Charlie Barratt Portfolio

Design Portfolio.

What if Newcastle’s Urban Core Became a Forest?

Charlie Barratt MArch Stage 5 • ARC8052 Architectural Design Practice 1 • 170201694

Contents

New

Improved

Amendments/additions to work have been made since the final review, these changes have been highlighted by the symbols below. They will appear in the top corners of pages.

ARB Criteria

2

Introduction

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Forest Research

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Site Ecology study

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Making & Planting

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Making & Growing

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Urban Forest Scale Study

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Newcastle Tree Cover Mappping

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Urban Forest Circulation

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Existing Structure Informing Design

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Final Proposal

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The New Street-Scape

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Material Re-use

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Ecological Improvements

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Mitigating Climate Change

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Human Health benefits

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Critical Reflection

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Bibliography

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Appendix

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ARB Criteria

ARB Criteria GC5

GC9

Understanding of the relationship between people and buildings, and between buildings and their environment, and the need to relate buildings and the spaces between them to human needs and scale.

Adequate knowledge of physical problems and technologies and the function of buildings so as to provide them with internal conditions of comfort and protection against the climate.

1. The needs and aspirations of building users;

1. Principles associated with designing optimum visual, thermal and acoustic environments;

2. The impact of buildings on the environment, and the precepts of sustainable design;

ARB Criteria

3. The way in which buildings fit in to their local context.

Each page within this portfolio has been referenced with the relevant ARB criteria. This has allowed me to gain an understanding of the knowledge and skills expected from the ARB and allowed me to track which criteria I have met, as well as those which I need to focus upon next year.

GC6 Understanding of the profession of architecture and the role of the architect in society, in particular in preparing briefs that take account of social factors.

1. The nature of professionalism and the duties and responsibilities of architects to clients, building users, constructors, co-professionals and the wider society; 2. The role of the architect within the design team and construction industry, recognising the importance of current methods and trends in the construction of the built environment; 3. The potential impact of building projects on existing and proposed communities.

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GC3

Ability to create architectural designs that satisfy both aesthetic and technical requirements.

Knowledge of the fine arts as an influence on the quality of architectural design.

1. Prepare and present building design projects of diverse scale, complexity, and type in a variety of contexts, using a range of media, and in response to a brief;

1. How the theories, practices and technologies of the arts influence architectural design;

2. Understand the constructional and structural systems, the environmental strategies and the regulatory requirements that apply to the design and construction of a comprehensive design project; 3. Develop a conceptual and critical approach to architectural design that integrates and satisfies the aesthetic aspects of a building and the technical requirements of its construction and the needs of the user.

GC2 Adequate knowledge of the histories and theories of architecture and the related arts, technologies and human sciences.

1. The cultural, social and intellectual histories, theories and technologies that influence the design of buildings; 2. The influence of history and theory on the spatial, social, and technological aspects of architecture; 3. The application of appropriate theoretical concepts to studio design projects, demonstrating a reflective and critical approach.

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2. The creative application of the fine arts and their relevance and impact on architecture; 3. The creative application of such work to studio design projects, in terms of their conceptualisation and representation.

GC4 Adequate knowledge of urban design, planning and the skills involved in the planning process.

1. Theories of urban design and the planning of communities; 2. The influence of the design and development of cities, past and present on the contemporary built environment; 3. Current planning policy and development control legislation, including social, environmental and economic aspects, and the relevance of these to design development.

GC7 Understanding of the methods of investigation and preparation of the brief for a design project.

1. The need to critically review precedents relevant to the function, organisation and technological strategy of design proposals; 2. The need to appraise and prepare building briefs of diverse scales and types, to define client and user requirements and their appropriateness to site and context; 3. The contributions of architects and co-professionals to the formulation of the brief, and the methods of investigation used in its preparation.

GC8 Understanding of the structural design, constructional and engineering problems associated with building design.

1. The investigation, critical appraisal and selection of alternative structural, constructional and material systems relevant to architectural design;

2. Systems for environmental comfort realised within relevant precepts of sustainable design; 3. Strategies for building services, and ability to integrate these in a design project.

GC10 The necessary design skills to meet building users’ requirements within the constraints imposed by cost factors and building regulations.

1. Critically examine the financial factors implied in varying building types, constructional systems, and specification choices, and the impact of these on architectural design; 2. Understand the cost control mechanisms which operate during the development of a project; 3. Prepare designs that will meet building users’ requirements and comply with UK legislation, appropriate performance standards and health and safety requirements.

GC11 Adequate knowledge of the industries, organisations, regulations and procedures involved in translating design concepts into buildings and integrating plans into overall planning.

1. The fundamental legal, professional and statutory responsibilities of the architect, and the organisations, regulations and procedures involved in the negotiation and approval of architectural designs, including land law, development control, building regulations and health and safety legislation; 2. The professional inter-relationships of individuals and organisations involved in procuring and delivering architectural projects, and how these are defined through contractual and organisational structures; 3. The basic management theories and business principles related to running both an architect’s practice and architectural projects, recognising current and emerging trends in the construction industry.

2. Strategies for building construction, and ability to integrate knowledge of structural principles and construction techniques; 3. The physical properties and characteristics of building materials, components and systems, and the environmental impact of specification choices.

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Introduction

Introduction

Introduction The nature of city centres is indisputably In a city where a shift in hierarchy means changing and we will have to completely that a tree officer or forest ranger is re-think what a city centre is. of more importance than a highway or traffic officer, the forest will boost Through my project I’ve explored who ecology and serve the city by mitigating will use it, what its purpose could be the effects of climate change. and how we can plan for a better future.

Focusing on one intermediate stage Studying the nature and idea of the within this transition, the site I am forest taught me to think about the focusing on is the south wing of Eldon future of a city in a different way. When Square, adjacent to Grainger market. considering the lifespan of trees, I was Where in the past year its two largest forced to think about longer term stores – Debenhams and Topshop – change than in previous projects, such have closed indefinitely. as that of over 100 years.

My project aims to prevent the My project explores the transition redundancy of this part of the city by Newcastle could take towards a city stripping the building back to its bare centre forest. With commerce moving structure - thinking carefully about how online and office space moving into the material may be recycled or re-used home, the forest will fill the subsequent creating new forms of external space voids left in the city. and an ecological core from which the future city forest can stem from.

Concept Perspectives

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Forest Research

Forest Research What is a forest?

My urban forest will focus on boosting local ecology, mitigating the effects of climate change on the city, and bringing physical and mental health benefits to the cities inhabitants.

A forest is far more than just trees.

Forests are “home to 80% of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity. These ecosystems are complex webs of organisms that include plants, animals, fungi and bacteria” (WWF 2020).

Undoubtedly, some parts of the forest will have to be maintained in order to Forests take many forms depending keep them safe for the public. However, on their context. Understandably, it will be a world away from a traditional the urban forest I will be creating in heavily-groomed city park. The forest my project will take a considerably will be a fine balance of ensuring public different form to that of long-standing safety and allowing the natural growth and naturally developed ancient forest. of the forest.

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Forest Research

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Forest Research

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Forest Research

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Forest Research

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Forest Research

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Forest Research

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Forest Research

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Forest Research

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Site Ecology Study

Site Ecology Study

Existing Site Ecology Photography Study The Council carries out its own assessment of ecology within the city, as part of the Newcastle Character Assessment. The south wing of Eldon Square, which is the site for this project, highlighted below, sits within ‘Area L145’ of the character assessment.

Currently, the natural environment is forced to strictly conform to the patterns and boundaries of the built environment.

Trees and shrubs are rated as ‘none’ on a scale from ‘none’ to ‘high’, and the ecology of the area is rated ‘weak’, recognising the absence of a wildlife corridor.

This photography study aims to highlight that, but also capture moment where nature has broken through the built environments boundaries and disrupts its patterns.

In order to propose improvements to The area is described in the assessment the sites ecology, It was necessary to as being ‘dominated’ by the shopping undertake a study of what is currently centre, which is ‘largely introspective’ there. and ‘has plain frontages’.

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Monument

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Grainger Market

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[Scale 1:2000]

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Site Ecology Study

Site Ecology Study

We fear planting in the ground. We must contain nature.

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It is apparent that we in the UK about by habit, misunderstanding, have a fear of planting urban trees restricting regulations and restricting in the ground, compared with EU infrastructure. countries for example, brought

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Site Ecology Study

Site Ecology Study

Status determines the separation of the natural and built environment.

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It is the status of a space within the city which currently determines the prevalence of ‘un-manicured’ or ‘unplanned’ vegetation. It is only in these deteriorating or forgotten spaces

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(such as old phone boxes or back alleys) in which nature is allowed to break through the patterns of the built environment.

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Site Ecology Study

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Site Ecology Study

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Faux vegetation pushes nature beneath the city.

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Restaurants, cafe’s and bars favour faux vegetation means that urban spaces in the city are unable to as real vegetation is seen to be too maintenance reap the abundance of benefits real vegetation heavy. Even the Local council and BID (NE1) favour brings. faux grass for public spaces. This focus on aesthetics

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Site Ecology Study

Site Ecology Study

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The natural environment is already filling gaps in the built environment.

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My overarching concept that the city centre forest will fill the ‘redundant’ gaps of the urban core is already taking place, though on a micro scale.

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This illustrates that the concept is able to materialise organically and naturally, as spaces can be left to re-wild on their own.

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Site Ecology Study

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Site Ecology Study

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In many areas moss is the only form of vegetation to prevail.

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The lack of impermeable and porous surfaces means that its nearly impossible for more intensive vegetation to grow and survive within

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the built environment. Algae and moss are the only form of vegetation which can survive on many parts of the city centre.

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Site Ecology Study

Site Ecology Study

We have an obsession with separating the natural and built environment.

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In areas where the natural environment is allowed be present within the city, it is contained and separated from the built environment by physical barriers,

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usually made from some form of masonry. The built environment asserts its dominance and cements itself above nature in the hierarchy.

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Site Ecology Study

Site Ecology Study

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Anti-ecology architecture is limiting the freedoms of wildlife in the city.

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Bird spikes which cover the majority of roofs and This means there are few spaces for birds to perch, ledges are preventing the shared use of the city as seen above taking refuge on the monument centre, promoting human-centric ideologies. located in the centre of Old Eldon Square.

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Site Ecology Study

Site Ecology Study

Living vegetation threatens controlled internal environment.

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the

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There is currently no real vegetation existing within the interior on the this part of the shopping centre. Faux plants are favoured for their static nature and

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no maintenance requirements. Though the heavy presence of faux planting adds to an overall ‘fake’ feeling and experience of space.

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Making & Planting

Making & Planting

Making & Planting This was my first time experimenting shopping centre, and with casting plaster. environment interact.

This model was made to explore how existing structural forms within the built environment, such as the concrete stair cores present in the Eldon Square

the

natural

I went on to experiment with different ratios and mixes, incorporating rocks, aggregate and also pre-set bits of plaster.

Built vs natural environment concept model

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Making & Planting

Making & Planting

Built vs natural environment concept model: Hacking away at a rectangular block of plaster enabled me to achieve a representation of exposed and deteriorated masonry or concrete.

Planting sedum in pockets formed by this process enabled me to envision what these almost ruin-like structures may look like in a more nature prevalent city.

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Making & Growing

Making & Growing

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Days Making & Growing Below are a series of plaster cast models I made in order to study the interactions between the built and natural environments, from the initial stages of growth from seeds until death.

in order to study their full growth cycle within a short time frame. The herbs and grasses I planted were nigella, chives, cress and rocket.

There are currently a lot of ‘new’ silver less maintenance than some other birch forests up and down the country. species.

The species is popular as it grows The cress planted in these models incredibly fast, therefore it sequesters represents the silver birch species as it carbon faster and they are also one of is the first seed variety to grow shoots. the UK’s hardiest trees, so also require

I used the planting method of these models to represent how to successfully I’ve planted these models with a range plant a diverse and sustainable forest. of relatively fast-growing seed Variety

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Making & Growing

Making & Growing

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Though Silver Birch is fast growing, its lifespan is only around 40 to 50 years.

This is relatively short when compared with the life spans of species such as Pine and Spruce, which are up to 1,000 years.

one species such as silver birch, as seen across the UK, means that they are all going to reach the end of their lifespan at the same time.

This can be difficult for a forest to recover from naturally.

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This shows the lack of long term spans in order to plan for longevity planning currently present in some UK and create more biodiverse and rich tree and forest planting schemes. ecologies. Such as those planted as part of this model study.

What should be planted is a range of tree and plant species with varied life

Planting schemes using predominantly

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Making & Growing

Making & Growing

40 Days

As more days pass the other plants, such others such as chive begin to show as chive and nigella, begin to prevail. signs of death, some other plant species in the forest (model) are continuing to As the Silver Birch (cress) dies off, and thrive as they have a longer life span.

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50 Days

This results is a forest which is able to naturally sustain itself, and an eco system is formed which aids the regeneration of the plant species that are coming to the end of their life.

This in turn avoids an entire forest regeneration period that would take place in a forest which is made up of predominantly one species.

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Making & Growing

Making & Growing

Model Concept Collage: Using the plaster casts to represent the towering concrete cores of Eldon Square, which will remain as part of my proposed public forest space, I put together this collage to begin to capture the monumental feeling and experience of the space.

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Making & Growing

Making & Growing

1:50 Concrete Core Section: The concepts I explored through the model collage later materialised in my design proposals.

The concrete cores remained to provide stability for the remaining parts of the steel and concrete frames.

They also served as vertical growing spaces, supporting large green walls.

Furthermore, the cores where utilised for their existing use of vertical circulation. Existing stairs and elevators provide access to the raised walkways.

They also provide viewing platforms to look across the site in its entirety, as well as beyond the site and across the city.

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Urban Forest Scale Study

Urban Forest Scale Study

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Urban Forest Scale Study When I began looking at the prospect of an urban forest, I was predominantly considering the impact on the environment in terms of carbon dioxide and carbon sequestration.

To calculate the embodied carbon, I used the statistic given by the Orchard Centre in Didcat completed in 2016, which specifies an embodied carbon level (cradle to grave) of approximately I calculated the footprint of Eldon 1200CO2m2 (Cooper, 2017; Fieldson, Square was approximately 65,000m2, 2009). which is 6.5 hectares.

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Hectares 1200 x 65,000 = 78,000,000kgCO2. I worked out the payback time of the Which is 78,000 tonnes. forest - the time taken for it to sequester the shopping centres embodied carbon Given that approximately one hectare - by doing the following sum. of forest sequesters on average 6.4 tonnes of CO2 per year, a forest the size 78,000/41.6 = 1,875 years. of Eldon would sequester 41.6 tonnes of CO2 per year (6.5 x 6.4 = 41.6).

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Urban Forest Scale Study

Urban Forest Scale Study

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Hectares Please note that the figures and approximations on the previous page are based on a new construction, and may not have accurately taken into

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account the extent of refurbishments which have taken place in recent decades to parts of the mall, such as the food hall and south wing.

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Hectares However, considering the variables on the facing page, it can still be assumed Continuing this study I focused on the that these figures are reasonable based visual impact that a forest of increased on the buildings current embodied size would have on the form of the city. carbon.

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Urban Forest Scale Study

Urban Forest Scale Study

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Hectares

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Hectares

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Urban Forest Scale Study

Urban Forest Scale Study

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Hectares

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I continued this study until Newcastle and a new urban forest prevailed and city centre was almost entirely engulfed dominated the urban core of the city. (at around 60 to 70 hectares of forest)

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Newcastle Tree Cover Mapping

Newcastle Tree Cover Mapping

EXHIBITION PARK

LEAZES PARK

HAYMARKET

Newcastle Tree Cover Mapping ELDON SQ

2021

MONUMENT

Now exploring the concept of a city centre forest in more real terms, I began by mapping the current tree coverage of the city. Light green areas

are maintained park and tree covered areas, whilst the darker green areas are more naturally sustained and unmaintained areas.

CENTRAL STATION

Water Maintained tree covered areas & parks Unmaintained tree covered areas 060

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Newcastle Tree Cover Mapping

Newcastle Tree Cover Mapping

EXHIBITION PARK

LEAZES PARK

HAYMARKET

ELDON SQ

2030

MONUMENT

At this intermediate stage of 2030, where my project is planned to take place as Eldon Square becomes more redundant, I am proposing to transform the south wing of the mall into exterior forest park space, retaining the majority of its core structure.

Forming an ecological core from which a wider reaching city centre forest can branch out from. The map on the facing page begins to show this with pedestrianised and tree lined avenues reaching out across the city.

CENTRAL STATION

Water Maintained tree covered areas & parks Unmaintained tree covered areas 062

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Newcastle Tree Cover Mapping

Newcastle Tree Cover Mapping

EXHIBITION PARK

LEAZES PARK

HAYMARKET

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MONUMENT

This mapping for 100 years into the nature prevails, with areas of more wild future illustrates the shift in hierarchy I environments. mentioned in my introduction.

100 years from now the forest continues Up until this moment, the natural to fill the redundant gaps of the environment has had to strictly conform city. People come here to immerse to the patterns and boundaries of the themselves in nature and for activities built environment. Though my vision for they used to travel into the countryside 2121 provides a city centre forest where to do.

CENTRAL STATION

Water Maintained tree covered areas & parks Unmaintained tree covered areas 064

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Urban Forest Circulation

Urban Forest Circulation Looking at how humans continue to use and navigate the city in its ecological core, I searched for a scheme which impacted the forest the least.

acknowledging the need for new tunnels. However this didn’t seem viable considering the impact that creating new tunnels would have on the environment in terms of emissions Raised walkways leave roots and ground but also in terms of damage to the roots level plants largely undisturbed. And by of the forest. integrating service distribution within these walkways, such as electricity The concept of raised human circulation, cables and water and waste pipes, the as well as raised city infrastructure and ground is freed up. services, provided me with my main concept for the project - which is freeing Though I also looked at making use of the ground of such uses in order to the network of tunnels already under more freely support and provide space the city. Assuming the continued use for the natural environment. of the metro lines but also potentially

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Urban Forest Circulation

As traditional city infrastructure is removed from the ground, a new ecological infrastructure of plants, root networks, and wildlife can thrive.

Cutting large gaps in foundations and floor slabs, and removing walls and roofs enables this concept to materialise across the site of the southern wing of Eldon square.

The existing 7x7m steel frame grid and remaining hollow core concrete floors will be used to support new canopy level walkways .

Using remaining structure to support raised circulation is a concept that will be replicated across the city as the city centre forest grows.

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Urban Forest Circulation

Urban Forest Circulation

Raised Walkway Pattern

Ground Level Path Pattern

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Section Title

Section Title

Site Strategies

2021

Extend Clayton Street, connecting it with Blackett street, reflecting the historical street layout.

Break down the buildings large mass, making the site more porous for pedestrians and rain water.

Retain the connections to the remaining parts of Eldon Square through first floor level walkways.

Extend Clayton Street, connecting it with Blackett street, reflecting the historical street layout.

Break down the buildings large mass, making the site more porous for pedestrians and rain water.

Retain the connections to the remaining parts of Eldon Square through first floor level walkways.

2030

2121

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Urban Forest Circulation

Urban Forest Circulation

Precedent Study: Parco Dora To materialise my concepts, I looked at two precedents by Peter Latz. In Parco Dora (Dora Park), Turin, Latz creates architecturally monumental spaces and experiences by leaving large industrial building components scattered through the park.

Figure 2

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Precedent Study: Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord

I aim to mirror this monumental and large scale expression by leaving large structural components of Eldon Square in place when creating the city centre forest, whilst using raised walkways to circulate the space.

In a similar way to Parco Dora, Latz creates architecturally monumental spaces and experiences by leaving large industrial building components scattered throughout Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord.

This time using concrete foundations to bring a body of water to the site, which is great for wildlife. I aim to add a body of water to the site of Eldon Square in a similar way.

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Urban Forest Circulation

Urban Forest Circulation

Precedent Study: The Conservatory, The Barbican Architects Chamberlin, Powell and Bon mix nature and brutalist architecture to achieve an impactful spacial experience.

I aim to mirror this experience by

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Precedent Study: MFO Park

creating this combination of raw, large scale concrete masses and plants by retaining the concrete cores of the shopping centre.

Between the inner and outer planted skins is a route consisting of steel stairs and walkways, with wood-paved loggias cantilevered out internally. From the rooftop sun deck, visitors have a view over the new part of the city. A pool

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of water and seating facilities are set within an area of green glass chippings.

This precedent initially inspired my concept of raised circulation using a steel frame.

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Existing Structure Informing Design

Existing Structure Informing Design

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Existing Structure Informing Design To materialise my concepts further, and and its structure remained during the to prove their viability, I surveyed the drastic renovations. Meaning that area existing structure. of the building has a concrete frame, rather than steel, however it follows the On the facing page are images taken same 7m by 7m pattern. during the reconstruction of the south wing of Eldon Square. Demolition of Using these photographs along with the old wing was completed in 2007 making educated and informed and new construction started in 2008. assumptions I began to model the core structure in order to gain a greater It is predominantly a 7m by 7m steel understanding. frame structure with large concrete cores for stability.

This was crucial in order to move forward with my proposals as my design However, the most northern part of is determined by the existing structure. the wing was not entirely demolished

Figure 18

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Existing Structure Informing Design

Existing Structure Informing Design

[Scale 1:2500] Steel Structure Concrete Structure

I mapped out the core structure in plan, able to comprehensively consider the plotting the 7m by 7m grid columns placement of walkways, and how they and situating the main concrete are designed within the existing frame. cores. With this information I was

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Existing Structure Informing Design

Existing Structure Informing Design

There will be two levels of raised walkways: at the first and second floor levels of the old shopping centre, using the existing frame.

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Existing Structure Informing Design

Existing Structure Informing Design

Intermediate hollow-core concrete floors will remain in places where support is needed for walkways topped with a timber deck.

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Existing Structure Informing Design

Existing Structure Informing Design

First floor iteration 1

Second floor iteration 1

First floor iteration 2

Second floor iteration 2

First floor iteration 3

Second floor iteration 3

Walkway iterations:

At second floor level the build up of the walkway will be similar to that of a The two levels of walkways will have green roof. different typologies.

The entire width of the walkway will be At first floor level the walkways will have planted, with larger growing species at both low and high level planters, with the edges. A metal mesh/grate floor, integrated seating and a timber deck suspended above the vegetation, will floor, with a service gap below as part of provide a surface to walk on, immersing my wider reaching concept of freeing people within the planting. the ground of urban infrastructures and services.

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Existing Structure Informing Design

Existing Structure Informing Design

1:50 Walkway Section: The section on the facing page captures the moment where the two levels and typologies of walkways cross over one another.

On the upper level walkway you can see the steel mesh floor surface covering a floor of vegetation.

Below, on the lower level walkway you can see the raised planting bed with integrated benches in elevation. The section cuts through its timber deck floor, with a large service gap beneath in order to free up the ground.

They both sit above a new undulating ground level.

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Final Proposal

Final Proposal

Final Proposal Originally at 1:50 scale, This section the left and Newgate Street is to the Grainger Market. It is split into sections cuts through the entire site from right, with the remaining Eldon Square which highlight and explain different North to South. Blackett Street is to food court in view behind, along with elements of the design in further detail.

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As this drawing is so large I will be showing it in parts over the coming pages. A larger full-sized copy will be in the appendix of this portfolio.

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Final Proposal

Final proposal

1:2000 Plan & Section: This set of diagrammatic drawings clearly show that the majority of the structural frame and cores have remained.

The section begins in a remaining part of Eldon Square, cutting through the site until it reaches Newgate street.

This is the same section cut as on the previous page, simplified for clarity.

Section Line The walkways are shown in two colours to represent the two levels. They connect to existing concrete cores, optimising the existing stairs and elevators for access.

It is only in these areas where the existing concrete floors remain. The white areas between the frame represent complete openness.

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The New Street-scape

The New Street-scape

ab Perme le Path

Green Wall

The New Street-scape The surrounding streets will become and parking. With less space devoted tree-lined avenues, which branch out to cars there is more space for nature, across the city from the ecological core pedestrians and cyclists on the street. created on site.

The majority of the non-porous and The Image on the facing page shows impermeable surfaces of the streetNewgate Street. As deliveries take scape will be replaced by porous place via drones and buses and private ones, resulting in 75% of the ground cars are replaced by autonomous being permeable. This enables natural buses in the future city centre, there drainage, where rainwater soaks is far less space needed for car driving directly into the ground .

[Newgate Street]

No drainage infrastructure is needed as water absorbs directly into the ground

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The New Street-scape

The New Street-scape

Pr ev i

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I am proposing the pedestrianisation of which will provide power for lighting Blackett street. and new amenities on site such as a café.

The retained concrete structure will support a walkway which connects to A new green roof provides a buffer the remaining part of the shopping zone between internal and external centre. circulation, as well as providing continued shelter between two On top of the remaining part of the remaining parts of Eldon Square. shopping centre will sit solar panels,

Blackett Street

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Material Re-use

Material Re-use

Existing Concrete Reused Bricks Reused Rubble Rubble/soil Mix

Material Re-use There is approximately 18,000 tonnes of embodied carbon just within the structure, by keeping almost the entirety of it a considerable amount of waste is reduced.

Rubble from demolished concrete floors and block work walls will be used in areas of drainage at the edge of green roofs and floors.

[1:25 Section]

Reused bricks from the old Blackett Whilst the rubble will also be mixed Street facade will form the edges of with soil to form the growing medium. the green roofs and green floors of the walkways.

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[1:25 Section]

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Material Re-use

Material Re-use

First Floor Walkway 1:20 Section:

of concrete floors and some block-work walls. As well as reducing waste, this Reused bricks from the old Blackett improves the drainage of the soil. street façade clad in timber will form planters on both sides of the walkways. However, due to the high lime presence in the growing medium, plant species The growing medium will be a mixture that can survive in Alkaline soils will of soil and rubble from the demolition need to be planted.

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Material Re-use

Material Re-use

Top Soil [300mm] Rubble Layer [500mm] A layer of rubble from demolition will and prevent water-logging. create an undulating floor plane. As well as creating a hilly surface this will On top of this rubble layer will sit a layer increase the drainage of the ground of soil to support vegetation.

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Material Re-use

Material Re-use

This render illustrates the undulating ground level. It will be planted with grasses, shrubs and trees and provide informal routes through the site.

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Ecological Improvements

Ecological Improvements

Ash

Pine

Birch

Lime

Chestnut

Lavender

Lilac

Rosemary

Ecological Improvements Using rubble will make the soil the decades to come, therefore they particularly alkaline, so I will be planting will not be used. species which are well suited to this.

Shrubs such as lavender, barberry and Ash, Birch, Lime and other pioneering rosemary will be used at ground level tree species with varied life spans, which but also in planters, green roofs and establish easily in new environments, green walls as they are particularly will be used. hardy plants able to deal with increasing extreme weather from climate change, Species such as willows and others with but also enjoy well drained alkaline extremely wide reaching roots will not soils. be used to preserve the integrity of the structure.

The vegetation I’ve chosen provides flowers for bees and butterflies at varied Species such as beech and Oak are times of year and also provides berries predicted to eventually die out in the for birds, squirrels and other forest UK as they will be unable to survive animals. naturally in the new, hotter climate in

Viburnum

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Barberry

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Ecological Improvements

Ecological Improvements

Foundations:

intensive vegetation may be planted freely across the ground level.

In order to plant trees and vegetation whilst retaining structural integrity, 5 by 5 meter holes will be cut in the ground floor slab, enabling it to continue to support the 7x7 meter frame.

After extensive discussions with a Landscape Architect and carrying out my own research it is apparent that no root barriers or other defences are needed to protect the existing Larger shrubs and trees will be planted foundations. Simply planting the right at the centre of these holes, as they have species in the right place is sufficient. further reaching roots. Though less

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[Hole Cut in Concrete]

Planting: Obviously These drawings are one snapshot in an evolving landscape, and when the trees are initially planted the space will feel undeniably different.

Having researched planting methods and the UK’s failed attempts, The trees on site will be planted at a very young age, at around 300mm tall.

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In The Secret Life Of Trees, from which I made a page outlining its main points earlier in this portfolio, it stated that when saplings of the same species are planted in small groups they grow stronger and faster, developing a rich and connected root network where they can share water and nutrients, which improves survival rates.

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Ecological Improvements

Ecological Improvements

Paddle Area

Wildlife Reserved Area

Water:

The pool will be naturally cleaned by filtering rocks and plants. It will be split A body of water I’m adding to the site into two zones. will further boost local ecology. The natural pool will provide water for the To the left is a paddling area, which irrigation systems on site, as well as gently slopes from a depth of 300mm serving as a drain for water run off from to 800mm. the walkways.

Separated by a railing a deeper body In order to maintain a constant water of water sits to the right. This zone is level, the pool will tap into a covered ecologically focused, providing habitat under city stream which exists under for wildlife but also providing a cooling the site. effect on the surrounding environment.

Filtering Plants and Rocks

An under-city stream, previously concealed and built on top of, will provide a constant water level in the natural pool.

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Ecological Improvements

Ecological Improvements

Precedent Study: Cheonggyecheon River Catchment In the Capital of South Korea, a previously underground stream, which was covered by the city, has being restored. This is something I hope to replicate at a smaller scale on my site.

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Precedent Study: Plymouth Urban Beaver Introduction

Biodiversity Increased by 639% between the pre-restoration work in 2003 and the end of 2008 with the number of plant species increasing from 62 to 308 and fish species from 4 to 25.

The first introduction of urban beavers in the UK provided the species with a new home in Plymouth. The scheme is part of the Green Minds project, a city council initiative which will re-wild urban parks. Their purpose is to boost

Figure 19

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biodiversity and naturally sustain and control the river and provide a natural flood defence through building dams.

A similar scheme could be introduced on the site of Eldon square.

Figure 26

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Figure 25

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Mitigating Climate Change

Mitigating Climate Change

Mitigating Climate Change

Water Storage

Rain Evaporation

Shading

Root Networks

Air Quality

Reducing The Heat Island Effect

Body of water on the site imposes a cooling effect on the surrounding environment. It is also a sustainable source for the irrigation system.

30% of rainfall evaporates back into the atmosphere directly from tree canopies without reaching the ground. This reduces run-off and reduces the volume of water entering the cities drainage system. Hence, the risk of flooding is reduced.

Shade provided by urban trees increase outdoor comfort and lead to lower indoor temperatures in the summer, reducing energy consumption for airconditioning.

Root networks improve water retention in the ground. This reduces run-off and reduces the volume of water entering the cities drainage system. Hence, the risk of flooding is reduced.

Urban trees absorb CO2, but also intercept other polluting airborne particles - such as particulate matter which improves and purifies air quality.

The current urban heat island effect in Newcastle is causing temperatures to be on average 0.5°C hotter.

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Evapotranspiration from trees, grass and permeable-porous surfaces ensures a strong cooling effect of between 2°C and 8°C on the surrounding environment.

This reduces the heat island effect (Kershaw et al., 2010)

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Mitigating Climate Change

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1:50 Cafe Section - New Materials:

All new materials that I am adding to the site will be natural, therefore it will This is a new café which I’ve added to the be an entirely timber construction. site as an example of how new interior spaces can fit within the existing grid.

CLT panels will be exposed on the inside of the cafe, using sheep’s wool It has a pitched roof in order to visually insulation in the walls and rigid wood disrupt the orderly structural grid, as fibre insulation in the floor. The exterior the trees do. will be entirely clad in timber.

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Human Health Benefits

Human Health benefits

Biophilic odours

Human Health Benefits Being in nature reduces anger, fear, and stress and increases pleasant feelings This is the main reason behind the and leads to increased life satisfaction. design of the second floor level

walkway, which features a planted Biophilic odours create a unique floor. opportunity to improve health and well-being. The wet ground releases Exposure to nature also has many the earthy odour of petrichor along physical health benefits as well as with geosmin (produced by bacteria mental. It reduces blood pressure, in the soil). Scents like this cue quick heart rate, muscle tension, and the and powerful positive physiological production of stress hormones, it may even reduce mortality. responses as mentioned above.

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Critical Reflection

Critical Reflection

Critical Reflection As a direct entrant to this course from undergrad, developing my skills and understanding of architecture during the midst of this pandemic has been truly challenging.

the city centre alive.

The climate crisis is something I am incredibly passionate about, and something which I believe architects hold huge responsibility in contributing I found remote working challenging to its resolution, therefore it is the at times, though feel like I learned to central issue addresses in my project. embrace its advantages towards the end of the semester.

Accepting that there are far better suited sites for forest plantations focused This semester has challenged me as a on sequestering carbon from the developing designer and researcher, it atmosphere, I instead chose to focus on has challenged my mental health and serving the surrounding urban context taught me discipline on a personal level, by mitigating the consequences of but most importantly, it has challenged climate change. me to think about architecture from a different perspective.

I feel the main strength of my work is the creativity of the solutions reached I’ve come to realise the significant through the ‘unlearning’ approach set detachment of landscaping from out by my studio, in order to address architecture within some practices real and urgent issues facing our cites. and within projects developed during The studios ethos and methods of architectural education. This project working is what enabled me to view has taught me an incredible amount the city from a new perspective for the about the importance of integrating first time, and therefore create a project the two. which was innovative and holistic in its concepts.

Furthermore, I’ve come to realise the enormous role that urban forests I believe more time working on this and urban trees can play in order to project would have enabled me to test mitigate the effects of an increasingly the concepts I explored more rigorously, hot climate in our cities. as well as to architecturally experiment further with new buildings on the site.

A project which seemed to me, at Such as exploring forms other than the first, fairly utopian and unrealistic, proposed café to test how the site may evolved into an increasingly rational accommodate other new buildings in and needed proposal as my research the future. I think by starting a new body continued throughout the semester. of research for this semester, having not It’s a fact that more urban trees are focused on forests in semester 1, I was needed, and their advantages to the left with less time than initially planned city and its inhabitants are undeniable. for design development. Though this research was vital to the narrative of Even if opinions of my project are that my project and I gained a tremendous it is incredibly utopian and perhaps amount of knowledge. unachievable in reality, an argument against the fact that I am dealing with In a year where the public has incredibly real and serious issues, both rediscovered their appreciation for site specific and globally, cannot be nature and the natural environment, I made. The sites journey to redundancy genuinely do see the concept of a city has been accelerated dramatically centre forest something that could be by the pandemic, therefore there is materialised in the decades to come as growing urgency to keep this part of our cities continue to evolve.

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Bibliography

Bibliography

Bibliography Andreu Bach, D. (2018) Wood: Architecture Today. Barcelona: Booq Publishing.

Barbican. (2021) The Conservatory. Available at: https://www.barbican.org.uk/whats-on/2021/event/visit-the-conservatory [Accessed 4 April 2021].

BBC News. (2021) Thousands of HS2 newly planted trees died in drought. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ukengland-coventry-warwickshire-48351611 [Accessed 8 April 2021].

Bizley, G. (2010) Architecture in detail II. Oxford: Architectural Press.

Brimblecombe, P. and Maynard, R. L. (2001) The Urban Atmosphere and its Effects. London: Imperial College Press.

Cooper, A. (2017) ‘The true cost of design – measuring embodied carbon at hammerson’s orchard park retail development’, ICIBSE Journal, Available at: www.cibsejournal.com/general/the-ture-cost-of-design-impact-assessment-tool/ [accessed 8 April 2021].

Morton, T. (2010) The Ecological Thought. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Morton, T. (2013) Hyperobjects. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press.

Newcastle photos. (2010) Eldon Square Shopping Centre Redevelopment. Available at: <https://newcastlephotos.blogspot. com/2008/10/eldon-square-shopping-centre.html> [Accessed 10 April 2021].

Office for National Statistics. (2020) Forestry Statistics 2020. London: Office for National Statistics. Available at: https://www. forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/7806/CompleteFS2020.pdf Office for National Statistics. (2020) Forestry Facts and Figures 2020: A summary of statistics about woodland and forestry in the UK. London: Office for National Statistics. Available at: https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/7825/FRFS020_ TZKZgnZ.pdf Plan, A. (2017) Sustainable Architecture. Barcelona: Promopress.

Plymouth Chronicle. (2021) Beaver fever in Forder Valley! - Plymouth Chronicle. Available at: https://www.plymouthchronicle. co.uk/beaver-fever-in-forder-valley/?amp [Accessed 18 April 2021].

Fieldson, R. (2009) ‘An assessment of carbon emissions from retail fit-out in the United Kingdom’, Journal of Retail & Leisure Property, 8, pp.243-258. doi: 10.1057/rlp.2009.16

Ratti, C. and Claudel, M. (2016) The City of Tomorrow: Sensors, Networks, Hackers, and the Future of Urban Life. London: Yale University Press.

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Howard, D. F. and Layfield, P. (1981) ‘Tyne and Wear metro: concept, organisation and operation’, Proceeding of The Institution of Civil Engineers. 70(4). pp. 651-668.

IPCC. (2018) Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press.

Jodidio, P. (2015) 100 Contemporary Wood Buildings. Cologne: Taschen.

Tsarouhas, G. (2014) Green Walls Green Roofs: Designing Sustainable Architecture. Victoria: Images Publishing.

Wentworth, R. (2015) Making Do and Getting By. London: Koening Books.

Wessels, T. (2013) The Myth of Progress: Towards a Sustainable Future. London: University Press of New England.

Wohlleben, P. (2016) The Hidden Life of Trees. London: Harper Collins Publishers.

Woodland Trust. (2021) State of the UK’s Woods and Trees 2021. Available at: https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/state-of-ukwoods-and-trees/ [Accessed 12 March 2021].

Keil, A. (2013) Pedestrian Bridges: Ramps, Walkways, Structures. Munich: Institut für Internationale Architekturdokumentation; Edition Detail.

Kershaw, T., Sanderson. M., Coley, D. and Eames, M. (2010) ‘Estimation of the urban heat island for UK climate change projections’, Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 31(3), pp. 251-263. doi: 10.1177/0143624410365033

List of Figures

Landezine. (2009) MFO Park. Available at: http://landezine.com/index.php/2009/07/mfo-park-switzerland/?__cf_chl_ jschl_tk __=9154d8cd05af5b56d84821df13c5de9d3f04912f-1622551478-0-AcFoX4ulN0Rpc-Wc19Ep_Gtfy6T56QC8kZM_5rAvhPxyy8eo w9CNP2M0-lACHFLpSahvPTeff3MqbKqITyZ81M7eg [Accessed 11 April 2021].

Figure 1, 2 & 3: Latz+partner. (2012) Parco Dora. Available at: https://www.latzundpartner.de/en/projekte/postindustriellelandschaften/parco-dora-turin-it/ [Accessed 14 April 2021]

Landscape Architecure Foundation. (2018) Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project. Available at: https://www. landscapeperformance.org/case-study-briefs/cheonggyecheon-stream-restoration [Accessed 4 March 2021].

Figure 4, 5, 6 & 7: Latz+partner. (2002) Duisburg Nord Landscape Park. Available at: https://www.latzundpartner.de/en/ projekte/postindustrielle-landschaften/landschaftspark-duisburg-nord-de/ [Accessed 14 April 2021]

Latz+partner. (2002) Duisburg Nord Landscape Park. Available at: https://www.latzundpartner.de/en/projekte/postindustriellelandschaften/landschaftspark-duisburg-nord-de/ [Accessed 14 April 2021]

Figure 8, 9 & 10: Barbican. (2021) The Conservatory. Available at: https://www.barbican.org.uk/whats-on/2021/event/visit-theconservatory [Accessed 4 April 2021].

Latz+partner. (2012) Parco Dora. Available at: https://www.latzundpartner.de/en/projekte/postindustrielle-landschaften/ parco-dora-turin-it/ [Accessed 14 April 2021]

Figure 11, 12 & 13: Landezine. (2009) MFO Park. Available at: http://landezine.com/index.php/2009/07/mfo-park-switzerland/?__ cf_chl_ jschl_tk__=9154d8cd05af5b56d84821df13c5de9d3f04912f-1622551478-0-AcFoX4ulN0Rpc-Wc19Ep_Gtfy6T56QC8kZM _5rAvhPxyy8eow9CNP2M0-lACHFLpSahvPTeff3MqbKqITyZ81M7eg [Accessed 11 April 2021].

Maas, W. (2005) KM3: Excursions on Capacities. Barcelona: Actar.

Mauer, H. (2021) Key Questions on Forests in the EU. Berlin: European Forest Institute. Doi: 10.36333/K2A04 Mayo, J. (2015) Solid Wood: case studies in mass timber architecture, technology and design. London: Routledge.

McDonough, W. and Braungart, M. (2009) Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. London: Vintage.

Morton, T. (2009) Ecology Without Nature. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

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Figure 14, 15, 16, 17 & 18: Newcastle photos. (2010) Eldon Square Shopping Centre Redevelopment. Available at: <https:// newcastlephotos.blogspot.com/2008/10/eldon-square-shopping-centre.html> [Accessed 10 April 2021].

Figure 19, 20, 21 & 22: Landscape Architecure Foundation. (2018) Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project. Available at: https://www.landscapeperformance.org/case-study-briefs/cheonggyecheon-stream-restoration [Accessed 4 March 2021].

Figure 23, 24 & 25: Plymouth Chronicle. (2021) Beaver fever in Forder Valley! - Plymouth Chronicle. Available at: https://www. plymouthchronicle.co.uk/beaver-fever-in-forder-valley/?amp [Accessed 18 April 2021].

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