«Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности (английский)»

Департамент образования и науки Тюменской области Государственное автономное профессиональное образовательное учреждение Тюменской области «Тюменский педагогический колледж»

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ для студентов по выполнению самостоятельной работы к дисциплине «Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности (английский)» по специальности 15.02.14 Оснащение средствами автоматизации технологических процессов и производств (по отраслям)

Тюмень 2017

Печатается в соответствии с решением методического совета ГАПОУ ТО «Тюменский педагогический колледж» от 06.06.2017 г., проток № 11

Рецензент – Айзятова Г.Г. преподаватель ГАПОУ ТО «Тюменский педагогический колледж»

Методические указания для студентов по выполнению самостоятельной работы к дисциплине «Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности (английский)» по специальности 15.02.14 Оснащение средствами автоматизации технологических процессов и производств (по отраслям) /Сост. Ю.А. Вторушина. – Тюмень: ГАПОУ ТО «Тюменский педагогический колледж», 2017. – 24 с.

В пособии представлены методические указания для студентов по выполнению аудиторной и внеаудиторной самостоятельной работы по дисциплине «Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности (английский)» по темам «Автоматизация» и «Основы робототехники» Пособие содержит тексты профессиональной направленности и практические задания (упражнения) к текстам. Пособие адресовано студентам, обучающимся по специальности 15.02.14 Оснащение средствами автоматизации технологических процессов и производств (по отраслям).

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Содержание Введение…………………………………………………………………………4 Задания для самостоятельной работы 1. AUTOMATION 1.1 Automation……………………………………………………………………5 1.2 Types of Automation………………………………………………………….7 1.3 Robots in Manufacturing……………………………………………………...9 1.4 Modern Industrial Robots……………………………………………………11 2. ROBOTICS 2.1 History of Robotics……………………………………………………………13 2.2 Historical Robotics……………………………………………….....................16 2.3 The First Robot “Unimate”…………………………………………………...17 2.4 Leonardo da Vinci's robots…………………………………………………....18 2.5 The Three Laws of Robotics………………………………………………….19 Тексты для чтения……………………………………………………………….22 Литература…………………………………………………………………….. 26

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Ведение УВАЖАЕМЫЙ СТУДЕНТ! Методические указания по дисциплине «Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности (английский)» для выполнения практических работ созданы Вам в помощь для работы на занятиях, подготовке к практическим работам и зачетам. Представленные методические указания направлены на ознакомление и изучение тем «Автоматизация» и «Основы робототехники». При работе с текстами профессиональной направленности Вам следует познакомиться с новыми словами, внимательно прочитать текст, выполнить задания по его содержанию. После завершения работы необходимо выучить новые слова. Практический материал построен с учетом нарастания трудностей и содержит предтекстовые упражнения, направленные на закрепление лексических единиц, тексты, послетекстовые упражнения. Внимание! Если в процессе подготовки и выполнения практических работ у Вас возникают вопросы, разрешить которые самостоятельно не удается,

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Желаем Вам успехов!!!

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1. AUTOMATION 1.1 Automation Task 1.

Work in groups. Share information on what is “Automation”. Compare answers with other students and make list of uses for your group.

Task 2.

Read and translate the definition of the term “Automation”, use the dictionary.

Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.

The term automation is also used to describe non-manufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.

Task 3.

Read and translate the text use the dictionary.

Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development.

Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.

Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy workpieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine.

In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.

The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788

by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device.

Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.

Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centres machine tools can perform several different machining operations.

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More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.

Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.

Automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing. Small computers are used in systems called word processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of the modern office. They are used to edit texts, to type letters and so on.

Automation in Industry Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done automatically. Railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored.

Not all industries require the same degree of automation. Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods.

The automation technology in manufacturing and assembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries.

Nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs.

Task 4.

Mach the words with their meanings. automation previously sequence assembly plant non-manufacturing device resemble efficiency flyball governor steam engine household thermostat facilitate punched aid dimension

ранее эффективность сборочный завод непроизводственный устройство, прибор походить последовательность помощь центробежный регулятор измерение, размеры бытовой термостат автоматизация способствовать перфорированный паровоз 6

Task 5.

Find the following words and word combinations in the text.

1. автоматические устройства 2. автоматизированное производство 3. выполнять простые задачи 4. как легкие, так и тяжелые детали 5. интегрированная система производства 6. принцип обратной связи 7. механизм может разгоняться и тормозить 8. компьютер автоматически посылает команды 9. высокоавтоматизированная система 10. непроизводственная система Task 6.

Answer the questions.

1. How is the term automation defined in the text?

2. What is the most «familiar example» of automation given in the text?

3. What was the first step in the development of automaton?

4. What were the first robots originally designed for?

5. What was the first industry to adopt the new integrated system of production?

6. What is feedback principle?

7. What do the abbreviations CAM and CAD stand for?

8. What is FMS? 9. What industries use automation technologies?

1.2 Types of Automation Task 1.

Read the words and word combinations, translate into Russian, use the dictionary.

Equipment, sequence, initial, investment, to facilitate, rate, assembly machines, quantity, non-productive, changeover.

Task 2.

Read and translate the text use the dictionary.

Manufacturing is one of the most important application area for automation technology. There are several types of automation in manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in manufacturing are described below.

1. Fixed automation , sometimes called «hard automation» refers to automated machines in which the equipment configuration allows fixed sequence of processing operations. These machines are programmed by their design to make only certain processing operations. They are not easily changed over from one product style to another. This form of automation needs high initial investments and high production rates. That is why it is suitable for products that are made in large volumes. Examples of fixed automation are machining transfer lines found in the automobile industry, automatic assembly machines and certain chemical processes.

2. Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing products in large quantities, ranging from several dozen to several thousand units at a time. For each 7

new product the production equipment must be reprogrammed and changed over.

This reprogramming and changeover take a period of non-productive time.

Production rates in programmable automation are generally lower than in fixed automation, because the equipment is designed to facilitate product changeover rather than for product specialization. A numerical-control machine-tool is a good example of programmable automation. The program is coded in computer memory for each different product style and the machine-tool is controlled by the computer program.

3. Flexible automation is a kind of programmable automation. Programmable automation requires time to re-program and change over the production equipment for each series of new product. This is lost production time, which is expensive. In flexible automation the number of products is limited so that the changeover of the equipment can be done very quickly and automatically. The reprogramming of the equipment in flexible automation is done at a computer terminal without using the production equipment itself. Flexible automation allows a mixture of different products to be produced one right after another.

Task 3.

Answer the questions.

1. What is the most important application of automation?

2. What are the types of automation used in manufacturing?

3. What is fixed automation?

4. What are the limitations of hard automation?

5. What is the best example of programmable automation?

6. What are the limitations of programmable automation?

7. What are the advantages of flexible automation?

8. Is it possible to produce different products one after another using automation technology?

Task 4.

Find equivalents in English in the text.

1. сфера применения 2. фиксированная последовательность операций 3. автоматические сборочные машины 4. определенные химические процессы 5. станок с числовым программным управлением 6. потерянное производственное время 7. разнообразная продукция Task 5.

Explain in English what does the following mean?

1. automation technology 2. fixed automation 3. assembly machines 4. non-productive time 5. programmable automation 6. computer terminal 7. numerical-control machine-tool 8

1.3 Robots in Manufacturing Task 1.

Read and learn new words and word combinations. handling — обращение spray painting — окраска transfer — передача, перенос распылением location — местонахождение frame — рама pick up — брать, подбирать spray-painting gun — распылитель arrangement — расположение краски to utilize — утилизировать, находить grinding — шлифование применение polishing — полирование gripper — захват spindle — шпиндель to grasp — схватывать manual — ручной spot welding — точечная сварка labour — труд continuous — непрерывный hazardous — опасный arc welding — электродуговая сварка shift — смена Task 2.

Read and translate the text use the dictionary.

Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories: 1. material handling 2. processing operations 3. assembly and inspection.

Material-handling is the transfer of material and loading and unloading of machines. Material-transfer applications require the robot to move materials or work parts from one to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple: robots pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another. Other transfer operations are more complex, such as placing parts in an arrangement that can be calculated by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts. This requires the robot to be equipped with a grip-per that can grasp parts.

Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the particular part geometry.

In robotic processing operations, the robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part. Examples of such applications include spot welding, continuous arc welding and spray painting. Spot welding of automobile bodies is one of the most common applications of industrial robots. The robot positions a spot welder against the automobile panels and frames to join them. Arc welding is a continuous process in which robot moves the welding rod along the welding seam.

Spray painting is the manipulation of a spray-painting gun over the surface of the object to be coated. Other operations in this category include grinding and polishing in which a rotating spindle serves as the robot's tool.

The third application area of industrial robots is assembly and inspection. The use of robots in assembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual labor. But the design of the product is an important aspect of robotic assembly.

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Assembly methods that are satisfactory for humans are not always suitable for robots. Screws and nuts are widely used for fastening in manual assembly, but the same operations are extremely difficult for an one-armed robot.

Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is growing. In a typical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines whether the part answers the quality specifications. In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot provides a substitute for human labor. There are certain characteristics of industrial jobs performed by humans that can be done by robots: 1. the operation is repetitive, involving the same basic work motions every cycle, 2. the operation is hazardous or uncomfortable for the human worker (for example: spray painting, spot welding, arc welding, and certain machine loading and unloading tasks), 3. the work piece or tool is too heavy and difficult to handle, 4. the operation allows the robot to be used on two or three shifts.

Task 3.

Answer the questions.

1. How are robots used in manufacturing?

2. What is «material handling»?

3. What does a robot need to be equipped with to do loading and unloading operations?

4. What does robot manipulate in robotic processing operation?

5. What is the most common application of robots in automobile manufacturing?

6. What operations could be done by robot in car manufacturing industry?

7. What are the main reasons to use robots in production?

8. How can robots inspect the quality of production?

9. What operations could be done by robots in hazardous or uncomfortable for the human workers conditions?

Task 4.

Translate into English.

1. Существует несколько различных сфер использования автоматизации в производстве.

2. Для использования жесткой автоматизации необходимы большие инвестиции.

3. Жесткая автоматизация широко используется в химической промышленности.

4. Станки с числовым программным управлением — хороший пример программируемой автоматизации.

5. Гибкая автоматизация делает возможным перепрограммирование оборудования.

6. Время простоя оборудования оборачивается большими убытками.

7. Использование гибкой автоматизации делает возможным производство разнообразной продукции.

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1.4 Modern Industrial Robots Task 1.

Read and translate words and word combinations, use the dictionary. electronic brain, pervasive, in charge, capabilities, investments, vehicles, the induction motor, benefits.

Task 2.

Read the parts of the text, translate use the dictionary, place them in the correct order.

A. Modern industrial arms have increased in capability and performance through controller and language development, improved mechanisms, sensing, and drive systems. In the early to mid 80's the robot industry grew very fast primarily due to large investments by the automotive industry.

B. Robots offer specific benefits to workers, industries and countries. If introduced correctly, industrial robots can improve the quality of life by freeing workers from dirty, boring, dangerous and heavy labor. it is true that robots can cause unemployment by replacing human workers but robots also create jobs: robot technicians, salesmen, engineers, programmers and supervisors. The benefits of robots to industry include improved management control and productivity and consistently high quality products. Industrial robots can work tirelessly night and day on an assembly line without a loss in performance. Consequently, they can greatly reduce the costs of manufactured goods. As a result of these industrial benefits, countries that effectively use robots in their industries will have an economic advantage on world market.

C. In the research community the first automata were probably Grey Walter's machina (1940's) and the John's Hopkins beast. Teleoperated or remote controlled devices had been built even earlier with at least the first radio controlled vehicles built by Nikola Tesla in the 1890's. Tesla is better known as the inventor of the induction motor, AC power transmission, and numerous other electrical devices. Tesla had also envisioned smart mechanisms that were as capable as humans.

D. The image of the "electronic brain" as the principal part of the robot was pervasive. Computer scientists were put in charge of robot departments, of robot customers and of factories of robot makers. Many of these people knew little about machinery or manufacturing but assumed that they did. They also had little training in the industrial engineer's realm of material handling, manufacturing processes, manufacturing economics and human behavior in factories. As a result, many of the experimental tasks in those laboratories 11

were made to fit their robot's capabilities but had little to do with the real tasks of the factory.

E. Fully functioning androids (robots that look like human beings) are many years away due to the many problems that must be solved. However, real, working, sophisticated robots are in use today and they are revolutionizing the workplace. These robots do not resemble the romantic android concept of robots. They are industrial manipulators and are really computer controlled "arms and hands". Industrial robots are so different to the popular image that it would be easy for the average person not to recognize one.

Task 3.

Mark the following statements as True or False.

1. Robots offer specific benefits to workers, industries and countries.

2. Computer scientists knew all about machinery or manufacturing and realized that they did.

3. The industrial robots resemble the romantic android concept of robots.

4. Robots are industrial manipulators and are really computer controlled "arms and hands".

5. In the 20th century the robot industry grew very fast primarily due to large investments by the automotive industry.

Task 4.

Work in pairs, make questions to the text.

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2. ROBOTICS 2.1 History of Robotics Task 1.

Work in groups. Share information on what is “robot”, what kinds of robots you know and how we use robots in our life. Compare answers with other students and make list of uses for your class.

Task 2. Definition of a 'Robot' Read the definition of “robot”, translate use the dictionary: According to the Robot Institute of America (1979) a robot is: "A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks” A more inspiring definition can be found in Webster. According to Webster a robot is: "An automatic device that performs functions normally ascribed to humans or a machine in the form of a human."

Compare this definition with your.

Task 3.

Read and translate the text use the dictionary.

The word 'robotics' was first used in “Runaround”, a short story published in 1942, by Isaac Asimov. “I, Robot” a collection of several of these stories, was published in 1950.

One of the first robots Asimov wrote about was a robotherapist. A modern counterpart to Asimov's fictional character is Eliza. Eliza was born in 1966 by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology Professor Joseph Weizenbaum who wrote Eliza - a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine.

She was initially programmed with 240 lines of code to simulate a psychotherapist by answering questions with questions.

Task 4.

Answer the following questions.

1. When was the word “robotics” used for the first time?

2. What kind of robots was it?

3. Who was the creator of this robot and what was its name?

4. What “profession” did it have?

Task 5.

1. Read and translate following words and word combinations, use the dictionary. intertwine clockmakers science gain the basic principle of progress apply 13

technology handcrafted devices pneumatics living creatures hydraulics researcher consider be capable mankind’s greatest accomplishments arranging blocks artificial stacks sentient being a visual sensor manufacturers to process available equip attainable microprocessors appear handle the clockwork figures data medieval churches the surrounding environment invention the principle of feedback response degree to change spreading exploring to expand applications the home-made robots sign of the future Task 6.

Read the text about “History of Robotics” use the dictionary.

History of Robotics The history of robotics is intertwined with the histories of technology, science and the basic principle of progress. Technology used in computing, electricity, even pneumatics and hydraulics can all be considered a part of the history of robotics.

Robotics currently represents one of mankind’s greatest accomplishments and is the single greatest attempt of mankind to produce an artificial, sentient being. It is only in recent years that manufacturers are making robotics increasingly available and attainable to the general public.

The concept of robots dates back to ancient times, when some myths told of mechanical beings brought to life. Such automata also appeared in the clockwork figures of medieval churches, and in the 18th century some clockmakers gained fame for the clever mechanical figures that they constructed. Today the term automaton is usually applied to these handcrafted, mechanical (rather than electromechanical) devices that imitate the motions of living creatures. Some of the «robots» used in advertising and entertainment are actually automata, even with the addition of remote radio control.

The term robot itself is derived from the Czech word “robota”, meaning «compulsory labor». It was first used by the Czech novelist and playwright Karel Chapek, to describe a mechanical device that looks like a human but, lacking human sensibility, can perform only automatic, mechanical operations. Robots as they are 14

known today do not only imitate human or other living forms. True robots did not become possible, however, until the invention of the computer in the 1940s.

One of the first true robots was an experimental model designed by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute in the late 1960s. It was capable of arranging blocks into stacks through the use of a television camera as a visual sensor, processing this information in a small computer.

Computers today are equipped with microprocessors that can handle the data being fed to them by various sensors of the surrounding environment. Making use of the principle of feedback, robots can change their operations to some degree in response to changes in that environment. The commercial use of robots is spreading, with the increasing automation of factories, and they have become essential to many laboratory procedures. Japan is the most advanced nation exploring robot technology. Nowadays robots continue to expand their applications. The home-made robots (горничная) available today may be one sign of the future.

Task 7.

Mark the following statements as True or False.

1. The history of robotics differs from the histories of technology, science and the basic principle of progress.

2. Robotics is the single greatest attempt of mankind to produce a sentient being.

3. The first robot was made in the 20th century.

4. The first robot was like a human being.

5. The term robot describes a mechanical device that looks like a human and it can perform only automatic, mechanical operations.

6. Robots as they are known today only imitate human or other living forms.

7. The first true robot was an experimental model designed by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute in the late 1960s.

8. Nowadays robots can change their operations to some degree in response to changes in that environment.

9. Robots cannot change their operations to some degree in response to changes in that environment.

10.The USA is the most advanced nation exploring robot technology.

Task 8.

2. Complete each sentence using the correct word from the box.

Science, living creatures, accomplishments, ancient times, mankind sentient being, handcrafted devices, , an experimental model, the basic principle of progress 1. The history of robotics is intertwined with the histories of technology, __________

and __________________.

2. Robotics represents one of mankind’s greatest _____________ and is the single greatest attempt of ______________ to produce a ________________.

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3. The concept of robots dates back to ___________________, when some myths

told of mechanical beings brought to life.

4. Today the term automaton is usually applied to these ___________________ that imitate the motions of ____________________.

5. One of the first true robots was ____________ designed by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute in the late 1960s.

2.2 Historical Robotics Task 1 Read the text. Use the dictionary. Make a list of new words.

Historical Robotics Many sources attest to the popularity of automatons in ancient and medieval times. Ancient Greeks and Romans developed simple automatons for use as tools, toys, and as part of religious ceremonies. Predating modern robots in industry, the Greek God Hephaestus was supposed to have built automatons to work for him in a workshop.

Unfortunately, none of the early automatons are extant.

In the Middle Ages, in both Europe and the Middle East, automatons were popular as part of clocks and religious worship. The Arab polymath Al-Jazari (1136-1206) left texts describing and illustrating his various mechanical devices, including a large elephant clock that moved and sounded at the hour, a musical robot band and a waitress automaton that served drinks. In Europe, there is an automaton monk extant that kisses the cross in its hands. Many other automata were created that showed moving animals and humanoid figures that operated on simple cam systems, but in the 18th century, automata were understood well enough and technology advanced to the point where much more complex pieces could be made. French engineer Jacques de Vaucanson is credited with creating the first successful biomechanical automaton, a human figure that plays a flute. Automata were so popular that they traveled Europe entertaining heads of state such as Frederick the Great and Napoleon Bonaparte.

Task 2 Answer the questions.

1.

2.

3.

4.

For what use were developed the first simple automatons?

Are the first automatons of ancient Greeks and Romans extant nowadays?

What kind of automatons were popular in the Middle Ages?

What mechanical devices were made by Al-Jazari?

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5. What was the first automaton in Europe?

6. Who was the creator of the first successful biomechanical automaton?

2.3 The First Robot “Unimate” Task 1 Read the text. Use the dictionary. Make a list of new words.

The First Robot “Unimate” After the technology explosion during World War II, in 1956, a historic meeting occurs between George C. Devol, a successful inventor and entrepreneur, and engineer Joseph F. Engelberger, the two discuss the writings of Isaac Asimov.

Together they made a serious and commercially successful effort to develop a real, working robot. Engelberger started a manufacturing company 'Unimation' which stood for universal automation and so the first commercial company to make robots was formed. Devol wrote the necessary patents. Their first robot nicknamed the 'Unimate'. As a result, Engelberger has been called the 'father of robotics.'

The first Unimate was installed at a General Motors plant to work with heated die-casting machines. In fact most Unimates were sold to extract die castings from die casting machines and to perform spot welding on auto bodies, both tasks being particularly hateful jobs for people.

Both applications were commercially successful, the robots worked reliably and saved money by replacing people. An industry was spawned and a variety of other tasks were also performed by robots, such as loading and unloading machine tools.

Unimation is still in production today, with robots for sale.

Task 2 Mark the following statements as True or Fals.

1. After the technology explosion during World War II, in 1956, a historic meeting occurs between George Devol and Isaac Asimov.

2. The inventors made a serious and commercially successful effort to develop a real, working robot.

3. 'Unimation' was the first commercial company to make robots.

4. Their first robot nicknamed the 'Unimate'.

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5. George C. Devol has been called the 'father of robotics.'

6. Unimates were sold to extract die castings from die casting machines and to perform spot welding on auto bodies, both tasks being particularly favored jobs for people.

2.4 Leonardo da Vinci's robots Task 1.

Work in groups. Share information on who was Leonardo da Vinci and what for he was famous. Compare answers with other students and make list of uses for your class.

Task 2.

Read and translate following words and word combinations, use the dictionary: a genius to be recognized as‌ an achievement to be self-educated an invention an inventor a cart programmable

a performance an amusement a nickname the soldier robot a knight a warrior medieval armor human-like movements

Task 3.

Read the text. Use the dictionary.

Leonardo da Vinci's robots There is no doubt that Leonardo da Vinci was a genius. Although nowadays he is mostly as a great artist, his achievements in other fields are also very notable.

Especially, if the fact that he was self-educated in fields other than painting is recognized.

Amongst many of Leonardo's inventions there are some automata as well.

This mechanism is also known as Leonardo's cart. It was known earlier that the mechanism was self-propelled, but it was not known that the cart was programmable.

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There are stories that tell that Leonardo made a mechanical Lion that was able to walk and present flowers at the end of its performance. It is said that this Lion was presented to a King of France as an amusement.

Leonardo's robot is a nickname given to a humanoid automaton designed by Leonardo da Vinci. This device is also known as the soldier robot, or as the Leonardo's mechanical knight. Basically, it is a warrior, clad in medieval armor that is capable of some human-like movements.

Leonardo da Vinci was one of the brightest minds of his time.

Task 4.

Complete each sentence using the correct word from the box. the cart, the brightest minds, automata, a humanoid automaton, was able, a genius, a King of France, self-educated, clad in medieval armor, performance 1. There is no doubt that Leonardo da Vinci was _______________.

2. Especially, if the fact that he was ________________ in fields other than painting is recognized.

3. Amongst many of Leonardo's inventions there are some ____________as well.

4. It was not known that _________was programmable.

5. Leonardo made a mechanical Lion that ___________ to walk and present flowers at the end of its ______________.

6. The Lion was presented to __________________ as an amusement.

7. Leonardo's robot is a nickname given to ______________ designed by Leonardo da Vinci.

8. It was a warrior__________ that is capable of some human-like movements.

9. Leonardo da Vinci was one of _______________ of his time.

2.5 The Three Laws of Robotics Task 1 Read and translate the three laws of robotics. Use the dictionary. Make a list of new words.

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1. Law Zero: A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.

2. Law One: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law.

3. Law Two: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law.

4. Law Three: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher order law. Three Laws of Robotics Task 2.

Read the text. Use the dictionary.

What are the Three Laws of Robotics?

In 1942, beloved science fiction writer Isaac Asimov penned a short story, “The Runaround.” In it scientists are puzzled by the bizarre behavior of a robot named Speedy, who cannot complete a task, though he must obey humans, because the task involves danger to the robot. Instead of being able to follow orders, Speedy sings snatches of Gilbert and Sullivan operettas and races around in circles. This comic story introduces the Three Laws of Robotics, rules usually memorized by science fiction enthusiasts, and familiar to an increasing number of scientists.

The Three Laws of Robotics became the springboard for Asimov to explore all the situations in which the laws contradicted each other or were inoperable. His first few “robot” stories became several and were later published in book form in the novel I, Robot. What is clear through Asimov’s work is that though the Three Laws of Robotics were meant to protect robots with relative intelligence and to protect their human users, there were loopholes and problems.

Throughout the short stories in I, Robot , and in Asimov’s follow-up novels The Caves of Steel, The Naked Sun, The Robots of Dawn, and Robots and Empire, Asimov continues to explore the inherent conflicts in obeying all three laws, and adds an additional law, the Zeroth Law, stating that robots cannot harm humanity or by failing to act, allow humanity to come to harm.

Some people might wonder why short stories written as early as the 1940s would have any relevance in the present day. Like many science fiction writers, Asimov dreamed what people would later discover. As we now have “smart” robots and machines of different types, serious discussion exists in the scientific community regarding laws needed to protect these expensive machines, and more importantly to protect humans from them. Implementing the Three Laws of Robotics is not simple, and theories on practical applications of laws for robots, based on Asimov’s novel is a matter of great debate.

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What must be remembered, of course, is that Asimov presents us with problems that result from the Three Laws of Robotics, and seldom a complete set of conclusions on how to counter the inherent inconsistencies in the laws. They are nevertheless a springboard for all who research or create robots today, and the laws may be worth knowing as we continue to advance into the field of robotics.

Task 3.

Complete each sentence using the correct word from the box.

Intelligence, introduces, problems, dreamed, science fiction writer, loopholes, implementing 1. In 1942, beloved _____________Isaac Asimov penned a short story, “The Runaround.�

2. This comic story ____________the Three Laws of Robotics, rules usually memorized by science fiction enthusiasts, and familiar to an increasing number of scientists.

3. the Three Laws of Robotics were meant to protect robots with ____________and to protect their human users, there were _______________and _____________.

4. Like many science fiction writers, Asimov_________ what people would later discover.

5. __________the Three Laws of Robotics and theories on practical applications of laws for robots is not simple.

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Тексты для чтения The Machine Minds – Should Mankind Mind them?

It is a moment of pride for each nation following any technological invention.

Any invention is a strong base to a complete hassle free future. Year ago when the idea of first Robots came up, human looked at them like Alien creatures who could be a possible threat to earth and humanity. In spite of such negative critics’ development in this area has proceeded since then to prove worth all of those short coming. From small arrangements of mechanical parts that could perform work, Robots have now involved to being look alike humans. In a very frank sense, think alike of humans. This is exactly what the world feared. But the question now is, does this post a threat to human existence? May seem a little absurd but the potential of further developments keep this question clouded with vague answers.

Robots have been much of Human’s reflection. So when we fear raise of evil robots it does make lot of sense. Robots can do what humans call the three D`s – Dull, Dirty and dangerous jobs. But that is not the limit to their abilities. What we fear is basically what technology can lead us into.

Robots Leading the future Military settings are where robots have been under rigorous research. In a normal human setting one would like to find how harmless a Robot is to humans but in military it is exactly the opposite. Talks about fully automated robots have been clearly eliminated especially in industries such as the Defense. This is because of serious threat to very own kind that has been found possible when robots are engaged on their own. Selecting and engaging targets must be handled by humans to keep things in hand at any time.

Babysitting Robots Humans are now mentally debating about getting robot babysitters or making them elderly people’s companion. Both might seem tricky start as replacing humanly love and affection with machines does not seem convincing. This could be an issue beyond simple programming. Some fields where robots might be involved do demand programming development but those are restricted to mechanical outcomes. While it comes to how close they can replace a Human, robots still need work from more than Human Brains. Programming can get them to understand emotions but we can hardly find how close they are to feeling our emotions. Emotions can be programmed but never made a part of them.

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While all this covers up the advancements the problem about whether or not to fear this future stays fresh. While most simply neglected this question to avoid ambiguity in solutions some bold answers have come up. Use what technology gives to you. What we have achieved today is far beyond what was predicted years ago. Millions of minds involved in this development will definitely find a way to make the situation stay under our hands. For now Robots prove worth of an investment as they can increase efficiency and performance in any work. Technology will expand job opportunities so fearing job displacement can also be eliminated henceforth. So do robots need mechanics and doctors for they are still combination of human minds. Robots have actually made understanding the world better. They have led the path to limitless research about the world that would simple remain imagination, if not. Giving up on such machines would probably prove low of mankind’s ability. So will it form the future but much under Human control. If it is the ‘Terminator’ future you are fearing far, humans already understand the risks and will work on handling them.

Robots are inventions of the mankind. They are our kids not fathers unless another human decides to make them. Of all that one could suggest making this raise less threatening, programming ethics and conduct does make clear and possible sense. But ethics can never be a set of rules. They can develop only by correcting each and every possible negative outcome that one can lead to. Humans evolved with such ethics so will Robots.

Sunday, December 28, 2014 By Varshnee Raj

Robots: Society's helpers or mankind's downfall?

The robotic population of the world is over 5 million, I learned yesterday at the Cheltenham Science festival. Noel Sharkey of Sheffield University, UK, told the audience that there are already 1.2 million industrial and 4 million service robots in use. That number is growing. But robots are also taking on greater responsibilities and Sharkey thinks this raises ethical questions. He fears some robots could harm society. His first example was robots designed to keep elderly people company, such as the expressively faced Pearl and Paro the seal pup. Sharkey questions whether anyone would choose to be nursed by a machine, or to have their nearest and dearest tended by one.

A study has shown that Paro reduces levels of stress hormones, but Sharkey cites a follow up that found it was actually the interaction with researchers that was responsible. Only 20% of the Cheltenham audience thought it would be safe to leave an elderly person alone with a robot for 4 hours, and no-one thought 8 hours would 23

be safe. Similar issues apply to robots designed to help look after children, such as Sony's Qrio (shown below playing with children) and NEC's PaPeRo (Partner-type Personal Robot).

Both have already been tested in nurseries and schools, but Sharkey worries about a generation raised mainly or solely by robots: "Even if they are safe and entertaining, what kind of role model is a robot? Could they lead to a generation of social misfits?" There is much still to be researched on human-robot relationships.

But evidence shows children do treat them like real living things. We need to know more before robots change society more than they already have. Would you trust your child, or old age, to a robot?

Lucy Middleton, New Scientist researcher

The Pros and Cons of Robots With robots becoming more common each and every day, it is important to understand both the advantages and disadvantages that robots have. This will help enable people to better determine when to use and when to not use robots.

The Advantages of Robots 1. Cost: The most obvious advantage of robots is their cost. Robots are cheaper than most human counterparts, and their costs are still decreasing.

2. Abilities: Robotic abilities, what robots can do, are now extremely vast and growing.

3. Productivity: Robots do not tire and can work very long hours without service or maintenance. As a result, robots can be significantly more productive than people.

4. Precision: Robots can be much more precise than people. For instance, robots should not tremble or shake as human hands do. Furthermore, robots can have much smaller and versatile moving parts than people. As a result, robots have even performed medical surgeries, because they can be more precise than people.

5. Strength: Without a doubt, robots can be significantly stronger than people.

6. Speed: Additionally, robots can be significantly faster than people too.

7. Size: Robots can come in any size. Whatever size needed for any task can be created.

8. Environment: Robots can be designed to work in extremely harsh environments, such as in space, without air, underwater, fire, etc. Thus, robots can be used instead of people when human safety is a concern.

9. Dangerous and Unwanted Work: Finally, robots can do jobs that people are unwilling to do. For instance, many robotic probes have been sent throughout 24

the solar system to never return back to Earth. I don’t think many people would be willing to do those types of jobs.

10.Warfare: Using robots in warfare eliminates putting more people at risk and has proven to be very successful.

The Disadvantages of Robots 1. Jobs: In my opinion, the biggest issue with using robots is the huge loss of jobs for people. Basically, robots have eradicated a wide range of middle class jobs in several industries, such as car manufacturing.

2. Limited Functionality: Robots are very good at doing perfectly defined jobs, however robots typically do not handle the unexpected as well as people do.

3. Lack of Intelligence: Since robots are not intelligent or sentient, robots can never improve the results of their jobs outside of their predefined programming. In other words, robots do not think. At least, not yet.

4. Lack of Emotions or Conscience: Similarly, robots do not have emotions or conscience; therefore, robots lack empathy and all of the advantages that come with it. As a result, this limits how robots can help and interact with people.

5. Colonization: While robots can be sent to other planets and distance moons to help colonize them, they cannot build an independent functioning society.

6. Dangerous: Robots can be extremely dangerous. Whether robots are malfunctioning or designed for warfare, robots can be very hazardous to people.

In conclusion, robots have a wide range of advantages and disadvantages. And their utilization will only increase through time and with more technological advances. Hopefully, this article will help people to better determine when to use and when to not use robots.

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Литература 1. Коваленко П.И., Агабекян И.П. Английский для технических ВУЗов./ . П.И. Коваленко, И.П. Агабекян Учебное пособие. Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс, 2008.350с.

2. Луговая А.Л. Английский язык для студентов технических специальностей: Учебное пособие/ А.Л. Луговая- М.: «Высшая школа»; Издательский центр «Академия», 2001-150с.

3. Радовель В.А. Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности: Учебное пособие/ В.А. Радовель– Ростов н /Д: Феникс, 2006.-224с.

4. Электронный ресурс: Полезные веб-ресурсы и материалы в помощь преподавателям. Формы доступа: http://www.britishcouncil.org/japan-trenduk-ukcities.htm 5. Электронный ресурс Википедия Энциклопедия на английском языке. Формы доступа: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki 6. Интернет ресурс Информационные технологии в обучении языку. Формы доступа :http.//www.just-English.ru 26