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1. Which level of analysis describes the identity argument that since the Cold War, the ideas of democracy have won out over the ideas of communism?
a. The individual level of analysis
b. The domestic level of analysis
c. The systemic structural level of analysis
d. The systemic process level of analysis
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 305
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Analysis
2. What type of actor might the identity perspective focus on as primary in international struggles for power?
a. States
b. Institutions
c. Ethnic groups
d. Civilizations
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 305
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
3. Civilization—the highest unit of culture—is primarily based on which of the following?
a. Religion
b. Physical territory
c. Political ideology
d. Ethnicity
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 305
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
4. Which level of analysis describes the identity argument that multiculturalism and civic identities that embrace tolerance and diversity are contributing to the emergence of a global civilization?
a. The individual level of analysis
b. The domestic level of analysis
c. The systemic structural level of analysis
d. The systemic process level of analysis
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 305
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Analysis
5. The idea of democracy revolves around all of the following features EXCEPT this one:
a. Opposing political parties rotate peacefully in power through free and fair elections.
b. All institutions in the government are subject to the control of elected officials.
c. The military is not subject to civilian control.
d. Individuals have fundamental protections of their civil rights.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: pp. 306–307
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Analysis
6. What does the “end of history” refer to?
a. Conflict will no longer occur.
b. Religion and ethnicity are no longer important in international relations.
c. The spread of democracy brought an end to the violent struggle among nations for equal recognition.
d. The state is no longer the primary actor in international relations.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 307
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
7. Francis Fukuyama drew heavily from which political theorist’s nonmaterial account of history?
a. Immanuel Kant
b. Georg W. F. Hegel
c. Karl Marx
d. Friedrich Nietzsche
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 307
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Knowledge
8. According to Francis Fukuyama, democracy ended the struggle for recognition because . . .
a. It emphasized religion as the ultimate source of identity
b. It was based on universal and equal recognition of all humans and states
c. It was based on a few strong states
d. It highlighted personal freedoms as the ultimate driver of history
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 308
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
9. Which of the following statements would a scholar of the identity perspective most likely agree with?
a. Institutions shape ideas.
b. Power shapes ideas.
c. Ideas shape institutions.
d. Wealth shapes ideas.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 306
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Analysis
10. What was the mission of U.S. President George W. Bush’s Greater Middle East Democracy Initiative?
a. To force political regimes in the Arab and Muslim worlds to adopt democracy
b. To encourage the expansion of democracy and political rights and participation in the Arab and Muslim worlds
c. To enforce a democratic realism in the Arab and Muslim worlds
d. To set up democratic institutions in Afghanistan and Iraq following the wars
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 311
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
11. In contrast to U.S. President George W. Bush, what idea did U.S. President BarackObama emphasize as key to developing mutual understanding among states?
a. American exceptionalism
b. Political rights
c. Democracy
d. Human rights
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 312
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Knowledge
12. Which perspective would most likely emphasize authoritarian statecraft, or the patterns and institutions by which authoritarian regimes manage their politics, as the principal obstacle to democracy?
a. The realist perspective
b. The liberal perspective
c. The identity perspective
d. The critical theory perspective
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 314
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Analysis
13. Which level of analysis describes the identity argument that democracy in the Arab world has been influenced by the interactions among moderates and radicals in countries affected by the Arab Spring?
a. The individual level of analysis
b. The domestic level of analysis
c. The systemic structural level of analysis
d. The systemic process level of analysis
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 319
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Analysis
14. Which of the following explanations contends that past and future global conflicts take place along the fault lines between nine major world civilizations?
a. The End of History
b. The Coming Anarchy
c. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics
d. The Clash of Civilizations
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 319
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
15. Samuel Huntington warned against the possibility of cooperation between which two civilizations against the United States?
a. African and Islamic
b. Orthodox and Confucian (or Sinic)
c. Orthodox and Islamic
d. Confucian (or Sinic) and Islamic
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 320
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
16. Which perspective best describes Samuel Huntington’s argument about the clash of civilizations, which suggests that despite the makeup of states and identities, anarchy will persist and drive power competition?
a. The realist perspective
b. The liberal perspective
c. The identity perspective
d. The critical theory perspective
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 320
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Analysis
17. Which of the following would Fareed Zakaria classify as an illiberal democracy?
a. A state that holds elections but has neither an active civil society nor independent courts to
ensure real competitive political processes
b. A state that has democratic institutions, but they are based on traditional, native, or non-Western sources
c. A state that has democratic institutions but is not allies with the United States or Western European states
d. A state that has democratic institutions but is located in the developing world
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 322
OBJ: 7-2 COG: Comprehension
18. Which of the following is NOT one of the five pillars of Islam?
a. Prayer
b. Jihad
c. Pilgrimage
d. Alms
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 323
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Knowledge
19. Which perspective would most likely emphasize Western imperialism as the reason why the Islamic world faded in the fifteenth century and Christian Europe rose?
a. The realist perspective
b. The liberal perspective
c. The identity perspective
d. The critical theory perspective
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 323
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Analysis
20. Which of the following represents a rigid and puritanical form of Islam originating in the eighteenth century?
a. Salafism
b. Wahhabism
c. Sufism
d. Quranism
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 324
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
21. Which of the following, an Egyptian writer and former government official who studied in the United States, is considered the “prophet of contemporary Islamic fundamentalism”?
a. Osama bin Laden
b. Sayyid Qutb
c. Ayman al-Zawahiri
d. Omar Rahman
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 324
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Knowledge
22. The militant group Moro National Liberation Front operates in which country?
a. Nigeria
b. Somalia
c. Saudi Arabia
d. The Philippines
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 325
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Knowledge
23. Which level of analysis describes the identity argument that the Muslim Brotherhood exerts influence on international outcomes by expanding Islam abroad and ending military rule at home?
a. The individual level of analysis
b. The domestic level of analysis
c. The foreign policy level of analysis
d. The systemic level of analysis
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 328
OBJ: 7-2 COG: Analysis
24. Citizenship involves what type of identity?
a. Religious
b. Civic
c. Ethnic
d. Linguistic
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 329
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
25. Which of the following norms is centered on a state’s freedom from interference in internal affairs by other states?
a. Collective security
b. Territorial integrity
c. The responsibility to protect
d. Sovereignty
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 333
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Comprehension
26. The transition from norms of state sovereignty to norms of human rights reflects which of the following trends?
a. A shift from the rights of states to the rights of individuals
b. A shift from the rights of individuals to the rights of states
c. A shift from the rights of states to the rights of multinational corporations
d. A shift from the rights of states to the rights of nongovernmental organizations
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 333
OBJ: 7-2 COG: Comprehension
27. Which of the following documents, approved by the UN in 1948, prescribes the obligations of states to individuals, rather than of individuals to states?
a. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
b. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
c. The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
d. The Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 334
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
28. Which institution was the traditional center of UN diplomacy on human rights until it was replaced by the UN Human Rights Council?
a. The UN Economic and Social Council
b. The UN Universal Human Rights Council
c. The UN Convention on Human Rights
d. The UN Human Rights Commission
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 335
OBJ: 7-2 COG: Comprehension
29. Which organization was founded in 1949 to promote human rights in Europe?
a. The European Court of Human Rights
b. The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
c. The Council of Europe
d. The European Union
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 339
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Comprehension
30. Which of the following is an innovation of the European Court of Human Rights?
a. It specifically protects women and children.
b. It only allows governments to petition the court.
c. It allows private parties as well as governments to petition the court.
d. It does not hear cases from its member states or their citizens.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 339
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Comprehension
31. Latin America’s human rights regime is centered in the ________.
a. Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights
b. Organization of American States
c. Inter-American Commission
d. Institute of Latin American States
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 342
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Knowledge
32. Which level of analysis describes the identity argument that Russia resists international human rights interventions for fear of implications for domestic separatist movements?
a. The individual level of analysis
b. The domestic level of analysis
c. The foreign policy level of analysis
d. The systemic level of analysis
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 343
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Analysis
33. The Community of Democracies is an institution that aims to strengthen civil societies and encourage cooperation among democratic countries in the UN and other organizations at which two levels of analysis?
a. The individual level of analysis
b. The domestic level of analysis
c. The systemic structural level of analysis
d. The systemic process level of analysis
ANS: B, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 310
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Analysis
34. Accordingto the identityperspective, what arethe primarysources of terrorism? (Choose allthat apply.)
a. Poverty and disease
b. Unemployment
c. Oppressive regimes
d. Denial of political opportunity
ANS: C, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 311
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
35. As of 2015, which of the following Muslim-majority countries are the only two countries currently living under “free” regimes?
a. Tunisia
b. Mali
c. Egypt
d. Senegal
ANS: A, D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 314
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Knowledge
36. Which of the following are true of Sunni Muslims? (Choose all that apply.)
a. They identify with a renegade group from the seventh century that advocated divine succession.
b. They represent the majority of Muslims.
c. They identify with the caliphs, or the elected successors of Muhammad.
d. They represent a minority sect of Muslims.
ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 323
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
37. Where is the historical center of Sunni Islam, located in the territories once ruled by the Ummayad and Abbasid dynasties? (Choose all that apply.)
a. Iran
b. Iraq
c. Syria
d. Turkey
ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 323
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Knowledge
38. The concept of nationhood relies on which of the following? (Choose all that apply.)
a. The ability of the state to consolidate ethnic and religious identities
b. The ability of the state to protect its borders
c. The ability of the state to command the loyalty of its citizens
d. The ability of the state to force groups to coexist
ANS: B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 329
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Comprehension
39. Which of the following rights are included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? (Choose all that apply.)
a. Political participation and civic freedom
b. Entitlements to adequate food, clothing, shelter, and health care
c. Freedom from fear of bodily harm
d. Freedom of women and children
ANS: A, B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 334
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
40. Which of the following states abstained from voting on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? (Choose all that apply.)
a. The Soviet Union
b. South Africa
c. Saudi Arabia
d. The United States
ANS: A, B, C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 334
OBJ: 7-2 COG: Knowledge
41. The Council of Europe has passed other human rights conventions, including which of the following? (Choose all that apply.)
a. The European Social Charter
b. The European Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man
c. The European Convention on the Rights of Women
d. The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
ANS: A, D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: pp. 340–341
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Comprehension
42. Which of the following organizations created human rights regimes in the Islamic world? (Choose all that apply.)
a. The Arab League
b. The Arab Union
c. The Muslim Brotherhood
d. The Organization of the Islamic Conference
ANS: A, D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 344
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Knowledge
TRUE/FALSE
43. Some identity perspectives emphasize common human rights, rather than democratization, as a means of promoting peace.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 312
OBJ: 7-2 COG: Comprehension
44. One of the risks of promoting democracy is that it may create the opportunity for radicals to win elections and then consolidate power, such as in Egypt and Pakistan.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 312
OBJ: 7-2 COG: Comprehension
45. Since 2005, authoritarianism has declined while democracy has increased, especially in Russia and China.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 316
OBJ: 7-2 COG: Comprehension
46. Most Muslims are Shiite, identifying with a seventh-century group that advocated divine, rather than elective, succession.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 323
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
47. The Muslim Brotherhood advocates a return to the Koran and sharia as the basis of a proper Muslim society.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 324
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Comprehension
48. According to the identity perspective, when identities diverge and conflict, anarchy tends to create a struggle for resources and survival.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 328
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
49. Civic identity refers to the identity constructed when people are willing to submit to the laws of a common government.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 329
OBJ: 7-1 COG: Comprehension
50. Legitimate authority to make and enforce the law is a key determinant of civic identities.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 329
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Comprehension
51. Afghanistan and Pakistan are sometimes referred to as AfPak in recognition of the commonalities in their struggle with al-Qaeda and the Taliban.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 332
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Knowledge
52. Although Iraq is ethnically and religiously homogenous, Afghanistan is not.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 331
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Knowledge
53. The concept of sovereignty historically guaranteed the rights of states, not the rights of individuals or universal human rights.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 333
OBJ: 7-2 COG: Comprehension
54. States agree on which social, economic, and political rights of individuals are basic or fundamental.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 334
OBJ: 7-2 COG: Comprehension
55. The American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man, dating from 1948, is the world’s first human rights instrument of a general nature.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 342
OBJ: 7-3 COG: Knowledge
56. For over four hundred years, the norm of ________ has identified states as the primary actors in international relations.
ANS: sovereignty
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 333 OBJ: 7-2
COG: Comprehension
57. Francis Fukuyama argued that ________, unlike communism and fascism, supplied a sense of equal recognition among individuals and groups that ended the historical quest for domination.
ANS: democracy
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 307 OBJ: 7-1
COG: Comprehension
58. A basic feature of democracy is that opposing political parties rotate peacefully into and out of power through ________ elections.
ANS: free and fair
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 322 OBJ: 7-1
COG: Comprehension
59. Samuel Huntington listed nine major world ________ (including Western, Orthodox, Confucian or Sinic, and Islamic) that were the most basic divisions of human culture.
ANS: civilizations
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: pp. 319–320 OBJ: 7-1
COG: Comprehension
60. The Arab Spring highlighted the new role of ________ in domestic and international politics.
ANS: social media
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 316 OBJ: 7-1
COG: Comprehension
61. ________ Muslims represent the majority branch of Islam, while ________ Muslims represent a minority sect.
ANS: Sunni; Shia or Shiite
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 323 OBJ: 7-1
COG: Comprehension
62. ________ is a term that refers to war waged for holy or religious reasons.
ANS: Jihad
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 323 OBJ: 7-1
COG: Comprehension
63. Ayaan Hirsi Ali draws a distinction between ________ Muslims, who are fanatics about religion, and ________ Muslims, who wrestle with maintaining their religious commitments in a modernizing society that challenges their traditions.
ANS: Medina; Mecca
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 326 OBJ: 7-2
COG: Comprehension
64. ________ describes a status acquired by states strong enough to protect their borders and command the loyalty of their citizens.
ANS: Nationhood
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 329 OBJ: 7-1
COG: Comprehension
65. A ________ is constructed when people are willing to submit to the laws of a common government rather than those of separate ethnic or religious groups.
ANS: civic identity
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 329 OBJ: 7-1
COG: Comprehension
66. In 1968, Iraq fell under the rule of the ________, an Arab Sunni group that advocated secular nationalism.
ANS: Baath Party
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 331 OBJ: 7-3
COG: Knowledge
67. The process through which ethnic groups evolve toward nationhood is better known as ________.
ANS: nation building
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 329 OBJ: 7-3
COG: Comprehension
68. ________ arethose rights inherent in all human beingsthat are often expressed andguaranteed bylaw in the forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles, and other sources of international law.
ANS: Universal human rights
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 334 OBJ: 7-1
COG: Comprehension
69. The ________ is a 1979 UN convention that broadly prohibits all discrimination against women.
ANS: UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 337 OBJ: 7-1
COG: Comprehension
70. The ________ was adopted by the Council of Europe in 1950 to protect citizens’ rights to due process and political participation.
ANS: European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 339 OBJ: 7-3
COG: Comprehension
71. The ________ is an international human rights instrument adopted by the nations of the Americas in 1969.
ANS: Inter-American Convention on Human Rights
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 342 OBJ: 7-3
COG: Comprehension
72. The ________ is the first human rights commission to be established in Asia in 2009.
ANS: ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: p. 342 OBJ: 7-3
COG: Comprehension
SHORT ANSWER
73. What are the three basic features of democracy?
ANS:
Varies. There are three basic features of democracy: (1) opposing political parties rotate peacefully into and out of power through free and fair elections; (2) all institutions in the government, including the military, are subject to the control of elected officials; and (3) individuals have fundamental protections of their civil rights.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: pp. 306–307 OBJ: 7-1
COG: Comprehension
74. What did Samuel Huntington mean by the clash of civilizations? Does his argument come from the realist, liberal, or identity perspective, and why?
ANS:
Varies. The clash of civilizations is a thesis advanced by Samuel Huntington that past and future global conflicts can be traced along the fault lines among nine major world civilizations. Though Huntington suggests that civilizations were more hardwired in people than the ideological differences that characterized the Cold War or the cultural and nation-state differences that had divided Europe earlier, ostensibly an identity argument, the clash of civilizations remains a realist argument because it focuses on anarchy and the struggle for power as the foundational driver of international outcomes, while identities and states may change throughout time.
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: pp. 319–321 OBJ: 7-2
COG: Application
75. According to Fareed Zakaria, what are illiberal democracies, and how does he advise the United States to go forth in promoting democracy globally?
ANS:
Varies. According to Fareed Zakaria, illiberal democracies are those states that support elections but do not have civil societies that protect individual rights and nurture basic institutions of a free press and independent courts to ensure real competitive political processes, as in the Middle East and the third world. Hence, democracy in these countries is unstable and easily reversed. Zakaria cautions the United States to go more slowly in promoting democracy; instead of focusing on democratization in new countries, the United States should work to consolidate democracy in these countries where democracy has taken hold and support the gradual development of constitutional liberalism globally.
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: pp. 321–322 OBJ: 7-2
COG: Application
76. What are the key differences between Sunni Muslims and Shiite Muslims?
ANS:
Varies. Sunni Muslims are members of the majority branch of Islam that identifies with the caliphs, the elected successors of Muhammad dating back to the seventh century, while Shiite Muslims are members of the minoritysect of Islam that identifies with a seventh-centuryrenegade group that advocated divine, rather than elective, succession.
PTS: 1 DIF: Medium REF: pp. 323–324 OBJ: 7-1
COG: Comprehension
77. What are the key elements of the UN human rights regime?
ANS:
Varies. The traditional center of UN diplomacy on human rights was the UN Human Rights Commission, which was prominent in drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the UN in 1948. However, the commission was disbanded and replaced by the UN Human Rights Council in 2006. Members of the Human Rights Council are elected by a majority of UN members, voting by secret ballot, on a basis of their contribution to promoting and protecting human rights. The General Assembly can suspend membership in the Human Rights Council with a two-thirds vote if a state commits gross and systematic violations of human rights. In addition to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the UN human rights regime includes other important treaties, such as the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: pp. 333–338 OBJ: 7-1
COG: Application
78. What are the key elements of the European human rights regime?
ANS:
Varies. The European human rights regime is centered on the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by the Council of Europe in 1950. This convention not only focuses on human rights but also rights to political participation. The convention is enforced by the Council of Ministers and by the European Court of Human Rights.
PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: pp. 338–342 OBJ: 7-1
COG: Application