Epsom College Medical Review Society Issue 2 (September 2021) ECIM

BRINGING INNOVATION TO LIGHT

Medical REVIEW JOURNAL Issue 2- September 2021

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JOURNALS FEATURED from the members

UPDATE on what's been going on in the society

Contents INTRODUCTION Editor's Note Comittee Hierachy

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JOURNALS

Asperger’s Syndrome

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Why Is Sleep So Important?

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Diabetes Mellitus

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Steroids

13

Horse Riding Helps Patient The Dangers of Sitting

Introduction & History of HIV 14

UPDATES First Peer Discussion Life as a Medic Student Webinar

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1st Published Journal

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Second Peer Disucssion

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Editor's Note Welcome to the 2nd Issue, September 2021 Journal from the Medical Review Society Warm welcome to everyone reading! For this journal, I am helped by the secretary of the society which is Bernie. It is always an honour to contribute to the society and in this journal, we decided to inform to you readers what the members inside the society have got from researching various topics whilst also giving you our members testaments from the events which we had before the summer holidays. So sit back, relax, and have a good time reading it.

Hello everyone!

I decided to make use some of my design cells by contributing for the 2nd issue. Ben and I hope you will enjoy reading our second issue!

Benjamin Lim and BernieTan

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Medical REVIEW JOURNAL

Committee Hierarchy President & Founder Ong Paul Sherng Secretary Team

Vice President

Bernie Tan Wai Ling (Chief) Sonya Lim

Muhammad Wafi Badrul Hisham

Journal Department

Event & Program Coordination Team

Advertising & Public Relation Department

Journal Editors

Chief of Graphic Designing

Kim do hyun Ashley Lim Xin Ling Goh Narita Sora Shanker Darshinie

Benjamin Lim An Yi

Core Action Leader Hirotsugu Takami

Chief of Public Relations Tan Yee Lim

Core Action Members

Deputy Chief Aloysious Ng Kar Foon

Tiffany Cheah Wong Zi Ming

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Members Cadence Ong Jing Han Carmin Ooi

HORSE RIDING HELPS PATIENTS Dolphins Cats Dogs Elephant

isted s s A e n i Equ (EAT) Therapy

pu py rpo

ls used a m

h t e ra n i

rapy e h T n a i Equestr

Horse Therapy

A ses ni

According to Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship International...

881

66,000

therapeutic riding centres

benefited each year

During equine therapy ... horse-riding

feeding

complete certain tasks given by their instructors

At the end of the session, they will have a discussion on the process and challenges during activities

DownS

b e h a vioral iss u es

social skills

juries in in bra

Author: Bernie Tan

Anxiety

a sense of accomplishment spasticity

Autism Mental health Depres si

on

better quality of life

yndro

sy al P l ra

me

self-esteem trust with one another

build up confidence

Ce re b

Equine therapy's effects ...

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The Dangers of sitting The World Health Organization (WHO) ranks that spending too many hours sitting as one of the top 10 causes of death. American Cancer Society found that women who sat for more than 6 hours a day had 37% higher risk of dying from a variety of diseases compared to those who sat for less than 3 hours a day. Men had a higher risk up to 55%.

Fun fact: Humans are built to stand upright !

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With recent technologies. we tend to sit more than we have to. This weakens our heart and cardiovascular system easily. Besides, sitting for long periods can lead to weaken muscles in the thigh and legs.

These large muscles are important for walking and maintaining our stability. Hence, when our muscles are weak, we are more prone to injure ourself from falls, or from strains when we do exercise.

Inactive/Sedentary lifestyle can lead to

Cardiovascular Obesity disease

Metabolic syndrome

Diabetes Deep-vein thrombosis

Tips to reduce sedentary behaviour

Set a timer to remind yourself to get up and move around often Listen to recorded books or podcasts while you walk or stretch your body muscles Walk around when you’re on the phone or stand up while you read emails or report

Author: Wong Zi Ming

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Asperger’s Syndrome

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Background Asperger’s syndrome, also known as Asperger’s, is a neurodevelopmental disorder. It is an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but it differs from other ASDs by relatively unimpaired language and intelligence. This syndrome is named after the Australian pediatrician, Hans Asperger. In 2015, this syndrome was estimated to affect 37.2 million people globally. ASD is diagnosed in males more often than females, and females are typically diagnosed at a later age.

Symtoms Problems with social interaction (a lack of demonstrated empathy) Non-verbal communication Restricted interests Repetitive behaviour

Treatment There are no treatment and the efficacy of certain interventions is supported by limited data. The treatments provided usually aim to lower obsessive or repetitive behaviours and improve communication skills and physical clumsiness. The interventions may include: Social skills training Cognitive behavioural therapy Physical therapy Speech therapy Parent training Medications (for e.g. anxiety)

Cause

No exact cause is known !

While it is largely inherited, the underlying genetics have not been determined conclusively. Environmental factors also play a big part. Brain imaging has not identified a common underlying condition.

Differences The difference between Autism and Asperger’s?

Asperger's has no language delays Asperger’s has less severe symptoms

Author: Tiffany Cheah

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IMPORTANCE OF SLEEP 10 10

Sleep Can Boost Your Immune System.

When your body gets the sleep it needs, your immune cells and proteins get the rest they need to fight off whatever bad pathogens that come in their way — like colds or flu.

According to well-rested sleep specialists at the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, proper sleep can also make vaccines more effective, which is obviously a huge plus for all human beings, especially since there are more and more people getting their Covid-19 vaccination recently.

Better Sleep = Better Mood Sleeping early could lead to a positive and cheerful side of you!

Lack of Sleep Can Be Dangerous Sleep deprivation also heightens the risk of heart attacks. Scientific research proved that people sleeping less than six hours per night had a 20% higher chance of a heart attack.

University of Pennsylvania researchers found that subjects who were limited to only 4.5 hours of sleep a night for one week reported feeling more stressed, angry, sad, and mentally exhausted. When the subjects resumed normal sleep, they reported a dramatic improvement in mood.

Productivity can be increased with

better sleep

Putting off a good night’s rest could have an adverse effect in school or office. The truth is, sleep has been linked to improve concentration and higher cognitive function, both of which can help you perform well in your classroom or workplace. However, only with one restless night. You can start feeling drained, leading to higher possibility of making mistakes that coffee won’t be able to fix.

Sleep Improves Memory

Although sleeping gives your body the rest it needs, your mind may still be hard at work.

This occurs cause your brain processes and consolidates the day time activities you did.

If you don’t get enough sleep, who knows where those memories will go.

Or even worse, create false memories too!

We hope this is enough to convince you to sleep for at least seven to eight hours a night so your mind and body can fully reap all the benefits.

Personalise a habitual night-time routine to give yourself more space to unwind, listen to some calming music or maybe try meditating. Lastly, stop scrolling on those social media platforms, those alerts will all be there in the next morning you wake up.

Author: Yee Lim

IMPORTANCE OF SLEEP

According to a study from the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, you’re twice as likely to get in a car accident when you’re cruising on six to seven hours of sleep compared to if you get a full eight hours. Sleeping less than five hours and your chances of a crash quadruple! That’s because your reaction time slows down when your brain isn’t fully rested.

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DIABETES MELLITUS "A chronic, metabolic disease characterised by upraised levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar)"

Diabetes Mellitus causes effect to ...

heart

eyes

kidneys

Type 1

Type 2

Its also known as juvenile

Also called non-insulindependent diabetes. It is claimed to be more common than type 1 diabetes and usually diagnosed in adults.

This occurs when the one's body does not make enough insulin or simply becomes insulin resistant.

diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin by itself.

nerves

Gestational Its a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy.

The blood glucose level of a pregnant woman with gestational diabetes usually returns to normal soon after giving birth. However, she will have a higher risk of getting type 2 diabetes in future.

IS DIABETES MELLITUS CURABLE ?

Unfortunately, diabetes is incurable. Type 1 diabetes patients would have to take insulin injections or use insulin pumps to supply an adequate amount of insulin into the body for daily use.

For type 2 diabetes, it can be managed or reversed by controlling diet and doing regular exercises. For some people, they might be able to maintain their blood glucose level at a normal range by practising diabetes-healthy lifestyle. However, some of them will

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need to take medications or insulin injections.

Author: Ong Jing Han

vessel

STEROIDS What is it?

Steroids, called corticosteroids, are manmade versions of hormones which are normally made by the adrenal glands in the body. They are anti-inflammatory medicines used to treat a range of conditions.

Side effects Increased appetite Mood changes Difficulty sleeping Folliculitis Rosacea (causes the face to become red and flushed

Usage purpose Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Hay fever Hives and eczema Painful joints or muscles – such as arthritis, tennis elbow and frozen shoulder Pain caused by an irritated or trapped nerve – such as sciatica Inflammatory bowel disease – such as Crohn's disease Lupus Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Examples - Tablets - Syrups/liquids - Inhalers - Nasal sprays - Injections (given into joints, muscles or blood vessels) - Creams - Lotions - Gels.

How it works?

Steroids reduce redness and swelling (inflammation). This can help with inflammatory conditions such as asthma and eczema. Steroids also reduce the activity of the immune system, which is the body's natural defence against illness and infection.

Author: Narita Sora

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Introduction and

Human Immunodeficiency Virus also known as HIV is an epidemic that bombarded and shocked the entire world in the 20th century.

It will lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) which brings the high fatality rates to

Believed it originated from the west central of Africa and proof showed that similar virus was found in the Chimpanzee and Gorillas which is 'Simian Immunodeficiency Virus' (SIV).

SIV is able to be transmitted to humans through a process name 'zoonosis'. (infectious disease caused by a pathog such as a bacterium or virus parasite.en

humans. 39 million people have lost their lives in this global pandemic.

Usually th human andeythjump from an animal community ra e virus spreads throuto the body of a pidly. gh the whole

The SIV is a weak virus, but when it is transmitted to humans, SIV has mutated and evoluted to form HIV. There are two types of, HIV-1 and HIV-2

and difference in the viral based on the genetic characteristics antigens.HIV-1 started to emerge and originated in southern Cameroon via the evolution of SIVcpz, which is a simian immunodeficiency virus(SIV). This virus has infected the wild chimpanzees. On the other hand, HIV-2 possesses the closest relative is SIVsmm, a virus of the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys atys), an Old World monkey living in littoral West Africa which is from southern Senegal to western Cote d'ivoire.(Kagaayi & Serwadda, 2016)

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Its Dis

History of HIV

genus - 'Lentivirus' family - 'Retroviridae' subfamily 'Orthoretrovirinae'

First identified cases of HIV were discovered in the United States in 1981. The cluster was found from a group of gay people and drug injection abusers.

It was first named as 'gayrelated immune deficiency' (GRID)

by CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

scovery?!

e virus was h t t a h t d e r discove to the gay d e t la o is T NO re and therefo AIDS y it n u m m o c us, the term ncy h T . g in d a le mis munodeficie (Acquired Im introduced in July as Syndrome) warted using the mane t 1982. CDC s September 1982.

AIDS in

Structure

consists of two identical single-stranded RNA molecules which are enclosed inside the core of the virus particle. two flanked sides at the DNA playis an essential role for the transcription of viral genes purposes. There is also a capsid which is the outer protein layer protecting the genome core

Author: Ng Kar Foon

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Share your research Bringing Discovery to Light : Demonstrate Passion in Science & Medicine Unlock Unrealised Skills & Values Future Collaboration

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Medical REVIEW JOURNAL

story

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Should Animals be used in the Laboratory for Biological Experiments?

1st May " It's with great honour to conduct the Medical Review Society's 1st Peer Discussion on Animal Laboratory

Experiments.

All

members

were

actively participating in the debate of ethical concerns, and necessity of implementing animal testing. The discussion on whether the use of animals should be a mandatory part of modern progressive science was what challenged all members to analyse, express their thoughts and also think out of the box. organise

more

Peer

We anticipate to

Discussions

in

the

new

academic year to improve communication skills progressively. "

Ong Paul Sherng.

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Life as a Medic Student at Cambridge University

10th May " The webinar was really informative and I had learnt a lot from Dylan Birk (Middle on top row). In the beginning, he guided us on how to choose a university. research

Financial background along with on

the

entry

requirement

course

modules offered are important considerations.

From his sharing, I got to know that medical schools in the United Kingdom will always ask the interviewee about the NHS system. So, those who really want to study Medicine in the UK should get themselves prepared on the questions about the system. The webinar was very informative and I learnt a lot. I am sure that the other participants enjoyed themselves and benefited from the talk. "

Ong Jing Han.

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1st Journal Publication

1st June " The first journal done by the Medical Review Society in ECiM has done a great job by doing research, gathering information and presenting all the interesting topics related to medical knowledge in the journal. Besides that, the colourful designs & pictures make our reading more effective especially those who are visual learners.

Moreover, the journal included

some fascinating topics such as 'Microbiome' & 'Parkinson’s disease can enrich your knowledge. Plus, it would not be too difficult to understand the contents. I would recommend this journal to everyone as sharing will enhance everyone with more knowledge. "

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Wong Zi Ming.

Abortion

26th June " The second and last student peer discussion of the term was about 'abortion'. We discussed and shared ideas regarding the common questions relating to the

ethical

concerns

of

abortion.

I

had

the

opportunity to experience something out of my comfort zone as it was my first time doing something like this. I was quite nervous before the start of the peer discussion. I would definitely do something like this for me as it helps me with a variety of important skills such as the ability to communicate, conduct research, staying confident and being able to lead. "

Wafi Badrul Hisham.

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Medical REVIEW JOURNAL

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