Rebuild

Rebuild.

List of content.

Introduction.

4

What do we have?

Rebild.

Micro climate.

Stendalsvej 1.

Analysis of existing buildings.

The Stable.

The Barn.

The Workshop.

The Main House.

The Sheds.

Building envelope.

Conclusion.

6 9 11 13 15 21 27 33 37 45 51 53

What do we need?

User group.

Time spend in home.

Space required.

Shared facilities.

Sharing is caring.

54 57 59 61 65 67

How do we combine it?

Masterplan.

Typology study.

Workshop, Masterplan.

Transformation.

Plan and spatial study.

Energy optimization.

Daylight.

Reusing materials.

New buildings.

Minimize/optimize space Structural system.

Structural connection.

Indoor climate.

Materiality.

Facade materials.

Insulation materials.

Renovation.

Preliminary renovation.

Plan development.

The material joint.

68 71 73 75 77 79 85 87 91 93 95 99 101 103 115 117 125 131 133 135 143

References.

Illustration list.

146 152

3

Introduction.

The following book is a portrayal of the most important steps during the design development of this thesis, spanning across the analysis, sketching and synthesis phase. It will be represented as a linear process, but only to let the reader follow a somewhat otherwise complex development.

The book is divided into an analysis of the existing buildings and site under What do we have followed by the chapter What do we need, which takes offset in the Sustainable living section in Retopia, seeking to understand the user group and needed functions to be introduced at the site. Lastly the chapter How do we combine it will present key optimization processes and considerations trying to make a symbiosis between the two previous chapters.

How do we combine it, will be divided further into fractions, regarding the three approaches to the site and the existing buildings on it: Transformation, New buildings and Renovation. It will follow a short description of key considerations regarding the master plan and how all factions come together to shape a whole.

4

5

What do we have?

In the centre of Rebild, a smaller town in Northern Jutland, Denmark, is one of the many abandoned farms to be found. The site and buildings are owned by Rebild Municipality and is roughly 11.000 m2.

It is divided into three areas. The two areas furthest North and South are meant for recreational purposes (ill. 01 highlighted with white), and the rest for housing development, which concerns an area of 8.434 m2.

The abandoned farm on site consists of the main house built in 1939, two stables built in 1923 and one in 1936 and a couple of additional buildings built in the 1950’s. It is the municipality’s wish that the farm buildings are approached in a circular way, inspiring and stimulating future development to go in a more sustainable direction.

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What do we have?

01. Site 1:2000

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8

02. Rebild city 1:10.000

Rebild.

Rebild municipality has in the recent years seen an increase in population, and following also an increase in demand for housing. At the same time, the municipality scores high in regards to empty houses, where approx. 5,5% of all houses in the municipality are currently empty (Bendsen 2020).

As neighbouring municipality to Aalborg and with two stops on the central railway running through Denmark, Rebild Municipality has a great infrastructure to support this rise in the population, which attracts commuters working primarely in Aalborg or Århus. The city of Rebild is located approx. 3 km from Skørping, where one of these stops are located.

According to the municipality’s vision for 2030, they are Danish champions in attracting the younger generation (25-39-year-olds) and believe they do so through the earlier mentioned great location as well as the close relation to nature. (Rebild kommune n.d.). As seen on ill. 02 the city of Rebild is located right next to the national park Rebild Bakker towards the East.

In the same publication, the municipality announces a wish to create a balance between the countryside and the city while also offering a wide range of housing opportunities in order to cater to citizens in all phases of life (ibid).

What do we have?

9

Sun The Summer sun angle is 57° The Winter sun angle is 10° (Gaisma, n.d.)

Wind The prevailing wind comes from West- South West.

(Appendix 02).

Participation 700 mm pr. year.

(Appendix 03).

03. Microclimate illustrations

10

Micro climate.

Sun None of the surrounding buildings are more than two stories, and the area is not very densely covered, why there are no major problems with shadows cast on the site from the surroundings. This provides good conditions for utilizing solar gains in the winter where the sun angle is low (appendix 01 Shadow).

Wind Due to the rather open area around the site, no major barriers can be found for the wind. This means great opportunities for natural ventilation if the winds are understood correctly.

It will be important, to keep the main directions of the wind (West - South West) in mind, when laying out the units on the site, to optimize natural ventilation and minimize polluted air travelling from e.g. the kitchen to the bedrooms (see appendix 02 Wind).

Participation The area has 700 mm falling pr. year (see appendix 03 Participation).

What do we have?

11

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12

04. Old aerial photo of Rebild from 1954, 1:2000 (from plandata)

Stendalsvej 1.

At Stendalsvej 1 is a U-shaped farm building where the position of the facilities, the stable, the barn and the workshop, were chosen according to the sun, in order to allow as much sun as possible for the animals, framing the courtyard as the point of departure and connector between all functions.

The placement of the stable is East-West to secure sun-hours in the wintertime. The hinged windows in the facade is keeping the building cold in the summertime (ill. 04). The barn is placed orthogonal to the stable and is a storage room for forage and machines. Connected to the barn is the workshop, which is a mixed building with both rooms for animals, machines and a hayloft. The main house is a detached building, serving as the home for both the farm owner as well as the workers, which all came together around the production around the farm.

(Brüel 2011, p.17) The first parts of the farms were built in 1923, where the main house was finished in 1939. Lastly the two sheds were built in 1950’s. When looking at old aerial photos from the 1954, it is clear to see, that the farm made up a small farm community together with 10-20 other farms in the area.

Today only few of the farms remain, one having been transformed into a restaurant. The farm at Stendalsvej 1 is one of the first farms in the area, and as one of the last standing, it becomes relevant to consider its local value. (ill. 04).

The old arial photo reveals a current lost diagonal road running from the South towards the courtyard.

It would have served to allow an elegant gesture of the farms presenting themselves, where one would first encounter the main house. When aproaching the farm today, from the North, one will meet the Northern wall of the stable, which could be considered the “back side” of the farm.

What do we have?

13

05. The farm buildings.

14

Analysis of existing buildings.

To determine the destiny of the current buildings (ill. 05) it becomes important to gain a thorough understanding of these. This project works with two possibilities for the existing buildings: either they are to be kept and transformed/renovated or to be approached as material resources, where they are taken down and reused in new construction.

In the following pages the existing buildings will be analyzed according to three parameters: Integrity, usability/adaptability and resource potential.

Integrity To which degree the building’s design and physical appearance is evident and intact. Is it representing an architecture of structural and functional integrity and transparency, in regard to the connection between the envelope and the structure? The principles of Bedre Byggeskik is used as a tool to discover potential preservable building details and structures.

Usability/adaptability The capacity to be transformed for a new use or purpose. Is the plan layout complex or simple? How is the durability and reliability of the current materials in the building? Is the building totally damaged and about to crumble apart with one touch?

Resource potential Which materials are stored within the building.

The environmental impact of these materials: the embedded CO2 in the structure or saved when reusing the material. Is there some contaminating materials, that one should be aware of.

What do we have?

15

The Barn Year: 1923 Size: 400 m2 Embedded: 92.796 kg CO2 - eq.

Saving potential: 36.383 kg CO2 - eq.

The Stable Year: 1936 Size: 448 m2 Embedded: 96.579 kg CO2 - eq.

Saving potential: 22.697 kg CO2 - eq.

16

The Workshop Year: 1923 Size: 182 m2 Embedded: 49.978 kg CO2 - eq.

Saving potential: 24.088 kg CO2 - e

The Main House Year: 1939 Size: 153 m2 Embedded: 34.024 kg CO2 - eq.

Saving potential: 7.466 kg CO2 - eq.

The Large Shed Year: 1952 Size: 204 m2 Embedded: 26.799 kg CO2 - eq.

Saving potentia: 5.262 kg CO2 - eq.

eq.

The Small Shed Year: 1955 Size: 45 m2 Embedded: 7.342 kg CO2 - eq.

Saving potential: 2.285 kg CO2 - eq.

06. Overview of existing buildings. *All buildings have had ongoing renovations.

What do we have?

17

B-B

D-D

A-A

C-C

07. Plan of farm buildings (not in scale).

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18

08. Section A-A – The Workshop (not in scale).

09. Section B-B – The Barn (not in scale).

10. Section C-C – The Stable (not in scale).

11. Section D-D – The Workshop What do we have?

19

From left: 12. The South gable with several traces of peeled lime paint.

13. A patchwork of eternit roof sheets in various nuances of grey.

14. Algae decorations and a distorted window.

20

The Stable.

The Western and widest wing of the farm buildings is from 1936 and is characterized by its former function as a stable. This can be seen in the different elevations of the floor and all the columns dividing the space and carrying the upper floor, which properly has been used for hayloft (ill. 10).

Integrity Wind and weather have over the years given the stable a rustic appearance. On the facades, there are several traces of peeled lime paint and bricks are started to peep through the surfaces revealing the brick-built wall (ill. 12). It is most noticeably in the bottom half of the facade, where cracks have started to spread in the foundation. Under the partly destroyed windows, the white lime paint has been decorated with some algae in nuances of green and yellow (ill. 14). These traces of use gives the surface a sense of dynamic whilst occurring very worn.

The fifth facade, the gable roof, is of corrugated Eternit sheets which rest on a wooden structure that is furthermore supported by the brick-built walls and wooden columns. It is a traditional farm building typology, why there is transparency in regards to the structural principles of the building and one can easily read the connection between the envelope and the wooden structure (ill. 16).

The roof is overall intact, but due to several replacements of the roof sheets, the roof appears in various nuances of grey and it seems almost like a patchwork (ill. 13). This variation creates an incoherent look as a selection of fragments instead of a whole surface.

What do we have?

The outer “scars” of the building are at the same time a beautiful indication of time which is inevitably when utilizing natural materials and a sort of disruption of the original intention of a simple and discrete building (Brüel 2011, p. 17).

The interior of the stable is filled with storytelling details. There is a rhythmic repetition of columns and windows in the facade, which tells the story of the practical purpose of the building (ill. 07). If one ignores the thick layer of dirt and dust one can imagine how there once were cows and pigs on each side in the metal stands. The elevated floor which is very characteristic of the stable creates these individual paths through the building (ill. 15). Originally the paths were made to secure mobility for the workers, so they could easily move around the animals in the building and both feed and clean them (Landbrugets bygninger n.d.).

There has been a high level of activity in the stable, why especially the wooden pillars at ground floor have some damages (ill. 15). Some of which only have superficial scratches whereas others are serving their last days and need eventually to be replaced. Opposite, the hayloft has been protected from this high activity, why the wooden structure carrying the roof appears intact and is without any visible damages (ill. 16).

21

From bottom: 15. The Stable with its various functional detail and characteristic elevated floor.

16. The hayloft and its intact wooden structure.

22

Usability/adaptability The stable, because of its former use as a practical and functional building, has several characteristics but constraining building details, which are reducing possible opportunities for a future transformation. It is building details such as the elevated floor in concrete, which is both very characteristic and limiting. With the placement of the many columns, the floor dictates a certain movement through space, which could be limiting in terms of which functions could fit here (ill. 07).

Resource potential The resource potential of the building lies in the great number of bricks, which are equal to approximately 80 m3. These can easily be dismantled due to the lime mortar but will need cleaning before reuse, due to the polluted paint. Another important thing to note, if reusing the bricks, is to divide the bricks according to their position in the cavity wall.

Stones from the back wall are not frostproof and can’t be used as front stones for a new brick wall.

In the ground floor and the floor slap, there is a great amount of concrete, equal to around 220 m3.

The problem is that the concrete as a resource is not particularly fit for reuse. Often it has to be downcycled and crushed to be used again. It will not amount to much saving in regards to CO2 eq. but it can be used instead of virgin materials in new As a former practical building, it has been heavily concrete. exposed and used, which along with no or very little maintenance, has affected the state of the building. The inner walls are the same as the outer walls and In some areas, these are more critical than others. can as mentioned be reused. The wooden structure For example, the durability of the wooden pillars carrying the roof and the columns in the stable hall have over time been weakened and some need to can be reused if they are intact and without any be replaced. major damages (ill. 17).

At the hayloft, the amount of daylight coming through the few windows can be an obstacle. The same concerns in terms of daylight apply for the space of the stable however not as extensive as the hayloft (ill. 16).

What do we have?

23

24

17. Exploded view of the Stable.

See appendix 04 Resource Catalogue more information

Eternit roof Not reusable

Wooden battens Good quality, without coating.

Wooden rafters.

Good quality, without coating. Strength needs to be checked by professionals if reused for structure.

Concrete, approx. 7,3 m3 Very high embedded energy but low savings when reused.

Wood supporting second floor.

Without coating, generally good quality but few places with moisture damage.

Strength needs to be checked by professionals if reused directly.

Wooden beams Good quality, without coating. Strength needs to be checked by professionals if reused directly.

Double layered brick wall, approx. 80 m3 Lime mortar, why easy reusability.

Has a finish of paint and plaster.

The exterior and interior paint is polluted, and would have to be cleaned before reuse.

Concrete, approx. 152 m3 Very high embedded energy but low savings when reused.

What do we have?

25

18. The old plant for cereal graining is presenting itself as the masterpiece in the Barn.

26

The Barn.

As the Stable, the Barn is a very significant building for the farm as a building typology. The Barn is a well-proportioned and clear-cut building with simple construction, a 12 pitch roof (45-degree angle) and a few yet well-placed openings. The interior is large and open with several entrances which leads to the interior of both the Stable and the Workshop.

The Barn is equipped with only a few windows on the Southern facade, why the amount of daylight in the space is sparse. This creates a dim atmosphere, where the gap of the eternit corrugated sheets becomes very clear as daylight slips through (ill. 18).

Shaped as a line, the daylight is projected onto the surface of the roof sheets revealing their structure and irregularities. The leakage in the roof makes the roof seem less intact whilst giving the space of the Barn another dimension. A dimension of time where the premise is alternation. The gap is a result of a movement, where the sheets over time have withdrawn. This atmosphere is changed when the doors of the Barn is opened. Daylight is filling the room and the appearance of the interior is now different. The architectural integrity of the Barn is defined by structural transparency and multi-facetedness. Capable of procuring different atmospheres.

Integrity Perceptibly yet very peculiar for the Barn is the plant for cereal grain, which is placed in the Western end of the building. It is the centrepiece of the Barn. As the pipe organ in the church. It is solidly placed and secured in the ground by a high concrete foundation and on top rests the wooden body of the plant. Once a working machine, today a monument commemorating the past. Representing both structural and functional integrity the plant is a great part of the story of the Barn, being a link in The exterior of the Barn is nearly identical to the the former production chain of the farm (ill. 18). stable, but differentiate by having fewer windows and more entrances, as it was made for storage and Connected to the wooden structure of the plant is thoroughfare. Furthermore, the exterior has some the wooden structure of the roof. Opposite the Sta- characteristic building details such as the anchor ble, one can enjoy the full height of the building, plates (wrought-iron clamps) placed on the West from bottom to top, floor to roof, revealing a sys- oriented gable, the simple and pointy cornices tem of unpolished yet healthy timber. The wood- along the top of the outer walls and the cut off en logs are in various sizes, lengths and direction. corner on the West oriented facade. These details, Common for them all are that they are a part of the small or big, gives the building both character and load-bearing structure along with the brick walls, shape, with their great references to the past as they which one easily can see, why the structure of the strengthen the architectural integrity of the barn.

Barn is honest and evident to its viewer.

To secure the integrity and story of the building one should avoid punctuating the outer walls and At some point during the lifetime of the building, inserting more windows (Realdania 2016, p.21). the beams originally running perpendicular to the roof, supporting and taking the tension hereof, was cut away and replaced by four large metal frames, weakening the integrity of the building (ill. 19).

What do we have?

27

19. Looking through the old cereal grain towards the large metal opening in the eastern end of the barn.

28

Usability/adaptability The barn is a large and open space making it easy to introduce new functions and partitioning walls if smaller rooms are needed.

The second floor in the Western part of the building, will need to be structurally optimized, if new functions are introduced here. Currently the structure is only intended for few people carrying hay from the hayloft.

In terms of daylight, new openings might be needed, according to the chosen added functions. Here it could be relevant to look at how to introduce these without compromising the exterior expression of the facades, possibly altering the openings of the gables (ill. 19).

Resource potential As the Stable, the resource potential of the Barn lies in the bricks of the outer wall, which are equal to approximately 119 m3. But in the Barn, the steel frames also provide large saving potential, if reused in their current profiles. These can both be reused as is, which demands a similar structure, cut into other dimensions, which would then demand a cleaning of the red coating, or the last possibility is to remelt them (again after cleaning the red coating). Remelting them will take more energy consumption and results in much of the reuse potential getting lost, but it can be challenging to reuse the metal frames as is, since the profiles does not necessarily fit the needed sizes (ill. 20).

What do we have?

29

30

20. Exploded view of the Barn.

See appendix 04 Resource Catalogue more information

Eternit roof Not reusable.

Wooden battens Good quality, without coating.

Wooden structure supporting roof.

Good quality, without coating. Strength needs to be checked by professionals if reused directly.

Concrete.

Very high embedded energy, but low savings when reused.

Wood supporting second floor.

Good quality, without coating. Strength needs to be checked by professionals if reused directly.

Steel frames Zink in paint, has to be cleaned if the frames are not reused directly.

Grain silos.

Wooden structure, approx. 2,3 m3 Good quality, without coating.

Double layered brick wall, approx. 274 m2 Lime mortar, why easy reusability.

Has a finish of paint and plaster.

The exterior and interior paint is polluted.

Metal sheets, if processed protective equipments needs to be used due to polluted paint.

Concrete floor uninsulated, approx. 152 m3 Very high embedded energy but low savings when reused.

Few places where spillings have to be cleaned from the concrete.

What do we have?

31

From top: 21. The punctuated wooden structure supported by red coated steel frames.

22. The lit up stable with Monier vaults and rough stone flooring.

32

The Workshop.

The last and most narrow wing is the Workshop.

It has three separate rooms with no access to each other. The Southern end is a large open room where the ceilings of the other two rooms provide an upper floor open to this larger space and to the Barn (ill. 21).

The exterior of the Workshop is identical to the stable, but differentiate by being more slim and shorter. The Northern part of the Workshop has two major entrances, which could indicate that this space primary function was to store machines, equipment etc. (ill. 07).

Integrity The first room approached at the North-West corner of the wing, gives a strong association to its former use as a small stable. The room is lit up with daylight coming from the several windows in both the Western and Eastern facade. Along with the wooden stalls it indicates that this space has been a home for some animals (ill. 22). Furthermore, the space has a characteristic Monier vaulted ceiling, which are bricks layered in a flat system between steel beams and finished off with a layer of limestone paint (ill. 22). This characteristic vaulted ceiling is a common structural detail for the farm building typology of that time (Brüel 2011, p.71).

The rough stone flooring, uneven but very practical and durable, completes the story of an old stable.

Usability/adaptability The Workshop is divided into several smaller spaces in contrary to the Barn and the Stable (ill. 07), which could both be an advantage and a disadvantage depending on the following vision for the buildings.

At the largest space, the storage room, in the Northern end of the wing it is possible to fully follow the wooden structure of the roof until the end where the Workshop meets the Barn (Ill. 08). The opening in the wall creates both an overview, making the building partly transparent as well as it gives it another dimension. An extra space in the space.

This is a quality that heightens the usability of the rooms as it divides the space into two parts which are visually connected. But depended on introduced functions, one might need to puncture the roof and Like the Barn, the Southern most open room and insert some skylights in order for the amount of second floor has a wooden structure, which at some daylight to be sufficient on the second floor. point has been changed. Small pieces of wood peaks out through the wall and indicates some for- As a former practical building for animals, the small mer modifications. There have been some beams stable has been heavily exposed and used, which has running perpendicular to the roof, supporting and given the space some wear. This is especially visitaking the tension hereof and these have been cut ble at the walls, where green algae has left its mark of and replaced by several red coated steel frames and in the ceiling where the steel beams are partly (ill. 21). This is an unsuitable solution that disturbs exposed to erosion (ill. 22). Unlike the rest of the the rhythm and regularity of the wooden structure, farm building this space has pebbles as flooring and which affects the overall integrity of the space neg- compared to a concrete flooring these are easy to atively. Due to the red color of the steel frames one dig up and reuse. notice them. Not as a part of the original structure.

They stand alone. As a quick half measure solution. Resource potential Nevertheless it indicates the original function of As the Barn, the greatest resource potential lies in the Workshop. It was a practical space. An import- the bricks (ill. 23) and the steel frames as well the ant part in the machinery of the farm as a former obstacles that follows. productive unity.

What do we have?

33

34

23. Exploded view of the Workshop.

See appendix 04 Resource Catalogue more information

Eternit roof Not reusable.

Wooden battens Good quality, without coating.

Wooden beams Good quality, without coating. Strength needs to be checked by professionals if reused for structure.

Wooden columns Good quality, without coating. Strength needs to be checked by professionals if reused for structure.

Steel frames Zink in paint, has to be cleaned if the frames are not reused directly.

Concrete High embedded emissions but low CO₂-eq.-saving when reused. Saves virgin material when used for road aggregate.

Bricks in Monier vaulted ceiling.

Steel beams No coating.

Double layered brick wall, approx. 80 m3 if reused, it saves 3.982 kg CO2-eq.

Lime mortar, why easy to reuse.

Has a finish of paint and plaster.

The exterior and interior paint is polluted, and would have to be cleaned before reuse.

Pebbles Easy to dig up and reuse.

Concrete floor, approx. 152 m3 Very high embedded emission, but low savings when reused.

What do we have?

35

From top: 24. The Southern facade of the Main House in traditional red brickwork with unfitting PVC windows and the disproportionate dormer at the roof.

From bottom left: 25. Irregularities in the red bricks on the eastern facade indicating a former installation of new brick lining and a removal of one window.

26. Horizontal bands of projected bricks ornamenting both sides of the Northern facade.

36

The Main House.

A traditional type of farm housing from the 1939 with a simple and symmetrical outer expression of red brickwork. The house has two heated floors, a basement and an attic. The floor plan is divided in many rooms, which is characteristic for its time (ill. 31) (Brüel 2011, p.18).

all panes were equally-sized and that the frames were made out of wood. Due to the invention of the double-glazed window, the frames of the windows and the glass doors occur over-dimensioned and clumsy because they have to carry the two panes instead of one (Brüel 2011, p.47), why these modern fabricated windows in this traditional brickwork Integrity facade disturb the balance and proportional order The integrity of the Main House is manifested which originally was intented (ill. 24). in a calm and measured building type (Realdania 2016, p.37), which is the architectural ideals of Be- The roof is made of red pantiles where the hip- and dre Byggeskik. The red brick facade is nearly intact, ridge tiles are layed in mortar. The roof is intact and but there are differences in the red bricks on the has a small overhang. Furthermore, it has a slight Eastern facade indicating a former installation of curve indicating a roof construction with purlins. new brick lining and a removal of one window (or This transparency creates a clear connection bemore). The facade now occurs uneven and the over- tween the construction and the envelope. There are all brickwork of the house less intact (ill. 25). At several roof details as the two chimneys, which are the Northern facade horisontal bands of projected a functional element from the past and a dormer bricks are detailing both ends (ill. 26). A soldier on the Northern roof surface. The dormer contains course (a row of vertical bricks) are lining the win- three windows and is made out of red painted wood dows in the ground floor (ill. 24). Both details are and zink. Due to its dimension and materiality it a simple yet elegant type of ornamentation which appears dominating and clumsy, why it present itis typical for a house following the ideals of Bedre self as an individual volume rather than part of the Byggeskik (Brüel 2011, p.25). whole building. The dormer acts more as a disturbing element rather than architectural detail, which The original windows and doors in the facade have affects the overall integrity of the building volume been replaced. Today the majority of the windows as a whole (ill. 24). are double glazed four-light casement windows in plastic. A type of window that according to Bedre Byggeskik are not an appropriate choice both in terms of materiality, glazing and pane size. It was an old tradition for houses of Bedre Byggeskik that

What do we have?

37

From left: 27. Several layers of distorted wallpaper revealing how the house has shifted expression from time to time.

28. Ceiling sheets along with imitated wooden flooring.

38

Moving inside the Main House one can see that the house has not been maintained properly for many years. The interior on every floor is more or less in disrepair. Interesting is that these deconstructions of either the floor or the wall surfaces makes the history of the place visible. Acting as physical traces, one can through the distorted layers of wall paper (ill. 27) and the partly ripped off carpet (ill.

29) see how the house has changed over time. The interior has not been renovated according to the ideals of Bedre Byggeskik, where all original surfaces should be preserved using traditional materials and methods (Brüel 2011, p.71). It has instead been patched with more modern and cheap solutions as the ceiling sheets both in the kitchen and in the living rooms (ill. 28). Creating this mixed appearance of different generations and the design trend that followed.

What do we have?

39

29. Once this was a bedroom. One’s private space. Now it is the home for mold which is slowly moving up along the white wall. The wooden floor has lost its shine and presents itself as an unpleasent flooring to place your feet on.

What do we have?

40

Usability/adaptability The house is from a time where every room had a clearly defined function and those where seperated by four walls (Brüel 2011, p.18). The floor plans are divided into several rooms, which is characteristic for its time (ill. 31). Furthermore, the rooms are hierarchical placed, with the private rooms furthest away from the entrance. The layout of the rooms are a reflection of the social and family life of the time, where certain areas of the house as the living and dining rooms were open for guests but the rest of the house were confined for the inhabitants (ibid). For a future transformation these strict floor plans can in their original layout be restraining, why one could investigate tearing down a part of the not load-bearing central wall and thereby increase the size and usability of some of the rooms.

Resource potential The resource potential of the building relies on the great amount of bricks, which are equal to approximately 51 m3. As mentioned the bricks need to be sorted according to their postion in the wall. Furthermore, there is a great amount of roof tiles, 206 m3, which can be reused as roof or outer cladding (ill. 32).

On the inner walls, most surfaces contain harmfull materials, why it is only possible to reuse their structure, which is either wood or stone depending on their part in the structural system.

As mentioned earlier the interior has over the years been left to itself. As a result some walls have been attacked by mold. Depending on the extent of the erosion, mold affected walls as the one on illustration 29 may have to be partly replaced. These damages decreases the general durability of the building. Furthermore, the damaged walls and floors reveal how the house has shifted expression from time to time, why the overall appearance seems inconsistent and unreliable.

Study room

Hall

Kitchen

Utility room

Hall Room

Toilet

Hall

Living room Master bedroom

Dining room

Living room Basement

31. Plan of ground floor - The Main House

30. Section A-A - The Main House A-A

What do we have?

41

42

32. Exploded view of the Main House.

See appendix 04 Resource Catalogue more information

Roof tiles, approx. 206 m3 Can be used directly after cleaning (depending on underlining which is unknown).

Wooden battens, approx. 17 m3, of good quality without coating.

Beams, of good quality without coating.

Floors, estimated to be a wooden construction.

Inner walls, most surfaces contain harmful materials and some are attacked by mold. Might be possible to reuse structure of the wall (possibly wood), but no information is available to get an understanding of the fabric of the walls.

Floors, estimated to be a wooden construction.

Inner walls, most surfaces contain harmful materials and some are attacked by mold. Might be possible to reuse structure of the wall (possibly wood), but no information is available to get an understanding of the fabric of the walls.

Double layered brick wall, approx. 51 m3 Lime mortar, why easy reusability.

10.000 bricks from external wall.

15.000 bricks from back wall and inner walls.

Floors, estimated to be a wooden construction.

Inner walls, most surfaces contain harmful materials and some are attacked by mold. Might be possible to reuse structure of the wall (possibly wood), but no information is available to get an understanding of the fabric of the walls.

Concrete, approx. 82 m3 Very high embodied energy, but low CO2 - eq. saving when reused.

There will be needed new cement for new concrete mixture, and it is the cement which is most polluting.

What do we have?

43

From top: 33. A collection of wooden roof trusses acting as both an ornament and a structural element supporting the roof.

34. The Northern facade of the Small Shed is covered in blue metal sheets, which some areas are distorted exposing the wooden structure of the building.

44

The Sheds.

The Large Shed has an asymmetric shape and a characteristic wooden structure supported by steel frames. The walls are not made of bricks as the other buildings but light concrete blocks instead. The neighboring building, the Small Shed, is a light wooden structure covered mainly in metal sheets (ill. 34).

Usability/adaptability There are no extensive damages in the Large Shed.

Most of the signs of wear are superficial. Especially the wood trusses under the roof are remarkably durable. Furthermore, the building has an open plan layout which heightens the prospective possibilities for transformation and implementing new functions in the building. The Small Shed is in contrary Integrity both limiting in terms of size and construction, The Sheds are the most recently constructed build- why the future possibilities are narrow. ings of the farm. They are both from the 50's and are added as extra storage facilities, why the integ- Resource potential rity stored within them is limited to the wooden In the Large Shed, the concrete blocks have a high trusses of the Large Shed. They are ornamenting amount of embedded emission and a high CO2-eq. the interior side of the roof (ill. 33) as well as car- saving when reused. Besides, the building contains rying the roof of the building. Furthermore, the a great amount of wood, which can be reused. This Small Shed is placed at the very end of the earli- is also primarily what potentially could be reused er mentioned lost diagonal road running from the from the Small Shed. The wooden columns and south towards the courtyard (ill. 04), disturbing the beams as well as the metal sheets (ill. 36 and 37). original presentation of the farm, where one would encounter the Main House as the first building.

35. Cross ection of the Large Shed.

What do we have?

45

46

36. Exploded view of the Shed.

See appendix 04 Resource Catalogue more information

Eternit roof Not reusable.

Wooden battens.

Good quality, without coating.

Wooden frames Good quality, without coating. Strength needs to be checked if reused for structure.

Wood gate.

Good quality, without coating. Strength needs to be checked by professionals if reused for structure.

Metal sheets, if processed protective equipments needs to be used due to polluted paint.

Lightweight concrete blocks.

High embedded emissions and high CO2 - eq. saving when reused.

Concrete, approx. 152 m3 High embedded emissions, but low CO2 - eq. saving when reused.

Steel frames, if processed protective equipments needs to be used due to polluted paint.

Metal sheets, if processed protective equipments needs to be used due to polluted paint.

What do we have?

47

48

37. Exploded view of the smaller Shed.

See appendix 04 Resource Catalogue more information

Metal sheets, if processed protective equipments needs to be used due to polluted paint.

Wooden battens.

Good quality, without coating.

Wooden beams.

Good quality, without coating.

Metal sheets, if processed protective equipments needs to be used due to polluted paint.

Wooden battens.

Good quality, without coating.

Metal sheets, if processed protective equipments needs to be used due to polluted paint.

Concrete High embedded emissions But low CO2 - eq. saving when reused

Paint on wood polluted, needs to be cleaned off before reuse.

Eternit sill.

What do we have?

49

Cheramic roof tiles Wooden battens Chantlate (skalk)

Metal gutter Wooden beam

Rockwool insulation

Brick

Double glazed PVC window

firm insulation leca blocks 38. Detail of main house outer wall in the scale 1:50.

Eternit sheets

Building envelope.

To the left is seen a detail drawing of the Main House and to the right one of the stable walls.

Wooden battens Concrete

Main House The outer wall is a cavity wall of two layers of brick, with an estimated insulated gap between.

The bricks in the innermost layer are most likely not burned in such a way, that they are frostproof.

This means they are not usable for exterior cladding. If the bricks are to be dismantled, they need to be sorted into outer and inner bricks, and testings will be made to ensure the quality of them.

The roof is with a chantlate at the eaves. These are placed at the bottom of the outer side of the rafters. The wedged shaped wood presses the roof outwards, so much that the roof can pass by the brick built cornice. This method creates a roof with a slight curve on each side (ill. 38).

Stables The stables are not built to keep a sufficient indoor climate for human settlement, why the cavity in the walls are not insulated and the glazing only singular. In case of a transformation, the cavity should be filled with insulation, and the windows changed for more energy-efficient ones (ill. 39).

Single glazed window

Air gap Brick

What do we have?

Concrete 39. Detail of stable outer wall in the scale 1:50.

51

40. The multifaceted atmosphere of the farm as a historic trace from past. Contrast is everywhere to be found. Light meets complete dark. Distorted meets intact. Regularity meets asymmetry. Wood meets steel.

52

Conclusion.

The farm placed at Stendalsvej 1 is one of the last farms in Rebild. It has a great local value, as it is a historic trace from the past. The farm consists of several buildings: the Stable, the Barn, the Workshop, the Main House and the Sheds. All buildings, except the Sheds, have value for the farm as they all together represent the traditional farm layout, why taking some of them down would weaken the expression of a traditional farm. Nevertheless, the importance of the building defined by the integrity as well as the usability of the farm differentiates.

There has over the years been some replacements, such as the plastic windows in the Main House, which have done more harm than good and affected the integrity of the building negatively.

The latest buildings, the Sheds, have the lowest value, both in terms of integrity and usability. Especially the Small Shed is redundant, as it does not add extra value to the farm. The Sheds are extra storage spaces added latest and disturb the original presentation of the farm, where one would arrive from South-East.

What do we have?

The resource potential is both in the bricks, which are to be found in the farm buildings and the great number of wooden columns and beams. Moreover, several metal sheets in various colours are also to be found. They have a great resource potential, as they have a high amount of embedded CO2-eq. along with being easy to disassemble.

As the state of the materials in the buildings might differentiate dependent on their function and placement, one should remember to sort them, if they are to be reused. Furthermore, there is a great amount of concrete in the flooring of the farm buildings, which has a high amount of embedded CO2-eq.

Opposite bricks and wood, the advantage of reusing the concrete is limited as it can only be reused as aggregate if removed from its original position.

Upon this analysis, the final decision of which buildings to keep and which to use as a material resource cannot be made. The conclusion has to be supported by an analysis wherein the farm buildings are combined with needed functions and several scenarios are investigated, as keeping the buildings are only the most sustainable choice if they are utilized.

53

What do we need?

In following chapter analysis of which functions are needed to sustain the future community at Stendalsvej 1 will be presented. The chapter seeks to question the current state of dwelling design, by proposing that certain functions can be shared among different families, as well as proposing that the same room can offer different functions throughout the day, according to the needs at the time.

It is the intention to offer an alternative to the prevailing single-family homes, proposing smaller homes but larger communities, shifting the focus to a lifestyle based on us instead of me, and the definition of wealth, which is currently based on material goods, towards an understanding of it as the experiences that makes up life.

All this to live more sustainably, utilizing our resources better by reducing and sharing where possible.

54

What do we need?

55

Families

Empty nesters

41. Usergroup

56

User group.

This project aims to propose an alternative to the current tendency for the Danish dwellings, especially the single-family houses, becoming larger and larger. Therefore, it becomes relevant to look into which user group usually occupies these single-family home to understand how new dwelling oppotunities could cater to this segment.

Looking at a survey of the Danish families from 2018, it is evident that 42% of families have one kid, 41% has two. Indicating that designing houses fitting at least two kids would be appropriate for most families (Danmarks statistik 2018, p. 35).

This report will therefore use the term “family” as the traditional notion of two parents and two kids, but acknowledge that there exist many different According to a study about the development of the family constellations. single-family house market, more than half of the single-family houses, originally built for families, Another aspect this report aims to investigate is now serve as elder housing (Mechlenborg and Jen- how to mitigate that parents, whose kids have left sen 2018). This seems to be due to the facts that the nest, do not keep staying in unnecessarily large we first and foremost live longer, and secondly that houses. This will be done by providing housing the single-family house is a typology to which we units in different sizes, allowing moving to another attach our lives. When kids move away, parents unit, but still being a part of the same community usually stay in the houses till they might need to one has invested great parts of one’s life to. move to an elder centre. This is even though there is seemingly a high interest in senior community living (ibid).

Even though most single-family houses are inhabited by elders, it is still the typology preferred of families with kids (Bo Jensen 2006).

What do we need?

57

Playing (for family only)

Gardening

Eating

Cooking

Studying/working

Cleaning

Dwellings

Socializing

Dressing

Bathing Disconnecting Toilet Sleeping

58

42. Diagram based on survey from Realdania (Liliegreen, 2014)

Time spend in home.

To propose smaller housing with larger quality, it is Wanting to downsize while possibly combining important to understand the habits and lifestyle of different activities, it becomes relevant to consider the user group: empty nesters and families. both the usual time each activity takes place, as well as the activity level of it (see appendix 06 Schedules A survey from Realdania (Liliegreen 2014) pres- in home). ents an overview of the average woman’s day (which is assumed to be somewhat like the aver- Activity level gives an indication of which rooms age male’s day). It is seen from the overview that need more heat then others. All low level activities, 17 hours of the day is spent in the home. Most except sleeping, needs warmer rooms since the body of this time is spent sleeping, whereas the second will not be producing much heat itself. The oppomost time is spent on eating. Here it is import- site is the case for the rooms accommodating higher ant to note, that the eating rituals can differ much activities such as playing and cooking. from household to household, but that there is in Denmark a general notion of the dining table as Since we mostly only sleep during the night, the the absolute gathering point (Roland et al. 2016). room which offers a bed for this, might be used The third activity we spend the most time on in during the day for other activities. It though beour homes is watching tv or listening to the radio comes relevant to consider, how the different temp. needs for the other functions introduced can be acor music (see appendix 05 Round the clock). This commodated for. Might be a local heat supply unis indicating, that our home is where we disconnect der the working table, or that the heat can be turned and relax, a place to shield ourselves from the rest down and a window can be opened just before going of the world. to sleep to let out excessive heat.

As with dining rituals, each family has their daily rituals, why it can be hard to standardize what functions they need in their homes. One thing is certain though, that each individual will need a place to sleep and a place to store their belongings.

In families, the kids will have different needs depending on their ages. When todlers, they do not move around much, but as kids they will need space to expand and play. Again when older (teenagers) the activity level drops, but here an issue of privacy might show, wanting the possibility to retract into their own space (Dieckmann 2020).

What do we need?

It is difficult to standardize the needs and wants of each family, not to say each individual of the family.

But from these surveys is taken that while the main activity taking place in our homes is sleeping, other just as necessary activities need to be taken into account, such as the possibility to gather around meals, providing opportunities to disconnect from the rest of the world and possibilities for kids to play around as well as teenagers to retract into their own zone ill. 42).

59

60 cm

Kitchen unit version 1 dishwashing

storage

food preparation 100 cm

60 cm 60 cm 100 cm

60 cm

dishwasher

sink

oven/stove

fridge

4 m

100 cm

60 cm 5,6 m

354

cm

recycle wall elements

compost bucket

30cm 24cm

40cm

34cm

Kitchen unit version 2

dishwasher sink

60 cm 60 cm

60 cm 100 cm 100 cm

fridge

oven/stove

100 cm

5,6 m

100 cm

60 cm

60 cm

60 cm

4 m

4 m

60 cm

dinning table with chairs

80 cm

80 cm

80 cm

dinning table with chairs and bench

30cm

50 cm 40cm

120 cm

60

120 cm

80 cm

80 cm

24cm 34cm

43. Different furniture and applicants along with their measurements.

180 cm

120 cm

sofa 90 cm

The basic needs in a dwelling have to be fullfilled.

Illustrations based on standard measures of applicants and furnitures from the reference work Håndbog for bygningsindustrien as well as initial design layouts give an indication of minimum required space for needed functions (Hegner Christiansen 2012).

This study lays the groundwork for later 5,6 m plan developments.

80 cm

60 cm

hall

180 cm

70 cm

100 cm

4 m

50 cm

storage

80 cm

80 cm

What do we need?

80 cm

single bed 90 cm

90 cm 60 cm

90 cm

100 cm

toilet version 1

70 cm

80 cm

60 cm 60 120 cm cm

210 cm

50 cm

60 cm

120 cm

120 cm

100 cm

storage

storage

100 cm

90 cm

60 cm

80 cm

double bed

80 cm

90 cm

100 cm

Space required.

80 cm

210 cm

90 cm

210 cm

toilet version 2

90 cm

40 cm

90 cm

50 cm

90 cm

90 cm

61

Free space to play

50 cm

60 cm Bed

Closet

m 80-90 cm

60 cm

60 cm

5,7 m

Desk 270 cm

150 cm

Toddler 1-3 years old

Free space to play

60 cm

50 cm

Bed

5,7 m Child 4-12 years old

Closet

m 60 cm Desk60 cm

80-90 cm

270 cm

150 cm

Bed

Closet

210 cm 80-90 cm

60 cm

60 cm

Bed

Closet

210 cm 80-90 cm Free space to play

60 cm

60 cm

44. Different furniture and applicants for the childrens rooms along with their measurements.

62

Teenager 13-18 years old 60 cm

50 cm Free space to play

Child 4-12 years old Toddler 1-3 years old

Bed

Closet

210 cm 80-90 cm

60 cm

60 cm

Teenager 13-18 years old

Child 4-12 years old

Free space to play Closet 60 cm 50 cm

60 cm

5,7 m Desk 150 cm Teenager 13-18 years old

to play

50 cm

270 cm

When minimizing space, a family home still needs to offer private rooms for children where they can be alone and have their own space. When children grow older, their needs change, why their room needs to adapt accordingly.

5,7 m

sk 150 cm What do we need?

270 cm 63

Socializing

Being creative

Eating Playing

Cooking

Dwellings

Indoors

Gardening

Shared facilities

Outdoors

Working Washing clothes

Studying Excersicing Watching tv Listening to music

45. Diagram showing what functions could be shared among the inhabitants.

64

Shared facilities.

The main purpose of developing an overview for the needed shared facilities is to emphasize the notion of sharing is caring both for the inhabitants but most importantly for the environment.

The publication Bæredygtige byboligfællesskaber (Urbania 2017) focuses on creating co-housing in the city where space is scarce and every square meter has to be well-argued. The concept centres around the idea of designing smart square meters, why it is essential to design shared facilities with the thought of both functionality and energy consumption.

On adjacent page is seen an overview of which activities could be shared within the community (ill.

45).

What do we need?

65

Laundry

Exchange and recycle area

Flex rooms

Parking of bicycles

Storage space

mon spaces. The hall can be a non-heated space, an out-inside room, where you can have your shoes on. Here you will find informative posters, mailboxes and a map of the site. Overall it is a flexible space that in the daytime could serve as a meeting place, a café, for the inhabitants of the city.

storage space allows for small practical communities and is easy to clean. Painting, sewing, ceramic etc. workshop in a space with great light and with room for decorations and storage. In this space, several activities can be performed simultaneously. The workshop is indoor in a heated space.

A common space which can fit a great number of people in continuation of the kitchen. The interior allows for an open space which is flexible walls so that one can either up or downscale the room with the use of the exterior.

The outdoor spaces are the window to the surroundings. In these, transitions from private, semi-private and public happen.

In the architectural solution of those, boundaries between the inhabitant’s homes and outside are incorporated. Passive systems as rainwater collection is an integrated element in the outdoor spaces. Practical functions as vehicle parking and drying racks are available along with community spaces as terraces, gardens, greenhouse etc. the placement of these is with the position of the sun in mind to achieve most hours with the sun. The seasonal change is remembered, and the different activities can adapt to the specific season as the rainwater basin that can be used for skating in the wintertime (Urbania 2017 p.40).

Containing an industrial kitchen one can cook for the whole community. It is open and visible and in continuation with the family room. Renting it out for other purposes when not used by the inhabitants, is possible.

The hall Spaces that are placed in continuation with the planned outdoor spaces. There are three different workshops: Wood and metal workshop in a semi-outdoor space with flexible interior and

46. Room program with descriptions based on a room program from Urbania (Urbania 2017, pp.35-37)

66

Sharing is caring.

To get an overview of which shared facilities could be provided in a co-housing with downsized housing units the publication Bæredygtig byboligfællesskab (Sustainable co-housing in the city) from Urbania has been used (Urbania 2017).

They divide the common areas into practical areas, which concerns laundry, exchange and recycle area, flex rooms, parking of bicycles, storage space and community-creating spaces, where the community itself can be cultivated. These also include the hall, common room (alrummet), kitchen and workshops (Ibid pp. 35-37). The descriptions of the individual spaces are to be seen on the adjacent page (ill. 46).

It is important to note that different communities will have different needs, why offering flexible spaces which can alter accordingly is key.

(Estimated roomsizes can be seen in appendix 07 Sizes for shared facilities).

What do we need?

67

How do we combine it?

As mentioned earlier, the integrated design process is in its fabric non-linear, why the following representation of a linear process is only laid out in such a way, for the reader to understand it better. The different elements of the process have been developed simultaneously and have affected one another through this development integrated.

In the process, design iterations of one part would influence the other, and running an analysis of the possible solutions would again affect other aspects of the design. To keep focus and ensure a common goal for each process, design principles based on the presented theory and analysis, have been used as guidelines for where to stear. They have at the same time also been re-evaluated along the way as discoveries and obstacles presented themselves.

The following presentation of the design process begins with a development of the masterplan, where the rest of the process is divided into respectively the transformation of the barns, the development of new buildings on-site and finally the renovation of the Main House - each with its design challenges, but with an overall focus on how to create a strong relationship between all respected parts. Relevant design principles for each process will be presented with a short introduction to the main focus points and considerations for the specific section.

When each design principle is presented, the chapter from which they originate will be stated in brackets.

68

How do we combine it?

69

Design principles Create connection between the new and the existing buildings.

To ensure that the site presents itself as a unity (What do we have?).

Offer outdoor spaces in direct contact with each dwelling (garden/terrace).

To provide some of the characteristics Danes prefer in their homes (Sustainable living, Home).

Create common outdoor space/garden.

To provide outdoor areas for the community to gather (What do we need?, Shared facilities).

70

Masterplan.

On the following pages is presented a short description of how the team chose to work with the design from the outside in. The design principles on the adjacent page were those influencing the process along with general considerations of energy optimization, utilization of the western wind for natural ventilation and other factors.

Working outside-in demanded a thorough understanding of the site, the microclimate, the infrastructure, the scale of the surrounding buildings and the existing buildings with their integrity, reuse potentials and adaptability.

Secondly, the work was based upon the analysed needed facilities from the previous chapter.

Again, as with most other processes during this project, the work done shaping the master plan was runningly affected by and affecting the analysis made and conclusions that followed.

How do we combine it?

71

a.

b.

c.

d.

47. Masterplan model study a. Row houses b. Karré c. Dot houses d. Clusters

72

N

Typology study.

An investigation of different typologies and how these will relate to the site and existing buildings is conducted through analogue sketching and modelling. It includes ongoing Surface to Volume ratio assessments as well as discussions regarding private/public relation of the community to the rest of the city, relations to the existing buildings, natural ventilation possibilities, quality of space between the buildings and how this space and the relation between the buildings can help foster a sense of community.

The study is done alongside investigations of plan layouts, adjacently working outside-in and inside-out. Both approaches affecting and shaping each other.

How do we combine it?

73

48. Dwellings in main house Total area of dwellings: 1900 m2 Total area of heated shared facilities: 500 m2 Area (percentage) of shared facilities: 31% Floor area ratio: 40%

50. Shared facilities in main house Total area of dwellings: 2700 m2 Total area of heated shared facilities: 800 m2 Area (percentage) of shared facilities: 30% Floor area ratio: 55%

49. Selective demolish main house Total area of dwellings: 2200 m2 Total area of heated shared facilities: 500 m2 Area (percentage) of shared facilities: 23% Floor area ratio: 40% N

74

Workshop.

The goal of the workshop is to discuss the relationship between existing and new buildings on a masterplan scale, also assessing the allowed floor area ratio (max 40%) with the wanted shared facilities percentage, which is to land somewhere between 20% and 30%.

Since the Main House already is assumed to live up to today’s energy standards (having had ongoing renovations) it is relevant to consider introducing both heated shared facilities as well as dwellings here.

During the workshop, the topics of discussions are zoning of different functions, flow (pedestrians, bike, car), private/public relation between dwellings as well as between the dwellings and the surrounding city, relationship between old and new, possibilities for providing private outdoor spaces for each dwelling and the quality of the shared outdoor It is concluded, that the Northern Barn and East- space between the dwellings. ern Workshop will serve nicely as the hosts for all shared facilities, due to their large adaptability. The In some iterations, the connection between the exStable is decided to act as an orangery, utilizing the isting buildings and new are simply mimicking the sculptural concrete floor as new homes for count- shape of the Barns and creating a second courtyard less plants, preserving its function as a producer of (ill. 49) whereas others are adding new shapes from food. This is thought to be a great way of giving the the new buildings to the existing Main House using history of the site to the whole community, possibly this as a link between them, as well as the reintroeven adding facilities opened for the larger commu- duce the diagonal road which was the inherent lead nity of Rebild. to the courtyard (ill. 48). Some have to approach a scale where they will seem somewhat oversized in The Main House becomes the theme of discussion, other not to have too high a percentage of shared having scored low in adaptability but high in integ- facilities (ill. 50), whereas again others will seem rity, it is considered which functions will fit here, or dense in their layout, simply because of the lack of if it shall be selectively demolished to reuse some of compactness within each unit, demanding many the many bricks and tiles found to have large reuse smaller units on site (ill. 48). potential.

For all iterations, the two sheds are taken down, since it is determined, that their placement on the site is not compatible with the site layout, while also not strongly being part of telling the story of the old farm, being later added buildings.

How do we combine it?

75

Design principles Transform with respect for the original function.

To preserve integrity of the farm buildings and the history they tell (What do we have?).

Promote sharing is caring.

To reduce the squaremeters within each individual dwelling, while promoting the creation of a community (What do we need?, Shared facilities).

Utilize either natural materials and/ or reused materials with patina.

To add an enriching experience of time (Sustainable construction, Continuum of time).

Flexible spaces.

To mitigate future changes in the needs of the community (What do we need?, Shared facilities).

76

Transformation.

Working with altering the function of existing buildings demands a thorough understanding of what is, which was done through analysing the existing farm buildings, to have the best prerequisite for creating usable and appealing shared facilities.

During the work with the existing barns, the initial focus lays in understanding the speciality of each barn, its possibilities and possible hurdles, as well as which new functions can be introduced most elegantly where.

This again demands an analysis of how to introduce these functions, what different requirements they have and then another estimation of the initial layout. It is done alongside an analysis of how to energy optimize the envelopes of the buildings and understanding the needed alteration to allow enough daylight into the spaces, without compromising the character of the Barns.

How do we combine it?

77

51. Schematic programming of exiting buildings.

1:200

Shared offices 50 m2 Dining hall 100 m2 Kitchen 50 m2 Flex rooms 40 m2 Hall 50 m2 Toilets 20 m2 Laundry 30 m2 Unheated workshop 100 m2 Heated workshop 50 m2 Café 50 m2 Greenhouse

78

1:200

N

Plan and spatial study.

1:200

The initial plan and spatial studies focus on creating a symbiosis between the needed functions for the shared facilities, with the understood inherent values of the existing buildings, both in terms of the concrete materialization hereof as well as the phenomenological manifestation.

Simultaneous discussions between the team members regarding the relationship between functions, private/public, unheated/heated spaces as well as daylight conditions also affect the process and helps develop the notion of the courtyard as the central area of the site, where all functions will be connected to, as the reflectance of the inherent Ideas of functional plan layout are taking shape, story of the courtyard as the point of departure. with schematic programming as well as conceptual sketching of the imagined spatiality.

How do we combine it?

79

80

52.

1

53.

1

54.

1

55.

1

56.

1

57.

1

58.

1

59.

1

Ill. 52 - 59 conceptual sketching of the imagined spatiality.

How do we combine it?

81

60. Common dinning in the large northern barn, making the wooden structure a central piece of the community.

82

61. Unheated workshop in the western barn.

62. Greenhouse in the eastern barn, introducing plants beds in the cavity of the floor.

How do we combine it?

83

eternit roof sheet metal frame battens old beam (has been cut off ) beam interior paint, polluted, needs cleaning before handling bricks, lime mortar exterior paint, polluted, needs cleaning before handling 63. Detail 1:10 before the transformation, U-value = 0,7 W / m2 K

reused roof tiles Hunton wood fibre board battens plywood, acting as vapor barrier, secured with air-tightness tape beam metal frame robe added to take tension and restore the connection of the beams extra bricks used from selective demolition of the stable beam gutter

paper wool insulation bricks, lime mortar

64. Detail 1:10 after the transformation, U-value = 0,28 W / m2 K

Energy optimization.

During the transformation of the old barns into shared facilities, it becomes relevant to consider, how the existing envelope, which is not built with providing human comfort in mind, can be optimized to meet current standards. In the case of this barn, the current cavity in the outer wall provides an opportunity for adding insulation here.

A study of different insulation options (both living up to the criteria of being natural materials) is undertaken, where it is concluded, that wood fibre has a too high thermal conductivity to live up to the needed U-value, when only being able to add a layer of 134 mm between the bricks. The paper wool insulation on the other hand provides a low with enough thermal conductivity for the U-value of the whole wall to live up to the requirement of 0,3 W /m2K (Appendix 08 U-value of a barn wall).

When transforming the barns, the roof will have to be almost completely altered. The current asbestos sheets are non-reusable, and the only thing reused is the wooden structure. On this, will be added the new roof structure, which will be prolonged to maintain the visual scale of the facades as well as providing a discrete transition zone between the interior and exterior (ill. 61). Reused roof tiles will be chosen for the roof, to not only restore the building but upgrade it to what at the time would have been the prefered roof cladding, if the money had been plentiful (Realdania 2016, p.50).

How do we combine it?

85

65. Existing windows 15% of floor area has DF > 2%

66. 2. Adding windows in all existing openings 37% of floor area has DF > 2%

67. 3. Existing openings adding skylight higher 54% of floor area has DF > 2%

68. 4. Existing openings adding skylight lower 69% of floor area has DF > 2%

86

N

Daylight.

It is a criterion to avoid altering the existing facade expression unnecessarily, why analysis of the daylight factor in the Barns is conducted. The first iteration involves only adding windows in the already existing openings, such as the large door towards the courtyard, or the two openings in each gable of the Northern Stable (ill. 66).

Since this alteration is not enough, new windows are added to the roof, as well as a few windows in the walls towards the West, to assure sufficient daylight in the kitchen area (ill. 67 and 68). Skylights are chosen as the preferred possibility since the roof has to be changed under any circumstances, whereas the walls will remain almost intact.

Daylight Factor 5.00 < 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 < 0.00

When understanding the needed openings to gain sufficient daylight, sketches and collages are made alongside 3D modelling, to ensure that the new added windows or openings do not compromise the integrity of the structure.

It was the intention to use these openings to tell the new story of the Barn as the producer of the community, creating a reference to the earlier openings reflecting the past functionality (ill. 69 - 71).

When working with the openings, the team are discussing issues of visibility, private/public relations as well as envisioning the different functions each space can serve and the associated daylight/ visibility needs.

How do we combine it?

87

69. East facade version 1

70. East facade version 2

71. East facade version 3

88

72.

1

74.

1

73.

1

75.

1

Ill. 72 - 75, sketching the imagined quality of different introduced openings in the Barn.

How do we combine it?

89

Light green metal sheets 20 m2

Dark green metal sheets 52 m2

Blue metal sheets 53 m2

Grey metal sheets 20 m2

Grey bricks 318,6 m2

Silver metal sheets (from local recycling centre) 100 m2

76. Material photos from the site and local recycling center.

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Reusing materials.

During the transformation of the existing buildings on the site, some materials are taken down these are shown on the adjacent page as well as the number of square meters available from the selective demolition. It will be investigated how these materials can be reused and implemented in the design of the new buildings, both to prove that already available materials on the site can be utilized and reused, while they at the same time act as a connecting link between the existing and new buildings.

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Design principles All construction materials are designed for dissasembly.

To allow for future reuse of building components (Sustainable construction, DFD).

Offer outdoor spaces in direct contact with each dwelling (garden/terrace).

To provide some of the characteristics Danes prefer in their homes (Sustainable living, Home).

Make use of local materials.

To ensure a reference/connection to the existing buildings as well as minimizing transportation of materials (Sustainable construction, Reuse).

Minimize space and share facilities.

To promote sustainable living with quality instead of quantity and a lower consumption of water, heat and electricity (Sustainable living).

Utilize either natural materials and/ or reused materials with patina.

To add an enriching experience of time (Sustainable construction, Continuum of time).

Make the connections of materials and building components logical and transparent.

To create connections that acts as circular ornaments (Sustainable construction, The circular ornament).

Use the detail/material joint as connector of new and old.

To co-create references to the past and tell a complete tale (Sustainable construction, The material joints).

Provide smaller units for empty nesters.

To promote that the inhabitants more to smaller units when there is no longer need for the extre bedrooms (What do we need).

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Combine activities in rooms.

To make effective use of space (What do we need?).

Provide flexible rooms for the kids in family units.

To ensure that the rooms can adapt to different ages and their needs (What do we need?).

New buildings.

On the following pages is presented a short description of how the team chooses to work with the design of new dwellings on site. The design principles on the adjacent page are those that mainly influences the process.

Other factors also play in, such as consideration of energy optimization, utilization of the western wind for natural ventilation, structural assessments to avoid over dimensioning, introducing the most sustainable materials among other things.

The process in the following chapter will be divided into an exploration of how to minimize/ optimize space, a study of the beams making up the structural system, a larger chapter regarding the indoor climate of a critical room in the dwelling and how to avoid overheating in the summer, followed lastly by an investigation of what materials to introduce in the outer walls.

Working with the new dwellings demands a thorough understanding of the site, the microclimate, the needs of the chosen user groups (analyses in an earlier chapter), as well as the reuse potential from the existing buildings.

The work done shaping the new dwellings is constantly affected by and affecting the analysis made and conclusions following.

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77. Three different pla layouts offering 10, 15 or 20 m2 pr. person.

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Minimize/optimize space One of the main topics of this report is an exploration of how to minimize and optimize the Danish dwelling. Minimizing the size of our dwellings is a solution to many different problems, such as the earlier stated overconsumption of resources in the Danish building sector, the individual Dane’s overconsumption of goods (less space = possibly less stuff), and the usage of heat. The optimization is a proposal that through better-planned space the inhabitant will not “suffer” from having to give up some of the average 60 m2 pr. person.

Instead, the inhabitants will get more out of less, by getting just what they need.

Square metres pr. person In an attempt to downsize the units, a workshop focusing on designing different plans offering 10 m2, 15 m2 or 20 m2 pr. person is undertaken. The team seeks to get an understanding of the needed space for both a family (ill. 77) and empty nesters (appendix 09 Plan diagrams for empty nesters) through several plan studies.

A conclusion from the workshop is, that minimizing the space to 10 m2 pr. person would be compromising the privacy, since children’s rooms would have to be combined or minimized to only a bed, and would not be possible to offer much storage space, whereas offering 20 m2 pr. person would seem accessive in terms of needed functions.

Another conclusion is that it will be needed to have more square metres pr. person when there are fewer people sharing the kitchen and toilets, why the Empty Nesters should have more square metres pr. person than the families.

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Semi public terrace

Central dining space

Semi private terrace

Ground floor

Storage wall

Semi private terrace

Large open kitchen

Central dining space

Missing storage

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78.

Plan studies

N

Large open kitchen

Kids rooms, bed on plateau Central dining space Unnecessarily large bathroom Sliding doors providing flexibility in plan layout

Semi private terrace

Home office

79. Plans developed during initial sketching phases

Many different plan layouts, all providing around 15m2 pr. person, are then further developed in an attempt to work inside-out. These are made along with running analysis of the space required and masterplan layouts.

Different parameters such as how to utilize natural ventilation, prohibiting air travelling from polluted rooms to less polluted rooms, daylight conditions, private/public relations, as well as the spatial quality of each room is simultaneously assessed.

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80. Beams of different spans and profiles. See appendix 10 Structural calculations for detailed results and an example of the calculation.

Structural system.

Profiles are chosen from standard sized-construction timber based on the measures presented in Teknisk Ståbi ( Jensen 2013). The beams are in European spruce, one of the most common timber types in Denmark (Teknologisk institut n.d.).

Different profiles for spans of both of 2 m and 4 m are examined based on their load-bearing capacity according to the estimated load distribution (see an example of the calculation in appendix 10 Structural calculations).

The beams are all structurally fixed and have a strength classification of C24.

The calculated coefficient of utilization for each profile spanning either 2 m or 4 m can be seen on ill. 80. Tension from compression and shear is calculated. The coefficient of utilization should be below 1, but it is preferred for the beams to be configured dimensionally closer to 1, since a low coefficient means a low utilization. When the coefficient approximates 1, it means better utilization of the strength of the element and therefore lower waste.

The structural examinations are carried out alongside planar and spatial studies, both in digital modelling as well as analogue sketching, to understand the architectural applications of each system.

It is the backbone of the plan layout structuring each unit in a 4 x 4 m grid dividing it further into 2 x 2 m.

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Structural connection.

As the design focuses on local materials the structural elements are acquired from Rold Savværk 10 km from the site. The manufacturer works with standard timber sizes of min. 45 mm x 95 mm, in FSC certified wood, why these are introduced in the design.

The connections of the structural elements are explored evaluating their readability while at the same time dimensioning the beams, keeping the standard sizes of timber from Rold Savværk in mind. This is done alongside 3D model studies of the visual expression of each joint and how these would affect the spatiality within the dwellings.

The study is undertaken partly as an effort to minimize the usage of metal in the connections due to the high embodied energy of metal (American Iron and Steel Institute 2021). It is therefore preferred to avoid metal hangers (ill. 82).

When incorporating the connections in the buildings, it is found that the structure where the beams are resting on top of each other (ill. 81) did not work with the internal walls, since it would leave unwanted gaps above the lower beams.

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Simulation model Simulation model

External wall, inner surface Plywood 12 mm Partition wall External wall, Plywood 12 mminner surface Plywood 12 mm Ceiling Partition wall Plywood 12 mm Plywood 12 mm

NN

Ceiling Plywood 12 mm

N

84. Simulation model. Dashed lines show adjacent rooms/ apartment. Shift in South facade above terrace door provides an overhang (0,6 m).

N

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86. Plan - combined kitchen, livingroom and bedroom.

85. Inner surfaces in room

Indoor climate.

When reducing the dwelling area while more or less having the same loads generating heat in the rooms (people, appliances etc.), it becomes relevant to check if excessive heat occurs during summer and if the natural ventilation is effective enough to avoid overheating.

The limits for reaching thermal comfort is determined using a formula that exponentially weighs the running mean of the daily mean external temperature as described in DS/EN 15251 Acceptable indoor temperatures for design of buildings without mechanical cooling systems (DS/EN 15251 2007, p. 27). The outdoor temperature and the running mean temperature for a whole year can be seen on ill. 87. To define the upper limit is the following equation used: Θi max = 0,33 Θrm +18,8 +4 (ibid, p.

28).

The simulation tool BSim is used to simulate the indoor climate. On the adjacent page the benchmark simulation model is illustrated (ill. 84) showing also the plan of which room is the basis for the simulations (ill. 86) as well as a description of the inner surfaces (ill. 85). Input data can be seen in appendix 11 Simulation assumptions and input data.

On the following pages the process of optimizing the design is shown. First, the result of the benchmark iteration, followed by iterations of changing design parameters with the aim of avoiding excessive heat during summer.

Outdoor temperature and running mean temperature 30 25

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87. The relation between the outdoor temperature and running mean temperature based on DS/EN 15251 Acceptable indoor temperatures for design of buildings without mechanical cooling systems (DS/EN 15251, 2007, p. 27). Data exported from BSim for the simulation year.

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1. iteration

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June July August 91. Simulation result of 1. iteration. Graph shows the operative temp. and the upper limit for the Summer months.

The axis shows the distribution of hours <19°C, <21°C, >27°C and >28°C for the entire year.

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92. Simulation result of 1. iteration for one critical day ( June 15th). ( June Thermal perfomance How do we combine it?

35 30

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93. Simulation model - 2. iteration

94. Small windows in top that can be kept open when occupants are not at home.

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2. iteration - window design To avoid excessive heat occurring when the occupants are not at home, it is investigated if introducing small windows in the top that can be left open when occupants are not at home (ill. 94) could reduce the hours above 27°C and 28°C. As seen on ill. 96 it reduces the number of hours a lot but not to an acceptable level (ill. 96).

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96. Simulation result of 2. iteration. Graph shows the operative temp. and the upper limit for the Summer months.

The axis shows the distribution of hours <19°C, <21°C, >27°C and >28°C for the entire year.

25

20 How do we combine it?

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The inner surfaces used for the BSim simulations, from top: 97. Plywood. (Architextures, n.d.)

98. Reused bricks from site.

99. Claytec heavy clayboards with clay plaster. (Claytec n.d.)

108

3. iteration - thermal mass It is investigated if introducing more thermal mass for the internal walls and inner surfaces could further help to avoid excessive heat in the building.

Plywood, a regularly used material for inner surfaces, is chosen as a benchmark compared to reused bricks from the site and clay boards, which both have a high heat capacity.

The materials that will be used can be seen on ill.

97 - 99 and have the following specifications: Plywood: Thickness: 12 mm Density: 561 kg/m3 Thermal conductivity: 0,12 W/mK Specific heat capacity Cp: 1800 J/kgK Effective heat capacity per m2: 12,1 kJ/m2K Bricks (reused from site): Thickness: 105 mm Density: 1609 kg/m3 Thermal conductivity: 0,57 W/mK Specific heat capacity Cp: 800 J/kgK Effective heat capacity per m2: 135,2 kJ/m2K Claytec heavy clayboards: Thickness: 22 mm Density: 1454,5 kg/m3 Thermal conductivity: 0,353 W/mK Specific heat capacity Cp: 1100 J/kgK Effective heat capacity per m2: 35,1 kJ/m2K

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100. Simulation result of iteration 3.1. Graph shows the operative temp. and the upper limit for the Summer months.

The axis shows the distribution of hours <19°C, <21°C, >27°C and >28°C for the entire year.

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101. Simulation result of iteration 3.2. Graph shows the operative temp. and the upper limit for the Summer months.

The axis shows the distribution of hours <19°C, <21°C, >27°C and >28°C for the entire year.

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102. Simulation result of iteration 3.3. Graph shows the operative temp. and the upper limit for the Summer months.

The axis shows the distribution of hours <19°C, <21°C, >27°C and >28°C for the entire year.

110

3. iteration More thermal mass

Iteration 3.1 In the third iteration, it was initially investigated if introducing just one brick wall in the middle of the room would affect. As seen on the result (ill.

100) it is not sufficient since the temperature is still exceeding the upper limit.

Iteration 3.2 In iteration 3.2 clay boards are added to the ceiling which could be effective when opening the top windows, making the air that travels through the room along with the ceiling cooling down the clay boards. As seen on the results on ill. 101 the hours above 27°C and 28°C are reduced further but still not to an acceptable level.

Iteration 3.3 In iteration 3.3 all plywood surfaces are replaced with clay boards resulting in a sufficient amount of thermal mass to keep the temperature below the upper limit (ill. 102).

3.1 External wall, inner surface Plywood 12 mm Partition wall Reused bricks 105 mm Ceiling Plywood 12 mm

3.2 External wall, inner surface Plywood 12 mm Partition wall Reused bricks 105 mm Ceiling Claytec heavy boards 22 mm

3.3 External wall, inner surface Claytec heavy boards 22 mm Partition wall Reused bricks 105 mm Ceiling Claytec heavy boards 22 mm

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112

103. Renders of partitions walls made by reused bricks from site in various pattern designs.

How do we combine it?

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104. Metal sheets found at the local recycle center.

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Materiality.

This process aims to analyze facade- and insulation materials according to their life cycle and aesthetic qualities to get an understanding of the several processes they take part in both in their production phases as well as in their end-of-life phases. To limit the complexity of the performed LCA, a full life cycle assessment is not conducted and all nine indicators are not evaluated. The focus of the LCA is based on the design principles as well as available data and limits the scope as following; For the facade elements, a comparison of the sub-indicator GWP-fossil is made along with an investigation of the materials’ durability. Furthermore, an overview of where the material is manufactured and the transport to the site is provided.

At last, the expressions of the materials, as well as their assembling, are explored.

The insulation materials are compared through indicators GWP-total and Primary Energy Use in the production phase (A1-A3) and the end-oflife phase (C3-C4). The materials are additionally mapped according to their placement. The transport from the manufacturer to the site is listed along with the GWP total of each material.

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The compared facade materials - from top; 105. Reused metal sheets from the site.

106. Expanded cork facade panels. (Wai Ming Ng, n.d.)

107. Superwood facade cladding. (Superwood, n.d.)

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Facade materials.

The basis for this investigation of facade materials is the metal sheets found on the existing buildings on the site. In total there are approximately 150 m2.

There are not enough metal sheets to cover all the facades of the new buildings, why it is necessary to introduce new materials in connection to these.

The new materials are chosen based on the following principles; they should be natural, carbon-negative or reused, require no to minimal maintenance and be easy to replace. Besides this, their expression should appear rather subdued to enhance the reused metal sheets and to avoid getting a messy facade expression.

Reused metal sheets: Green metal sheets from the existing buildings (ill.

105).

Cork: Facade panels of expanded cork are made from pieces of cork that would otherwise have been a waste product (ill. 106). Wine industries produce wine stoppers of cork bark and in this process, leftovers are created (Thermacork n.d.). This is grained, heated and lastly compressed to panels by using its own resin as glue. Cork has a lifetime of 50 years (ill. 108) and is 100% biodegradable (ibid).

Superwood: Is a full impregnated and dressed timber of FSC-certificated spruce from Hundal in Sweden (ill. 107). The wood is impregnated without use of heavy metals nor organic compounds and it protects the wood to the core from rot and fungus (Superwood A/S 2018). Superwood has a lifetime of 60 years (ill. 109) and over time it patinates to a silver-grey colour.

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Global warming potential (fossil) - Production phase (A1-A3) 4 3,5

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108. Comparison of GWP (fossil) - production phase (A1-A3) for facade materials.

Data from EPD’s and reports/articles (Superwood A/S 2018) (Silvestre et al. 2016) (Ernst Andersen et al. 2019, pp.61-67)

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Global Warming Impact The facade materials; reused metal sheets, cork and Superwood are compared according to Global Warming Potential (fossil) in the production phase (A1-A3). The production phase involves the extraction of the raw material, transport from the origin of the raw material to the factory and the actual production of the material (Kanafani and Birgisdottir 2021, p.10). Global Warming Impact (GWP) is divided into three sub-indicators: GWP-fossil, GWP-biogenic and GWP-land use.

The sum of those is GWP-total (The international EPD system 2018).

Durability The durability of the facade materials is placed on a timeline (ill. 109) to visualize how many replacements are required over time. Cork has an estimated lifetime of 50 years (Silvestre et al. 2016) where Superwood has a lifetime of at least 60 years (Superwood A/S, 2018). It is uncertain how long the metal sheets can last, since it is unknown when they were applied, why they are marked with a dashed line. From new, metal sheets have a lifetime of 80 years. Evaluated on the current condition of the reused metal sheets, it could be estimated that they can last roughly 25 years more.

Reused metal sheets are not storing carbon, why it doesn’t make sense to compare the three materials according to the sub-indicator GWP-biogenic. It is therefore more interesting to compare the materials according to GWP-fossil, which is an indicator showing the emissions of greenhouse gasses arising from fossil sources.

Housing is estimated to have a lifetime of 120 years (Aagaard et.al. 2013) and during that period the cork and the Superwood need to be replaced two times and the metal sheets four to five times (ill.

109). If one were to extend the lifetime by 30 years the cork would need a third replacement, whereas the Superwood would have another 30 years. This indicates that the durability of a material is highly dependent on the estimated lifetime of the building. Even though cork’s and Superwood’s lifetime only has a difference of 10 years this differentiation becomes more significant as the lifetime of the building increases.

In this case, the reused metal sheets have the lowest impact as they are not processed in any way (see ill. 108 - reused metal sheets). However, if they are pressed, cut and folded into a new kind of metal sheets with another expression than the profiled look, the GWP-fossil is suddenly worse than for cork (see ill. 108 - reused metal sheets processed).

Both Superwood and cork consume energy in their production phase. The production process of Superwood, where the wood is impregnated, involves a high-pressure chamber (Superwood A/S 2018), which along with transport from forest to factory could be the main contributors to the GWP-fossil of Superwood. This accounts also for the cork, which in its production phase is shredded, heated and compressed. All three production processes demand energy, which along with the transport from the Wine industry to the factory could be the major contributors of the GWP-fossil of cork.

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Superwood Hundal, SE 466 km

Reused metal sheets Rebild, DK 0 km

Cork Lissabon, PT 3.047 km

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110. Manufacturer/placement of the compared facade materials and distance to the site in Rebild.

Conclusion The analysis of the three parameters GWP-fossil, durability and transportation according to the chosen materials; reused metal sheets, cork and Superwood shows the advantage of reusing materials on site. However, the lifetime of the reused metal sheets is both uncertain and often shorter than new materials, why one should incorporate potential replacements of the metal sheets during the buildThe manufacturer of each material is mapped on ing’s lifetime in the design. One could investigate ill. 110 as well as the distance from the manu- scenarios of how to easily disassemble and mount facturer to the site. The result of the GWP of the the metal sheets when replacement is needed. transport calculations is shown in the graph (ill.

111). The calculation is comparing the weight (kg) of 1 m3 of each material transported by truck (TF1) using data from Den Frivillige Bæredygtighedsklasse (Bilag til krav om livscyklusvurdering 2020).

Transportation to the building site When comparing the different materials it is relevant to look into where the product is manufactured, since it needs to be transported to the site which will consume fuel. Influencing factors are the distance from the manufacturer to the construction site, type of transportation as well as the density of the product.

The result shows that cork has the highest GWP which is not surprising due to the large distance.

This comparison emphasizes the benefit of reusing the available materials nearby as transportation is avoided.

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Expression.

When reusing materials it has to be considered how they can be implemented in a new design. There is not an unlimited amount available and shape, colour and condition can vary. Since the durability of reused materials can be uncertain, it needs to be easy to replace. The facade materials chosen for this comparison can be mounted similarly, which makes them easy to combine on the facade and replace when they are worn out. Ill. 112 shows the materials applied on a facade next to each other mounted on horizontal battens.

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The compared insulation materials - from top: 113. STEICO Wood fibre. (Natural Insulations, n.d.)

114. GRAMITHERM insulation batt. (Havnens Hænder, n.d.)

115. EcoCocon Straw panel. (EcoCocon, n.d.)

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Insulation materials.

Continuing to the insulating part of the building envelope the aim of this investigation is to analyze different insulation materials according to their environmental impact. The insulation materials are chosen based on the following principles: they should be natural, carbon-negative and all materials should have a durability of at least 50 years.

Wood fibre: These insulation boards are made of wood chips, which are dried and compressed to insulating mats.

During this process, a small amount of textile bind fibre is added to secure flexibility in the board (STEICO SE 2021). Otherwise, the product consists 100% of wood, which is a natural raw material as well as carbon-negative (ill. 113).

Gramitherm: Gramitherm insulation is made from 92% cut-off grass (“waste grass”) from which fibres are separated, leaving a biomass liquid that is utilized to produce energy for the processes needed in the production of the insulation batts and 8% polyester fibres (Gramitherm 2021). The raw material is both natural and carbon-negative (ill. 114).

Straw panels: EcoCocon Straw panels are prefabricated panels made of wood and compressed straw, which are both natural materials (EcoCocon 2017). Furthermore, the product also contains screws, why it is not 100% biodegradable. The straw panels are custom-made to fit any design and are load-bearing (ibid), why one can either minimize or leave out the use of other structural elements (ill. 115).

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Global warming potential - A1-A3 + C3-C4 100 80 C3-C4

60

kg CO-eq. pr. m

40 20 0 -20 -40

A1-A3

-60 -80 -100

Straw panel

Wood fibre

C3-C4

C3-C4

C3-C4

A1-A3

A1-A3

A1-A3

Grass

Primary energy use 2500 2000 1500

A1-A3

MJ

1000 500 0 -500

C3-C4

-1000 -1500

Straw panel

Wood fibre

A1-A3

A1-A3

A1-A3

C3-C4

C3-C4

C3-C4

Grass

126

116. Comparison of GWP - production phase (A1-A3) and Waste processing (C3-C4) for insulation materials.

Data from EPD’s (EcoCocon, 2017) (STEICO SE, 2021) (Gramitherm, 2021) (Træ.dk, 2020a) (Træ.dk, 2020b)

GWP-total The insulation materials are compared according to GWP-total, which is the sum of all three mentioned sub-indicators (The international EPD system, 2018). The Global Warming Potential is calculated for the production phase A1-A3 and the End-of-life phase C3-C4 concerning the waste processing and disposal of the product (Kanafani and Birgisdottir 2021, p.11).

The GWP-total shows furthermore that grass has the lowest impact. If emission from phase A1-A3 is combined with the emission from phase C3C4 it equals a negative number, where the others are positive. Indicating that even though grass is not the most carbon-negative material, it has the lowest emission due to its simple composition and production method.

Primary energy use This indicator concerns the primary energy use from both renewables and fossil fuels. High usage of these can support the respective exhaustion of natural resources (Kanafani and Birgisdottir 2021, p.41).

The compared materials have a different thermal conductivity which is equalized by the amount/ thickness of each material pr. m2 to compare them on the same basis. The EPD of the straw panel is also including the wooden construction of the panels, why there is accounted for a similar percentage of wood in the GWP-total of the other materials The renewable energy which is generated in C3 to compensate for this. during incineration for the straw panel and the wood fibre is included in the Primary energy use in Grass, straw panel and wood fibre consist more C3-C4, why it is negative (ill. 116). As the product or less of natural materials, which are storing car- of the incineration is only ashes for the straw panel bon, why the production phase A1-A3 is negative and wood fibre, the consumption of primary ener(ill. 116). The straw panel is storing most carbon gy is minimal for C4. The end-of-life process for compared to grass and wood fibre insulation, but grass differs from the others, why the result is not on the other hand, it scores the highest emission as distinctive as the straw panel and wood fibre (ill. when viewing phase C3. As mentioned straw panel 116). The grass is in phase C3 composted and in consists of several materials and these need to be this process, biogas is generated, which can be used separately treated in phase C3, why this number as an energy source. Opposite the straw panel and becomes high. For wood fibre, it is not the material wood fibre, grass has a byproduct, landfill, which composition that causes the high GWP-total, it is in phase C4 contributes to the usage of primary the processing and sorting of the product as well energy. as the shredding of it before incineration, which primarily contributes to the GWP-total in C3.

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Rebild, DK

Straw panel Vilnius, LT 1.730 km

Grass insulation Sambreville, BE 1.036 km Wood fibre insulation München, DE 1.207 km

128

117. Manufacturer of the compared insulation materials and distance from manufacturer to the site in Rebild.

Transportation to the building site When comparing the different materials it is relevant to look into where the product is manufactured since it needs to be transported to the site which consumes fuel. Influencing factors are the distance from the manufacturer to the construction site, type of transportation as well as density of the product. The manufacturer of each material is mapped on ill. 117 as well as the distance from the manufacturer to the site.

The fact that the straw panel is both an insulating and structural element makes it less comparable to grass and wood fibre. In a building envelope, grass insulation and wood fibre would need support from another loadbearing material.

That said, it is grass, which has the lowest Global Warming Impact. Furthermore, the product utilizes a waste product, which is both biodegradable and carbon-negative. The product intends The result of the GWP of the transport calcula- to utilize local grass waste and regional resources tions is shown in the graph (ill 118). The calcula- for production, why it supports a circular mindset tion is comparing the weight (kg) of 1 m3 of each (Gramitherm 2021). material transported by truck (TF1) using data from Den Frivillige Bæredygtighedsklasse (Bilag til krav om livscyklusvurdering 2020). The result shows that the straw panel is both the one with the largest distance and the highest density, making it the worst-performing material in this comparison.

Global warming potential - transport from manufacturer to site 18 16

kg CO-eq. pr. m

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Grass

Straw panel

Wood fibre

118. The GWP for transportation of 1 m3 of each insulation material.

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129

Design principles Main House should act as a link between new and existing buildings.

To create a coherent master plan with a common vision (What do we have?).

Preserve facade principles from Bedre Byggeskik.

To preserve the original history and architectural intention of the building (What do we have?).

Utilize either natural materials and/or reused materials with patina.

To add an enriching experience of time (Sustainable construction, The continuum of time).

Use the detail/material joint as a connector of new and old.

To co-create references to the past and tell a complete tale (Sustainable construction, The material joints).

Offer outdoor spaces in direct contact with each dwelling (garden/terrace).

To provide some of the characteristics Danes prefer in their homes (Sustainable living, Home).

Minimize space and share facilities.

To promote sustainable living with quality instead of quantity and a lower consumption of water, heat and electricity (Sustainable living).

130

Renovation.

The aim is to conserve and restore the architectural value which lies within the main house and renovate the building in regard to its original architectural expression and function as well as being a physical link between the new dwellings and the existing farm buildings.

The preliminary renovation concentrates on investigating how to restore the original architectural intention of the outer expression. In this process, the principles of Bedre Byggeskik is used as a guide.

A reference tool to determine how one could re-establish the integrity of the building.

Furthermore, the habitation of the Main House with new users, families and empty-nesters, is explored and several plan solutions are investigated according to chosen design principles.

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131

119. Main House after preliminary renovation (out of scale) from top left North elevation, East elevation, South elevation, West elevation.

120. Main House (out of scale) from top left North elevation, East elevation, South elevation, West elevation.

132

Preliminary renovation.

The first part of renovating the Main House concerns the preservation and restoration of the integrity of the building as the building over the years have changed. Both the interior and the exterior have suffered some degrading replacements. This renovation process articulate only the exterior ones and the principles of Bedre Byggeskik are used as a guideline.

Windows and doors Current plastic windows and doors are replaced with new ones since their materiality and uneven pane size (ill. 120) do not meet the principles of Bedre Byggeskik (Brüel 2011, p.45) as well as current energy standards.

The new windows and doors chosen for the building are both more energy-efficient as well as proportioned according to the principles of Bedre Byggeskik (ibid) and their frames are made out of wood (ill. 120). The roof windows are replaced with windows with the same dimensions to not disturb the roof and secure the original measures (Brüel 2011, p.56).

Since the current openings in the building provide sufficient daylight (see appendix 12 Daylight analysis), this has not been a focus point.

Outer walls The outer wall is a cavity wall, which formerly has been re-insulated with Rockwool insulation and its u-value is therefore estimated to meet the Danish Building Regulation’s minimum requirements for outer walls of 0,30 W/m2K (Bygningsreglementet 2018), why the renovation of outer walls primarily concerns inner surfaces of the wall. These need to be replaced since they are both polluted, distorted and in some cases attacked by mould (ill. 32 (exploded Main House).

How do we combine it?

133

Floor plans of the existing Main House. From top: 121. Ground floor (out of scale) 122. First floor (out of scale)

N

134

Plan development.

An exploration of different plan solutions is performed where the original room layout (ill. 121 and 122) is changed and some existing interior walls are taken down and new ones are added. Furthermore, two plan layouts involve an extension of the building, which affects the outer appearance of the building, why isometric views are shown alongside plans and elevations. For all plans, a terrace is added on the ground floor at the Southern facade to make a soft transition from the interior to the existing garden.

The process is divided into three iterations. In the first iteration the Main House accommodates two families and two empty nesters, in the second iteration the Main House accommodates two families and one empty nester and in the third iteration, the Main House accommodates two families. These layouts are evaluated in relation to chosen design principles presented initially.

How do we combine it?

135

1st family 2nd family 1st empty nester 2nd empty nester

Floor plans of the renovated Main House. From top: 123. Isometric view of renovation.

124. Ground floor (out of scale).

125. First floor (out of scale).

136

N

First iteration.

On the ground floor, one will find two entrances which each leads to an apartment for a family on the ground floor and an apartment for an empty nester on the first floor (ill. 124 and 125).

The two families on the ground floor has direct access to a shared terrace oriented to the South.

For also providing the empty nesters with an outdoor space in direct contact with the dwelling, a bay is added. This acts both as a balcony and as an extension of the interior space on the ground floor.

Furthermore, a bay is added to the two Northern bedrooms to increase the size of the spaces and the quality of the rooms.

For this plan layout to work, one has to extend the interior spaces and add four extra volumes on the Eastern and Western facade, which affect the outer expression of the facades. More than half of the facade is covered up (ill. 126 and 127) and due to their dimensions, the bays seems disproportionate on the two gables.

Elevations of the renovated Main House. From left: 126. West elevation (out of scale).

127. East elevation (out of scale).

How do we combine it?

137

1st family 2nd family Empty nester

Floor plans of the renovated Main House. From top: 128. Isometric view of renovation.

129. Ground floor (out of scale).

130. First floor (out of scale).

138

N

Second iteration.

On the ground floor, one will find two entrances.

One leads to an apartment for a family. The other entrance leads to both an apartment for an empty nester and a family. Both apartments for families has a kitchen/living room and toilet on the ground floor and bedrooms on the first floor (ill. 129 and 130).

On the ground floor, all apartments have direct access to the shared terrace. The kitchen is inserted as an individual structure - a bay. The bay is added to the Eastern and Western facade, which increases the dimensions of the living room whilst allowing more light into the space.

In contrast to the first iteration, the bays are more proportionated to the gable facades as they do not cover more than a third of the facade (ill. 131 and 132).

Elevations of the renovated Main House. From left: 131. West elevation (out of scale).

132. East elevation (out of scale).

How do we combine it?

139

1st family 2nd family

Floor plans of the renovated Main House. From top: 133. Isometric view of renovation.

134. Ground floor (out of scale).

135. First floor (out of scale).

140

N

Third iteration.

The two entrances on the ground floor lead to one family apartment each. On the ground floor, there is a living room, kitchen and bathroom. From the living room, there is direct access to a shared terrace (ill. 134 and 135). On the first floor, the bedrooms are to be found along with an extra bathroom.

In this iteration, it is noticeable especially on the ground floor that the spaces are too big. This does not comply with the principle of minimizing space to promote sustainable living as the inhabitants have too much space to fill with material goods and heat up.

The facades of the buildings are preserved in their original expression since no extra building volumes are added. It allows the building to be presented as it is (ill. 136 and 137), but it eliminates the possibility of using structural elements as a connecting link to the new dwellings.

Elevations of the renovated Main House. From left: 136. West elevation (out of scale).

137. East elevation (out of scale).

How do we combine it?

141

142

The material joint.

The joint is used as a method to connect the existing brickwork with a new element. The aim is to design a detail, a material joint, which physically ties the two elements together and creates a whole out of the individual parts - a complete tale, why several details are explored. Wood alongside the bricks is chosen since it is alive in the sense that the material over years patinates. Furthermore, it has a changeable tactility that corresponds to the irregularity of the bricks.

Four different detail designs are made to examine how the joint could be shaped and materialized.

In the material joint overlap (ill 138 - 140) the wood extends beyond the edge and grows further over the bricks, which creates a shadow that marks the joint. The uneven cut of the wooden ends is mimicking the brickwork pattern of different sized bricks.

In the material joint framing (ill. 141 - 143) the transition from brick to wood is articulated with a wooden band, which at the same time separates and joins the elements.

From top left: The material joint, overlap.

138. Overlap, render of window and bay detail.

139. Overlap, render of close up elevation.

140. Overlap, render of isometric view of the joint.

From bottom left: The material joint, framing.

141. Framing, render of window and bay detail.

142. Framing, render of close up elevation.

143. Framing, render of isometric view of the joint.

How do we combine it?

143

144

The same principle with the wooden band is used in the material joint linked (ill. 144 - 146), where it acts as a liaison between the wood and the bricks.

The joint is sympathetic to the existing brick structure since it enhances the notion of two separate elements. Instead, they are related in their common horizontal direction.

In the last material joint gap (ill. 147 - 149) the wood and bricks do not meet and the gap between them casts a shadow that creates a joint which binds them together. This gap is articulated further with a third material, reused steel sheets.

From top left: The material joint, linked.

144. Render of window and bay detail.

145. Render of close up elevation.

146. Render of isometric view of the joint.

From bottom left: The material joint, gap.

147. Render of window and bay detail.

148. Render of close up elevation.

149. Render of isometric view of the joint.

How do we combine it?

145

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148

References

149

Illustations.

01 - 02. Photo from google maps, viewed 05 April 2021, available at: <https:// www.google.com/maps/search/stendalvej+1/@56.832168,9.8478489,298m/ data=!3m1!1e3> 03. Own illustrations.

105. Wai Ming Ng, viewed 23 April 2021, available at: <https://divisare.com/projects/330733surman-weston-wai-ming-ng-cork-studio> 106. Superwood, viewed 23 April 2021, available at: <https://www.superwood.dk/produkter/facadebeklaedning/sw18-skygge/>

04. Rebild kort info, viewed 10 February 2021, 107 - 111. Own illustrations available at: <https://drift.kortinfo.net/Map.aspx?Site=Rebild&Page=Kortopslag> 112. Natural insulations, viewed 23 April 2021, available at: <https://naturalinsulations.co.uk/ 05. Photo supplied from the municipality. Un- product/steicoflex-insulation/> known photographer.

113. Havnens hænder, viewed 23 April 2021, 06 - 45. Own illustrations and photos. available at: <https://www.facebook.com/havnenshaender/photos/462202878552674> 46. Room program based on room program from Urbania, 2017. Bæredygtigt byboligfælless- 114. Ecococon, viewed 23 April 2021, available at: kab. [ebook] Kuben management. Available at: <https://ecococon.eu/dk/element> <https://urbaniacph.klub-modul.dk/cms/Cluburbaniacph/ClubImages/Vedt%C3%A6gter%20 115 - 148. Own illustrations. og%20V%C3%A6rdier/UrbaniaKUBENBruttoprogram10.08.2017.pdf> [Accessed 28 February 2021].

47 - 96. Own illustrations and photos.

97. Architextures. Viewed 23 April 2021, available at: <https://architextures.org/textures/814> 98. Own photo.

99. Claytec. Viewed 23 April 2021, available at: <https://www.claytec.de/en/products/clay-drybuilding/lemix-clayboards-heavy_pid209> 100 - 104. Own illustrations and photos.

150

151