Interwoven Oppressions — Research Highlights & Executive Summary

INTERWOVEN OPPRESSIONS UNRAVELING THE IMPACTS OF RACISM AND ANTISEMITISM AS

DUAL VECTORS OF TRAUMA

FOR JEWS OF COLOR AT THE INTERSECTION OF THE BODY

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS & EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ABOUT

Being both Jewish and people of color, Jews of Color are dually impacted by racism and antisemitism as interwoven vectors of trauma.

Guiding Research Questions: What do we know about the nature of these impacts and how they intersect in the bodies of Jews of Color?

What are the embodied experiences of Jews of Color when exposed to both of these vectors? How does this impact how Jews of Color prepare for and navigate both Jewish and non-Jewish spaces?

How might our current understanding of both racism and antisemitism be limited by a lack of prior study regarding the compounding nature of oppression due to these intersecting layers of identity?

How might we create opportunities through research to further our knowledge and mapping of modern Jewish experiences and to more fully resource both Jews of Color communities specifically and the entire Jewish community more broadly?

RESEARCH TEAM

This research project began in 2022 as an outgrowth of work undertaken by the Jewish Somatic Antiracism Collaborative — a partnership held by the Mitsui Institute for Jewish Embodiment (a branch of Mitsui Collective) of Jews of Color practitioners working in embodiment, somatics, community safety, wellbeing, and spiritual care — focusing on safety and security, particularly for Jews of Color, within Jewish spaces.

Research team: Dr. Imani Romney-Rosa Chapman Lead Report Author, Project Design & Research Lead

Enzi Tanner and Kohenet Keshira haLev Fife Project Design & Communal Facilitators

Yoshi Silverstein Project Lead, Report Author & Communal Facilitator

Ngozi Williams Project Coordinator & Report Author

FUNDING SUPPORTERS

The Mitsui Institute for Jewish Embodiment is a branch of

RESEARCH GOALS 1 — To better support Jews of Color in understanding the complex dual impact of racism and antisemitism on their personal identities and experiences.

2 — To better support Jews of Color in navigating trauma & healing related to the above dual impact through culturally expansive somatic frameworks and practices.

3 — To strengthen collective capacity for JOC-oriented programs and organizations to cultivate communities of mutual care and support.

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND ASSET-BASED THINKING Community-engaged methodologies and asset-based thinking recognize the inherent value of communities as active partners rather than passive subjects.

This commitment to centering voices is not just a methodological choice but a fundamental recognition of the importance of lived experiences in shaping our understanding of complex societal issues. We aspire to ensure that our findings are not only academically rigorous but also reflective of the communities we engage with.

Likewise, asset-based thinking underlines our approach, focusing on leveraging existing community resources.

Through these approaches, we aim to empower Jews of Color communities to be architects of our own healing.

4 — To strengthen the ability for Jews of all racialized backgrounds and identities to understand the complexities of racism and antisemitism as they impact embodied identity.

5 — To strengthen the ability for the Jewish community at large to cultivate more nuanced and whole understandings of how racism and antisemitism impact the entire community.

PARTICIPANT DATA 5 Community sessions 51 Total participants Jewish Affiliation* 34% — Culturally Jewish or "Just Jewish" 14% — Conservative Ethnic Jewish Identity* 22% — Reform 55% — Ashkenazi 10% — Reconstructionist 20% — Non / Post-denominational 25% — Sephardi 10% — Mizrachi 16% — Renewal

Racial Demographics*

*Percentages are above 100% as participants were able to select more than one option in each category.

37% — African American or Black 41% — Asian or Asian American 14% — Native American 18% — Hispanic, Latinx, or Spanish 14% — Middle Eastern / North African

37% of participants identified as multiracial or multiethnic; 24% included white or white assimilated identity.

Location 24% — West / Southwest 12% — Midwest 39% — Northeast 12% — South / Southeast 14% — Other

METHODS

Our team used a mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative) research design to begin exploration of the dual impacts of racism and antisemitism for Jews of Color.

Community sessions guided JOC participants through a series of prompts and exercises seeking to understand: 1. Words, ideas, and definitions JOC associate with racism and antisemitism; 2. Participants’ personal experiences with racism and antisemitism and the resulting impacts on how they navigate both Jewish and non-Jewish spaces; 3. Embodied sensations and impacts experienced by Jews of Color as a result of exposure to both of these vectors, recorded through a visual body-mapping exercise; Participants were then invited into additional personal reflection and open group conversation; and to share somatic tools and practices that help them better navigate and/or heal from experiences of oppression.

PRIMARY FINDINGS 1 — Definitions of oppressions were multiple and divergent. Definitions of antisemitism focused on ideological aspects. Definitions of racism focused on ideological and systemic/structural aspects.

Definitions included only one example of internalization for racism and antisemitism each.

2 — Participants reported higher instances of racial aggressions than antisemitic aggressions and the majority of participants anticipated both very often and often in group settings. These experiences and expectations impact social and communal choices.

3 — The extent and intensity of antisemitism and racism experienced by Jews of Color are deeply painful to receive. Sharing and witnessing these experiences are part of healing these hurts.

4 — There were a number of measures where the variance of responses related to antisemitism was much broader than those related to racism.

5 — Jews of color have a plethora of tools: 120 unique tools and practices (Jewish and general) to mitigate identity-based harm. Included in the list are tools that are rooted in racial and ethnic culture as well as transgenerational wisdom. This report, in and of itself, is a communal treasure.

Note: We recognize the overlapping and intersecting nature of racism and antisemitism in the bodies of Jews of Color.

Although we have pulled apart these vectors of experience for the purposes of exploring their impacts with clarity in our research, ultimately these forces are experienced simultaneously and in one body. They cannot always be pulled apart, particularly in the moment of impact.

RECOMMENDATIONS For the JOC Community — continue to share stories and witness and unburden in safe and supportive environments in order to transform the hurt.

For Clinicians & Clinical Educators — continue to offer trauma-informed and anti-oppressive analysis informed spaces of healing to our community.

For Jewish Spiritual Communities — pick up an identity-conscious filter for your holy processes and rituals.

For Researchers — use this research to question, validate, deepen, or extend the themes and queries here.

For Philanthropic Institutions — increase grantmaking that allows Jews of Color to know and care for one another alongside the work of the Jewish community at large to eradicate barriers to belonging and healing.

DATA HIGHLIGHTS

WORDS ASSOCIATED WITH RACISM

WORD ASSOCIATIONS

What words and ideas did participants associate with racism and antisemitism?

WORDS ASSOCIATED WITH ANTISEMITISM

FREQUENCY, ANTICIPATION, AND SITES OF IMPACT FOR PARTICIPANTS — QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Participants were asked to reflect on and quantify their personal experiences with racism and antisemitism and the resulting impacts on how they navigate both Jewish and non-Jewish spaces.

While experiences of encountering racism and antisemitism felt only slightly dissimilar in this segment, more significant differences were seen in the frequencies of experience and the extent to which anticipation of either racism or antisemitism impacts participants' actions, choices, and behaviors both in day to day life and in specifically Jewish spaces and activities.

EXTENT TO WHICH EXPERIENCES OF ENCOUNTERING RACISM AND ANTISEMITISM FEEL SIMILAR.

Racism

Very Different

Very Similar

Very Rarely

Antisemitism

Racism

Very Often

Antisemitism

Very Rarely

Very Often

FREQUENCY OF EXPERIENCING RACIST ACTIONS OR BEHAVIORS IN SPECIFICALLY JEWISH SPACES RELATIVE TO GENERAL EXPERIENCE.

Very Rarely

FREQUENCY OF EXPERIENCING RACIST AND ANTISEMITIC ACTIONS OR BEHAVIORS FROM OTHER PEOPLE IN DAY TO DAY LIFE.

EXTENT TO WHICH ANTICIPATION OF RACISM AND ANTISEMITISM IMPACTS PARTICIPANTS' ACTIONS, CHOICES, OR BEHAVIORS.

Very Often

EXTENT TO WHICH ANTICIPATION OF RACISM IMPACTS HOW AND/OR WHETHER PARTICIPANTS INTERACT WITH JEWISH SPACES.

Very Rarely

Very Often

DATA HIGHLIGHTS BODY MAPS

Participants identified and articulated where and how experiences of racism & antisemitism land in the body by drawing a human figure that represented themselves, then mapping associated embodied sensations accordingly utilizing marks and annotations.

SELECT ANTISEMITISM BODY MAPS

DATA HIGHLIGHTS BODY MAPS

SELECT RACISM BODY MAPS

DATA HIGHLIGHTS

ANTISEMITISM

RACISM

AGGREGATED BODY MAP DATA

Participants named 127 somatic sensations and drew 12 graphic representations for antisemitism; and named 140 somatic sensations and drew 18 graphic representations for racism.

The highest number of distinct sensations named were within the head–41% (52) for antisemitism, and 42% (59) for racism. Based on interpretations of how participants drew or described their sensations, the areas of the body which have experienced the most significant somatic impact were the chest (14%) and belly/gut (14%) for antisemitism, and the heart (12%), followed by the belly/gut (8.6%) for racism.

Unique body parts that were mentioned were: the location of a Star of David necklace (antisemitism) and the womb (racism).

GROUP DISCUSSION HIGHLIGHTS

Following the Body Mapping exercises, participants were invited to reflect on their embodied experiences within different contexts including: Jewish communal contexts, general non-Jewish spaces, mostly or all-POC spaces (not explicitly Jewish), and JOC spaces.

Verbal responses about the somatic sensations of antisemitism were broader and more varied than those of racism. Sensorial and embodied responses to racism yielded a narrower pool of more consistent answers.

Responses fell into three primary categories: the role and impact of affinity spaces (spaces in which members all hold a specific shared identity or set of identities), the psyche (pertaining to mind or spirit), and the physical body.

“... racism [impacts me], because it is who i am pinned to be, I just feel it so much more and so much more extremely.” ~Black (biracial with one Black and one White parent), Ashkenazi participant using they/them pronouns

RACIAL AND RELIGIOUS AFFINITY SPACES Participants repeatedly shared that spaces created for and by Jews of Color allow them to escape feeling the need to brace, mask, or defend themselves.

Metaphors used to convey this feeling included “like unbuttoning your pants after a Thanksgiving meal”; “no questioning about who I am and how I got that way”; “not needing to defend myself”; “ease”; the absence of “tension”; and “dissociation”.

“JOC spaces are the most relaxed; I feel a sense of freedom. I am at peace.” ~Black American, Sephardic (Spanish-Moroccan) participant, using they/them pronouns

Context regarding group spaces is important. For whom was the space shaped? To what degrees of intimacy or proximity are the relationships within the group? Comments regarding closer relations expressed a more stunning and lasting impact.

Many participants remarked that the identity harm experienced outside of JOC space often leads them to engage more in JOC spaces, one saying: “I really don’t go around doing anything that's not for Jews of Color or multicultural Jews.”

DATA HIGHLIGHTS

GROUP DISCUSSION HIGHLIGHTS (CONT.) PSYCHE (MIND AND SPIRIT)

In many cases of experiencing identity-based harm, participants noted an internal drive to compensate for their experience by overperforming, proving their worth, or credentialing.

Both racism and antisemitism were experienced as surprising, despite a hypervigilance reported by many participants, but racism was more frequently described as surprising.

“Antisemitism comes with more anger; Racism comes with fear.” ~Black, Ashkenazi participant, using they/them pronouns

PHYSICAL BODY With both antisemitism and racism, participants discussed their bodies in a state of hypervigilance —”guarded” or “poised” or “prepared”. In some cases their “fight instinct” was engaged while in other cases they reported sensations in their feet or a “flight response”.

“I have a sense of shielding in my body” ~Puerto Rican and Cuban participant, using they/them pronouns.

Responses which discussed temperature more often described responses to racism as connected with heat —”flushed” or “hot”; and connected antisemitism with cool — “cold” or “numb”.

While antisemitism was experienced in a variety of places in the body, responses to racism were more often experienced as whole body.

Words used to describe antisemitism often included a speeding up effect and participants described “fidgeting.”

Racism was described more frequently as slowing down or shutting down the mind.

Antisemitism was more consistently referred to as something more distant. Participants used phrases like: “It is indirect” “It’s like a drive-by” “It’s in my head” “It requires unpacking” One person expressed: “Antisemitism feels like racism but still somehow feels separate from me.”

Two participants mentioned how tearfulness showed up in their bodies, describing experiences of interwoven oppression as: “... pre-anticipatory sorrow, like two drops of sadness, even before anything happens.” “... a cry that could never be satisfied by tears … such a deep hurt. This is so consuming that the whole body wants to cry and no tears could quench that hurt.”

META-DATA: RESEARCHERS’ OBSERVATIONS IN PROCESS Following each session, team members discussed recurring or over-arching themes and patterns.

These observations centered on four primary areas of note: 1. Hypervigilance and surprise 2. Intellectual vs somatic processing 3. Invisibility and hypervisibility 4. Racism and antisemitism within different national contexts

DATA HIGHLIGHTS SOMATIC TOOLS AND PRACTICES

Using a Cultural Somatics framework, participants in the six sessions generated a list of 60 unique general somatic tools and practices and 72 unique Jewish-specific somatic tools and practices they have access to and use to navigate and regulate experiences of oppression. The full list is included in the appendix of the full report.

WHAT IS CULTURAL SOMATICS?

GENERAL SOMATIC TOOLS This word cloud represents the general (not specifically Jewish) somatic tools and practices people have access to and use to navigate and regulate impact experiences.

Staci Haines describes somatics as engaging "our thinking, feeling, sensing, and actions ... Somatics understands both the individual and collective as a combination of biological, evolutionary, emotional, and psychological aspects, shaped by social and historical norms, and adaptive to a wide array of both resilient and oppressive forces."

We describe cultural somatics as "the framework in which bodies move and understand themselves in cultural context. This includes both an individual and a collective perspective on cultural practices and understandings."

JEWISH SOMATIC TOOLS This word cloud represents the specifically Jewish somatic tools and practices people have access to and use to navigate and regulate impact experiences.

INDIVIDUAL VS COLLECTIVE Of the 120 unique tools participants communicated using to mitigate the impact of their experiences with oppression: • 17% (21) are primarily for the individual • 32% (39) required participation from more than one person • 51% (61) could be done alone or with others.

END NOTES WOVEN AND UNWOVEN OPPRESSIONS In the experiences of Jews of Color, it is not fully possible to separate Jewishness from “of colorness”. Although we have pulled apart racism and antisemitism for the purposes of exploring their impacts with clarity in our research, ultimately we recognize that these forces are experienced simultaneously and in one body.

Though one identity may be more salient than another, depending on context, Jewishness and being a person of color are simultaneous and inextricable. This means that Jews of Color are uniquely positioned to speak about and, at times, compare and contrast the experiences of antisemitism and racism.

It is not the aim of this research to create a hierarchy of oppressions, but rather to observe and note the experiences, and most importantly, to reduce, mitigate, and heal from hurt, harm, and oppression.

Further, we know that there are additional personal identities and social identities that impact one’s experiences of oppression, communication about those experiences, tools to address those experiences, and engagement in groups.

This study is not meant to be definitive, but rather exploratory in the pursuit of continued mapping of social constructions, the impacts of oppressive ideologies and patterns — particularly on the body — and tools, resources, practices, and protocols for healing and wellbeing.

ANTICIPATED COMMUNITY RESOURCES This research is intended to be shared so that our learning can most benefit those directly impacted by the intersection of racism and antisemitism. In early 2024 we plan to make this report publicly accessible, and to share summary resources designed for greater access and understanding.

Following this, we plan to create additional resources that are either pulled directly from this research, add additional layers of analysis, and/or build on our findings. Our first priority will be resources directly intended for use by Jews of Color. We will then prioritize non-JOC allies seeking to be in better solidarity and partnership with JOC; and then for organizations seeking to better support and elevate the experiences of JOC in their work.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the individuals that participated in this research endeavor. Your invaluable insights and willingness to share your experiences have been instrumental in shaping our findings.

This research would not have been possible without the financial support from Charles and Lynn Schusterman Family Philanthropies and the Jews of Color Initiative. We are grateful for their belief in the importance of community-engaged research that serves Jews of Color and our communities.

We extend our thanks to the dedicated members of the research team whose hard work and passion brought this project to fruition.

Lastly, we uplift the guidance and analysis provided by Dr. Imani Romney-Rosa Chapman as our project design and research lead.