Building technology – Clean grids for modern buldings

Clean grids for modern buildings

Building technology Clean grids for modern buldings

1

Schaffner Group

The Schaffner Group is the international leader in development and production of solutions which ensure efficient and reliable operation of electronic systems. The Group’s broad range of product and services includes EMC/EMI components, harmonic filters and magnetic components as well as development and implementation of customized solutions. Schaffner components are deployed in energy-efficient drive systems and electronic motor controls, in wind and photovoltaic systems, rail technology, machine tools and robotics as well as power supplies for numerous electronic devices in sectors such as medical technology or telecommunications. Schaffner provides on-site service to customers around the world through an efficient, global organization and makes ongoing investments in research, development, production and sales to systematically expand its position as leader on the international market.

A global one-stop shop EMC/EMI filters

Power Quality products

– PCB filters

– Line reactors

– IEC inlet filters / Power entry modules

– dv/dt reactors and filters

– DC filters

– Sine wave filters

– Single-phase filters

– Harmonic filters

– Three-phase filters

– Regen reactors and filters

– Three-phase + neutral line filters

– Transformers

– Open frame filters

Customized solutions

EMC/EMI chokes Feedthrough filters and capacitors Automotive components Customized solutions

Clean grids for modern buildings

Power quality and building technology

Concert halls, congress centers, hotels, office buildings, banks and insurances – they all depend entirely on absolutely reliable electrical and electronic systems.

Highest demands in terms of reliability and efficiency. A multitude of single- and three-phase consumers is used in modern building technology; including lighting techniques such as light controllers for spotlights or energy-efficient lamps, various frequency converters for heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment or for elevators, and the entire IT-infrastructure with its typically switched-mode power supply units. Often there are also inverters for photovoltaic installations (PV) or uninterruptable power supplies (UPS). The reliable performance of such equipment depends on a good power quality and is particularly challenging in terms of voltage quality. At the same time, the burdening of the network infrastructure with all these electrical and electronic consumers with system perturbation has drastically increased since several years now. The type of production system and equipment (network supply with converter, generator) defines how strongly networks are affected and influenced by system perturbations. This is particularly true for: I Harmonics I Unbalance resulting from asymmetric load conditions I Voltage fluctuations and flicker I Power factor and reactive power demand There might also be differences in how strongly network disturbances affect the efficiency of building technology itself. But there’s no doubt that they are contrary to the trend to continually improve the buildings’ performance with the underlying goal to also improve their energy efficiency. This may also affect the I comfort and quality of the environment for the users of a building, I the energy and operating costs, I the reliability and efficiency of the building systems, I the service life of technical equipment, I the investment protection, I the environment.

And finally a permanent monitoring and optimization process by the network operators as well as the implementation of new standards and limits for power quality demands for and strengthens an approach based on utmost reliability and efficiency. With our know-how gained from more than 50 years of experience, Schaffner offers products and solutions that do meet all these requirements.

3

4

Clean grids for modern buildings

Standards and limits applying for building technology Today, every system in building technology must work nearly perfectly while saving resources and protecting the environment. When it comes to the technical infrastructures within buildings, there are almost everywhere ventilations, elevator systems, security devices or lighting appliances, data technologies, and much more non-linear consumers that need electrical energy of best quality. This means that a good power quality is of utmost importance for their smooth and environmentally friendly operation. The demands in terms of interference susceptibility and sufficiently low emitted interference of equipment have been defined since long by the EMC d ­ irectives and standards. The field of power quality, however, has evolved from a sheer availability requirement to a true qualitybased description of power supply. There is no doubt that a good power quality protects people and values. Consequently, it is only natural that the assessment of the effects and influences of harmonics, unbalances, voltage fluctuations, and flicker on power quality must not only be standardized and specified bindingly for the network operators but also for the consumer. These are the most important national and international standards: Product standards: I IEC/EN 61000-3-2 Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current up to and including 16 A per phase) I IEC/EN 61000-3-4 Limitation of emission of harmonic currents in low-voltage power supply systems for equipment with rated current > than 16 A I IEC/EN 61000-3-12 Limits for harmonic currents produced by equipment connected to public low-voltage systems with input current >16 A and 75 A per phase I EN 61800-3 Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems – Part 3: EMC requirements and specific test methods

Clean grids for modern buildings

Standards regarding the compatibility between electrical networks and consumers: I IEC/EN 61000-6-1 Immunity standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments I IEC/EN 61000-6-2 Generic standard for immunity for industrial environments I IEC/EN 61000-6-3 Emission standard for residential commercial and light-industrial environments I IEC/EN 61000-6-4 Emission standard for industrial environments I IEC/EN 61000-2-2 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): Environment compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signaling in public low-voltage power supply ­systems. This standard is very close to the standards EN 50160 and DIN EN 61000-2-4 class 2.

I IEC 61000-2-4 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): Part 2: Environment; main part 4: Compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency conducted disturbances. Standard specifying classes for various operating conditions. Class 1 for example for data centers; class 2 for workshops, office areas; class 3 for example for heavy industrial environments, frequency converters.

Power quality standards: I EN 50160 Voltage characteristics of electricity and voltage supplied by public distribution ­networks. Standard that provides the limits and tolerances of various phenomena that can ­occur on the mains (voluntary commitments of the power utilities).

I D.A.CH.CZ Technical rules for the assessment of network disturbances in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Czech Republic.

I TOR D2 Technical and organizational rules for system operators and users of electrical networks; part D: Special technical rules; section D2: Regulations for the assessment of network disturbances.

I IEEE 519 (Recommended Practices for Harmonics Control in Electrical Power Systems) as joint approach between utilities and customers to limit the impact of non-linear loads by the reduction of harmonics.

I ENGINEERING RECOMMENDATION G5/4-1 (planning levels for harmonic voltage distortion to be used in the process for the connection of non-linear equipment) as directive of the Energy Networks Association (UK) to limit the effects of non-linear loads by the reduction of harmonics at their point of common coupling (PCC). Applicable in Great Britain and Hong Kong.

5

6

Clean grids for modern buildings

Harmonics

Already in the first years of operation of power distribution networks, there were first disturbances. In the beginning they came from mercury vapor rectifiers that were used in industrial environments; and in the past years the number of equipment creating harmonics has strongly risen and will continue to rise. The notion of harmonics became known in the second half of ­the 20th century. Like surfers, most electrical devices are looking for the perfect wave.

For alter­nating current, perfection is defined by a sinusoidal wave in which electrical voltage changes smoothly from positive polarity to negative and back again 50 (50 Hz) or 60 (60 Hz) times per second. Anyway, to use the notion of wave though in connection with harmonics is not completely correct. A wave extends in time and space, whereas the oscillations observed here, do only expand in time.

Harmonics. Harmonics are produced in almost every non-linear consumer. Linear consumers draw a sinusoidal current from sinusoidal voltage. This sinusoidal current signal is only ­composed of the fundamental; i.e. it has no harmonic spectrum, so that the entire energy will be transferred on the fundamental. Non-linear consumers are devices that draw a non-sinusoidal current from the grid. And most consumers in building technology are non-linear ones meaning that they do largely draw non-sinusoidal current. This, in turn, does strongly interfere with power quality as the currents with strong harmonics have typical side effects affecting both, utilities and consumers the like. In addition, harmonic currents do flow in addition to the “active” sinusoidal frequency and do thus lead to losses in electrical installations that in turn may also cause thermal overloads.

But this is by far not the only possible result of harmonics; there are indeed numerous other issues: I Additional losses in the consumer may heat up or overheat appliances and therefore reduce their service life I Derating of transformers due to the heating effect of harmonics; the producers of transformers do specify here 10 % in case of more than 30 % dissipation of the rated power to non-linear loads I The same assumptions are also true for generators I Capacitors and compensation systems (PFC) may overload or even be destroyed I Audio disturbances resulting from higher-frequency harmonics I Disturbances of telecommunication appliances I Overload of the neutral conductor I Zero crossing faults of electronic equipment that are based on zero crossings I Nuisance tripping of line protection switches/circuit breakers

Clean grids for modern buildings

7

8

Clean grids for modern buildings

Classification and assessment of the harmonics-induced stress in buildings Harmonics are currents or voltages with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental power frequency being 50 or 60 Hz. For example, if the fundamental power frequency is 60 Hz, then the 2nd harmonic is 120 Hz, the 3rd is 180 Hz, etc. Current harmonics do not contribute to the active power but do apply thermal loads to a network. By using the Discrete Fourier Analysis, any type of periodic signal occurring in energy technology can be decomposed into a summation of the fundamental frequency and the integer multiples of this frequency. This gives an angle and amplitude value for every harmonic frequency. Harmonics do distort the sinusoidal waveform.

Point of common coupling (PCC) – The PCC is a point in the electrical system where multiple customers or multiple electrical loads may be connected. According to IEEE-519, this should be a point which is accessible to both the utility and the customer for direct measurement. Although in many cases the PCC is considered at the metering point, service entrance or facility transformer, IEEE-519 states that “within an industrial plant, the PCC is the point between the non-linear load and other loads.” Under certain circumstances it may also be useful to assess the stress caused by harmonics at individual equipment or equipment groups in order to detect internal network quality problems and their possible causes. The following parameters are used to assess harmonic stress: Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) – is a widely used notion in defining the level of harmonic content in alternating signals. This value is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency. This THD value is used for low, medium, and high voltage systems. Usually the current distortion is defined as THDi and the voltage distortion as THDv. Total Harmonic Current (THC) – is the accumulated currents of the orders 2 to 40 that contribute to the distortion of the current waveform. This value is particularly useful in determining the required characteristics for installation of modern active harmonic filters:

Clean grids for modern buildings

Total Harmonic Distortion of Current (THDi) – indicates the total harmonic current distortion of the wave form. This value is defined as the ratio (in %) of the harmonic current to the fundamental (non-harmonic) current measured at a load point at the particular moment when the measurement is taken. Typically, the geometrical sum of all current harmonics is calculated in relation to the fundamental frequency current up to the 40th harmonic order:

All harmonic currents created by the loads in the networks must flow through impedances (transformers, reactors, etc.) and all other parallel branches. There will be non-linear voltage drops at the impedances. The harmonic voltages created like that will expand across the entire network and lead to distortions of the supply voltage of other appliances. This means that harmonic distortion of the current (THDi) does also cause voltage distortions (THDv).

Total Harmonic Distortion of Voltage (THDv) – indicates the total magnitude of the voltage distortion. This value is defined as the ratio (in %) of the harmonic voltage to the fundamental (non-harmonic) voltage. Typically, the geometrical sum of all voltage harmonics is calculated in relation to the fundamental frequency voltage up to the 40th harmonic order:

A low THDv is in general synonymous to a good voltage quality.

Total Demand Distortion (TDD) Especially in North America the notion of TDD is widely used when it comes to harmonics. In difference to the THDi, in which the harmonic content is referred to the fundamental frequency of the rated current value, it is the ratio of the measured harmonic current to the full load fundamental current. The full load fundamental current is the total amount of non-harmonic current consumed by all of the loads on the system when the system is at peak demand. So the TDD is the THD of current (using a 15 or 30 minute averaging measurement period) normalized to the maximum demand load current; but only at full load TDD=THDi:

maximum demand load current

9

10

Clean grids for modern buildings

Unbalance

A three-phase system is called symmetrical when the magnitudes of phase or line voltages are equal and phases are displaced to each other by 120째. As soon as one of these two conditions is not met, there is an unbalance. In most cases unbalances result from loads. With high and medium voltages the loads are typically 3-phase and symmetric even though also single- or 2-phase loads may be connected (e.g. induction or resistance furnaces). In the low voltage range the loads are usually single-phased (e.g. PCs, lighting systems, etc.) and their load circuits are distributed to the three phases within the electrical cabling.

For a mathematical correct analysis of unbalance the method of symmetrical components (true definition) is commonly applied. This method describes the degree of unbalance by the ratio of the negative sequence voltage component to the positive sequence voltage component. The percentage voltage unbalance factor (% VUF) is given by:

The positive and negative sequence voltage components are obtained by resolving three-phase unbalanced line voltages and

(or phase voltages) into two symmetrical components

(of the line or phase voltages). The two balanced components are given by:

where IEEE defines voltage unbalance as the phase voltage unbalance rate (PVUR), by

This method avoids the use of complex algebra but still gives a good approximation to the true definition. The difference between the true definition and phase voltage unbalance rate is very small below 5% unbalance. The difference is high for extreme values of % unbalance when using PVUR. Considering that most utilities in the United States restrict the voltage unbalance to 2.5% maximum deviation from the average voltage between the three phases the PVUR method might usually be sufficient.

Clean grids for modern buildings

Effects of unbalance: I Increasing current loads and losses in the network 1.5

1.5

•W ith the same consumer power, the phase current values may double or triple and the losses 1.5

1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

reach a value twice or even six times as high. This1 in turn means that lines and t­ ransformers

1

may only be loaded up to one half or one third of0.5their rated power.

0

0.5

0

0

0

-0.5

-0.5

I L-1osses and vibrations in electrical machines

-1

-0.5 -1

-0.5 -1

• Electrical machines cannot produce their full torque as the inversely rotating magnetic field of time Zeit

-1.5

-1.5

-1.5

-1.5

time the negative-sequence system causes a negative braking torque that Zeit has to be ­subtracted

from the base torque linked to the normal rotating

1

• Unbalance is increasing the thermal load

1

1

1

0.5

0.5

0

0

1.5

1.5

• Another effect of unbalance are vibrations in electrical machines leading to higher ­mechanical 0.5

0.5

1 stresses

0

-0.5

0.5

-0.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

I Rectifiers and inverters

-1

1

0

-0.5

0

time

-1 -1

0 Zeit

time Zeit to unbalanced sup• Rectifiers and inverters do react with uncharacteristic harmonic currents

-0.5

-0.5

ply voltages.

-1

-1

-1.5 I 3-phase systems

-1.5

■ Cooling ■ Lighting ■ Office equipmenttime ■ Ventilation ■ Other unbalanced systems ■with ■ Cooling• I ■nLighting ■ Officethree-phase equipment ■ Ventilation Otherstar point a neutral current flows, which is undesired.

Ic

Demand (kW)

Demand (kW)

1

1

0.5

0.5

0

120°

-0.5 -1

24-hour period = midnight to midnight 24-hour period = midnight to midnight time

-1

Ib

1.5

1.5

Verbrauch (kW)

Verbrauch (kW)

1

1

Ic

0.5

0.5

0 ■ Cooling ■ Lighting ■ Office equipment ■ Ventilation ■ Other

0

Ib

-0.5 -1

Demand (kW)

Ia

120°

-0.5

■ Kühlung ■ Beleuchtung ■ Büro-Ausstattung ■ Belüftung ■ Andere ■ Kühlung ■ Beleuchtung ■ Büro-Ausstattung ■ Belüftung ■ Andere

-1.5

120° 0

-0.5 -1

time 24-Stunden-Periode = 0.00 bis 24.00 Uhr 24-Stunden-Periode = 0.00 bis 24.00 Uhr

-1.5

1

1

0.5

0.5

0

0

-0.5

-0.5

Ia

11

12

Clean grids for modern buildings

Voltage fluctuations and flicker

Voltage changes, voltage fluctuations, and flicker are related to each other. Even though they often occur in parallel, these are different phenomena with clear distinctions: A voltage change U is a deviation in the r.m.s voltage value with respect to a steady-state value averaged over some period of time. This voltage deviation might or might not be periodical. The quantitative description is made using the difference between the r.m.s values of the line voltage before and after a voltage change. The voltage change U at the PCC relative to the voltage U is called relative voltage change

.

Voltage fluctuations U(t) are defined as repetitive or random variations in the magnitude with amplitudes that do not exceed 10 % of the nominal supply voltage. In a three-phase power system they can be either distributed symmetrical or asymmetrical to the three phases. Voltage fluctuations result from: I Switching on or off sequences involving large-capacity loads I Starting drives (larger loads) I Load changes in drives I Pulsed powers (multicycle controls, thermostat controls) I Arc furnaces I Welding machines I Wind turbine generator systems in parallel mains operation Voltage fluctuations may affect the operation of sensitive appliances and systems in some cases.

Except for these particular cases, the main disturbing effect of voltage fluctuations is producing changes of the illumination intensity of lighting equipment. This is commonly called flickering or flicker.

Flicker is defined as the “subjective impression of changes of the light density” or also as “Impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation induced by a light stimulus whose luminance or spectral distribution fluctuates with time”. From a technical point of view, voltage fluctuations do induce changes of the light density in lamps that may provoke a visually perceptible phenomenon, designated as flicker. From a certain limit value on, these flicker phenomena are annoying. The degree of annoyance caused by voltage fluctuations depends on the amplitude, frequency, and wave shape of the voltage fluctuations. The basic parameters to determine voltage fluctuation effects on lighting and their influence on humans are the short-term flicker severity term flicker severity

and long-

index. Voltage fluctuations caused by individual appliances (in low volt-

age lines) are admitted as long as the resulting flicker annoyance factor long-term flicker annoyance factor

average of twelve

does not exceed 1. A

values must not exceed the value of

0.65. The easiest way to assess this annoyance factor is to use the

= 1 p.u.-curve. P.u. stands for

“unit of perception” and reflects the maximum compatibility level of the interference susceptibility of the human eye regarding the perception of light fluctuations. In the interaction of all annoying effects, the value of

= 1 p.u. must not be exceeded.

Clean grids for modern buildings

13

14

Clean grids for modern buildings

Power factor and reactive power

In a three-phase system the phase voltages are displaced to each other by 120°. If the individual phases are equally loaded, the resultant current in the neutral will be zero. If the network is distorted by current harmonics, the triplen harmonics will add up in the neutral so that the current in the neutral can exceed the current of each of the individual phase currents up to factor three.

The power factor is a parameter that can be affected by network disturbances such as har­monic distortion or unbalance. It gets worse with an increasing phase shift between current and vol­­t­age, and with increasing distortion of the current. It is defined as the ratio of the active power and the apparent power values λ =

and thus serves as measure of the efficiency that a load is using

energy. In an electric power system, a load with a high power factor draws less current than a load with a low power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred and thus has a better efficiency. Since no uniform phase shift angle can be specified in case of harmonic loads, the power factor λ and the often used cosine φ must not be equated. Based on the ­formula λ=

=

cosφ1 = g1cosφ1, with

= fundamental component of the current, I= total current,

g1 = fundamental factor and cosφ1 = displacement factor, it can be shown that only in case of ­sinusoidal voltage and current (g=1), the power factor λ equals cosφ1. So the power factor λ equals the cosine of the displacement angle φ only in case of sinusoidal currents and voltages and is defined as cosφ =

= active factor. Non-linear loads are typically causing a bad power

factor.

Reactive power – The public utilities do transport energy from the power plants to the con­sumers using their supply grids. The power in an electric circuit is the rate of flow of energy past a given point of the circuit. In alternating current circuits, energy storage elements such as inductance and capacitance may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. The portion of power that, averaged over a complete cycle of the AC waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known as real power. The portion of power due to stored energy, which returns to the source in each cycle, is known as reactive power. The reactive power is necessary to generate the magnetic field of machines. However, reactive power does not transfer energy but results in costs for the work it involves and transmission losses. As a consequence of this, the reactive power demand should be kept to the minimum. Based on the source of reactive power, the following types are used:

Clean grids for modern buildings

I Displacement reactive power • Caused by displacement of the angle between current and voltage I Distortion reactive power • Caused by harmonics in current and voltage I Modulation reactive power • Caused by periodic load fluctuations I Asymmetric reactive power • Caused by one- or two-phase loads Reactive power leads to severe costs for the consumers as public power utilities are charging it.

Reactive power compensation may help to reduce these costs and does also offer the following additional advantages: I Better utilization of the grids I Relieving of transformers, lines, and supply systems 1 I Increased service�life of electrical distribution systems ���� = � �� = � ���� � �1 � ����� I Voltage stabilization � -emissions � I Reduction � � =of �CO � 2 �

� ��� = �� � � �� 1 ���� = � �� = � ���� � � 1 � 1����� � ���� � ���� == �� �� � ���� � �=� ��� �1 � ����� � � = �� �� �� � � � � �� �� = �� ��� = ���� ��� � ��� = � � � � � ��� = � � � �� ������������������� ��� = ���� = � = �� � � � � � � ��� � � = �� � � � � � � ��� ��� = ��� � �� � �� = � ���� ����� ������ �� ��� ��� = ��� � �� � �� � � ������������������� ��� = ���� = � = ������������ ����� ������ ��� = ���� � ������������������� ��� = ���� = � � ���� ����� ������ �� = �� �� ���� ����� ������ �� = �1�� � � ���� = � �� = � ���� ������������ ����� ������ ��� � �1 � ����� = ���� = � ������������ ����� ������ ��� = ���� = � � � = �� � � �

D

� ��� = � � � ��

SPQ

� = �� � � � � � � ���

��� = ��� � �� � ��

Q

D

� ������������������� ��� = ���� = �

���� ����� ������ �� =

S

� ���

φ

������������ ����� ������ ��� = ���� =

P

� �

Q P

15

16

Clean grids for modern buildings

Complex mixed loads – load profiles in building technology According to a recent study of the EU, approx. 40 % of the total produced electrical energy is used for residential or business buildings such as apartments, office buildings, hospitals, hotels, theaters, schools, or sports facilities. It is true that the individual systems and facilities are dif­ferent between the buildings, but all these infrastructures have one thing in common – from an ecological but also from the economic perspective, the efficient use of energy adjusted to the actual needs is an absolute must. Today, the protection of the resources and of the environment is as important as the technical reliability of appliances, equipment, or systems. This is made possible by the use of state-of-the-art products from the building technology sector, such as dimmers, timers, motion and presence detectors, switches, thermostats, heater controls, speed-controlled drives for HVAC-systems, pumps, fans, and motors supported by intelligent and networked area and building controls. A positive energy balance is only possible if the impacts of the used system technology are compensated to their greatest extent; meaning that products and solutions must be used that reliably and efficiently handle complex mixed loads occurring in building technology. Typical loads in building technology are: I Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) I Internal and external lighting I Communication technology (telephone, faxes, network engineering) I Elevators, escalators I Office machines (computers, screens, copy machines) I Building automation systems I Medical equipment I Audio-visual entertainment systems I Safety systems (burglary, fire, smoke, gas and water damages)

Clean grids for modern buildings

The solution concepts for energy-efficient building technology do always involve a 1.5 multitude 1.5 of products and systems. In most cases the use of single- or three-phase filters ensures the 1 1 compliance with the applicable EMC standards. Another technical solution is the use of sinusoidal fil0.5

0.5

0

0

ters to protect motors from additional stress due to PWM and to improve a system’s reliability. Two aspects that often are not sufficiently taken into account are the harmonics and the power factor since-0.5 they directly affect the consumption, costs and service life of appliances. Even-0.5 when the standards -1 for harmonics of the individual countries are complied with, the power supply -1 infrastructure is severely affected by reflected harmonics. To guarantee good energy efficiency values, -1.5 -1.5

time any operator of a building has a responsibility beyond the legal provisions and the influences of

the public utilities. A bad power factor does strongly and directly affect the energy balance. Consumers with a bad power factor do waste power and increase costs. As internationally leading company 1 in the development and production of solutions, the Schaffner Group provides 1 products and concepts ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of building technology systems.

0.5

0.5

The Group’s broad range of products and services includes EMC components, harmonic filters and 0 components as well as the development and implemen­tation of customized solutions.

0 magnetic

Schaffner’s customers may choose from specific solutions or systems in order to easily and safely -0.5

-0.5

comply with EMC standards, or from comprehensive and complex power quality concepts. Our -1 and solutions are geared to their purpose and available for most appliances -1 within products

buildings or exterior applications. Schaffner provides on-site service to customers around the time world through an efficient, global organization and makes ongoing investments in research, development, production and sales to systematically expand its position as leader on the international market.

Demand (kW)

■ Cooling ■ Lighting ■ Office equipment ■ Ventilation ■ Other

24-hour period = midnight to midnight

h (kW)

■ Kühlung ■ Beleuchtung ■ Büro-Ausstattung ■ Belüftung ■ Andere

17

18

Clean grids for modern buildings

Clean grids for modern buildings

19

20

Clean grids for modern buildings

Compensation of harmonics and of reactive power as well as load balancing in building technology Energy efficiency and reliability are the key values for modern building technology. Different concepts and approaches are necessary to optimize a building’s energy efficiency. The use of energy-efficient devices with power electronics and controlled drives is always indispensable.

Impacts on the power network caused by devices with non-linear characteristic must reliably be limited. With its sophisticated products and services, Schaffner offers various concepts to reduce harmonics, to compensate reactive power and to balance the load currents. Thus Schaffner is actively enhancing the power quality. This helps to achieve maximum energy efficiency with highest reliability for consumers and systems in building technology.

ECOsine™ and ECOsine™ Active – Perfect solutions for building technology The passive harmonic filters ECOsine™ are the ideal solution for three-phase applications with 6-pulse-front-end rectifiers, such as AC and DC motor drives. Thanks to the significant reduction of the total harmonic distortion to a THDi value below 5 %, the ECOsine™ filters do ensure the compliance with the most severe provisions arising from IEEE 519 and other international standards applying to power quality. Rectifier peak currents and r.m.s. input currents are reduced so that a pure sinusoidal current can be drawn. The reduction of the current consumption with the same input power helps to save energy and to improve the use of the capacities offered by existing electrical installations. For new installations the use of ECOsine™ filters allows to reduce the wire cross sections as well as the size of fuses and breakers required. It also ensures that more motor drives may be fed by one distribution transformer of a given size.

ECOsine™ harmonic filters are available in seven versions – four for 50-Hz-networks (FN 3410, 3411, 3416 and 3410 HV series) and three for 60-Hz-systems (FN 3412, 3413 and FN 3418 series).

They can easily be selected on the basis of the actual input power of a single non-linear consumer or a group of consumers. Thanks to their compact size they can directly be mounted in the control cabinet just beside the drives. A simple plug-and-play-concept eases their installation, wiring and commissioning without having to resort to system analyses or the help of experts.

Clean grids for modern buildings

ECOsine™ – advanced passive harmonic filters

ECOsine™ – Economy Line harmonic filters

The state-of-the-art for 6-pulserectifiers and motor drives for harmonic compensation

FN 3410, FN 3411 and FN3410HV 50 Hz and FN 3412 and FN 3413 60 Hz harmonic filters

I Increased energy-efficiency I Compliance with power quality standards (IEEE 519, IEC 61000-3-12) I Low installation costs due to a more efficient use of capacities I Exceptional performance – even under partial load conditions

I Voltage: up to 3 x 690 VAC I FN3410: up to 250 kW I FN3412: up to 250 HP I THDi <5 % I Approvals: CE, UL

“Reduced to the max” – for requirements where the <5 % THDi high performance is not needed and not economic

I Voltage: up to 3 x 500 VAC I FN 3416 up to 200 kW I FN 3418 up to 250 HP I THDi <10 % with Ldc I THDi <15 % without Ldc I Approvals: CE, UL

I Help to comply with IEEE-519, table 10–3 (TDD) and EN61000-3-12, table 3 (THD) I Support an efficient utilization of electrical system capacity I Ideal for motor drives with 6-pulse rectifier front-end I Same filter for both diode and thyristor (SCR) rectifiers

21

22

Clean grids for modern buildings

Active harmonic filters do compensate specific harmonics. Schaffner ECOsine™ active filters do compensate harmonics up to the 50th harmonic order. This means that active harmonic filters give best power quality results. Further advantages compared to passive filters are: I Economic use of the filter resources thanks to the targeted selection of individual harmonics and the configuration of limit values I Option of highly-dynamic compensation of capacitive and inductive reactive power I Reactive current compensation with configurable cosφ I Simple adaptation and/or extension to changing filtering needs (network topologies) I Integrated resonance monitoring I Load balancing between all phases (all types) I Load balancing between phase and neutral (4-wire types) I Reaction time of less than 300 μs I Compensation of the third and of all triplen harmonics up to the 50th harmonic order I No capacitive loading caused by ECOsine™ Active filters under partial load conditions I Parallel use of up to 5 filter units possible (all types)

Clean grids for modern buildings

ECOsine™ Active 30 A/60 A 3-wire

The compact and easy-to-install filter I Compact dimensions and low weight I Assembly to the wall or in a cabinet

ECOsine™ Active 30 A/60 A 4-wire

The solution for building technology I Does also compensate harmonics in the neutral I Reduced noise level – tailored to building technology

ECOsine™ Active 100 A/120 A

The standard for 3- and 4-wire applications works almost everywhere I Slightly larger and heavier than the 30/60 A versions I More power and central connection to the consumers

ECOsine™ Active 200 A/250 A/300 A

The industrial version as cabinet unit I Cabinet unit with forced air cooling as well as internal liquid cooling for the included power electronics with integrated water/air heat exchanger I Hi-tech in a compact package

FN 3420-50-200-3 FN 3420-30-480-3 and FN 3420-50-480-3 I 200 VAC–480 VAC I 30 A or 50 A I Harmonics up to the 50th harmonic order I Compensation of reactive power

FN 3420-30-200-4 and FN 3420-60-200-4 FN 3420-30-400-4 and FN 3430-60-400-4 I 200 VAC–415 VAC I 30 A or 60 A I Harmonics up to the 50th harmonic order I Compensation of reactive power

FN 3420-100-200-3 (100 A) FN 3420-100-480-3 and FN 3420-120-480-3 FN 3430-100-400-4 and FN 3430-120-400-4 I 200/380 VAC–415/480 VAC I 100 A or 120 A I Harmonics up to the 50th harmonic order I Compensation of reactive power

FN 3420-200-480-3, FN 3420-250-480-3, FN 3420-300-480-3 and FN 3430-200-400-4, FN 3430-250-400-4, FN 3430-300-400-4 I 380 VAC–480 VAC I 200 A, 250 A or 300 A I Harmonics up to the 50th harmonic order I Compensation of reactive power I Degree of protection: IP 54

23

24

Clean grids for modern buildings

Further building technology solutions and products from Schaffner The high technical level and complexity of the electro-technical equipment of buildings and their infrastructures have strongly increased in the past years. This, in turn, leads inevitably to a multitude of electrical and electronic systems. Networking of these systems and components may also lead to larger (economic) damages, even in case of minor technical issues. Since electro-magnetic effects are propagated to both directions, the components within a building do interfere with each other; so that appliances do not only disturb but are also disturbed. Targeted solutions and measures must ensure that sensitive systems do not interfere with each other.

Consequently, all appliances and units used in building technology must be controlled and ­secured in terms of their potential toprevent otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s corsect operation as well as their resistivity to harmful influences from adjacent appliances. Schaffner provides reliable and efficient products and solutions for EMC:

Clean grids for modern buildings

EMC single-phase and 2-wire filters

Small to medium-sized single-phase components for building technology:

FN 2410 and FN 2412 single-phase and 2-wire EMC filters

Excellent filter performance for applications with strong disturbance levels, such as:

I Voltage: 1 x 250 VAC or 2 x 520 VAC (H-versions) I FN 2410: 8–100 A I FN 2412: 8–45 A I Approvals: ENEC, UL, CSA

I Frequency converters I Step motor drives I UPS equipment I Inverters I High-end, single phase power supplies

EMC three-phase filter

Drives and systems in building technology

FN 3258 and FN 3270 three-phase EMC filters

Excellent filter performance in a very compact package for:

I Voltage: 3 x 520 VAC I FN 3258: 7–180A I FN 3270: 10–1,000A I Approvals: ENEC, UL, CSA

I HVAC applications I Elevators I Servomotors

EMC three-phase and neutral filter

Three-phase and neutral filter applications for building technology

FN 3256 and FN 3280 compact 4-wire EMC filters

Excellent mitigation performance with low leakage currents in compact size for:

I Voltage: 3 x 520 VAC I FN 3256: 8–160 A I FN 3280: 8–600 A I Approvals: ENEC, UL, CSA

I 4-wire applications I Power supply units I IT systems I UPS

LC sine wave filter

Motor protection and enhanced system reliability in building technology Reduction of voltage peaks and smoothing of the output signal for: I Frequency converters I Pumps I Ventilators I Compressors I Lift motors

FN 5040 and FN 5045 LC sine wave filters I Voltage: 3 x 520 VAC I 1.1 up to 630 kW I motor cable length of up to 2000 m possible I Approvals: UL

25

26

Clean grids for modern buildings

Global presence, 50 years of experience and unparalleled customer proximity The Schaffner Group is the international leader in the development and production ofsolutions which ensure the efficient and reliable operation of electronic systems. The Groupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s broad range of products and services includes EMC components, harmonic filters and magnetic components as well as the development and implementation of customized solutions. And since products and services of highest quality do always depend on corresponding services, Schaffner supports OEM customers, equipment manufacturers and system integrators in the development of systems that meet the demand for efficient use of electricity. With an international network of sales, application and production centers, research and development teams and efficient logistics, Schaffner provides on-site service to regional and global customers around the world.

Company headquarter Sales and application centres Development and production centres

Clean grids for modern buildings

Schaffner – energy efficiency and reliability. You can put your trust in our solutions and products for efficient and reliable building technology and thus benefit from competent and comprehensive assistance and the excellent Schaffner services. Contact us right now. We are happy to assist you taking your challenges in modern building technology. For more information on all Schaffner sites, sales partners and their contacts or on all our products, please visit us under www.schaffner.com. We are looking forward to meeting you.

References: 1. VEÖ, VSE, AES: Kompendium Technische Regeln zur Beurteilung von Netzrückwirkungen, 2. Ausgabe 2007 2. Harmonic Limits IEEE Std. 519-1992, www.IEEE.org 3. IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, www.IEEE.org 4. Application guide to the European Standard EN 50160 on “voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems”, eurelectric, 1995 5. Technische und organisatorische Regeln für Betreiber und Benutzer von Netzen, Teil D, Hauptabschnitt D2, Version 2.2, 2006

27

Headquarters, global innovation and development center Schaffner Group Nordstrasse 11 4542 Luterbach Switzerland T +41 32 681 66 26 F +41 32 681 66 30 info@schaffner.com www.schaffner.com

Sales and application centers

China Schaffner EMC Ltd. Shanghai T20-3, No 565 Chuangye Road Pudong New Area Shanghai 201201 T +86 21 3813 9500 F +86 21 3813 9501 / 02 cschina@schaffner.com www.schaffner.com

Spain Schaffner EMC España Calle Caléndula 93 Miniparc III, Edificio E El Soto de la Moraleja Alcobendas 28109 Madrid T +34 618 176 133 spainsales@schaffner.com

Finland Schaffner Oy Sauvonrinne 19 H 08500 Lohja T +358 19 35 72 71 F +358 19 32 66 10 finlandsales@schaffner.com

Sweden Schaffner EMC AB Turebergstorg 1, 6 19147 Sollentuna T +46 8 5792 1121 / 22 F +46 8 92 96 90 swedensales@schaffner.com

France Schaffner EMC S.A.S. 112, Quai de Bezons 95103 Argenteuil T +33 1 34 34 30 60 F +33 1 39 47 02 28 francesales@schaffner.com

Switzerland Schaffner EMV AG Nordstrasse 11 4542 Luterbach T +41 32 681 66 26 F +41 32 681 66 41 sales@schaffner.ch

Germany Schaffner Deutschland GmbH Schoemperlenstrasse 12B 76185 Karlsruhe T +49 721 56910 F +49 721 569110 germanysales@schaffner.com

Taiwan Schaffner EMV Ltd. 6th Floor, No 413 Rui Guang Road Neihu District Taipei City 114 T +886 2 87525050 F +886 2 87518086 taiwansales@schaffner.com

Italy Schaffner EMC S.r.l.

Via Galileo Galilei, 47 20092 Cinisello Balsamo (MI) T +39 02 66 04 30 45/47 F +39 02 61 23 943 italysales@schaffner.com Japan Schaffner EMC K.K. Mitsui-Seimei Sangenjaya Bldg. 7F 1-32-12, Kamiuma, Setagaya-ku Tokyo 154-0011 T +81 3 5712 3650 F +81 3 5712 3651 japansales@schaffner.com www.schaffner.jp

To find your local partner within Schaffner‘s global network, please go to www.schaffner.com © 2012 Schaffner Group Specifications are subject to change within notice. The latest version of the data sheets can be obtained from the website. All trademarks recognized.

10/2012 EN

Schaffner is an ISO-registered company.

Its products are designed and manufactured under the strict quality and environnmental requirements of the ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 standards.

This document has been carefully checked. However, Schaffner does not assume any liability for errors or inaccuracies.

Singapore Schaffner EMC Pte Ltd. Blk 3015A Ubi Road 1 05-09 Kampong Ubi Industrial Estate T +65 6377 3283 F +65 6377 3281 singaporesales@schaffner.com

Thailand Schaffner EMC Co. Ltd. Northern Region Industrial Estate 67 Moo 4 Tambon Ban Klang Amphur Muang P.O. Box 14 Lamphun 51000 T +66 53 58 11 04 F +66 53 58 10 19 thailandsales@schaffner.com UK Schaffner Ltd. 5 Ashville Way Molly Millars Lane Wokingham Berkshire RG41 2PL T +44 118 9770070 F +44 118 9792969 uksales@schaffner.com www.schaffner.uk.com USA Schaffner EMC Inc. 52 Mayfield Avenue Edison, New Jersey 08837 T +1 732 225 9533 F +1 732 225 4789 usasales@schaffner.com www.schaffner.com/us