Development Plan Anna's Tuin Amsterdam

Development Plan Anna’s Tuin

integrating community and nature

1

Colofon C

o m m i s s i o n e d

the

Municipality

b y

of

:

Amsterdam

Marianne Griffioen & Tim Blokker P

a r t

o f

Institution University W

r i t t e n

T

e s l a

for of

M

i n o r

I n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y S t u d i e s ( IIS )

Amsterdam, 23

a n d

e d i t t e d

juli

b y

2014

:

M i l a n Te u n i s s e n v a n M a n e n , Jeroen Sch端tt & Myrte Mijnders S

u p e r v i s o r s

:

Gerard van Oostermeijer & Harm van der Geest

Preface As part of the Tesla Minor we, Milan, Jeroen and Myrte, were asked by the municipality of Amsterdam to write an advice report about the nature development on Science Park Amsterdam for a small natural area. We have been working on this project for five months. We enjoyed working on this project because it combined our visions about sustainability, our creativity, and our biology background. This document is part of the Nature Development Plan for Amsterdam Science Park.

In this document you will read about the design of Anna’s Tuin.

First of all we would like to thank Tayfun Yalcin for helping us with the actual design of Anna’s Tuin and sharing his knowledge on permaculture design principles.

We would also like to thank him for his dedication and believe in the project of Anna’s Tuin. It has been a very nice experience for the entire team to collaborate with Tayfun Yalcin on the project of Anna’s Tuin.

Further more we would like to thank Joris Buis, Bertus Tulleners, Harm van der Geest and Gerard Oostermeijer for providing us the opportunity to developed the plan of Anna’s Tuin and for their valuable feedback during the process. We would also like to thank Marianne Griffioen and Tim Blokker, our client, for the successful collaboration.

Index 05

CH00

06

C H 0 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n

07

C H 0 2 L o c a t i o n

08

CH03

D e s i g n

16

CH04

Management

18

CH 0 5 F i n a n c e

20

C H 0 6 R e f e r e n c e s

22

C H 0 7 A p p e n d i x

4

Summary

CH 0 0 0 S u m m a r y Anna’s Tuin is an initiative of team Green Science Park to create an ecological garden based on a permaculture design system. Anna’s Tuin will be a place for students, residents, business people and scientists to meet, share ideas and learn about ecology and permaculture. Anna’s Tuin will organise events and produce food for the Amsterdam Science Park community.

Part of the food can be locally produced and part of the green waste can locally be composted, in this way Anna’s Tuin will contribute to the sustainability of Amsterdam Science Park. An important part of Anna’s Tuin will focus on education, organising tours in the garden or small courses and talks on permaculture principles. People in and around Amsterdam Science Park are allowed to come and join, do committee work, organise activities or just help in the maintenance. In this way Anna’s Tuin will integrate Amsterdam Science Park with the surrounding parts of Amsterdam, making it more interesting for just students and scientists.

This development plan of Anna’s Tuin describes how Anna’s Tuin can be realised. First a general introduction is given on Anna’s Tuin and the specific location. Secondly the design of Anna’s Tuin is explained based on the permaculture design system. Thirdly, the design elements that are part of the complete design will be discussed from a scientific point of view. Fourthly, the management of Anna’s Tuin is presented along with a four years plan of the construction. Lastly the finance of Anna’s Tuin is discussed with an estimation of the total costs and the possible partners willing to contribute in the implementation of Anna’s Tuin at Amsterdam Science Park.

5

C H 0 0 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n Anna’s Tuin is named after Anna van den Broeke, who inherited Anna’s Hoeve,

ture. Anna’s Tuin will be a social, recreational, educational and sustainability

an old farm located at Amsterdam Science Park in 1850. Today Anna’s Hoeve

initiative that will interest and inspire other schools and universities in the

is located between modern buildings and top science facilities. The old farm

Netherlands and aboard to start similar initiatives. In this development plan

is a kind reminder of the history of the polder. Until the previous century, this

for Anna’s Tuin the design, management and financial plan of Anna’s Tuin will

farm, along with other farms located in Watergraafsmeer, provided food for

be explained.

the city of Amsterdam (stadsarchief Amsterdam). This local production of food was one of the main inspirations for the initiative of Anna’s Tuin.

Anna’s Tuin will be an ecological garden at Amsterdam Science Park providing food for the local community. In addition, Anna’s Tuin will serve as a meeting place for students, residents, business people and scientists. The Amsterdam Science Park community will work together to maintain Anna’s Tuin. In this way Anna’s Tuin will create more social cohesion for the Science Park community and will allow students to share their knowledge of ecology, biology and alternative ways of agriculture with the rest of Amsterdam.

Besides the social and educational value, Anna’s Tuin contributes to the goals set by the University of Amsterdam (UvA) in terms of sustainability. The Faculty of Science (FNWI) states that CO2 emission should be reduced by 40% in 2025 relative to 1990 and waste should be collected separately (FNWI bestuursconvenant 2011-2014). Anna’s Tuin contributes to these goals in the sense that the food consumed at Science Park can partly be produced locally. The local production of food will result in a lower carbon footprint by reducing the amount of food that needs to be transported to Science Park. Furthermore, the green waste collected separately at Science Park can be composted locally and used in Anna’s Tuin, thereby reducing the waste that needs to be transported from the UvA. Anna’s Tuin will make Amsterdam Science Park more interesting for residents, students, people working at ASP and the rest of Amsterdam. Anna’s Tuin will also connect Amsterdam Science Park to the city and the surrounding na-

6

CH 0 0 2 L o c a t i o n Anna’s Tuin will be located near the front of the main university building, Science Park 904 (Figure 1). Many people will pass Anna’s Tuin on their way to Amsterdam Science Park and the university. Anna’s Tuin will be the first thing people see when they walk from the train station to the university. In this way people immediately see in what way residents, business people and students of Amsterdam Science Park are connected with the nature and what they are doing in terms of sustainability and education.

In addition, Anna’s Tuin is surrounded by a natural green area providing ecosystem services to the garden. This is important as, for instance the stability of pollinator richness, visitation rate and fruit sett decrease with the distance from a natural area (Garibaldi et al., 2011). Therefore the natural area will be important for fruit setting and maintaining Anna’s Tuin on an ecological and organic way. With the term organic is meant that, in Anna’s Tuin no insecticides, herbicides and artificial fertilisers will be used.

As shown in the ecological assessment (Nature development Science Park Amsterdam) the soil located at Anna’s Hoeve is classified as zone 2 (http:// maps.amsterdam.nl/bodemkwaliteit/). This means that the soil is considered safe to function as a vegetable garden or allotment and safe for food production.

Figure 1. Location of Anna’s Tuin marked by the dotted yellow line. Common green area in front of the university building, Size: ± 0,2 ha.

7

CH 0 0 3 D e s i g n The design of Anna’s Tuin is based on permaculture principles. Permacul-

In this chapter we will present the elements incorporated in the design of An-

ture is a design system which uses patterns and relationships observed

na’s Tuin. The design elements of Anna’s Tuin are based on the permaculture

in nature to create an agriculturally productive ecosystem, while main-

design system. Each design element mimics the patterns and relationships

taining the resilience and diversity of a natural ecosystem (Diver, 1998).

observed in nature. The design elements will focus on habitat diversification

Therefore, the main philosophy of permaculture design is to work with na-

and creating light and moisture gradients to support a large variety of plant

ture instead of against nature. The philosophy of permaculture is broader

species. For each design element the patterns and relationships it mimics will

than just the production of food; it is also about social integration, com-

briefly be discussed, and explained from a scientific point of view. Additionally,

munity, energy efficiency, recycling, and land stewardship in general. The

the educational and recreational value of the design elements will be discussed.

creators of the permaculture design system, Bill Mollison and David Holmgern, see permaculture as a way to construct sustainable human settlements. This philosophy lies at the hearth of Anna’s Tuin, the design will use the permaculture principles to create a place for people to enjoy nature, produce food and share thoughts and ideas about permaculture design.

One of the design principles of permaculture is to observe and interact (Holmgern, n.d.). Therefore it is important to study the abiotic and biotic factors shaping the site were the permaculture is planned. The topsoil in Anna’s Tuin consists of light to heavy clay, which was estimated to be weakly acidic and moderately nitrogen rich. Because of the impermeability of the clay layer, there is no effect of seepage in the topsoil. However, during periods of heavy rain, stagnating water could lead to anaerobic conditions in the soil. At some places the groundwater levels reach the root system of plants (for more information see, Nature Development Science Park Amsterdam, integrating community and nature). This information is used to examine which plants can be grown at certain places, which sites would be best for ponds or which sites must be incremented for the placement of trees.

The results from the study of the abiotic and biotic factors was then used to create a base map for Anna’s Tuin. The base map was created in collaboration with Tayfun Yalcin a permaculture designer and expert. This base-map was then used to align the different ideas and possibilities and to create the final

Figure 2. Design of Anna’s Tuin illustrated by Tafun Yalcin. Showing the different design elements and their location.

design of Anna’s Tuin. The final design of Anna’s Tuin is presented in figure 2.

8

9

Forest Garden The forest garden will be a design element in Anna’s Tuin. The main inspira-

floor, such as clover (Trifolium). The last layer is called the rhizosphere that

tion for the forest garden are the ecological patterns and relationships ob-

is used for the cultivation of roots and tubers. When the entire seven layers

served at forest edges. These dynamics are based on the so-called edge ef-

are present in the forest garden a highly productive system can be created in

fect. The edge is divined as an abrupt transition between two ecosystems, for

a small area.

instance forests and grasslands ecosystems (Murcia, 1995). At the edge, the two different ecosystems influence and interact with each other. For example,

Furthermore, agroforestry practices have been shown to have positive effects

at the edge of a forest the solar radiation increases, providing different habi-

on invertebrate diversity, highlighting the potential of agroforestry for biodi-

tats for other species and results in rapid growth of vines and other secondary

versity conservation (Mujeeb Rahman, Varma & Sileshi, 2012).

vegetation (Saunders, Hobbs, & Margules, 1991). Furthermore the edges of forests shows a large gradient in micro climates and have a higher species richness than the interior of the forest (Davies-Colley, Payne, & Van Elswijk, 2000).

Permaculture experts and designers adopted this edge effect found by ecologists in their designs. The edge effect is translated into a permaculture design element and resulted in productive system to harvest fruits, nuts, flowers, vegetables, herbs and mushrooms in a relative small area (LeGuin & Home, 2011). This form of permaculture design is called forest garden, introduced by Robert Hart, and popularized by Martin Crawford who owns a well know forest garden in the United Kingdom.

The forest garden is based on a seven-layer system observed in the edges of forests (Figure 3).

The first layer, the canopy layer, consists of large trees that represent the top layer of the forest. The second layer represents the understory, where trees are more shade tolerant and therefore able to grow under the canopy. The third layer consists of shrubs that are able to grow under the tree layers and carry berries such as currant (Ribes). The fourth layer is the herbaceous layer, consisting of herbaceous species such as comfrey (Symphytum). The fifth layer is called the vertical layer and consists out of climbers and vines. The

Figure 3. Forest garden principle by Robert Hart containing the seven layers of the forest garden. Drawing: ttpermatuin.wordpress.com

sixth layer, referred to as the ground layer, consists of plants that cover the

10

Polyculture The main inspiration for polycultures is the diversity observed in natural eco-

2011). However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential of

systems and its effects on stability, resilience and other ecosystem services.

companion planting and the use of beneficial weeds.

In natural ecosystems a high species richness is essential for its functioning,

Second, polycultures positively affect the natural ecosystem, by intervening

provided that individual traits and interactions of plant species contribute to

as little as possible. Minimizing soil disturbance is important to maintain soil

maintain the function and stability of ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles

biodiversity, a concept on which the no-tillage practice is based. No-tillage is

(Loreau, 2001). Polycultures mimic natural ecosystems by placing different

found to increase species richness and overall density (Brussaard, de Ruiter,

plants together to create more stability and complete biogeochemical cycles.

& Brown, 2007). This high species richness and density has a positive effect

For example, placing nitrogen-fixating plants in the vicinity of plants that need

on drainage and irrigation and the overall suitability of the agricultural field

nitrogen or creating different gradients in light or moisture to support differ-

(Brussaard et al., 2007). Additionally, the use of different plants that sup-

ent plant species. Permaculture experts constantly experiment with different

port nutrient cycling and natural pest and disease management, prevents the

plants combinations and forms of allied cropping. The functional traits divide

use of artificial fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides in polyculture systems.

the plant in certain plant guilds. Examples of some of these guilds are nitro-

Third, polycultures stimulate reconciliation ecology. Where reconciliation ecol-

gen fixers, ground covers, beneficial insect attractors, harmful/pest extrud-

ogy is divined as a conservation effort to modify and diversify the human hab-

ers, ground turbators, etc. A very old example of a polyculture is the so-called

itat so it can support a wider array of species able to share the human habitat

Three Sisters method. This is a technique of companion planting already prac-

(Rosenzweig, 2003). A polyculture diversify the agricultural landscape, rela-

tised by the Native American groups in North America (Hart et al., 2008). The

tive to monocultures, providing more habitat for a wider array of species.

method involves maize, climbing beans and squash. The maize will provide structure for the beans to climb, the beans will fixate nitrogen from the air

Anna’s Tuin will also contain a polyculture system, to show this alternative for

and make it available for the maize plant. The squash is planted to provide soil

the common monocultures and educated people about this form of agricul-

coverage, decreasing the loss of water by evaporation.

ture. In Anna’s Tuin no-tillage will be practiced, to maintain the soil biodiversity. Furthermore artificial fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides are not used

Polycultures are considered to be a good alternative for the common mono-

so Anna’s Tuin has a positive effect on the natural system. In Anna’s Tuin a

culture system because 1) it leads to a system that is highly stable and resil-

polyculture will be created by placing different plants together, containing

ient to abiotic or biotic perturbations 2) positively affects natural ecosystems

many of these plant guilds. Anna’s Tuin will be a place where people can learn

and 3) stimulates reconciliation ecology. The positive effects of a polyculture

about the different plants guilds and can experiment with different plant com-

compared to a monoculture will be explained below.

bination to create new knowledge.

First, the high species diversity in polycultures leads to a system that is highly stable and resilient to abiotic or biotic perturbations. For example, it has been shown that high species diversity and heterogeneity of landscapes helps to prevent the spread pests and diseases (Hajjar, Jarvis, & Gemmill-Herren, 2008). Additionally, it has been shown that plots with high species diversity lead to higher yields than agriculture plots with low species diversity (Lin,

11

Hüglekulture

Herb

spiral

Hüglekulture is a system developed by the permaculture expert Sepp Holzer

In permaculture and urban gardens the herb spiral is one of the most popular

and further popularised by the permaculture experts Paul Wheaton and Geoff

permaculture elements. The herb sprial is a cone-like shaped structure with a

Lawton. Hüglekulture is based on the colonization process of plants when a

downwards-spiralling terrace ending at a small pond. In this design water is

tree falls down creating a clearing in the forest and an opportunity for other

allowed to move freely, creating different moisture gradient along the spiral.

plants to colonise this area. The English translation for hüglekulture is mound-

Water loving plants are placed at the bottom of the spiral while plants that like

culture or hill-culture. The moment a tree dies, the tree has only fulfilled half

to keep their roots dry are placed at the top of the spiral.

of its ecological role. After falling down, the tree creates new habitat and will release resources such as light availability, nutrients and water (Franklin,

In Anna’s Tuin the herb spiral will be placed to educated people about this

Shugart, & Harmon, 1987). Fallen trees also contribute to the diversity in ter-

typical permaculture design element but also experiment with plants, placing

restrial habitats. During the summer, low moisture conditions limit biological

them along the moisture gradient of the spiral.

activity. However, a fallen tree creates a relatively cool and moist habitat for small animals and a substrate for microbial, fungal and root activity at the interface of soil and hood (Maser & Trappe, 1984). The process of decaying wood, providing habitats for different plants, is adapted in hüglekulture by creating mounds of wood or other biomass topped with soil. The wood in the middle of the mound will slowly decompose providing soil nutrient for the growing plants and habitat for soil biota. In addition the decompose wood can act as a sponge retaining water for weeks in periods of low precipitation (Kappes, 2005).

Hüglekulture will be part of Anna’s Tuin. The mounds will be constructed by wood debris and soil from Anna’s Ruigte. For example the wood from the willows could be used after pruning or after the removal of willows next to the waterline, the soil could be used that is removed after the flatting of the banks (see Nature Development Science Park Amsterdam, integrating community and nature). In Anna’s Tuin, the hüglekulture will be used to educate people about the principles of this method. The hüglekulture will also be used as an experiment to test what will work best in Anna’s Tuin by creating mounds with different composition and different plant communities.

Figure 4. Example of a herb spiral. Picture: www.permacultureglobal.com

12

Insect

hotel

An insect hotel is a manmade structure to provide habitat for all sorts of wildinsects, providing the insects with nest sites or hibernation possibilities. In cities the dispersal, egg-laying and hibernation possibilities are hampered, either by size of the areas, the connection between areas or the management. For instance the removal of plant material, or dead plant material from ecosystems decrease the possibility for insects egg deposition or hibernation.

To compensate for this loss, managers of the area could decide to leaf plant material at the site so insects could make use of them during the seasons, or they could reserve a location were different plants structures are piled up, which is in essences is the basis of an insect hotel. If the right condition are created, for instance wood with drilled holes, or steep sand walls the number of solitary wasp and bee species could increase (van Breugel, 2014). The reason for doing this is the theory behind reconciliation ecology, which is a conservation effort to modify and diversify the human habitat so it can support a wider array of species able to share the human habitat (Rosenzweig, 2003).

In Anna’s Tuin an insect hotel will be built of materials found in Anna’s Ruigte.

For example wood from pruning, or bundles of reeds and straw can be used.

The insect hotel will be designed and create by the people how will manage the garden (see chapter 4).

Figure 5. Insect hotel. Different types of material offer habitat to different species. Picture provided by Tayfun Yalcin.

13

Water

garden

A small pond for the growth of water plants will also be part of Anna’s Tuin.

This will be a natural pond without foil on the bottom. The deepest point of the pond will be around one meter, well below the ground water level and will have shallow banks for the growth of water plants (Sollie, Brouwer, & de Kwaadsteniet, 2011). Besides the growth of natural water plants like Pontederia cordata and Iris pseudacorus there will also be an opportunity to try different varieties of eatable water plants.

Common

areas

In Anna’s Tuin there will be two places where people can meet and relax. The octagon shaped building will be the only roof-covered area in Anna’s Tuin.

It is intended as a place where people can meet and shelter for cold or wet weather. A table and some chairs will give people the possibility to hold (work) meetings. It will also function as a greenhouse for sprouting plants. Additionally, rainwater from the rooftop will be collected for the herb spiral pond. The second resting area can be found near the main pond. This is intended as a place to rest and meet people in the outside area. The area will be directly visible from Anna’s Tuin main entrance but remain relatively sheltered from the rest of Amsterdam Science Park. Connecting the meeting areas and the Figure 6. Example of a greenhouse. A greenhouse can double as roof-covered common area where people can meet. Picture: www.summergardenbuildings. co.uk

different garden patches are narrow paths (about 60 cm wide) covered with woodchips to prevent weeds from growing over.

14

Partners

of

Anna’s Tuin

The Polder, a café/restaurant located at Amsterdam Science Park next to Anna Hoeve is very interested in the Anna’s Tuin initiative. Hans van Twist, the owner of The Polder, sees possibilities for Anna’s Tuin to deliver fruits, herbs, vegetables and such in the near future to The Polder. The Polder would pay the same price for these products as to the greengrocer. In collaboration with the chefs of the Polder, seasonal and local dishes are created based on specific products during different seasons from Anna’s Tuin.

Also Eurest, the main caterer at the UvA, was approached as potential partner.

Eurest was also very enthusiastic about the initiative of Anna’s Tuin and would like to contribute to its creation. The possibility of Eurest to collaborated with Anna’s Tuin is now be researched at the main office of Eurest, because Eurest is subject to different suppliers contracts and agreements.

Figure 7. Inside view of café Polder. Picture: www.cafe-restaurantpolder.nl

15

CH 0 0 4 M a n a g e m e n t Anna’s Tuin will be managed and maintained by a committee, which consist

The committee will also be responsible for the yield of Anna’s Tuin. To fit the

of people from the Amsterdam Science Park community. A users agreement

philosophy of local food production, the yield of Anna’s Tuin is solely meant for

(bruikleen overeenkomst) between the committee and the municipality of Am-

the Amsterdam Science Park community. For possible recipients of the yield see

sterdam will define this responsibility. In this agreement the committee states

chapter 5. An overview of the construction and maintenance plan of Anna’s Tuin

that it will respect the terms of the municipality of Amsterdam for using the area

is provided in Table 1. The tables contains a plan of four years from the start,

for the implementation of the permaculture described in this development plan

begin September 2014, until Anna’s Tuin is expected to be fully operational and

of Anna’s Tuin. In the appendix one a concept version of the users agreement

a well functioning permaculture garden in 2017.

is added to give an indication of the agreements between the committee and the municipality of Amsterdam. This agreement has to be renewed each years, which provides the committee and the municipality of Amsterdam with an opportunity to reflect on the progress and development of Anna’s Tuin.

Every year, during March half of the committee will be renewed, this will ensure the yearly continuation of the committee and the ability for people to participate. Renewing half of the committee will also ensure that the knowledge and information is retained and successfully transmitted throughout the years.

Besides the responsibility for the maintenance the committee is also responsible for involving new people and provide an educational value to Anna’s Tuin.

This could for example be achieved by: organising workshops, inviting schools and opportunities for guided tours. These activities and events will attract other people than scientists and university students, allowing Amsterdam Science Park to share its biological and ecological knowledge to the rest of the local community and other people from Amsterdam.

16

Table 1. The construction and maintenance plan of Anna’s Tuin. The four years plan starts in September 2014 and end in August 2017.

Year 1 (01-09-2014)

Year 2 (01-09-2015)

Year 3 (01-09-2016) Year 4 (01-09-2017)

Start of the Committee.

Finish mulching

Garden maintenance

Sign contract.

Finish planting the perennials.

Renewing Annual plants Renewing Annual plants

Germinate seeds of previous year Renewing half of the committee Collect seeds for next Mowing current vegetation.

(March). season.

Evaluating start of Anna’s Tuin Renewing half of the Create the pond. with UvA and the municipality. committee (March).

Evaluating start of Collecting seeds for next Arrange mulching material.

Anna’s Tuin with UvA season and the municipality.

Collecting seeds for Start mulching.

Possible first yield next season Arrange the finance.

Second yield

Clean the area.

Finish the pond.

Garden maintenance.

Germinate seeds of previous year Collect seeds for next season.

Renewing half of the committee (March).

Evaluating start of Anna’s Tuin with UvA and the municipality.

Collecting seeds for next season third yield

Arrange plants.

Start planting.

Every year, the committee will measure the biodiversity in Anna’s Tuin and will measure the yield (in kg). The committee will keep the agreements made with the partners of Anna’s Tuin about the yield. Furthermore the committee will attract new members and provide people with the opportunity to volunteer, they will organise interesting events, and find ways to educate the local community of Science Park and the rest of Amsterdam about permaculture and ecology. The committee will also communicated the initiative of Anna’s Tuin to the rest of the world, via media like facebook, twitter, blogs etc.

17

CH 0 0 5 F i n a n c e In this section the finance of Anna’s Tuin is discussed. First, an estimation is

shrubs against the rabbits present in the area. The costs of protection were

given of the total costs of Anna’s Tuin (Table 2) and how these costs are cal-

estimated at www.beslits.nl and www.edepot.wur.nl.

culated. Second, the possible partners of Anna’s Tuin are being discussed and their willingness to contribute financially. The costs of Anna’s Tuin were divided into three groups, plants, garden tools and construction (Table 2). Per group the total costs were estimated.

The group of plants were divided into

The above costs are based on materials needed. The costs concerning labour concerning the construction or the transport costs were not taken into account.

The costs of labour is considered to be low, the committee will be dependent on volunteers willing to help and be part of Anna’s Tuin. The committee will also

three subgroups: trees, shrubs and

crops/flowers. In the design the number of trees, shrubs and other perennials was used to multiply with an average price of fruit trees and shrubs. This price was found at www.fruitbomen.net. The average price of the subgroup crops/ flowers was calculated using the surface area to be planted and the amount of seeds needed to cover the area.

do a lot of the construction themselves. To compensate for possible unforeseen costs 10% of the total costs of the tree groups (plants, garden tools and construction) was taken. The total costs of Anna’s Tuin are also shown in table 2 and are estimated to be approximately € 8000.

The Polder, a café/restaurant located at Amsterdam Science Park next to Anna Hoeve is very interested in the initiative of Anna’s Tuin. Hans van Twist, the

The group garden tools, show the costs needed to get the equipment to maintain Anna’s Tuin. The groups is dived in four subgroups: shovel, wheelbarrow, rake and small hand tools. The prices of the different subgroups was estimated at www.tuingereedschap.nl. The subgroup shovel and rake contains the prices estimated for 2 shovels and rakes. The subgroup small hand tools the prices of

owner of The Polder, sees possibilities for Anna’s Tuin to deliver fruits, herbs, vegetables and such in the near future to The Polder. The Polder would pay the same price for these products as to the greengrocer. In collaboration with the chefs of the Polder, seasonal and local dishes can be created based on specific products during different seasons from Anna’s Tuin. The Polder, wants to con-

a list of hand tools necessary for maintaining Anna’s Tuin.

tribute to the development of Anna’s Tuin with financial support. Personal com-

The construction group shows the costs needed for the construction of the

the development of Anna’s Tuin.

munication with the Polder has indicated that it could contribute 2000 euro to

design elements. The group construction is divided into 5 subgroups, namely wander trails, benches, cabinet, greenhouse and protection. The wander trails are the trails that go through Anna’s Tuin and will be made out of wooden chips.

The prices of the trials was estimated at www.vandoornsoest.nl. The subgroup benches contain the price of two benches estimated at www.natuurmonument. nl. The subgroup cabinet contain the prices of wooden cabinet to store all the garden tools, the prices of this cabinet was estimated at www.praxis.nl. The subgroup greenhouse refers to the octagon building that is part of Anna’s Tuin design, the costs of this building was estimated at www.tuinkassensite.nl. The subgroup protection contains the costs need to protect the young trees and

18

Also Eurest, the main caterer at the UvA, was approached as potential partner.

Eurest was also very enthusiastic about the initiative of Anna’s Tuin and would like to contribute to its creation. The possibility of Eurest to collaborated with Anna’s Tuin is now being analysed at the main office of Eurest. Because Eurest is subjected to different supplier contracts and agreements, it is difficult to promise a financial support for Anna’s Tuin.

The remaining costs of Anna’s Tuin (± 6000 euro) could be shared by the municipality of Amsterdam and the UvA. This document will be presented to the municipality of Amsterdam and the UvA in order to ask for the remaining financial supported needed to construct Anna’s Tuin.

Table 2. Costs of Anna’s Tuin divided in three groups: plants, garden tools and construction. For all groups the total costs were estimated in Euro’s.

Group Plants

Type Trees shrubs Crops/ flowers

Costs € 845 € 900 € 713 Total plants € 2.458 Garden tools Shovel € 36 Wheelbarrow € 138 Rake € 74 Small hand tools € 96 Total garden tools € 344 Construction Wander trail € 32 Benches € 900 Cabinet € 289 Greenhouse € 3.013 Protection € 314 Total construction € 4.547 Total Anna's Tuin € 7.349 Unforeseen € 735 Total € 8.084

19

CH 0 0 8 R e f e r e n c e s Bestuursconvenant FNWI 2011-2014 (2012).

Holmgern, D. (n.d.). Permaculture Design Principles. Permaculture Principles. Retrieved from http://permacultureprinciples.com/principles/

Brussaard, L., de Ruiter, P. C., & Brown, G. G. (2007). Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 121(3),

Kappes, H. (2005). Influence Of Coarse Woody Debris On The Gastropod

233–244. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.013

Community Of A Managed Calcareous Beech Forest In Western Europe. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 71(2), 85–91. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyi011

Davies-Colley, R. J., Payne, G. W., & Van Elswijk, M. (2000). Microclimate gradients across a forest edge. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 24(2), 111–

LeGuin, U. K., & Home, A. C. (2011). Edible Forest Gardens: an Invitation

121.

to Adventure. FOOD and DEMOCRACY, 109.

Diver, S. (1998). Introduction to permaculture: Concepts and resourc-

Lin, B. B. (2011). Resilience in Agriculture through Crop Diversification:

es. ATTRA. Retrieved from http://www.cookscommunitygarden.org/docs/

Adaptive Management for Environmental Change. BioScience, 61(3), 183–

permaculture/1-intro/Definitions%20of%20Permaculture.pdf

193. doi:10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.4

Franklin, J. F., Shugart, H. H., & Harmon, M. E. (1987). Tree Death as an

Loreau, M. (2001). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Current Knowl-

Ecological Process. BioScience, 37(8), 550–556. doi:10.2307/1310665

edge and Future Challenges. Science, 294(5543), 804–808. doi:10.1126/science.1064088

Garibaldi, L. A., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Kremen, C., Morales, J. M., Bommarco, R., Cunningham, S. A., … Klein, A. M. (2011). Stability of pollination

Maser, C., & Trappe, J. (1984). The Seen and Unseen World of the Fallen

services decreases with isolation from natural areas despite honey bee visits.

Tree. The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography. Retrieved from http://

Ecology Letters, 14(10), 1062–1072. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01669.x

digitalcommons.usu.edu/barkbeetles/165

Hajjar, R., Jarvis, D. I., & Gemmill-Herren, B. (2008). The utility of crop

Murcia, C. (1995). Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for con-

genetic diversity in maintaining ecosystem services. Agriculture, Ecosystems

servation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 10(2), 58–62. doi:10.1016/S0169-

& Environment, 123(4), 261–270. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2007.08.003

5347(00)88977-6

Hart, J. P., King, F. B., Little, E. A., Petersen, J. B., Society for American

van Breugel. (2014). Gasten van bijenhotels. leiden: EIS Kenniscentrum

Archaeology, New York State Museum, & Annual Meeting of the Society for

Insecten en andere ongewervelden & Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden.

American Archaeology (Eds.). (2008). Current Northeast paleoethnobotany.

II II. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, State Education Dept.

20

Rosenzweig, M. L. (2003). Reconciliation ecology and the future of species diversity. Oryx, 37(02), 194–205. doi:10.1017/S0030605303000371 Saunders, D. A., Hobbs, R. J., & Margules, C. R. (1991). Biological Consequences of Ecosystem Fragmentation: A Review. Conservation Biology, 5(1), 18–32.

Sollie, S., Brouwer, E., & de Kwaadsteniet, P. (2011). Handreiking natuurvriendelijke oevers, een standplaats benadering (Libertas, Bunnik.). Amesfoort: Stichting Toegepast Onderzoek Waterbeheer, Amersfoort.

21

CH 0 0 9 A p p e n d i x

22

24 24

Overeenkomstnr.: Objectnr.:

overeenkomst over medebeheer van openbaar groen

Overeenkomst over medebeheer van het terrein: ……………………………………………………... (in te vullen: adres of object), zoals aangegeven op de bijgevoegde situatietekening, hierna te noemen: “het terrein”.

De ondergetekenden:

De gemeente Amsterdam, handelend onder de naam Stadsdeel Oost, statutair gevestigd te Amsterdam, geregistreerd in het handelsregister te Amsterdam onder dossiernummer 34366966 en kantoorhoudende te Amsterdam, Oranje Vrijstaatplein 2, 1093 NG Amsterdam, te dezen rechtsgeldig vertegenwoordigd door:

………………. ………………………………., het afdelingshoofd van de afdeling Beheer Openbare Ruimte Heel (BORH), hierna te noemen: “het stadsdeel”

en: ……………………………………………………………………………….(naam initiatiefnemer én vervanger wanneer relevant),

Of: namens het bestuur van organisatie………………….…………………………….….,

vertegenwoordigd door

………………………………………………………………..(naam bestuurlid en functie) van deze organisatie, hierna te noemen: “de medebeheerder”,

zijn het volgende overeengekomen:

1. Naar aanleiding van het verzoek van medebeheerder op DATUM geeft het Stadsdeel toestemming aan de medebeheerder om het terrein en het openbaar groen dat zich daarop bevindt, te onderhouden.

2. De medebeheerder aanvaardt het terrein in de staat waarin het zich bij de ondertekening van deze overeenkomst bevindt.

3. De medebeheerder zorgt gedurende de looptijd van deze overeenkomst dat het terrein wordt onderhouden overeenkomstig het bijbehorende beheerplan.

Overeenkomst

Appendix 1. Users agreement

Appendix 1. Users agreement (4 pages)

25

I.

Bijlagen die deel uitmaken van deze overeenkomst: ­ terreintekening ­ beheerplan (met optie: ondersteunende activiteiten van de gemeente) ­ anders, n.l. ……………………….

De medebeheerder,

……………………………… (naam en evt. functie)

Aldus in tweevoud opgemaakt en ondertekend te Amsterdam d.d.

Gemeente Amsterdam, stadsdeel Oost,

Dhr. C. van den Broek, afdelingshoofd Beheer Openbare Ruimte Heel …………………………..

Het stadsdeel is niet gehouden om materialen ten behoeve van onderhoudswerkzaamheden ter beschikking te stellen, tenzij dit in het beheerplan is afgesproken.

5. Het terrein behoudt een openbaar karakter en moet openbaar toegankelijk blijven. Het aanbrengen van verhardingen, opstallen, hekwerken of andere vormen van afscheidingen en bijvoorbeeld het plaatsen van speelwerktuigen is niet toegestaan tenzij het stadsdeel hiervoor schriftelijk toestemming heeft gegeven. Dit geldt ook voor het verwijderen van bomen, hekken en dergelijke, die zich in en/of op het terrein bevinden.

6. Het stadsdeel blijft te alle tijden bevoegd om onderhoud uit te voeren.

7. Het stadsdeel is bevoegd de medebeheerder te wijzen op nalatigheid in onderhoud en beheer en om aanwijzigen te geven over de wijze van uitvoeren van het beheerplan. Het stadsdeel geeft de medebeheerder een termijn om het onderhoud en/of de aanwijzingen uit te voeren. Indien de medebeheerder dit niet, niet goed en/of niet tijdig uitvoert, kan het stadsdeel de medebeheerovereenkomst opzeggen overeenkomstig artikel 10.

8. Indien het stadsdeel het terrein zelf weer nodig heeft (bijvoorbeeld vanwege herinrichtingen e.d.) kan het stadsdeel het medebeheerovereenkomst opzeggen, zonder de verplichting om een ander terrein in medebeheer ter beschikking te stellen.

9. Deze overeenkomst wordt aangegaan voor de duur van 1 jaar, ingaande de dag na ondertekening, met jaarlijks stilzwijgende verlenging.

10. Bij tussentijdse opzegging wordt, spoedeisende en/of bijzondere gevallen uitgezonderd, door partijen een opzegtermijn van: ………………………..in acht genomen. De opzegging dient schriftelijk te geschieden.

11. Het terrein wordt teruggegeven in de toestand waarin het door het stadsdeel is overgedragen met in acht neming van de wijzigingen waarvoor het stadsdeel schriftelijk toestemming heeft gegeven.

12. De Arbeidsomstandighedenwet (Arbowet) is niet van toepassing op de werkzaamheden die de medebeheerder verricht, omdat de medebeheerders geen werknemer zijn van het stadsdeel.

Medebeheerders zijn daarom zelf verantwoordelijk voor hun eigen veiligheid en voeren de werkzaamheden uit op eigen risico.

4.

26

maaien Gefaseerd riet maaien

Opschonen/zwe 1xpj rfvuil verwijderen Klaarleggen en stadsdeel bellen

Vrijhouden en schoonhouden Reparaties/onde rhoud verwijderen

jaarlijks

Kruidenzone Oevervegetatie

Watervegetatie

Snoeimateriaal/ maaisel Afvoeren materiaal Objecten

Objecten

Zwerfvuil

Evaluatie

Overig/aanvulling en

●

●

Jaarlijks

Wanneer nodig/wek elijks

Sept/okt

maandelijk s

1 a 2xpj

gefaseerd

22x (bv)

Stadsdeel

door wie

September/oktober (amfibieën)

Stadsdeel/ medebehe erder

Stadsdeel

Na

broedseizoen/najaar

Na de bloei

Na de bloei

In acht nemen broedseizoen

Flora en fauna gedragscode Amsterdam

Boomspiegels mogen niet worden opgehoogd. De grond in de boomspiegel ligt even hoog als de omliggende verharding.

Boomspiegels mogen pas vanaf vijf jaar na aanplant worden beplant.

Boomspiegels

maaien

Gazon

Gefaseerd (2x)

maaien

Over ig

Grastalud/berm

Onderhoud/sno ei

periode

Bomen

frequenti e

beheermaatre gel

Beheergroep

Voorbeelden van beheermaatregelen, per locatie dient deze te worden aangepast.

Beheerplan

BIJLAGE

27 27

Er mogen geen hekjes of afscheidingen in of om de boomspiegels worden geplaatst, als daardoor de boomspiegel wordt verhoogd.

Er mag niets in of tegen de bomen worden geplaatst.

Bomenbeheer en onderhoud valt onder verantwoordelijkheid van het stadsdeel.

Het stadsdeel behoud het recht om boomspiegels te ruimen als beplanting in de boomspiegel werkzaamheden aan de boom en inspecties van de boom belemmerd worden of de veiligheid in het geding is.

Wanneer bomenspiegels door bewoners worden onderhouden dient dit te worden doorgegeven aan BORH, zodat ze er rekening kunnen houden met schoffelen.

Het toepassen van klimplanten in groenvakken en de aanplant van sterk woekerende planten moet beperkt blijven om beheerkosten in de nabij gelegen groenvoorzieningen tot een minimum beperkt te houden

●

● ● ●

●