Your Health

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Written by Mo Johnson

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Your Health

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Written by Mo Johnson Cover images of man in wheelchair (top left), girl suffering from headache (bottom left), boy drinking (bottom right) Images by Getty Images/Louis Quail (p3 second from top); Photolibrary (p15, p16 top, p17 bottom); iStockphoto.com (Eva Serrabassa cover man in wheelchair, Chris Gramly cover girl and p6 girls, Søren Sielemann cover boy drinking and p7, Dar Yang Yan background, p2 cake, Dawn Liljenquist p2 boy, Ron Summers p3 top, Ravi Tahilramani p3 second from bottom, Leslie Banks p3 bottom and p20, p4 top, Ana Abejon p4 middle, p4 bottom, Eva Serrabassa p5 top left and p8, p5 middle right, Jani Bryson p5 bottom right, Jesus Jauregui p6 gum, p6 soft drink, p9 asparagus, Marc Fischer p9 grapefruit, Joshua Rainey p9 star fruit, Jack Puccio p9 sweet potato and summer squash, p9 green onion, Alison Stieglitz p9 leek, Claudio Baldini p9 lychee, p9 blackberry, Stuart Sneddon p9 rhubarb, p10 car crash, pp10–11 TV frames, Merrill Dyck p10 watching the blaze, p11 car stuck in flooding, Lisa F. Young p11 under arrest, Daniel R Bobrowsky pp10–11 back of boy’s head, Steve Mcsweeny p12, Sandra O’Claire p13 bottom left, p13 bottom right, Daniel R Bobrowsky p16 bottom, p17 top, Ivan Bliznetsov p19 top, p19 middle, Phil Date p19 bottom); shutterstock.com (p13 top left, p18) © 2010 Macmillan Education Australia Pty Ltd

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. While every care has been taken to trace and acknowledge copyright, the publishers tender their apologies for any accidental infringement where copyright has proved untraceable.

Published by Macmillan Education Australia Pty Ltd Level 1, 15–19 Claremont Street, South Yarra, Victoria 3141 www.macmillan.com.au Edited by Nerida Frost and Nadja Embacher Designed by Andrew Aguilar Printed in Hong Kong 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN: (pack) 978-1-4202-7967-2 ISBN: 978-1-4202-7975-7

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Contents

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Bumper Birthday Edition . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Your Say . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Fuel Stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Ps and Qs Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Food for Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Fact or Fiction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Focus on…Asthma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Skin Deep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Real Reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 What Kind of Potato Are You? . . . . . . 22 Glossary and Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Written by Mo Johnson

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r u o Y h t l a He Hi guys

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on i t i d E y a d h t r i B r e Bump

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Welcome to our first bumper birthday edition of Your Health. Thanks to all you fanatical fans, we’ve reached a major milestone this week and we promise you an unreal issue.

Dietician Fabian Zubraski fills us in on the facts about the chemical sweetener, called aspartame, used in diet drinks, sugar-free gum, and thousands of other products.

He also outlines the debate among medical experts about what aspartame does to our health.

Furthermore, he wants to discover if you know your Ps and Qs – peas and cucumbers, that is. Take this colossal challenge and see if you can name some everyday fruits and vegetables.

Christopher Patterson (Editor)

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In “Food for Thought,” we examine mental health and how watching the evening news can tear you up and stress you out. Is staying informed about the world taking a toll on your health? If zits are getting you down, our informative article on skin care might shed some light on your issues.

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Are your grandmother’s tall tales about health true? Does chewing gum really stick to your insides if you swallow it? Does getting wet give you a cold?

Dive into “Fact or Fiction?” and find out!

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Our “Focus On…” this month about asthma may help answer the million and one questions about this debilitating condition that you have been asking on our website.

Our “Real Reader” this month is Timothy O’Reilly from Australia, recently turned 14. His life is an open book as he responds to our questions about his health and lifestyle.

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Your Say

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Thanks for the thought-provoking article on bottled water versus tap water last month. My parents always told me fluoride was good for my teeth, but I was blown away to read that some medical practitioners disagree. I will definitely do some more investigative research before coming to any conclusions.

Charlene Maynard

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Congratulations on a fabulous mag! Your article about medical personnel working overseas for Médecins Sans Frontières, or Doctors Without Borders, was super informative. Everyone forgets that seemingly harmless diseases like measles are still killing heaps of children in the developing world, so your story freaked me out.

Antwan Johnson

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Your article on Xtreme Sports in the last edition of Your Health really ticked me off. I don’t think quad biking should have been included, because it’s way safer than some of those other nerdy sports you mentioned. My friends and I have been riding quad bikes since we were in Year 4 and we’ve never had an accident. Last week, my sister broke her ankle playing netball, so you should have listed that as an Xtreme sport instead.

Sammy Chin

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Fuel Stop

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As usual, dietician Fabian Zubraski gives us something to think about‌

The Great Aspartame Debate

Aspartame is found in most diet drinks.

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Millions of people around the world consume the chemical sweetener aspartame, which is found in more than 6,000 products, and never give it a second thought. Aspartame was discovered in 1965 and has been on the market in more than 100 countries since the 1980s.

However, for decades, it has been the subject of ongoing controversy, with many people claiming that aspartame is the concealed cause of more than 90 nasty symptoms.

These include the inability to sleep, or insomnia, dizziness, leg cramps, nausea, hearing loss, and a myriad of other health problems.

In some countries, people are demanding warning labels on any products containing aspartame, while elsewhere people want it prohibited altogether.

There are many websites dedicated to the dangers of this popular product.

One of our own readers is convinced the harmless-looking powder was responsible for a multitude of health problems she suffered. She shared her story with us.

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One Reader’s Story

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For years, Paola Bianco suffered from a long list of scary symptoms including constant headaches, blurred vision, and dizziness, but no doctor could put a finger on her problem and none of the medication she was prescribed helped. Paola watched her weight, so she drank diet drinks, used aspartame instead of sugar in her tea, and frequently bought diet foods. One day, her mother informed her about some intriguing websites she had read about aspartame. Paola cut out all the diet products and within weeks, she felt as good as new and is now, thankfully, entirely symptom-free.

Numerous medical experts around the world even suggest that diet drinks and foods containing aspartame can actually cause people to put on the pounds, rather than lose them, because aspartame is up to 200 times sweeter than sugar, so it makes the body crave calorie-rich foods.

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Many people have been ditching diet drinks after reading about cases such as Paola’s. However, there are other medical professionals who say that as long as people do not consume excessive quantities, diet drinks are safe – unless you are allergic to aspartame.

Many health experts argue that sugary soft drinks are one of the primary causes of obesity, so banning aspartame could impact calamitously on society’s health.

They think it would be virtually jumping from the frying pan into the fire.

There are definitely two sides to this ongoing debate. Are you cool with a daily dose of aspartame to satisfy your sweet tooth, or should you give your body a break from the chemical crutch?

Perhaps you’ll decide that, like birthday cake, having only a little bit occasionally won’t cause instant insomnia and can’t do you overly much harm.

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Do you know your peas and cucumbers?

Can you believe that when a British restaurant recently surveyed the children who ate there, many of them could not identify some relatively common fruits and vegetables?

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Ps and Qs Quiz

• 35 per cent of British kids aged 11 to 13 were stumped by celery.

• 20 per cent were puzzled by a potato.

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• A crafty cucumber confused 33 per cent of boys.

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• 92 per cent pondered the pomegranate and got it wrong.

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• 93.5 per cent of the kids were exasperated by an eggplant.

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Could you blitz a quiz about fruit and veg or are you just as baffled as the kids in the UK? Take the test and find out.

Remember, being healthy is totally awesome!

Fabian Zubraski (Dietician)

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1. Asparagus 2. Grapefruit 3. Star fruit 4. Sweet potatoes 5. Spring onions 6. Leeks 7. Lychees 8. Blackberries 9. Summer squash 10. Rhubarb

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Food for Thought

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Every month, the team at Your Health likes to remind you that psychological health is equally as important as physical health, so in this edition, we examine how TV news can make you blue.

While many parents have a handle on what their children are watching on TV, psychologists agree that children cannot be completely shielded from the media 24/7. Therefore, adults need to be aware of how news coverage can freak out young people.

Let’s face it, we just can’t choose the news. Sometimes, there is so much bad news you may wish you could just go into hibernation and not reappear until the planet has regained its senses.

However, learning to deal with the good and bad things that life throws at you is part of growing up.

Life is no bed of roses. Natural disasters, accidents, and crimes do happen. Crime can be especially hard to get your head around. It would be nice to hear that police always catch the baddies, and criminals always get their just deserts. Unfortunately, life is not a Hollywood movie and endings are not always happy.

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Fears that similar things could happen to them or their families can lead young people to suffer from anxiety and related symptoms, such as indigestion and insomnia. Getting background information from parents and teachers to get the full scoop can help them get on top of their fears.

You might feel powerless, because you’re only a kid, but don’t kid yourself! Kids can make a difference – by donating some of their pocket money to an emergency fund, doing volunteer work, and spreading the word to increase awareness.

If all these steps don’t help you lighten up, you might need to get some professional counselling. Ask a trusted adult to refer you, or if you prefer to remain anonymous, check out the Internet to find a teen telephone helpline that is right for you.

Just remember that unfortunate events are part of life, but there are lots of sunshine stories out there, too, if you look for them, and if you stay informed and stay positive, you’ll be cool!

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Fact or Fiction?

Eating carrots will improve your eyesight.

True: Carrots have beta-carotene

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Toads can give you warts.

False: The warts on toads are not

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If you have ever wondered whether all your grandmother’s warnings about your health are based on fact or fiction, then read on to find out.

and Vitamin A, which can improve night vision, but dark, leafy greens, such as spinach, are even better, because they contain lutein and zeaxanthin, which are particularly good for eyesight. Veggies rule!

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the same as human warts, which are caused by a virus and passed from human to human through breaks or cuts in the skin. So, if kissing frogs and toads is your thing, you might find your Prince or Princess Charming, but you certainly won’t get warts.

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Sitting too close to the TV will ruin your eyesight.

False: According to most eye

Cracking your knuckles will give you arthritis.

False: Medical specialists say there

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doctors, or ophthalmologists, getting too close to the TV or a computer screen might strain your eyes or give you a monster headache, but it won’t cause permanent eye disease.

Good lighting while watching TV will lessen the strain on your eyes.

is no evidence whatsoever that cracking knuckles leads to arthritis.

Crack! Crack! Crack! If you have to listen to someone doing it, though, you might end up with earache.

Going out with wet hair will give you a cold.

False: Colds are caused by contagious viruses, therefore your best protection against them is to wash your hands regularly and stay clear of sniffly sneezers and croaky coughers.

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Parsley freshens garlic breath.

True and false: While chewing

any sugary food is not good for you, health experts agree that acne is generally not caused by diet, but rather by a surge of hormones in your body, particularly during adolescence.

Phew! Chomp on, chocoholics.

on a sprig of parsley will reduce the odour somewhat, most of the garlic odour on your breath comes from your lungs, not your mouth.

It will not be eliminated until the garlic has been processed by your body, which can take up to 72 hours. So, your best bet may just be to share that garlic pizza with your nearest and dearest!

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Chocolate causes acne.

False: While eating too much of

Chocolate does not cause acne, but it contains fat and sugar, so beware!

Sleeping on your back makes you snore.

True: When you lie on your back,

gravity pulls your tongue to the back of your throat, which blocks your airways and makes your tongue vibrate up and down, as the air struggles to get into the lungs. Snoozing on your side should subdue the snores.

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Chewing gum will stick to your insides if you swallow it.

False: While it is never advisable

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to swallow something that is difficult to digest, once your stomach acids strip gum of its stickiness, it is broken down and eliminated in the same way, and at the same rate as other food.

It won’t gum up your anatomy for good.

Gum contains sugar or chemical sweeteners. Go easy!

If your snoring stops you getting a good night’s sleep, see a doctor.

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Focus on‌Asthma

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Did you know that 300 million people in the world have asthma and the numbers are escalating every day? One in five children have it and it occurs in all countries all over the world. Pollution cannot be the only explanation, because clean, green New Zealand is one of the countries with the highest incidence of people with asthma, or asthmatics, in the world.

Asthma Statistics for 10 Countries (2006) 100

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60 50

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Percentage of population

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14.6%

14.7%

15%

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UK

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14.1%

Ireland

13%

Canada

11.9%

Peru

11.4%

Costa Rica

8.1%

10.9%

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Brazil

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South Africa

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Countries People with asthma

People without asthma

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What Is Asthma?

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Asthma is an inflammation of the air passages that causes the airways to constrict and makes breathing more difficult. As the lungs struggle to take in more air, your heart pumps out blood faster, and this can often make asthmatics panic, which can make things worse.

The Effect of Asthma on the Airways

inflamed bronchus

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normal bronchus

The two main airways to the lungs are called bronchi.

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Symptoms

Causes

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Although asthma is thought to You should expel all the air in your come with a wheeze and a cough, lungs into the peak flow meter in a many people have no obvious single puff. signs that their lungs are crying out for help, until they test their lung capacity with a special plastic tube with a scale on it, called a peak flow meter. The peak flow meter measures how powerfully your lungs can blow out one breath of air. If your lung power is not up to scratch for your age, weight, and height, your doctor will decide to monitor you for asthma.

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Most asthmatics have certain things that can irritate the airways and start an attack, or triggers, though not everyone has the same trigger and many people have more than one. Some of these troublesome triggers are dust, pet danders, change in temperature, pollen, physical exercise, colds and flus, smoke, and even laughing too hard.

For some asthmatics, even a good laugh can be risky.

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Prevention

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There is no cure for asthma, but with An asthmatic should always treatment you can participate in just have a reliever available. about any activity that tickles your fancy. Most asthmatics have two kinds of inhalers: one for daily use, containing a medication to prevent symptoms, or a preventer, and one for use if breathing difficulties start, or a reliever (or puffer).

If you have asthma, your doctor will draw up a kind of rule book of dos and don’ts for you on how to manage your asthma, an asthma plan.

It will outline when to use your preventer and reliever, what to do if you have a cold or are exposed to a trigger, and when you should seek medical assistance immediately. Using your peak flow meter regularly to monitor your lung health will also be a part of your asthma plan.

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Asthma and You

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Asthma must be treated seriously, even when you are feeling well, so if you often forget to use your preventer or misplace your reliever, then it’s time to get your act in gear. You do not have to let asthma take control of your life. Take control of your asthma instead, by sticking faithfully to your asthma plan.

Using a preventer regularly should reduce or even eliminate the need for a reliever.

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Skin Deep

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Is your face suddenly erupting like a volcano? Are you being spotted for all the wrong reasons? One of the common problems that teenagers face is the sudden appearance of blemishes.

The bad news is that fluctuations in your body’s hormones cause the pimples and very few people escape them. Some teenagers go on to develop severe acne, but an experienced doctor specializing in skin conditions, or dermatologist, can help with a range of effective new treatments. Regardless of how often you get blitzed by zits, there are things you can do to look after your skin.

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It is important not to squeeze pimples.

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Rub-a-Dub-Dub

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Too much washing dries the skin.

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Acne is caused by oils blocking the pores of your skin, not by dirt. In fact, according to dermatologists, too much cleaning and scrubbing the skin can actually make acne worse.

Dermatologists recommend being kind to your skin. The best thing is to wash gently twice a day with warm (not hot) water and a mild soap. You don’t need to spend a fortune on a multitude of fancy products.

For mild acne, purchase an acne treatment at the pharmacy and use it regularly, not just when a breakout is getting you down, as it works best by preventing new breakouts. Acne products can dry out the skin, so if it gets red or irritated, take a break from the treatment for a few days. It can take several weeks to notice an improvement, so try to chill and if you are not home free in a couple of months, consult your dermatologist.

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A gentle soap or cleanser is best.

Use acne treatment regularly.

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Real Reader

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Our “Real Reader” is Timothy O’Reilly, a 14-year-old from Sydney, Australia. Here’s what he had to say about staying healthy.

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Your Health: Do you have any health problems, Timothy?

Timothy O’Reilly: I’ve got asthma, so my puffer is my constant companion. I also have a skin disease that causes itchy, sore patches of skin, called eczema. I get it mostly on my legs, which is not so bad in winter when I can wear long pants. However, in summer, it’s a drag. The eczema can drive me crazy sometimes, but a steroid cream helps stop the itching. At least I don’t have any eczema on my face.

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YH: What do you do to stay fit?

Timothy: In summer, I play soccer and cruise around on my wheels – my bike and skateboard – a lot. I am also into surfing or hanging out with my friends at the beach. In winter, we usually hit the slopes for some snowboarding. Zooming down the mountain and whooshing over the snow in the half pipe may look easy, but it gives you the most amazing workout this side of the Pacific Ocean.

YH: Now that you’re getting older, who would you say is responsible for your health?

Timothy: My mum and dad are in charge when I am sick or need to see the doctor. However, it is up to me to do little things like brushing my teeth and remembering my puffer without my parents having to get on my case. I suppose cutting back on junk food is my thing, but that’s not going to happen in a million years.

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YH: So you’re a junk food fan?

Timothy: Not at home, but I eat way too much when I’m out with friends. I know every burger has about a tonne of fat and thousands of calories, but the taste makes my mouth water like Niagara Falls. Only superhuman strength could make me resist such a taste temptation.

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YH: Do you have any other bad habits, Timothy?

Timothy: I nibble my nails sometimes, because I’m about as relaxed as a seal in a school of sharks. I spend too much time on the computer, but my friends are online all the time, and I don’t want to miss out on the goss. Not being in the loop is the most embarrassing thing on the planet!

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YH: Do you think you get enough sleep?

Timothy: I’m a night owl, so I stay up late on weekends. On school days, my parents have to scrape me out of bed like dried-up porridge from a plate, but come the weekend, I’m up at the crack of dawn for sport.

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YH: Do you ever worry about stuff?

Timothy: Yes, sure, sometimes I’m a world-class worrier. Then, I worry about everything under the sun. I worry about how I look and about making an idiot of myself in front of people if I say something dumb. I’m just about to start high school, so I sometimes worry about making new friends and whether the work will be too hard. Other times, I’m as happy as a cat purring in the sunshine without a care in the world.

YH: Finally, Timothy, what would you say to any kid out there who has a question about living a healthy lifestyle?

Timothy: Ask your parents or a teacher, or go online, but remember that not everything you read on the Internet is true. Sometimes, your friends might have some answers, but they may be pulling your leg or trying to wind you up, so just watch out. I think it’s all about balance – you can chomp on your celery stick and eat your cake, too.

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What Kind of Potato Are You? Take our fun quiz to find out.

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You’ve got sports training after school, but it’s raining cats and dogs.

You know the coach will turn up. You…

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A go anyway – a little rain won’t kill you.

B get Mum to drive you to the oval and see how many others are there first before getting out of the car.

C go home and do your homework.

D go home and watch DVDs. You don’t play sport.

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Your family members are discussing where to go for a holiday. They ask what you think. You suggest…

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A a snow holiday so you can whiz down the slopes day and night.

B a beach holiday so you can sizzle on the sand, then swim if it gets too hot.

C a city holiday so you can visit amazing museums and galleries.

D a five-star hotel holiday with pay TV, room service, and a lift outside your door in case you ever visit the pool.

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Your parents ask what you would like for your birthday. You tell them…

A you can’t decide between a bike, a bat, or a ball.

B a new puppy.

C a 12-month subscription to a natural science magazine.

D a faster Internet connection.

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Your parents tell you to buy lunch when you go to the shopping mall.

You immediately head for…

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A the nearest sushi bar.

B a fresh sandwich shop.

C a burger shop.

D a phone shop. You skip lunch and spend the money on phone credits.

You’ve finished all your homework and have some free time before it gets dark. You…

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A go and bounce on your trampoline. You’re perfecting a new aerobic routine.

B take the dog for a walk.

C go next door and visit your friend.

D make a snack and exercise your fingers on the TV remote.

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Answers Mostly As: You are a speedy spud. No one can catch you, but don’t forget to slow down sometimes.

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Mostly Bs: You’re a baked potato with healthy toppings – most of the time.

Mostly Cs: You’re a chip. Sometimes you’re a low-fat oven chip and sometimes you’re deep fried, because you know how to stay healthy, but need to be more consistent.

Mostly Ds: You’re a couch potato. Life is running away from you, so get moving!

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Glossary

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aspartame – a chemical sweetener used in diet drinks, sugar-free gum, and many other products asthma plan – a rule book drawn up by a doctor for an asthma patient outlining their personal treatment options asthmatics – people who have asthma dermatologist – a doctor who specializes in skin conditions eczema – a disease that causes itchy, sore patches of skin insomnia – the inability to sleep peak flow meter – a device consisting of a plastic tube with a scale on it for testing lung capacity preventer – an inhaler with asthma medication for daily use to prevent symptoms reliever – an inhaler with asthma medication for use if breathing difficulties start triggers – things such as dust, pollen, and pet danders that irritate the airways and may start an asthma attack

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Index

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accident(s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10 acne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 18, 19 anatomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 dietician. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 5, 8 disease(s). . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 12, 20 experts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 6, 7, 13

hormones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 18 medication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 17 ophthalmologist. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 symptoms. . . . . . . . 5, 6, 11, 16, 17 website(s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 5, 6 zits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 18

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Focus Comprehension Skill: Figurative Language Figurative language is the use of imagery such as similes, metaphors, and idioms.

Identifying Figurative Language in the Text In this text, you will look for examples of figurative language such as alliteration, similes, metaphors, personification, onomatopoeia, hyperbole, idiom, and jargon.

Use key words and phrases to write the examples, with page references, in your workbook.

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Modelling Read page 3. Can you see that the first paragraph contains five idioms “tear you up,” “stress you out,” “taking a toll,” “getting you down,” and “shed some light?”

In paragraph 2, can you see that “tall tales” is alliteration because both words start with the same letter? Can you see that in paragraph 3, “the million and one questions” is hyperbole because it is an exaggeration? In paragraph 4, can you see that “His life is an open book” is a metaphor because it compares two things by saying one thing is something else?

Supporting Read page 10. Find two idioms in paragraph 2 and two metaphors in paragraph 4.

Answers: Idioms: have a…; freak…; Metaphors: Life is no…; life is not…

Now, read page 12. Find three examples of alliteration and one example of onomatopoeia.

Independent Practice In this section, you need to find all the answers yourself. Read page 21 and identify examples of alliteration, hyperbole, simile, and onomatopoeia. Read the rest of the book. As a class, discuss all the examples of figurative language you recorded in your workbook.

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Questions and Answers

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Write the answers to the following questions in your workbook. Discuss them as a class.

1. F ind in the Text: What do people who suffer from severe asthma always need to carry with them? (page 17) 2. W ork out the Answer: How might banning aspartame have a negative effect on society? (page 7) 3. J udge for Yourself: In comparison with Timothy O’Reilly (pages 20 and 21), do you have a healthier or less healthy lifestyle? Give reasons for your answer.

Organizing Information

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1. R eread pages 2, 3, 6, 13, and 21. Refer to the graphic organizer below to see how you might sort and record the information. Identify the two kinds of figurative language in each of the following figures of speech.

Example

Type 1

Type 2

major milestone (page 2) taking a toll (page 3) as good as new (page 6) Chomp on, chocoholics (page 13) as relaxed as a seal in a school of sharks (page 21) like dried-up porridge from a plate (page 21)

alliteration

idiom

2. N ow, complete Figurative Language BLM 5 and BLM 6 from the Teacher Notes.

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y Compare and Contrast

Letters from the Goldfields The History of Looking Cool In the Public Eye Two Mines, Two Rescues Let There Be Rock!

Snake on the Loose

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Fact and Opinion

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Main Idea

Rainforests at Risk The Gallipoli Campaign

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Cause and Effect

Bias and Prejudice

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Figurative Language

Women’s Rights Animal Issues Your Health

Smythe’s Department Store

RA 12.5+

Description

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