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Margarita Karavasili Architect d.p.l.g. – Msc. of Urban & Spacial Planning President of Citizens’ Inspectorate for Sustainable Development ex. Special Secretary of Environmental & Energey Inspectorate
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In the debate on sustainability, a lot of time and effort goes to buildings, which are responsible for almost 40% of the total final energy consumption on a European and national level.
This consumption, either in the form of heat (using primarily oil) or electricity, besides being a significant economic burden due to the high cost of energy, results in large scale atmospheric pollution, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) which is responsible for the greenhouse effect.
City
Open spaces
Building
A further 25 % is accounted for by traffic.
It is crucial and effective to promote initiatives, designs, research and proposals that challenge the sustainability of the public open space
open spaces role is crucial in combating urban heat island effect and in creating a favorable microclimate.
Unsustainable cities ‌
Unsustainable Production & Consumption Patterns ‌ Water Waste
Materials Energy
Traditionally, decisions and designs have been based on economics, form and function. The broader environmental context , in which all things exist, and on which all things rely- has not adequately been considered.
If we want to have ecological resources to use in the future, and ensure a high quality of life,
Ecologically sustainable development
Sustainable design process
we must start considering the broader environmenta l context in our choices,
technology
local climatic conditions
the built environment
in every level, regional & urban planning,
the cultural heritage we have to understand that
and buildings design.
natural resources
Appropriate technology
WE are part of the environment, and not separate from it
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Why ? Our childrens’ future is involved
The ribbons of sustainable development Narbonne 2006 laureate
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Joint environment diagnosis Energy planning programme Local Agenda 21
The ribbons of sustainable development Narbonne 2006 laureate
The City of Narbonne, Crossroads of southern Europe
Providing global results “ Zero CO2 Impact ” “ Vehicule free ” cities = controlled interior circulation “ Passive buildings “ = energy consumption reduced by half Energy requirements “ filled by renewable energies “
“Drinking water” consumption reduced by half” “ Selective sorting at source “ and “ silent collection “ of refuse Implementation of “ services to facilitate eco citizens action “
• Political willingness the pedestrian is more important that the vehicle
Pedestrian and cycle roads, community transportation, vehicule parks, a reasonable amount of vehicule traffic (defiveries, removals..)
By services facilitating vehiculefree pratices: vehicule sharing, delivery services
Halve your amount of drinking water Two master words :
Economise and Recycle
Urban public spaces have been host to many political, social and economic activities throughout history. From the early days of the agorae in Greece, where bustling trade occurred‌ to the Place Royale in Paris where political revolution took place, public space has been at the core of many cities’ most important happenings. The core functions of public space have the capacity to radically change with the passing of time.
The squares and streets of cities have historically been closely tied to markets and commerce but worrying trends of serving business instead of community are emerging.
Surfaces that were once permeable and moist become impermeable and dry.
These changes cause urban regions to become warmer than their rural surroundings, forming an "island" of higher temperatures in the landscape. Large amounts of concrete and asphalt hold more heat than a rural area. Tall city buildings limit air flow. Little vegetation - Limited cooling shade.
The improvement of the energy characteristics of the open public spaces is expected the reduce the heat island effect, It contributes to the improvement of the microclimate at urban scale , as well as at the scale of the surrounding buildings,
and will yield a series of other benefits with respect to life in the urban environment. The energy benefit to the surrounding buildings will result from the reduction of the cooling load during the warm periods of the year.
By using:
• light colored concrete surfaces, pavers and/or open grid pavement used in non-roof areas, for higher albedo (reflectivity), • design entrance plazas, walkways and parking lots with light decorative concrete pavement, • green roofs (harness the same evaporative cooling effect that cities lose when they hack away vegetation) •
roof sprinkling (evaporative cooling solution)
• ecological revitalization of urban open spaces
Environmental impact evaluation models and tools.
A list of indicators for the socio-economic implications of the development of outdoor spaces for urban activities.
Δημοσιοι χωροι
Benito Jimenez Alcala Environmental Αspects of Hispano-Moslem Architecture PhD 2002, AA EE London
Design Guidelines
Design Guidelines
1. General rules
2. Application of DG to the selected open spaces in Thessaloniki
3. Application of DG to principal case study sites
Simulations Temperature & air movement
ENVI-met 2.5 (Îœichael Bruse, University of Bochun www.ENVI-met.com)
Simulations
DESIGN TOOLS
Effect of vegetation 42 40
Temperature (ยบC)
Temperature (ยบC)
38 36 34 32 30
Effect of Street Layout
28
Rural
26
42
24
40
22
38
20
36
Vegetation No vegetation 0
2
4
6
8
10
34
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Solar hour
32 30 28
Rural
26
Avenue
24
Narrow Street
22 20 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Effect of Antropogenic Heat Sources Solar hour 42 40
S. Alvarez et al, University of Seville Temperature (ยบC)
38 36 34 32 30 28
Rural
26
No traffic street
24
Traffic street
22 20 0
2
4
6
8
10
12 Solar hour
14
16
18
20
22
24
Simulations
Natural ventilation / cooling of open spaces
Issues and Indicators Link together the overall social function of urban open spaces and the descriptive analysis of selected open spaces with the design procedure.
Issues and Indicators Link together the overall social function of urban open spaces and the descriptive analysis of selected open spaces with the design procedure.
• Evaluate
thermal comfort conditions of a design scheme, giving a variation of the radiant thermal load as a function of the use of different materials
environmental impact of alternative urban forms, examining the environmental performance of urban textures, contributing to temperature, sun and wind analysis
Issues and Indicators Link together the overall social function of urban open spaces and the descriptive analysis of selected open spaces with the design procedure.
Solar energy absorption
Buildings are like the cities heat points during 24 hours & the whole year ‌
solar energy absorption by dark surface Light colored surface Temperature
high air temperature
Objective: upgrade reflection effect
natural properties of materials
Tsky Emission Reflection
Tair outside Absorption
Troof surface Tceiling
Tair inside
Expo 98 Λισαβωνα
Think comfor of Public Spaces‌
Charing Cross, London
Think comfor of Public Spaces‌
Pilot Applications
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos
A square located in the suburbs of Athens, Alimos, was designed on the basis of biocliamtic criteria in a biois partially shaded by both the galleries & the trees.
General view of the site
Total area: ≈ 520m²
Net area provided for application (without sidewalks): ≈ 240m²
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos – Design Process 1st Design Proposal 2nd Design Proposal
Partner's comments (Kassel Meeting & on extranet)
Partner's comments (Milan Meeting)
Final Proposal Need for visual contact at ground level Adjacent future pedestrian street-> need for entrances
Reduction on the number of proposed trees. Trees with canopy at height above eye-level Creation of a pathway crossing the site
Low noise & visual contact requirements No sound barrier Tilt shading devises Solar geometry study:=> Not needed
Limited use of pergolas over pathways. Water surfaces & grass to counterbalance the temperature increase by shading devises removal Exposed areas
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos – Design Process 1st Design Proposal 2nd Design Proposal
Partner's comments (Kassel Meeting & on extranet)
Partner's comments (Milan Meeting)
Final Proposal
Pergolas are blocking the view to the site and do not permit children attendance
Reduction on the number of proposed trees. Trees with canopy at height above eye-level
Opportunity to choose shaded or solar exposed area to rest
Creation of a pathway crossing the site
No sound barrier Solar geometry study:=> Not needed
Limited use of pergolas over pathways. Water surfaces & grass to counterbalance the temperature increase by shading devises removal Exposed areas
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos
Deciduous trees
Small Bushes flowers
flowers
flowers
Bushes & trees (Canopy>Eye level)
Dense Bushes & trees
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos
Description
The site is partially shaded by both the galleries & the trees. (Users have various choices concerning their need for solar exposure in summer.) Parks with grass and flowers together with water surfaces, provide cooling in summer.
Darker, non reflective materials are used under the galleries. (Overheating protection s provided by shading these surfaces.) Light colored surfaces covers the inner area of the site Water surfaces provide a pleasant sound masking
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos Children’s Safety 1. The area is visible from ground level & from the surrounding buildings 2. The playground is in lower level to prevent younger children from escaping from their escort's attention and to provide tiers for escorts to rest (both shaded & exposed) 3. No vertical elements around the playground, to prevent accidents 4. Night: Adequate lighting of the area
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos
Simplified * representation of site shading from surrounding buildings on 21 Dec.
Topographic plan area
Site winter shading
* Ground surface is considered horizontal. Considering the high slope at south-west orientation, true shaded area is larger after 12:00.
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos Wind breaks
Stage 1
Shading – Solar exposure
Water Surfaces
Materials – Glare control Vegetation
Proposed Design Solution Axonometric plan
Deciduous trees
Play ground Water film
Ground plan
Axonometric plan
Shades oriented south
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos
Solar exposure-Shading
Cross section at N-S orientation
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi – Design Process
1st Design Proposal
Contacts with Municipality authorities. Mun. Authority's comments Kassel Meeting :Partner's comments
2nd Design Proposal
Contacts with Municipality authorities Mun. Authority's comments Official approval by the Municipality council (Feb.19) Public Meeting :Citizens comments, specific problems, requirements & approval (Feb.21) Partner's comments (25 May)
3rd Design Proposal Partner's comments (Milan Meeting)
Contacts with Municipality authorities Mun. Authority's comments
Detailed study
Final Design Proposal
▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi 3rd Design Proposal (Presented during the Meeting in Milan) After the acceptance of the proposal, the detailed study had to overcome the following restrictions:
6. Applicability of the Design Proposal In order to step into a detailed study, various studies were done. 2. Use 3. 4. 5. The networks Proposal Need offor perforated light for covering traffic maintenance aluminum some a portion hours requires shades ofevery the on frequent ground day the top (cars surface surface of&the trucks) gallery digging with (Not directly of related with RUROS, but necessary for the depths. 1. Existence underground public networks at various perforated blocks, filled with grass applicability of the proposal The Stability limited reasons width of ofconstruction the the gallery gallery require would low material traffic difficult weight. along Every new building wouldmade create “holes” on the Restricts thethe potential tree to(future specific locations only, the The site costand of along material the crossing was also roads. taken Sound into account barrier notwatering applicable 1. Underground public network networks, surface that would harm theplanting aesthetics of the site. Difficult maintenance & ease of study walking because the root system would disable the maintenance of the etc.) Smaller size towers & placement next (not inside) the road the networks andofcould cause damage. After with various companies with products, 2. Civilcontacts engineer study order ensure theadequate stability of the gallery “Solid” materials were in used forto surface “Conventional” materials were used for covering surface covering. use of semi-transparent polycarbonate was chosen. 3. Detailed market research on availablefoils material properties, cost & applicability Each proposed position for tree planting and for park locations, 4. Solar does notGeometry affect thestudy public networks 5. Artificial lighting study
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi 3rd Design Proposal (Detailed study) Section A
Section B
Section C
Ground Plan
Section D
Cross Section Equal distance on both sides
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi Section A
Each section contains: Side-gardens A 2 Various Paths, symbolic fountains “square”, connecting seat towers with benches with grass the flowers next building to springs artistic seat (water benches surfaces) next and representing & entrances inside trees to the the with with road “square”, bioclimatic colored the road, under (sculptures) fruitstrees elements the offering (plum direct (Sun, & sour access Wind, orange to trees) Time-seasons) Rain, people
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi
Side gardens with flowers Existing or blocks new trees Ceramic
Garbage tanks Artistic seat bench
Mechanically controlled columns to prevent vehicle traffic during day timePavement tiles Colored asphalt
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi
Red asphalt
Ceramic blocks
Pavement tiles
Side garden
Spring
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi
Symbolic Tower Element: Sun
Large garbage tank Position
Seats
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi
“Square”
Seat Benches
Katsantonis Park and perimeter roads
The project concerns the redesign of Katsantonis Park and perimeter roads and also
interventions to existing buildings that house services of Municipality of EleftherioKordelio: welfare (Center for Creative Children Occupation) and offices (Thematic Broadband Youth Park).
Landscape design concerns redesigning of the open spaces, taking into account existing uses, pedestrian and vehicular traffic and accesses. Existing compatible elements were preserved and new ones were introduced, according to the concept of intervention: thematic arrangement, redesign of playground and water route, parking areas
Thermal behaviour simulations were performed with special software based on accurate climatic data of the region, leading to: - Location of activities based on the microclimate - Planting of a variety of plants aiming at thermal comfort - Shading, wind redirection and protection devices - Selection of suitable floor materials, building elements and urban equipment - Introduction of new technologies (recycling, renewable energy sources)
THANK YOU, FOR YOUR ATTENTION