Arquitectura romanic

ARQUITECTURA ROM€NICA INICIAL

‘Primer rom•nic’ i Ottoniana

Europe in AD 998 Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Medieval History(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1966 [1961]), p 53

Imperi Ottoni• division of Charlemagne’s empire 843 temporary reunion 885-8 raids of the Magyars &c, C10th Germany regains territory in the Netherlands and Belgium, 925 Germany annexes northern Italy 951-961 Otto creates the German Empire, 962 Germany defeats the Magyars, 985

S Maria, Mittelzell, Reichenau, 819, 991-6 &c: interior Howard Saalman, Medieval Architecture (London 1968 [New York 1962]), fig 45

S Maria, Mittelzell: plan Saalman, Medieval Architecture, fig 44

S Maria, Mittelzell: westwork, 1030-1048

K J Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture [Pelican History of Art] (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1959), pl 8

St Cyriakus, Gernrode, Germany, 961 onwards and C12th John Beckwith, Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque (London 1964), p 88

St Cyriakus: drawings Henry Stierlin, EncyclopĂŚdia of World Architecture (2 vols, London 1977), I, p 141

St Cyriakus: interior Beckwith, Early Medieval Art, p 89

St Michael, Hildesheim, 1001-1033: plan Nikolaus Pevsner, An Outline of European Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1968 [1943]), p 59

St Michael, Hildesheim: isometric Stierlin, EncyclopĂŚdia of World Architecture, I, p 143

St Michael, Hildesheim: restoration view Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, p 72

St Michael, Hildesheim: views of nave & north transept Altet, The Early Middle Ages, p 157; K端nstler, Romanesque Art, pl 141

St Michael, Hildesheim: north transept H Demetrios, Salonika, late C5th: detail of nave arcading K端nstler, Romanesque Art, pl 141 Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 23

St Michael, Hildesheim detail of block capital

Pevsner, Outline of European Architecture [1968], p 67

THE REVIVAL OF VAULTING the barrel vault (semi-cylindrical) the intersecting or groin vault the domed-up vault

St.-Savin-surGartempe, France, 1075 onwards

MUAS 9894

barrel vault, showing thrust Talbot Hamlin, Forms and Functions of Twentieth-Century Architecture, I, The Elements of Building (New York 1952), p 518

comparison of intersecting and barrel vaulting MUAS 24,604

intersecting vaulting, without, and with wall and transverse ribs Cecil Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, p 139

a definition of Romanesque architecture the architecture of Romanised, Christianised Europe, as it developed round about AD 1000 influenced by surviving Roman buildings in Europe, and only secondarily by the Byzantine world characterised by barrel and groin vaulting shows important links between the different countries of Europe shows considerable regional variations primarily an architecture of churches and religious buildings

Ravenna & Syria sources of the ‘First Romanesque’ blind arcading machicolation the corbelled shaft the corbel table the pilaster strip

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c 425 Miles Lewis

Sant' Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna, c 532-549 clerestory south flank

Miles Lewis

Palace of Diocletian, Spalato the Porta Aurea or north gateway: reconstruction view

Axel BoĂŤthius & J B WardPerkins, Etruscan and Roman Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1970), p 528

Syrian colonettes Church at Qalbloze, C6th: detail of north clerestory St Simeon Stylites, Qalat Siman, c 460-480: detail of apse Miles Lewis Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 24

Palace of Diocletian, the Porta Aurea or north gateway: reconstruction view

'Palace of the Exarchs' ['Calchi Palace'], Ravenna, possibly C6th

Axel BoĂŤthius & J B Ward-Perkins, Etruscan and Roman Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1970), p 528 Ed A Longo, Ravenna, Rip Vietata

‘Palace of the Exarchs’: detail Miles Lewis

the appearance of the arcaded corbel table & pilaster strip Orthodox Baptistery, Ravenna: detail of upper walls, probably c 450 Miles Lewis

Ravennate influence Lombard control of northern Italy 568-750 guild of magistri commacini, or comacini by 643 brick buildings with arcaded corbel tables and pilaster strips triple apses raking corbel tables arcaded galleries stone buildings similar Lombard or Lombardus – a stonemason

Baptistery at Lomello, C8th view & plan

Miles Lewis Paolo Verzone, From Theodoric to Charlemagne (London 1968 [1967]), p 128

S Giorgio, Valpolicella, C8th or 10th?: plan Raffaele Cattaneo, Architecture in Italy from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (London 1896), p 101

San Salvatore, Brescia, early C9th: view down nave Abbey Church of Santa Maria, Pomposa, nave possibly pre-1000: nave looking west Donald Bullough, The Age of Charlemagne (London 1965), p 21 Eva-Maria Wagner, Pre-Romanesque Art (London 1966 [Frankfurt am main 1965]), pl 155

emergence of the ‘First Romanesque’ brick buildings triple apses pilaster strips arcaded corbel tables raking corbel tables arcaded gallery around the apse

San Vincenzo in Prato, Milan, c 833: east end

Miles Lewis

San Vincenzo in Prato: nave Miles Lewis

San Vincenzo in Prato nave arcading

Miles Lewis

the First Romanesque in Italy S Vincenzo in Prato, Milan S Pietro, Agliate Baptistery, Agliate Duomo & campanile, Torcello Sta Maria Maggiore, Lomello S Michele Lomello Campanile of S Satiro, Milan

S Pietro, Agliate, c 875: east end & plan

S Pietro, Agliate, c 875: east end & plan (with baptistery) Miles Lewis Cattaneo, Architecture in Italy, p 257

Baptistery, Agliate view & detail Miles Lewis

Abbey Church of Sta Maria, Pomposa with the campanile of 1063 Franรงois Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages (New York 1968), p 182 ; Brian Lewis

Duomo Santa Maria Assunta at Torcello, 641, rebuilt 864, 1068 view across the lagoon Miles Lewis

Torcello: the Duomo, campanile & Sta Fosca Brian Lewis

Duomo, Torcello: plan Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 31

Duomo, Torcello view of nave; engraving of synthronon MUAS 6,786 James Fergusson, The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture (2 vols, London 1855), II, p 498

Duomo, Torcello: detail of arcading Miles Lewis

Santa Maria Maggiore, Lomello, c 1025 view from south nave

Miles Lewis

Sta Maria Maggiore, Lomello view of roof Miles Lewis

San Michele, Lomello, C11th Miles Lewis

S Michele, Lomello: pier details Miles Lewis

San Satiro, Milan, campanile, mid-C11th view & detail Miles Lewis

the spread of the First Romanesque France Bell tower, Puissalicon, Hérault St-Guilhem-le-Desert, Hérault St-Martin-du-Canigou, near Prades

Spain Sta Cecilia, Montserrat S Climente, Tahull St Jaime de Frontanyá

bell tower, Puissalicon, HĂŠrault, ?late C11th elevation

Henri Revoil, Architecture Romane du Midi de la France (3 vols, Paris 1867, 1774, 1873), III, pl xxxix

St-Guilhem-leDesert, HĂŠrault, C11th & 12th east elevation view

Henri Revoil, Architecture Romane du Midi de la France (3 vols, Paris 1867, 1774, 1873), III, pl xl Country Life, CLVII, 4045 (9 January 1975), p 75

St-Martin-du-Canigou, near Prades 1001-1026: view & isometric Gantner, L'Art Monumental Romane en France, pl 112 Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, p 62

St-Martin-du-Canigou: interior Henri Focillon, The Art of the West in the Middle Ages (2nd ed, 2 vols, London 1969 [1963]), II, pl 4

Europe in 1092 McEvedy, Atlas of Medieval History, p 63

spread of the First Romanesque Miles Lewis

Sta Cecilia, Montserrat, 957 or later, view from the east Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, pl 29

S Climente, Tahull, 1132, from the east

Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages, p 214

St Jaime de Frontanyรก, 1070 J J M Timmers, A Handbook of Romanesque Art (London 1969), pl 178

Cathedral of Sankt-Maria-und-Stephan Speyer, Germany

Speyer Cathedral, 1030-1062 reconstruction MUAS 15,414

Speyer Cathedral east end (gable and apse 1082-1182) MUAS 14,837

Speyer Cathedral plan reconstruction plan of original crypt K端nstler, Romanesque Art in Europe, p 102 H F Kubach, Romanesque Architecture (London 1988 [Milan 1978]), p 53

Speyer Cathedral crypt MUAS 14,839

Basilica (or Aula Regia), Trier, Germany, AD 310 MUAS 12,610

Speyer Cathedral: reconstruction of the original nave of c 1030-1061, and modern view Lehmann, Der Fruhe Deutsche Kirchenbau, pl 17, fig 37 Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages (New York 1968), p 101

Intersecting & domical vaults Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 143