02 THE VISION

The East London Green Link looks to reconnect Poplar town with its East London neighbours, and reconnect the neighbourhood itself with its heritage, through design interventions and policies that serve to protect and enhance the area’s unique character.

This vision recognises Poplar as an authentic puzzle piece of hardworking and vibrant East London. In celebration of its local identity, this plan aims to foster a genuine sense of place for both locals and visitors alike.

In preparing the area for future population changes, this vision does not compromise on prioritising the needs of the long-standing residents, who give Poplar its dynamic character.

This reclaiming of Poplar by and for its residents will reinvigorate the local area with new living, working and social opportunities and an improved environmental outlook as a unique but integrated part of East London.

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02 THE VISION Toolkit Green Link

Energy Centre’s Chimney Clock Tower

Chrisp Street Market Nature Playground

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A photo of the Lansbury Estate taken from the East India Dock Square

The strategy provides the framework for achieving this vision for The East London Green Link in Poplar.

02 STRATEGY

The strategy has developed in line with the UN Goals for Sustainable Development and The New Draft London Plan, as well as an analysis of key issues present in Poplar today.

The strategy is presented as a response to the key issues identified, and presented spatially, on a concept map.

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03 STRATEGY SDG

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) comprise of 17 separate goals which aim improve social, environmental and economical sustainability for all. Countries around the world have agreed to strive to achieve these goals before the year 2030.

issues identified in Poplar, as well as help the UK government meet the UN SDG’s over the next 10 years.

Achieved through the provision of additional green space and community facilities.

Achieved through the provision education centres and community facilities.

Achieved through the provision of locally generated electricity.

Achieved through the provision of local employment areas.

Achieved through the provision of multi use industrial, commercial and employment spaces.

Achieved through the provision of local social housing stock and community engagement with planning.

Achieved through the provision of locally produced energy.

Achieved through the provision of climate education facilities, local energy generation and climate mitigation strategies.

Achieved through the provision of additional green areas and increasing biodiversity.

The key goals the East London Green Link will help to achieve are depicted and listed to the right of this text.

The framework strategies and interventions aim to tackle the

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03 STRATEGY KEY ISSUES

CLIMATE CHANGE

HOUSING

As one of London’s most deprived areas, Poplar is more susceptible to the impacts of climate change than wealthier areas in London. This is in part due to the financial burden that will occur as a result of climate change on resources but also the financial barriers to climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Poplar has an ageing housing stock which suffers from poor quality social housing built in the post war period. These homes are not sustainable due to poor energy efficiency producing higher energy bills for occupiers. Tower Hamlets suffers from a housing shortage with 20,000 applications currently on the social housing register (Tower Hamlets, 2019c). Poplar’s built form demands a higher quality housing stock while providing enough housing for future population growth.

What’s Needed?

• Promote sustainable living and Co2 neutrality • Establish local energy Independence • Implement climate education across a variety of age groups • Climate resilience through mitigation and adaptable spaces

What’s Needed?

• Protected social housing stock to protect working class communities.

• Refurbished housing stock increasing energy efficiency and housing quality.

• Increasing housing stock through opportunity sites.

• High quality housing design built for a changing climate.

FRACTURED LOCAL ECONOMY The Borough of Tower Hamlets has remained one of London’s most deprived areas since WW2 and despite Poplar’s proximity to wealthy Canary Wharf, the area remains troubled by high levels of unemployment.

A dying high street and historic central market at threat of being taken over by big enterprise as small businesses struggle to survive.

What’s Needed?

Policies that tackle gentrification and protect longstanding local business Socio-economically sustainable workplaces that provide flexible living and working for all types of enterprise New business opportunities for the local community

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03 STRATEGY THE ANSWERS

SHOWCASING IDENTITY

COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP

Poplar is not lacking in character, but it is hiding away from view, in pockets not visible to a first-time visitor.

The East London Link aims to nurture public spaces that showcase this unique identity and create new opportunities for social mixing against a backdrop of public harmony and spatial cohesion.

In the spirit of designing multi-faceted places, this framework aims to create spaces that bring together living, working and playing. This is not only a model of socio-environmental sustainability, but also ensures that communities are given freedom and ownership over their space and time.

This framework recognises that the people of Poplar, are Poplar. Through programmes designed to give local communities ownership over newly developed public spaces, this framework will give people pride in their community and showcase a revolutionary programme of participatory planning.

This framework for Poplar includes a series of interventions that aim to provide checks and balances to the future demographic changes of the area. These interventions aim to mitigate against the negative social and economic effects of gentrification, by ensuring that improvements made to the community are for the community itself.

SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

This framework takes a holistic approach, to bring education on climate change to the public realm, creating multifaceted places that are simultaneously working to better the environment and educate people about environmental issues.

A focus on environmental autonomy aims to bring climate-change technology to the local level, for the benefit of local people. A preference for building upon the pre-existing urban fabric, incorporating old into new by focusing on urban renewal for sustainability; both environmentally and socially.

IMPROVING CONNECTIVITY Macro Connectivity: At present the separation between Canary Wharf and Poplar, characterised by the linear separation of Aspen Way and the concentration of transport links on the south side of East India Dock serves to isolate Poplar. However, this isolation has shielded the area somewhat from Canary Wharf style development and protected its authentic East End character. Now, it is time for Poplar to reconnect with the rest of East London, on its own terms.

Investing in green connections with other East End Hubs, such as Bow and Mile-End, to create a network of East London ‘markettowns’.

Micro Connectivity: As an area dominated by the automobile, Poplar today is made up of small hubs of activity, separated by large roads. The legacy of car-friendly planning in Poplar lives on. This new vision for the area looks to return power to the pedestrian. Through the extension of a linear park, and expansion of the marketplace, this framework looks to foster street-level connectivity.

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03 STRATEGY STRATEGY DIAGRAM

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Bow

02 STRATEGY CONCEPT MAP

DLR tracks

The concept map portrays an initial insight in to how the strategy will be implemented in Poplar. The map illustrates the strategies implementation across the entire area of Poplar, while crossing boundaries in to neighbouring areas such as Bow and Canary Wharf.

East India Dock Road

Improving Connections

Community Ownership

Chrisp Street Market

Poplar High Street

Aspe

n Wa

Socio - Environmental Sustainability

y

Showcasing Identity Canary Wharf

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04 MASTERPLAN 25

Limehouse Cut

04 MASTERPLAN OVERVIEW

Langdon Park

The masterplan puts Poplar’s place making agenda central within this masterplan, envisioning what Poplar may look like in 30 years.

The flagship East London Green Link will cover the existing DLR tracks from Limehouse Cut to Canary Wharf, spilling out to incorporate existing green infrastructure such as Langdon Park. The link will provide key pedestrian and cycle links to Bow and Canary Wharf, while providing opportunities for job creation and sustainable energy collection.

unity Comm ol Scho

The link will integrate Chrisp Street Market and planned public realm improvements to enhance Poplar’s vibrant market core. Improvements to pedestrian and cycle infrastructure serve the East London Green Link and the existing infrastructure to create appropriate access points around Poplar. New and existing infrastructure will be integrated to create a cohesive and holistic plan that highlights the potential Poplar withholds as an East End town.

Chrisp Street Market

Key delivery sites for housing have been identified to meet Poplar’s future housing need, alongside estate refurbishments to bring Poplar’s existing housing stock in to the 21st Century. This masterplan is indicative, with scope for change for housing delivery sites. Housing policy will ensure new housing will provide homes for residents from all socio-economic backgrounds.

The DLR depot site provides opportunities for further housing growth. The site is not included in this masterplan because of the significant funding requirements to construct a similar platform structure to the green link, which this framework deems unfeasible alongside funding required for the existing proposals. The DLR depot site should remain flexible to allow for potential incorporation of the site with redevelopment of Aspen Way.

Poplar Recreation Ground

Aspen Way Canopy

Estate Refurbishments Traffic Calming Tactical Urbanism Improved Public Realm Cycle Lanes

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04 MASTERPLAN CONNECTIONS Due to physical barriers such as the surrounding road network, including Aspen Way, Poplar is disconnected from its neighbours. Particular weakness has been identified in north south connections to Bromley by Bow in the north and Canary Wharf to the south.

Notably, this masterplan keeps Aspen Way between Poplar and Canary Wharf. Upon initial judgement, this may seem to preserve Poplar’s isolation from Canary Wharf, but this strategy views Canary Wharf’s future growth as a threat to Poplar’s East End identity. The masterplan aims to protect Poplar’s East End identity while addressing poor connectivity with Canary Wharf through new and improved links between the two areas.

Aspen Way won’t be left untouched and will undergo significant transformations to lessen its negative socioenvironmental effects including air pollution, high noise levels and poor visual amenity.

As initially displayed in the concept map, Poplar’s interface with surrounding areas will be improved with surrounding areas within this masterplan, aligning with the improving connectivity strategy. Existing roadways and footpaths will be enhanced to prioritise pedestrians and cyclists to create a more permeable interface with surrounding areas. New links will be created encouraging movement over large barriers such as Aspen Way and connecting Poplar with its East End neighbours such as Bromley by Bow.

Enhanced Existing Routes

Areas of Interchange

New Routes N

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04 MASTERPLAN

A THREAT CALLED CANARY WHARF Canary Wharf’s development over the 1980s to present day has created drastic change to the south of Poplar. Now that Canary Wharf’s initial vision is complete, surrounding opportunity sites have been and will be identified to accommodate further growth.

This is illustrated in Canary Wharf Group’s ownership and plans for development on North Quay, just south of Aspens Way. Outlined as a threat in the SWOT analysis, this framework aims to preserve Poplar’s East End identity and protect it from gentrification processes stemming from Canary Wharf.

Aspen Way will be retained with new links and interventions mitigating against the physical and environmental defects produced from the roadway.

connections need to be improved between Poplar and Canary Wharf in order to unlock connectivity to transport infrastructure south of East India Docks. The following new and enhanced links will improve Poplar’s connectivity over Aspen Way:

While Canary Wharf is deemed a threat, a weakness outlined in the SWOT analysis is that

When the Billingsgate Market site comes through for redevelopment, a new raised

The flagship East London Green Link will provide a crucial pedestrian and cycle artery connecting the Eastern portion of Poplar, through the Billingsgate Market site and in to Canary Wharf. This green link will provide an entirely new connection, providing an improved experience for pedestrians and cyclists, avoiding harsh vehicle dominated environments.

walkway via the DLR station will stretch over Aspen’s way providing another pedestrian route into a new neighbourhood situated next to East India Dock, and onwards to Canary Wharf.

Existing connections will be improved for pedestrians and cyclists with widened walkways and segregated cycle lanes, encouraging further pedestrian and cycle flows between Poplar and Canary Wharf.

The addition of two new connections to Canary Wharf, alongside enhanced connections via existing routes, allows Poplar’s residents to easily access critical transport connections situated in Canary Wharf, while protecting and preserving Poplar’s bespoke East End identity.

Imposing skyscrapers of Canaray Wharf towering over Poplar (Author, 2019)

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05

INTERVENTIONS

SHOWCASING IDENTITY

COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP

SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

IMPROVING CONNECTIVITY

Following the introduction of the masterplan, a number of urban design interventions will be introduced to champion Poplar’s place making agenda.

Interventions addressing particular strategic principles will be illustrated through icons displayed in the introductions of each intervention.

Interventions will be introduced from macro to micro in scale. This order has been chosen because it illustrates how interventions will operate from area wide to specific plots of land. The interventions are guided by the framework’s strategic principles:

The introduction of interventions, guided by the framework’s strategic principles, aims to address key issues facing Poplar. These issues include a fractured local economy, housing and climate change. Finally, correlating the frameworks interventions with the strategic principles will illustrate how each intervention is multifaceted in addressing multiple strategic principles.

• Showcasing Identity • Community Ownership • Socio - Environmental Sustainability • Improving Connectivity

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05 INTERVENTIONS

THE EAST LONDON GREEN LINK The East London Green Link will be a major infrastructure project which will bury the existing DLR tracks running north to south through Poplar. This reclaimed space will provide a new green corridor and a principle connection from Limehouse Cut, through Poplar and onwards to Canary Wharf.

The East London Green Link will address climate change through additional green space and tree planting, absorbing CO2 and harmful particulates from local air pollutants. It will also address a fractured local economy through additional employment spaces, explained

in subsequent pages.

The link will improve north south connectivity through Poplar by creating an entirely new link from Limehouse Cut to Canary Wharf. The link will promote socio-environmental sustainability through allocated spaces for the local community within a high quality, public park. The link will also promote community ownership through community-led business spaces located throughout the link.

Addressing the following issues:

CLIMATE CHANGE

FRACTURED LOCAL ECONOMY

By implementing the following strategic principles:

SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

IMPROVING CONNECTIVITY

COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP

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05 INTERVENTIONS THE EAST LONDON GREEN LINK

MOMENTS AND COMBINATIONS

A series of moments will feature across the East London Green Link tackling different issues with innovative solutions and interventions.

The moments presented below aim to create a diverse and mixed-use space across the link, promoting permeability, local employment and social interactions. The East London Green Link

Green Link Pedestrian and Cycle Lanes increasing permeability through the heart of Poplar.

Energy Centre Harness and distribute energy from DLR infrastructure, providing educational uses.

Play Areas Facilitate child and social interactions.

will serve as a new pedestrian and cycle route through the heart of Poplar, providing residents with interesting stops and spaces for interaction and economic activity. Moments allow for a high level of adaptability and flexibility in order to facilitate future population growth and social change.

Community-Led Business Space for local employment, energy production and horticulture.

DLR Station Improving existing stations and connections to Poplar.

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05 INTERVENTIONS THE EAST LONDON GREEN LINK

Limehouse Cut / Bow Link

+

+

Chrisp Street Market

+

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All Saints Link

+

+

Langdon Park Station Link

Aspen Way / Canary Wharf Link

+

The Link will tie into the context of the local surroundings and link parks and schools located along the DLR tracks. The increased level of space will increase social interactions and community engagement, mainly through community-led workspaces and play areas.

The Link will increase the permeability through Poplar and the wider East London area by providing a safe space for pedestrians and cyclists to travel along. A mix of moments will exist along the East London Green Link, facilitating a mix of activities along the Link and addressing issues of employment and climate change.

32

05 INTERVENTIONS THE EAST LONDON GREEN LINK

A - Canary Wharf

B - Aspen Way

C - Chrisp Street Market

D - Langdon Park DLR Station

100 Metres

Seoul, Seoullo Skygarden:

New York, High Line and Hudson Yard:

Madrid, Madrid Río:

MVRDV (2019).

Pinterest (2019).

IMSD (2019).

The Architectual Review (2019).

Disused infrastructure, mainly highways and roads, in South Korea has been transformed into elevated public walkaways, tree nurseries and urban streams. These provide the urban fabric with increased permeability, walkability and green spaces.

By prioritising pedestrians over vehicles, Seoul has revitalised some of its urban areas and bought a new lease of life to disused infrastructure.

Buisness Insider: Singapore (2019).

By covering disused rail tracks, Hudson Yard in New York has created a new vibrant and economically successful district. Additionally, the incorporation of the High Line with the project connects several neighbourhoods including Greenwich Village, the Meatpacking District, Chelsea and Midtown Manhattan.

The amazing feats of engineering demonstrate that disused infrastructure can be utilised in order to not only densify, but also create vibrant places.

The M-30 motorway, which ran along the Manzanares River in Madrid, was redirected underground. This unlocked the area next to the river and lead to the creation of the Madrid Río which runs all the way through the city of Madrid.

The project has increased permeability along the river’s edge as well as access to green space within the city. The foliage provides shading and micro-climate cooling effects during hot summer days.

33

05 INTERVENTIONS THE EAST LONDON GREEN LINK

A - Canary Wharf

B - Aspen Way

The East London Green Link would connect Poplar to Canary Wharf across the Billingsgate Market site, increasing accessability to TFL tube links in the Canary Wharf area.

The East London Green Link would bridge over Aspen way and the DLR tracks, providing an extra layer and dimention to the area.

C - Chrisp Street Market

D - Langdon Park DLR Station

The East London Green Link would cover the DLR tracks running North to South and provide a space for pedestrian and cycling routes, toolkits and community facilities.

The East London Green Link would improve access to local infrastructure and green spaces, replacing the unused space above the DLR tracks with a linear park.

34

t

05 INTERVENTIONS THE EAST LONDON GREEN LINK The Green Link is an important piece of social infrastructure, playing a hugely significant role in the improvement of community cohesion and addressing key social issues that stretch far beyond the park’s boundaries.

Social Benefits of the Green Link: - Green space offers possibilities for increasing social activity, improving community cohesion, developing local attachment and lowering levels of crime,

particularly in less affluent communities. (Bell et al., 2008; Weldon et al., 2007).

- In a 2004 report, it was found that 83% more people engage in social activity in green space, over concrete or sparsely vegetated space. (Sullivan et al., 2004) - There is evidence to show that parks, more than any other type of leisure facility, are most accessible to young people from ethnic minority groups. (Ravenscroft et al., 2000)

New Orleans, Lafitte Greenway:

Curbed, New Orleans (2019)

Curbed, New Orleans (2019).

The Lafitte Greenway is a 2.6-mile bicycle and pedestrian trail and green corridor connecting central neighbourhoods to more deprived outer urban areas. It includes recreation fields, fitness parks, native plant meadows, stormwater retention features, LED lighting, curb extensions and high visibility crosswalks.

The greenway serves a hugely important for those who travel for those without a car, enabling connection to the city centre for employment and social purposes.

As a mixed-use project, it champions social-environmental sustainability by providing key community facilities otherwise lacking in the surrounding areas.

- Evidence shows green space is particularly important for enhancing social inclusion, notably amongst people with disabilities, ethnic minorities, young people, older people and people at an economic disadvantage. (Kim and Kaplan, 2004) - Studies have found that rates of domestic violence are lower in greener neighbourhoods, and crime levels are significantly lower in residences near natural spaces. (Davies and Deaville, 2008)

Detroit, Detroit Riverwalk:

Crains Detroit Business (2019).

Crains Detroit Business (2019).

The Detroit Riverwalk is a 5.5-mile promenade with pedestrian lanes, bike lanes and green spaces playing a key role in the transformation of the city in recent years, helping inform the revival of downtown Detroit.

The project was organised and funded by a non-profit, grass roots community organisation. The mission of the project is to focus on improving access between neighbourhoods and reclaim the riverfront as a space ‘for all Detroiters’

Lafitte Greenway Masterplan, New Orleans (2019).

Ruhr Region, Emscher Landscape Park:

Metalocus (2019).

Szyszkowitz and Kowalski (2019).

The Emscher Landscape Park has been a key instrument for the spatial, social and economic transformation of Europe’s former largest industrial region.

The park was proposed as a pioneering alternative to preventing urban decay and embracing industrial heritage through green space. As a post-industrial region, the Ruhr was facing social fragmentation and economic problems. The park has played a key role in providing new opportunities, both employment and social to local communities. In addition, the park has pioneered socioenvironmental sustainability through zero-carbon mixed use spaces.

35

05 INTERVENTIONS ENERGY Addressing the following issues:

ENERGY CLIMATE CHANGE

Our cities and urban areas are where we live must accommodate for an everincreasing number of people, by 2050 it is predicted that more than 70% of the world’s population will be urban (OECD, 2019). However, these levels of growth lead to increased energy demands within our urban areas. Therefore, a large amount of responsibility should be taken by metropolitan areas in order to mitigate against climate change. The framework proposes a number of ways which waste energy can be captured from the reclaiming of the DLR tracks and trains that run through the heart of Poplar.

A unique opportunity faces Poplar, where waste energy

from local infrastructure can be used in order to mitigate the climate emergency through renewable energy collection.

The intervention addresses a fractured local economy where the project will create jobs through energy maintenance, while funding local regeneration projects through selling excess energy. Housing will also benefit through local energy generation which will lower energy bills for residents and instate a council owned energy agency.

Acting as an example, the scheme will become a catalyst for unique and innovative ways of thinking about how we produce, use and distribute our energy around urban areas.

FRACTURED LOCAL ECONOMY

HOUSING

By implementing the following strategic principles:

SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP

36

05 INTERVENTIONS STEP 1: ENERGY CENTRE

The framework proposes a centralised Energy Centre, which will be placed within the Chrisp Street Market site, adjacent to the historic clock tower.

The Energy Centre will serve two purposes: 1) To capture and redistribute the waste energy from the DLR tracks and trains, creation a heat and energy network, and 2) To educate local children and residents on importance of community climate resilience in order to mitigate climate change.

The Energy Centre will act as an integral cog, linking the utilisation of waste energy and its distribution into the local community in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way. This will create a heat and energy network in order to increase local energy security and reduce the reliance on outside energy sources.

Furthermore, it will play a key part in reducing carbon dioxide emissions, as well as providing additional educational benefits to its local community and the wider London region.

The centre and its associated chimney stack will lead to the

PRECEDENTS A) Heat and Energy Centre, Greewich, UK

B) Energy Centre, Sheffield, UK

The combined heat and energy centre on the Greenwich Peninsula supply energy to the largest heating network in Europe, saving more than 20,000 tonnes of carbon each year (ArchDaily. 2017). The design of its chimney stacks produces a striking mark on the skyline.

The proposed Energy Centre on Solar Island 2025, Leicester, will provide a new use for the abandoned industrial buildings on the site (Harper Perry. 2019).

The centre will provide energy and heat for more than 11,000 new homes, as well as businesses and offices in the upcoming development (Harper Perry. 2019).

C) Amager Bakke, Copenhagen, DENMARK

D) Sludge Treatment Facility, Hong Kong, CHINA.

The Amager Bakke, waste-to-energy power plant, utilises general waste water in order to create energy which powers more than 50,000 homes (Volund.dk.

2019). The plant also functions as a artificial ski slope which is open to the public (Volund.dk. 2019).

Simillarly to Demnark, a waste-to-energy plant in Hong Kong uses waste sewage sludge to produce energy for its residents (Veolia. 2016). The energy produces power for spa ammenities in the building and 4,000 local residents (Veolia. 2016).

creation of a new distinctive landmark building within the Chrisp Street Market area.

Improving wayfinding, while, respecting the heritage of the Chrisp Street Market cloak tower and its surrounding context.

The heat and energy network will be redirected to power both new build and retrofitted buildings in and around the Chrisp Street Market area.

As well as this, as the scheme expands, the energy produced will be sold back to the national grid and local communities, such as Canary Wharf, in order to fund later phases of the framework and its implementation.

It is envisioned that the heat and energy network created, as well as the Energy Centre, will act as an example for the creation of smaller energy networks around the area. This will increase sustainability and climate resilience across Poplar, ensuring its communities and residence can continue enjoying the local area and its amenities for years to come.

37

05 INTERVENTIONS ASSOCIATED ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE

The chimney stack of the Energy Centre will form a beacon which will increase wayfinding around poplar, as well as, compliment the historic Chrisp Street Market Clock Tower.

Carbon capture technology will be utilised in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the utilisation of waste energy from the DLR tracks and trains.

The implementation of solar panels on Toolkits and retrofitted buildings in order to provide energy which can be stores for later use or utilised by residence and public services.

The Energy Centre will perform as an educational facility for local residents and school children to learn about sustainable, renewable energy production. Promoting climate resilience and socio-environmental sustainability. The Chrisp Street Market Tower will be refurbished and repurposed into a viewing platform to view the energy centre and green link, showcasing sustainable development.

Sustainable urban drainage technology will be utilised along the East London Green Link in order to increase the levels of infiltration and water retention during wet periods.

38

05 INTERVENTIONS STEP 2: ENERGY HARNESSING

Heat Energy: Once the DLR tracks are covered, the heat produced from both train movements and passengers will be redirected through heat exchange units. This will heat water which will be directed through new and existing buildings, reducing domestic heating costs during winter months.

This method has been proven successful in multiple locations, including the areas surrounding Stockholm’s Central Station and Paris, Rambuteau metro station (Popular Mechanics. 2011).

Breaks’ Energy Similarly to electric and hybrid vehicles, DLR trains can be fitted with technology which would harness the wasted energy when applying the brakes to a train.

This method has been tested on subway trains in Philadelphia where the energy created is stored in batteries or sold back to the grid (Popular Mechanics.

2011).

Parasitic Energy: Electrical energy can be harnessed from the weight, movement and vibration of the DLR trains as the run along the tracks using piexoelectric pads. This energy can be stored in re-chargeable batteries and used for public lighting and private residences.

The method has been used in Israel in order to produce clean electricity. The pads have also been used to gather statistical information and help to maintain the tracks (Popular Mechanics.

2011).

39

05 INTERVENTIONS STEP 3: ENERGY COUNCIL AGENCY

As stated above, energy, in the form of heat and electricity, will be produced from the wasted energy of the DLR tracks and trains once covered by the East London Green Link. Whereas, the Energy Centre will channel this energy and distribute it among the new and existing buildings around Chrisp Street Market.

1) The initial stages of infrastructure realisation 2) Energy generation and production from DLR infrastructure as well as its distribution 3) The resale of energy and investment in community/ framework interventions 4) The maintenance of necessary infrastructure.

However, in order to oversee and manage this chain, the framework proposes the creation of a Council Energy Agency.

The main aim of the Council Energy Agency is to act as a key funder of the interventions proposed in the framework, in addition to ensuring the full realisation of the framework through the investment of profit, from the energy sale, back into the community. This would ensure a reliable stream of funds which would fund community initiatives, such as tactical urbanism, bridging the gap between the council, planners and local residents.

Unlike an energy company, which would produce and sell energy to the national grid, the Council Energy Agency would manage:

Infrastructure

40

05 INTERVENTIONS HOUSING

Addressing the following issues:

HOUSING Poplar suffers from a housing shortage with the added issue of a poor-quality housing stock from the post war period. In Tower Hamlets, 20,000 applications are currently on the housing register and the shortest average waiting time for a 2-bed property is 3 years (Tower Hamlets, 2019). The existing housing stock is unfit for modern use and unsustainable due to poor energy efficiency.

The housing policy framework aims to address Poplar’s current and future housing needs through the allocation of opportunity sites for redevelopment and refurbishment. The

housing policy framework aims to address climate change by guiding housing refurbishments and new developments through policy aimed at improved energy efficiency.

Policies will promote socio-environmental sustainability and community ownership through preserving and growing social housing stock within Poplar. This in turn will showcase Poplar’s identity by ensuring housing for all is maintained and existing communities rights to remain are protected.

CLIMATE CHANGE

HOUSING

By implementing the following strategic principles:

SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP

SHOWCASING IDENTITY

41

Site Allocations Redevelopment sites Refurbishment sites 05 INTERVENTIONS Poplar Boundary HOUSING

SITE ALLOCATIONS The following map identifies site allocations for future housing developments which should be delivered within the 50-year phasing of this framework.

The site allocations identify housing refurbishments alongside large opportunity sites.

Opportunity sites hold potential to facilitate growth in housing stock and host future housing developments that can respond to the growing need for social and affordable housing

N

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000 Meters (m)

42

05 INTERVENTIONS HOUSING

HOUSING POLICY This housing policy is intended to set the structure which influences and controls the development of housing.

The following housing policy for Poplar has considered the social, economic, and environmental pressures of modern inner-city living.

The policy presents design recommendations, layout recommendations, development patterns, and sustainability related policies.

Policy

Policy Description

HP.1

The type of housing should be justified and aim to respond to any gaps in the housing stock regarding what typologies are available.

HP.2

Housing should be of high quality design and structure and use materials which ensure dwellings are resillient and sustainable where ever possible.

HP.3

Developments should aim to be self-sustaining regarding energy consumption and production. Solar pannelling and solar orientation must be included on all possible housing buildings.

HP.4

The layout of multiple housing units should consider the surrounding urban fabric in order to create a fluid and walkable urban environment.

HP.5

Any new development needs to provide 50% affordable housing.

HP.6

Estate regeneration must ensure existing social housing provision is maintained with the intention of protecting established residents.

HP.7

Developments should respond to modal trends and support modal shifts to promote public transport and active transport use. Any vehicle provision should facilitate electric vehicle charging points.

HP.8

New developments should be sympathetic to the heights of surrounding buildings. Opportunity sites need to balance density with good design and should not exceed 20 storeys.

HP.9

Developments should provide dwellings which are occupied by 1-2 people with 5sqm of private outdoor space and subsequently an extra 1sqm should be provided per additional occupants.

HP.10

Housing developments and opportunity sites should be phased according to the phasing plan (page 59) in order to prevent threats to local social and affordable housing availablity before the plans completion.

43

05 INTERVENTIONS HOUSING

HOUSING AND PRECEDENTS The London Plan and National Planning Policy Framework outline the projected housing need required for development and economic growth.

Additionally, there is a lack of high-quality affordable and social housing in Poplar.

This plan aims to provide guidance for the development of housing provision required to meet current demand and projected population growth through a mixture of housing types.

The ‘slab’ typology currently dominates the housing landscape in Poplar, but many existing blocks need refurbishment.

Additional housing stock should be sustainable and sympathetic to the current layout and urban grain of the town.

Example of how green walls can be accomodated on towers and slabs.

Passive housing in Eisenstadt Green Village, Austria

St Andrews, Bromley-by-Bow, social and affordable housing.

High quality design at St Andrews with high quality pedestrian environments.

Barking Riverside, compact town housing with solar panelling and access to green space.

Parkhill Flats ‘Urban Splash’ estate refurbishment

However, offering a variety of types provides more options for diverse housing needs, particularly for families and individuals.

For example, types such as town houses and maisonettes offer more space and variation in the urban grain and housing availability.

Material considerations should include sustainable and reclaimed materials, solar panelling, green walls, and insulation which also contribute to positive socio-environmental outputs.

Where possible, social housing in need updates should be done so with environmental retrofitting at the forefront of each project.

44

05 INTERVENTIONS ASPEN WAY

Addressing the following issues:

ASPEN WAY As identified in the analysis of this framework, Aspen Way acts as large barrier and environmental problem for Poplar. While connectivity is being addressed through other interventions, the Aspen Way Canopy aims to mitigate the environmental effects produced from the key vehicular artery. A large canopy structure will be installed over Aspen Way and will be covered in a network of planting creating a green canopy.

The canopy will address climate change through the utilisation of planting which effectively absorbs pollutants emitted from vehicle traffic. The canopy will also address a fractured lo-

cal economy through new jobs aimed at maintaining the canopy structure, plants and biodiversity.

The canopy will promote socio-environmental sustainability through improving visual and environmental landscape qualities for Poplar’s residents. The canopy is a temporary intervention while vehicles still dominate transport trends in the UK and the economic constraints of building over the roadway are in effect.

CLIMATE CHANGE

FRACTURED LOCAL ECONOMY

By implementing the following strategic principles:

SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

45

PRECEDENTS

05 INTERVENTIONS ASPEN WAY

VIA VERDE MEXICO CITY

ASPEN WAY GREEN CANOPY In line with the Mayor of London’s 2019 guidelines on the use of green infrastructure, a green canopy cover for Aspen Way would act to contain air pollution caused by car fumes within the tunnel structure, keeping Poplar’s air cleaner.

The green tunnel or canopy will also act as a natural sound barrier, to lessen the impact of noise pollution Aspen Way in Poplar. The structure is not for walking on, access over Aspen Way will be provided through independent walkways.

thecivilengineer, 2019

The canopy structure should be a steel trellis, which means limited investment and quick implementation.

Moreover, as future use of Aspen Way may change, the canopy can be broken up and moved or kept and used to create an indoor/outdoor space, ideal for a botanical garden or other civic use.

As per the Mayor of London’s 2019 guidelines, use of green infrastructure is recommended to: - promote healthier living - lessen the impacts of climate change - improve air quality and water quality - improve biodiversity and ecological resilience (page 5) In the case of Aspen Way, a green canopy would improve air quality in Poplar by acting to contain automobile fumes. Another benefit is the potential for improved biodiversity and ecological resilience, in providing habitats for small insects and greening an area currently characterised by grey tarmac.

London.gov 2019

Reset, 2019

Built in 2017, ‘Via Verde’ (Green Way) is the product of a Change. org initiative started by Mexico City citizens. 60,000 metres squared of veritcal hydroponic gardens line highway collums of the Periférico highway. The gardens produce oxygen for 2500 people and filter 27,000 tonnes of gasses, capture over 10,000kg of heavy metals and 5000kg of dust.

46

05 INTERVENTIONS ASPEN WAY

Garden Variety News, 2019

The green canopy shape is an evolution of tree lined landscaping used in rural and semi-rural areas.

Hirts, 2019

Evergreen trailing plants such as English Ivy are recommended, because of their year-round reliability, rate of growth and size. One English Ivy plant can grow up to 27 metres.

The Independent, 2019

Increased biodiversity resulting from the canopy will create opportunities for bee hotels nearby.

47

05 INTERVENTIONS CYCLE NETWORK

Addressing the following issues:

CYCLE NETWORK With Poplar’s Cycle Superhighway, a local cycle network would feed into this existing network and promote a modal shift from vehicle travel to cycle travel.

Poplars Cycle Superhighway is currently underutilised and has the capacity to accommodate for this modal shift.

Cycling is one of the cleanest modes of transport in regard to climate change. Promoting cycling will reduce Poplar’s dependence on vehicles and will lower households carbon footprints.

The cycle network champions socio-environmental sustainability through promotion of cleaner travel and exercise. The network will improve connectivity with greater ease and safety for cyclists travelling to surrounding areas such as Bow and Canary Wharf.

CLIMATE CHANGE

By implementing the following strategic principles:

SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

IMPROVING CONNECTIVITY

48

05 INTERVENTIONS CYCLE NETWORK

CYCLE NETWORK Touched on in the public realm strategy, Poplar’s section of Cycle Superhighway will be widened with segregated cycle lanes to improve cyclist safety and journey ease. This will improve connections with other neighbourhoods and facilitate a shift towards cycle use for short to medium length journeys.

Segregated cycle lanes will be introduced on all routes highlighted on the plan to

the left. This aims to connect Poplar with the wider East End with routes heading North to Bromley by Bow and South towards Canary Wharf. An integrated cycle network will reduce car dependency, reduce air pollution and increase physical activity; feeding in to the strategic principle of socioeconomic sustainability.

Segregated cycle lanes in Bloomsbury (Author, 2019)

49

05 INTERVENTIONS TRAFFIC CALMING

Addressing the following issues:

TRAFFIC CALMING In an attempt to improve pedestrian and cycle connectivity, East India Dock Road will be traffic calmed with more space allocated to pedestrians and cyclists.

The traffic calming strategy will promote socio-environmental sustainability by decreasing space allocated for vehicle use and increasing space for pedestrians and cyclists. Sustainable

transport modes must be prioritised on principle routes through Poplar in order to meet urgent issues related to socio-environmental sustainability. East-West connectivity will be improved for pedestrians and cyclists as well as improved crossing points across the roadway, allowing for greater ease and use for non-vehicular modes of transport.

FRACTURED LOCAL ECONOMY

CLIMATE CHANGE

By implementing the following strategic principles:

SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

IMPROVING CONNECTIVITY

50

05 INTERVENTIONS TRAFFIC CALMING

TRAFFIC CALMING The New London Plan identifies Poplar as an Opportunity Area and emphasises the need for significant improvements to be made to local transport, pedestrian, and cycling accessibility.

Traffic calming measures can enhance pedestrian and cycling environments by minimising crossing times, adjusting the hierarchy of transportation in the built environment, slowing traffic speeds, promoting active transport modes, and enahance the general safety of both active transport users and vehicle users.

Traffic calming through predestrian realm improvements intends to promote a modal shift to more sustainable

modes. In the borough of Tower Hamlets, 35% of people own one or more vehicles, the 4th lowest rate of car ownership in London. Therefore, promoting this modal shift and reducing the amount of through traffic via East India Dock Road in order to promote active transport and public transport uses would be appropriate in both social and environmental terms.

Road narrowed and widened bike lanes with pavement improvements in Kingston Upon Thames (Author, 2019).

Proposed measures would include widening the pavements on East India Dock Road, Removing or enhancing pedestrian traffic islands, protecting cyclist through enhanced cycle lanes and create a distinguishable diffrence between pedestrian and vehicle based environments.

East India Dock Road with segregated cycle lanes, widened pavements and direct crossing points.

51

05 INTERVENTIONS PUBLIC REALM

Addressing the following issues:

PUBLIC REALM A public realm scheme will be implemented to create a more pedestrian and cycle friendly environment through human scale interventions and material uses. The public realm scheme will address a fractured local economy through improving the public realm quality on Poplar High Street, reviving the former glory of the street and encourage footfall with higher quality pedestrian and cycling environment. The public realm scheme will also tackle climate change by readdressing transport hierarchies on allocated roadways through traffic calming interventions. The Cycle Superhighway

will be widened to become a major artery connecting Poplar to neighbouring areas.

The public realm strategy will promote socio-environmental sustainability through an improved pedestrian and cycle user experience. Connectivity will be improved through improved quality connections for street users. Poplar’s identity will be showcased through bespoke street furniture and urban greening.

FRACTURED LOCAL ECONOMY

CLIMATE CHANGE

By implementing the following strategic principles:

SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

IMPROVING CONNECTIVITY

SHOWCASING IDENTITY

52

PRECEDENTS ALTRINCHAM MARKET TOWN GREATER MANCHESTER

05 INTERVENTIONS PUBLIC REALM

QUALITY PUBLIC REALM A public realm strategy has been developed to address Poplar’s current lack of a quality public realm and poor pedestrian and cycle environments.

Poplar’s current built form needs to be improved to readdress the transport hierarchy between vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists. The public realm strategy aims to reallocate road space to pedestrians and cyclists, encouraging pedestrian and cycle use over the next 30 years.

Public realm enhancement also aims to produce better public spaces that work for the businesses and residents of Poplar. Effective public realm will encourage flows through these spaces and use of these spaces for amenity and leisure, increasing footfall for local businesses in the area. With the threats

Before

of online shopping and competing retail cores in and around London, an attractive public realm will create a positive user experience which encourages residents and visitors to use local retail facilities.

The public realm strategy addresses both macro and micro scales. At the macro scale, several prominent streets will be reconfigured to address the transport hierarchy. On the micro scale, streets will be decluttered of railings and absent street furniture will be replaced with bespoke street furniture and tree planting. These features will champion Poplar’s identity through utilising symbols and features associated with Poplar, from the Poplar tree to local landmarks such as All Saints Church.

After

‘Altrincham has been a market town since 1290 – ambitious regeneration plans are placing the market at its heart again, re-defining Altrincham as THE Modern Market Town ’ Planit I.E (2019) https://www. planit-ie.com/portfolio_page/ altrincham-town-centre/

Public realm improvements have been utilised in Altrincham to enhance the market town’s centre and address the balance between pedestrians and vehicles. Use of natural materials creates a friendly and more intimate streetscape, with wider pedestrian walkways and frequent, designated crossing points.

Textured materials and darker paving differentiate the roadway and the sidewalk whilst creating inclusive crossing points for the visually impaired.

Softer borders between car and pedestrian space allows streets to be adapted at different times of the day. Pedestrian zones restrict vehicle access between 10am to 4pm providing space which changes use at different times of the day. Adopting shared-space principles readdresses the balance between vehicles and pedestrians allowing Altrincham Market to spill out into vehicle lanes. These characteristics create an animated and lively streetscape.

53

05 INTERVENTIONS PUBLIC REALM: MACRO

p Chris t Stree

Street Kerbey East India Square

Chrisp Street, East India Square and Kerbey Street will undergo significant pedestrian and public realm enhancements to improve the retail core of Poplar. Kerbey and Chrisp Street maintain key functionality for retail deliveries within the town centre. Therefore, pedestrian zones will provide limited vehicle access during mornings and evenings to allow for retail deliveries. Outside of these times, Kerbey and Chrisp Street will be totally car-free, creating a fully pedestrianised retail core.

The map below indicates where pedestrian improvements are proposed. These include Kerbey Street, East India Square and Chrisp Street to the North and Poplar High Street, Hale Street and Woodstock Terrace to the south. These improvements aim to redistribute the current transport hierarchy, by putting pedestrians and cyclists as a top priority. The Altrincham case is a useful case study and model for Poplar’s pedestrian power movement.

Benefits

ce

ck Terra

Hale Street

to Woods

• Improved environment for pedestrians and cyclists.

• Upgrades to existing pedestrianised spaces such as East India Square.

• Improved North-South walkability and cycling connections.

• Preserved delivery access for Poplar’s thriving retail core.

• Enhanced Cycle Superhighway along Poplar High Street.

• Decreased space for vehicles and polluting traffic.

Summary of Proposed Interventions Poplar High Street

Poplar High street will undergo significant pedestrian and cycling enhancements with widened pedestrian sidewalks and cycle lanes.

These improvements will declutter the streetscape, with the removing of railings separating sidewalks from vehicle lanes. Improvements to the DLR connecting alleyway will be made through improved materials, lighting and wayfinding.

Hale Street and Woodstock Terrace will become one-way streets allowing widened sidewalks for pedestrians and cyclists. The streets will provide key North-South routes through Poplar and feeding into the existing DLR station. As with all of the designated streets, use of street trees will be incorporated to create green pathways through Poplar, creating an enhanced user experience.

• Utilisation of natural and human-scale materials to create an enhanced pedestrian experience across roadways.

• Implemented one-way streets on Hale Street and Woodstock Terrace allowing more space to be allocated to pedestrians and cycle ways.

• Wider sidewalks along Poplar High Street enhancing existing connections to Poplar’s DLR station.

• Pedestrian zones on Chrisp Street and Kerbey Street to allow for delivery access in the morning and evening hours but expand pedestrian environments during the social hours of the day.

• Widened Cycle Superhighway along Poplar High Street to encourage increased cycle uptake from the proposed cycle feeder network (detailed in page 48-9).

54

The micro element of the Public Realm Strategy aims to utilise street furniture to create a human scale, coherent and unique identity throughout Poplar. Street furniture will utilise bespoke, place relevant designs which reinstate a quality public realm with which local people and visitors can interact positively.

05 INTERVENTIONS PUBLIC REALM: MICRO

Benefits • Allows Poplar to gain a unique and bespoke identity.

• Enhances the public realm and encourages the people to use public spaces.

• Encourages social interaction with an increased number of benches along public realm routes.

• Increased urban greening along public realm routes.

+ +

+

+

+

Summary of Proposed Interventions • Installation of bespoke, place / street specific street furniture along streets included within the proposed public realm improvement scheme.

• Subtle entraceway signs signalling to users that they are entering Poplar- enforcing Poplar’s welcoming atmosphere.

Poplar High Street

PRECEDENTS Altrincham Market Town Greater Manchester

Leopold Square Sheffield

Planit- I.E (2019) https://www.planit-ie.com/portfolio_page/leopold-square-sheffield/

Precedents Place based street furniture design is utilised to enhance the unique qualities of particular streets and public realm. For instance, metal tree planters in Altrincham showcase the street name and the date of the market’s establishment within their design. Small interventions have been used to generate a unique and inviting retail core within Altrincham. Use of bespoke street furniture with place specific engravings creates a unique sense of place in Leopald square, seen nowhere else in the city of Sheffield. Subtle, yet effective, street signs signal to users that they are entering the square.

55

05 INTERVENTIONS TACTICAL URBANISM

TACTICAL URBANISM Tactical urbanism will be utilised to give space back to communities which are currently underutilised or ‘dead’ spaces within Poplar. Funding will be made available from Tower Hamlets Council to transform these absent urban spaces into vibrant assets for Poplar. Many of the sites are chosen from Task 1 of the Place Making module, illustrating a design progression from task 1 to the final framework for Poplar.

Tactical urbanism will address a fractured local economy through encouraging communities to innovatively transform disused

spaces into dynamic places for local people and businesses.

Tactical urbanism will showcase identity through letting local people have true power and influence on how to express themselves. In turn, communities will gain a sense of ownership over these spaces due to the flexibility over the ways in which these spaces can be transformed. The scheme also promotes socio-economic sustainability by giving a use to spaces which have no current function, optimising Poplar’s potential and space for innovation and creativity.

Addressing the following issues:

FRACTURED LOCAL ECONOMY

By implementing the following strategic principles:

SOCIOENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP

SHOWCASING IDENTITY

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Regulated zones of tactical urbanism, managed by the local council provides an answer to the problem of public ‘dead spaces’ in Poplar, and paves the way for community-led placemaking. In this scheme, residents can apply for limited funding for materials to the local authority, who can approve seedfunding and permission for community projects to go ahead.

05 INTERVENTIONS TACTICAL URBANISM

Local school networks should be utilised in test-piloting the scheme and spreading the word about the potential of tactical urbanism throughout Poplar.

TACTICAL URBANISM ZONES

Possible site allocations for guerrilla urbanism are presented here. The possibilities for projects are endless, but using sites such as unused car parks, garages, and underused green spaces serve to maximise the impact grass-roots place-making, in terms of both visual and vitality impact both in visual and vitality terms.

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B

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D

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PRECEDENTS

05 INTERVENTIONS TACTICAL URBANISM

The Importance of Urbanism in Poplar:

Tactical

Scale - The human scale of tactical urbanism projects gives communities ownership of their space, fostering civic pride and encouraging involvement in planning and design processes.

Disenfranchised communities who are sceptical of urban change as a synonym for gentrification will have the opportunity to engage with community redevelopment on their own terms.

meanwhile uses- emphasise vitality and get the community excited about urban changes Creativity - Community projects will inform the development and delivery of the masterplan; successful and popular initiatives can become permanent.

- The endless options for tactical urbanism create exciting, everchanging urban environment, adding to an authentic, community-driven sense of place.

Seattle, Washington, USA

Charlotte, North Carolina, USA

Time - Projects can be quickly implemented and transient, so they can respond to changes in community needs; focus on

Christchurch, New Zealand

Jersey City, New Jersey, USA

Tactical urbanism after flooding in Northfolk, Virginia

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30 Years

20 Years 10 Years 5 Years

06 PHASING, REVIEWING AND FUNDING

Following the outline of proposed interventions, phasing and implementation will provide clarity with regards to the timescales at which each intervention will be carried out. Certain interventions hold characteristics which allow them to be implemented in the next 6 months, while others need the full 30-year span for full implementation.

Phasing and implementation ensure that significant changes for the area are spread across the 30 year time span, rather than in a condensed period of time. This also allows scope for flexibility. Phase 1 plans for 5 years, phase 2 plans for 10 years and phase 3 plans for 15 years. This means certain

interventions and sites allocated for development can shift and evolve to accommodate for Poplar’s changing needs and demands. This will ultimately result in better place-making through use of innovative and forward-thinking methods and interventions. With an emphasis on sustainability, phasing allows future proposal adaptations to accommodate changing social, economic and environmental demands.

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06 PHASING

PHASE 1 0 - 5 YEARS • Tactical urbanism will be the first intervention to be introduced in Poplar. The sites allocated for tactical urbanism will be enacted in the first 6 months of the plan allowing communities to immediately reclaim spaces which are currently underutilised.

• The first phase of the green link project will be carried out between All Saints and Langdon Park Green DLR Stations. The approximate length of this section is 430m. This will allow expansion and enhancement of Poplar’s town centre along with the introduction a linear, North-South green link.

• To accompany the green link, the public realm scheme will be introduced on Chrisp Street, Chrisp Street Market, East India Dock Square and Kerbey Street. Each street and square will be redeveloped in further phasing allowing the town centre to be revitalised while keeping disruption to a minimum for local businesses and users of the town centre.

• The first energy network will be established in the Chrisp Street Market area, harvesting energy from the newly covered DLR track alongside an education centre focusing on energy sustainability education. This project will be a precursor to other energy networks in Poplar. The project will provide crucial testing in the implementation and effectiveness of energy network systems.

• The existing DLR footbridge extension over Aspen Way towards Canary Wharf will be widened and given higher quality lighting to improve the existing pedestrian connection.

• The framework forecasts the North Quay development site, currently owned by Canary Wharf Group, to start construction and deliver a large number of residential units to meet Poplar’s housing growth targets.

The site is currently in the consultation stage and a planning application is expected within 2020.

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06 PHASING

PHASE 2 5 - 15 YEARS • The second phase of the green link project will be carried out between All Saints DLR station and Canary Wharf. This phase will provide a significant new connection to the Eastern side of Poplar. The extension to the existing green link, built in phase 1, will significantly increase the length of the link by approximately 840m. A longer phase length of 10 years will allow for a longer construction period for the increased length and the significant task of placing a large, elevated walkway over Aspen Way and Billingsgate Market.

• The Aspen Way canopy will be installed after significant engineering, design and consultation conducted in phase 1. Further phasing within an annual time frame will be needed to install the canopy in sections due to the large scale of the intervention.

• Site allocations for estate refurbishments will begin in phase 2 allowing estates which are unfit for use to be transformed into modern, energy efficient homes with protected units of affordable housing. Estate regenerations are expected to start and complete at different stages of the 10-year phase period, rather than estates refurbished all at once.

• The framework forecasts further implementation of local energy networks, providing neighbourhood level energy production. This will further Poplar’s energy independence.

• The public realm scheme will be implemented on Poplar High Street, enhancing the East-West cycle superhighway route through dedicated and widened cycle lanes.

• Over the 10 years of phase 2, the cycle network feeding into Poplar’s cycle superhighway will be implemented, evolving Poplar’s transport hierarchy to encourage increased cycling.

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06 PHASING

PHASE 3 15-30 YEARS • The third phase of the green link will complete the entire link heading North between Poplar and Bow. The extension will be carried out between Langdon Park DLR station (incorporating it) and the Limehouse Cut canal. The extension will be 440m in length, completing the entire covering of the DLR tracks.

• East India Dock Road will be transformed through the traffic calming scheme. The improvements will create safer streets with direct crossing points for pedestrians, widened sidewalks and segregated cycle lanes.

The transformation of East India Dock Road has been placed in phase 3 due to the prediction of lower vehicle dependence by 2035. This allows the potential for vehicle lanes to be lowered and more space to be allocated to pedestrians and cyclists. The works on East India Dock Road are expected to start and complete within the first 5 years of phase 3.

• The final phase of the public realm strategy will be implemented on Hale Street and Woodstock Terrace, providing a continuous public realm connection between Chrisp Street Market and Poplar High Street.

• The framework forecasts the Billingsgate Market site allocation to come forward for redevelopment. A new pedestrian link via the DLR station will cross Aspen Way and further improve connections between Poplar and Canary Wharf. The site will become a significant mixeduse neighbourhood easing the transition between Poplar and Canary Wharf.

• There is going to be a significant refurbishment of the Lansbury Estate with potential for new built elements.

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06 PHASING

THE FUTURE? 30+ YEARS • Further extensions of the green link would be possible beyond Limehouse Cut and onwards to Bow and Stratford. This would create a linear link connecting Poplar to Canary Wharf to the South and Stratford to the North.

• Further opportunities for creating new green links are possible, perhaps with the possibility to create a green grid stemming from Poplar’s centre out into other neighbourhoods within East London • With the projected decline of vehicle use, further streets could be pedestrianised and allocated to pedestrians and cyclists.

• With most opportunity sites designated for development and housing estates being refurbished, the site of the DLR depot could be developed beyond the 30-year framework. The depot could be relocated elsewhere, or a raised platform could be used and built on in order to maintain the existing use.

• Planners and built environment professionals are encouraged to be mindful of new opportunity sites coming through for redevelopment which could accommodate for housing growth beyond this 30-year framework.

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08 REVIEWING, MONITORING AND FUNDING

REVIEWING AND MONITORING The review and monitor processes of the framework is vital to ascertain the success of the aforementioned policies in achieving the framework objectives and vision at each phase of implementation.

Monitoring will take the form of frequent reports analysing the impact of the interventions on areas such as: Public health Transport Habits Air Quality Energy Efficiency Economic Vitality Public Welfare Social Housing Public Wellbeing Periodical surveys aim to collect a variety of data to compare and analyse the framework outcomes. Focus groups representing the general public and specific members of stakeholder groups can provide qualitative information.

Personal accounts combined with statistical analysis will provide a clear picture of the outcomes of the interventions.

Moreover, providing an online platform for public comment and engagement for real time feedback from members of the public would be a useful tool for monitoring the success of specific interventions.

Review and monitoring progress once the plan has been delivered at various stages highlights challenges for mitigation at further stages of the framework’s implementation. It also provides the opportunity to amend policies as needed in order to achieve the set objectives. It is recommended that reviews are carried out one year after the project is complete and subsequently four times in the following 25 years.

The following are potential sources of funding: • Heat Networks Investment Project (HNIP), Central Government.

• Clean Growth Fund, Central Government.

• Estate Regeneration Fund, Central Government.

• Good Growth Fund, Greater London Authority.

• Commisioning Fund, Greater London Authority.

• Greener City Fund, Greater London Authoirty.

• Climate Action Fund, National Lottery Community Fund • Partnership funding, The National Lottery Community Fund.

• Livable Neighbourhoods, Transport for London Funding the projects stated in this document will be possible through a combination of public and private funding through various channels. Funding for particular projects may appeal to specific funding bodies to which they are related.

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In conclusion, the strategies and interventions proposed in this framework tackle the key issues identified from the analysis of Poplar and its surrounding area.

Key Issues: 1) Climate Change 2) Housing 3) Fractured Local Economy Key interventions, centralised around the covering of DLR infrastructure by the East London Green Link, aim to showcase identity, implement community ownership and improve socioenvironmental sustainability and connections both within poplar and with its neighbours.

09 CONCLUSIONS

The East London Green Link will provide increased space for social interaction, fostering community cohesion. Waste energy harnessing distribution technology and education facilities in the form of an Energy Centre will advance Poplar’s energy independence and climate change resilience.

Moreover, traffic calming, pedestrianisation, tactical urbanism and public realm improvements will reclaim Poplar by and for its community and showcase its identity as a distinct town within the wider London region.

This framework, in its entirety, will be fully realised by 2050. It will provide a pioneering model for innovative and sustainable urban design that integrates large scale green infrastructure with small scale community participation. Later phases of the project will extend the East London Green Link through the heart of Poplar, into Canary Wharf, opening up the possibility for future expansion aimed at connecting the whole of East London.

Funding will be secured through multiple means.

Primarily, funding will derive form the harnessing and resale of waste energy from the DLR tracks, managed by the Council Energy Agency. This funding model ensures a level of selfsustainability in the project, avoiding sole reliance on external forms of funding. Selfsufficiency ensures a higher level of viability and fulfils the project’s vision of an independent and thriving Poplar.

Reclaiming Poplar: The East London Green Link will revitalise Poplar with its vibrant community at heart, pave the way for future innovation and quality urban design and place making throughout East London, and provide a model for urban transformation elsewhere.

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09 CONCLUSIONS

CLIMATE RESILIENCE

QUALITY HOUSING

The framework builds climate resilience into the community through the creation of the East London Green Link and energy generation from DLR infrastructure. Innovative energy capturing technology, sustainable urban drainage networks and climate education will develop resilience and mitigate the effects of climate change in the local community. This provides a foundation for Poplar’s energy independence, increased biodiversity and public awareness of the changing climate.

The framework and its interventions will stimulate the local economy and provide residents with opportunities to find employment or open businesses within the area. This will ensure the diversity and vibrancy of local businesses is maintained in the future. The provision of spaces for local employment and business will allow poplar to compete with other local economies and ensure that residents can enjoy the fruits of local businesses and enterprises.

Solutions: • The utilisation and redistribution of wasted energy produced from the DLR tracks will provide a renewable form of energy production in Poplar, and a create a foundation for a renewable energy network across the Poplar and the rest of East London.

• The new Energy Centre will educate children and local residents on climate resilience, as well as provide a new function for the Chrisp Street Market Tower, as a venue for climate education.

• New and retrofitted spaces/buildings will build climate resilience into the fabric of Poplar.

• Interventions such as the East London Green Link and Aspen Way Green Canopy will increase local biodiversity.

Solutions: • The realisation of the framework will create local employment, increasing economic activity in the area.

• Flexible workspaces in the form of Toolkits will provide additional workspaces for local residents and providing new opportunities for innovation and local business/enterprise.

COMPLETE LOCAL ECONOMY The framework improves the current housing stock and ensures a high quality of design for future schemes. Homes which are fit for purpose, adaptive, energy efficient, and most importantly affordable, will reduce the number of residents on the local housing register and provide them with high quality homes.

Solutions: • The housing policy framework will ensure high quality social housing ready for a changing climate.

• Retrofitting of current social housing stock will increase its sustainability, energy efficiency and resilience.

• The East London Green Link will increase quality and quantity of public spaces available to provide amenities for a growing residential population.

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REFERENCES

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Bell, S., Hamilton, V., Montarzino, A., Rothnie, H., Travlou, P. and Alves, S. (2008). Greenspace and quality of life: a critical literature review. Greenspace Scotland, Stirling.

Ravenscroft, N. and Markwell, S. (2000). Ethnicity and the integration and exclusion of young people through urban park recreation provision. Managing Leisure 5, 135–150.

Davies, P. and Deaville, J. (2008). Natural heritage: a pathway to health. Countryside Council for Wales.

Sullivan, W. C., Kuo, F. E. and DePooter, S. F. (2004). The fruit of urban nature: vital neighbourhood spaces. Environment and Behavior 36 (5), 678–700.

London.gov.uk. (2019). Policy D4 Housing Quality Standards. [online]. London. Greater London Authority. Available at: https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/planning/londonplan/new-london-plan/draft-new-london-plan/chapter-3-design/policy-d4-housing-qualityand-standards [Accessed 10th Dec. 2019].

TfL.gov.uk. (2019). WebCAT. [online]. Available at: https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/urban-planningand-construction/planning-with-webcat/webcat [Accessed on 2nd Dec 2019].

Harper Perry. (2019). Soar Island 2025 - Harper Perry. [online] Available at: https://www. harperperry.co.uk/portfolio/items/soar-island/ [Accessed 4 Dec. 2019].

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Towerhamlets.gov. (2019). Joining the Housing Register. [online]. Available at: https://www. towerhamlets.gov.uk/lgnl/housing/lettings_and_the_housing_register/Join_the_housing_ register.aspx [Accessed 3rd Dec 2019].

Towerhamlets.gov.uk. (2019a). Poplar Ward Profil, Corporate research unit 2014. [online] Available at: https://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/Documents/Borough_statistics/Ward_ profiles/Poplar-FINAL-10062014.pdf [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019].

Nextcity.nl. (2018). Via Verde Mexico. [Online]. Available at: https://nextcity.nl/via-verdemexico/ [Accessed 27th Nov 2019].

Towerhamlets.gov.uk. (2019b). Population Estimates Mid 2017 for Tower Hamlets. [online] Available at: https://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/Documents/Borough_statistics/Population/ MYE_2017_Factsheet.pdf [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019].

Nomisweb.co.uk. (2019). Labour Market Profile - Nomis - Official Labour Market Statistics. [online] Available at: http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/wpca/1929380193/report. aspx?pc=e14%206lx [Accessed 18 Nov. 2019].

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IMAGE SOURCES

Any unreferenced photos were created by the authors.

Page 5: West india docks, https://www.warwickleadlay.com/prints/london-topography-historical/west-india-docks Slum Clearance, https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2007/06_01/midwifeDM0806_468x494.jpg Bomb damage, http://static.prod.bombsight.org/media/images/iwm_photo_100.jpg.800x600_q85.jpg Urban renewal,https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/http%3A%2F%2Fcom.ft.imagepublish.prod. s3.amazonaws.com%2Ffa971830-5cb2-11e7-b553-e2df1b0c3220?fit=scale-down&source=next&width=700 Clock tower, https://media.timeout.com/images/103762872/image.jpg Bangladeshi community, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Parfett_Street%2C_ Whitechapel_E1.jpg/1024px-Parfett_Street%2C_Whitechapel_E1.jpg Canary wharf, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/content/dam/business/2016/05/28/89650674_east_london_trans_ NvBQzQNjv4BqqVzuuqpFlyLIwiB6NTmJwaBjojCYsEjSrPHbWj5bk1M.jpg?imwidth=1240 Pg 17 Chrisp Street Market Photo http://openpoplar.com/space/chrisp-street-market-open-space/ Pg 19 Strategy lady, https://assets.ey.com/content/dam/ey-sites/ey-com/en_gl/topics/growth/ey-woman-working-post-it-notesteam.jpg.rendition.1200.800.jpg Pg 20 https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300 Pg 33 Examples MVRDV (2019) https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/208/seoullo-7017-skygarden The Architectual Review (2019) https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/208/seoullo-7017-skygarden Pinterest (2019) https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/208/seoullo-7017-skygarden Buisness Insider: Singapore (2019). https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/208/seoullo-7017-skygarden IMSD (2019) https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/208/seoullo-7017-skygarden Pg 35 Examples https://www.lafittegreenway.org/greenway https://www.modeldmedia.com/features/detroit-riverfront-transformation-082018.aspx https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/emscher-landscape-park Page 36 CCHP machine, https://sc02.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1VMkdiYZnBKNjSZFKq6AGOVXax/CHP-CCHP-unite-trigeneration-biogasgenerator.jpg Pg 37 Greenwhich Tower https://www.archdaily.com/804928/greenwich-peninsula-low-carbon-energy-centre-cf-moller-architects Solar Island Leicester https://www.harperperry.co.uk/portfolio/items/soar-island/ Amager Bakke https://www.babcock.com/resources/case-profiles/amager-bakke-copenhill Hong Kong https://www.mottmac.com/article/2393/hong-kong-sludge-treatment-facility

Pg 44 Image 1 https://www.archdaily.com/898069/vtn-architects-designs-hotel-with-cascading-greenery-for-narrow-site-in-vietnam Image 2 https://www.schoeck.de/de/referenzen/green-village Image 3 https://www.archilovers.com/projects/118105/st-andrews-block-b.html Image 4 https://www.archilovers.com/projects/118105/st-andrews-block-b.html Image 5 https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/housing-and-land/creating-new-neighbourhood-barking-riverside Image 6 https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/sheffields-park-hill-flats-added-endangered-buildings-latest-heritage-riskregister-223510 Pg 46 Examples https://www.thecivilengineer.org/news-center/latest-news/item/1157-vertical-gardens-in-mexico-city-to-combat-pollution https://en.reset.org/blog/vertical-gardens-making-mexico-citys-motorways-greener-literally-and-figuratively-04252018 Sadiq Khan https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/5b9b7ad02000004e00fd3660.jpeg?ops=scalefit_630_noupscale Policy Front Page https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/green_infrastruture_air_pollution_may_19.pdf Pg 47 Examples https://gardenvarietynews.wordpress.com/2014/02/08/photo-of-the-week-a-canopy-road-in-north-florida/ https://hirts.com/hirts-baltic-english-ivy-4-plants-hardy-groundcover-2-1-4-pot/ https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/beekeeping-for-beginners-a8271986.html Pg 53 Altrincham Photos Planit I.E (2019) https://www.planit-ie.com/portfolio_page/altrincham-town-centre/ Transformations Planit I.E. (2019) https://www.planit-ie.com/transformations/ Pg 55 Planit- I.E (2019) https://www.planit-ie.com/portfolio_page/leopold-square-sheffield/ Pg 57 Photos of locations: Task 1 brief Pg 58 Seattle, Washington, USA https://isntthatspatial.net/episodes/2019/5/9/tactical-urbanism-interview-with-roger-cummings-of-juxtaposition-arts Charlotte, North Carolina, USA https://plancharlotte.org/story/tactical-urbanism-can-it-come-charlotte-north-carolina Christchurch, New Zealand https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/after-disaster-tactical-urbanism-and-design-can-build-resilience-3c542e44ba57 Jersey City, New Jersey, USA http://blog.beopenfuture.com/2018/10/28/tactical-urbanism/

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CONTRIBUTION Ben Tattersall Active participation and generation of ideas for the framework.

Active attendance of meetings and site visits.

Contributed to the collection of precedants to inform our interventions.

Significant contribution to the writing of the documents text.

Produced figure grounds for anaysis and interventions.

Lydia Ogden Active participation and generation of ideas for the framework.

Active attendance of meetings and site visits.

Contributed to the collection of precedants to inform our interventions.

Significant contribution to the writing of the documents text.

Produced sketches for the Aspen Way green canopy.

Martha Sainsbury Active participation and generation of ideas for the framework.

Active attendance of meetings and site visits.

Contributed to the collection of precedants to inform our interventions.

Significant contribution to the writing of the documents text.

Produced the housing policy framework for the document.

Matt Faraci Active participation and generation of ideas for the framework.

Active attendance of meetings and site visits.

Contributed to the collection of precedants to inform our interventions.

Significant contribution to the visuals of the document such as the Vision Image and Masterplan.

Produced icons corresponding to strategic principles and key issues.

Tomasz Kopczewski Active participation and generation of ideas for the framework.

Active attendance of meetings and site visits.

Contributed to the collection of precedants to inform our interventions.

Significant contribution to the writing of documents text.

Produced figure grounds, diagrams and charts for analysis.

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