The roman emperor and his court c 30 bc c ad 300 volume 2 a sourcebook benjamin kelly

The Roman Emperor and His Court c. 30 BC-c. AD 300: Volume 2, A Sourcebook Benjamin Kelly

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TheRomanEmperorandHisCourtc.30BC–c.AD300

Volume2:ASourcebook

AtthecentreoftheRomanempirestoodtheemperorandthecourtsurroundinghim.Thesystematicinvestigationofthiscourtinitsownright,however, hasbeenarelativelylatedevelopmentinthe fieldofRomanhistory,and previousstudieshavefocusedonnarrowlydefinedaspectsoronparticular periodsofRomanhistory.ThisbookmakesamajorcontributiontounderstandingthehistoryoftheRomanimperialcourt.The firstvolumepresents nineteenoriginalessayscoveringallthemajordimensionsofthecourtfrom theageofAugustustothethresholdofLateAntiquity.Thesecondvolumeisa collectionoftheancientsourcesthatarecentraltostudyingthatcourt.The collectionincludes:translationsofliterarysources,inscriptions,andpapyri; plansandcomputervisualizationsofarchaeologicalremains;andphotographs ofarchaeologicalsitesandartworksdepictingtheemperorandhiscourt.

 isanassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofHistoryat YorkUniversity,Toronto.Heistheauthorof Petitions,Litigation,andSocial ControlinRomanEgypt (2011).

 teachesatYorkUniversity,Toronto,intheDepartmentsof HistoryandHumanities,andatGlendonCollege.SheisaRomanhistorian whoseresearchinterestsfocusonwomen,thefamily,andtheculturalpolitics offertilityandreproductionduringthePrincipate.

TheRomanEmperorandHisCourt c.30BC–c.AD300

 

ASourcebook

Editedby

 YorkUniversity,Toronto

 YorkUniversity,Toronto

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DOI: 10.1017/9781009063814

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ISBN – 2VolumeSet978-1-108-42361-8Hardback

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FOROURMOTHERS

AnneLouiseKelly and FrancesAnneBurton

Contents

ListofFigures [page viii]

ListofContributorsandContributions [xii]

Acknowledgements [xiv]

ListofConventions [xvi]

ListofAbbreviations [xvii]

ListofRomanEmperorstoc.AD300 [xix]

RegisterofProminentCourtiers [xxi]

MajorAuthorsandLiteraryWorksTranslatedinthisVolume [xxviii]

Glossary [xxxiii]

Introduction:TheSourcesfortheRomanCourt[1]

 , 

1ConceptualizingtheRomanCourt[10]



2CourtSpaces[32]



3CourtRelationships[79]

 ,  ,  . 

4RitualsandCeremonial[132]

 ,   , 

5PicturingtheCourt[184]

 ,  ,  , 

6NarrativesofCourtCrises[228]



Bibliography [249]

IndexofSources [277]

IndexofPersonalNames [281]

GeneralIndex [289]

Figures

2.2.1PlanoftheHouseoftheFaun,Pompeii.CourtesyofF.Yegül, D.Favro,andG.Varinlioglu.[page 39]

2.3.1Planofthe ‘CarettoniHouse’ andsurrounds,PalatineHill,Rome. PlanbyJensPflug,afteranoriginalplanbyMonicaCola.[48]

2.3.2PlanoftheremainsoftheNeronianDomusAurea,Rome.Courtesy oftheArchiviodelloscavodell’areadellaMetaSudansedelPalatino nord-orientale-ExVetrerieSciarra-DipartimentodiScienze dell’Antichità,SapienzaUniversitàdiRoma.PlanbyClementina Panella,MarcoFano,andEmanueleBrienza.[52]

2.3.3HypotheticalreconstructionoftheFlavianphaseofthepalace, PalatineHill,Rome.CourtesyoftheArchitekturreferatDAIZentrale, Berlin.Artwork:JörgDenkinger.[53]

2.3.4Planoftheremainsoftheimperialpalaces,PalatineHill,Rome. CourtesyoftheArchitekturreferatDAIZentrale,Berlin.PlanbyJens Pflug,afterMariaAntoniettaTomeiandGiovannaTedone (Augustancomplex),DanielStuder(DomusTiberiana),École françaisedeRome(VignaBarberini),andArchitekturreferatDAI Zentrale,Berlin.[55]

2.3.5Hypotheticalreconstructionofthesight-linefromthewestern porticooftheperistyleoftheDomusFlaviaintotheDomus Augustana,PalatineHill,Rome.CourtesyoftheArchitekturreferat DAIZentrale,Berlin,andLengyelToulouseArchitekten.Rendering: LengyelToulouseArchitekten,onthebasisofareconstructionby UlrikeWulf-Rheidt,JensPflug,andArminMüller.[56]

2.3.6Hypotheticalreconstructionofthesight-linefromthenorthern entranceoftheDomusAugustanatothecentralroomatthesouthof theperistyle,PalatineHill,Rome.CourtesyoftheArchitekturreferat DAIZentrale,Berlin,andLengyelToulouseArchitekten.Rendering: LengyelToulouseArchitekten,onthebasisofareconstructionby UlrikeWulf-Rheidt,JensPflug,andArminMüller.[57]

2.3.7PhotographoftheGardenStadium,FlavianPalace,Rome,taken fromthenorthendofthestructure.Photo:JensPflug.[58]

2.4.1ModeloftheVillaIovis,Capreae.ModelbyNiklausDeschler (SkulpturhalleBasel),basedonthearchaeologicalexcavationsof ClemensKrause.Photo:ClemensKrause.[64]

2.4.2PlanoftheVillaofHadrian,Tibur.AfterSalzaPrinaRicotti2001:62, fig.10.[67]

2.4.3Planofthe ‘Serapaeum’,VillaofHadrian,Tibur.AfterSalzaPrina Ricotti2001:244, fig.82.[68]

2.4.4PlanoftheImperialResidencesandAdministrativeBlock,Villaof Hadrian,Tibur.AfterSalzaPrinaRicotti2001:204, fig.70.[69]

2.4.5Planofthe ‘MaritimeTheatre’,VillaofHadrian,Tibur.AfterSalza PrinaRicotti2001:131, fig.43.[70]

2.4.6Aerialphotographofthe ‘MaritimeTheatre’,VillaofHadrian,Tibur. Photo:©RaimondoLuciani.[71]

2.4.7ReconstructionofthewineryattheVillaMagna,Anagnia.From Fentress,E.andMaiuro,M.(2011) ‘VillaMagnanearAnagni:The Emperor,hisWineryandtheWineofSignia’ , JRA 24:350,colour fig. F.ReconstructionbyDirkBooms.[73]

2.5.1PlanofthepalacecomplexatAugustaTreverorum.Plan:©GDKE/ RheinischesLandesmuseumTrier.[76]

2.5.2ReconstructedplanofDiocletian’sPalaceatSpalatum.PlanbyJerko Marasović (updatedbyKatjaMarasović,2020).[77]

3.3.1FuneraryaltarforAntoniaCaenis(CIL 6.12037),fromRome.Museo StoricodellaCacciaedelTerritorio,inv.A231.Photo:Galleriedegli Uffizi,GabinettoFotografico.[125]

4.5.1PlanofthepossiblediningspacesintheDomusFlavia,PalatineHill, Rome.AfterplansbyJensPflugandUlrikeWulf-Rheidt,and F.RakobandP.Zanker.[164]

4.5.2ReconstructedgroundplanoftheFlavianphaseoftheSunken Peristyle,PalatineHill,Rome.CourtesyoftheArchitekturreferat DAIZentrale,Berlin.Plan:JensPflug.[166]

4.7.1TheAraPacis:SouthFrieze.Photo:©CharlesRhyneEstate;courtesy VisualResourcesCenter,EricV.HauserMemorialLibrary,Reed College,Portland,Oregon.Reproduction:©Roma,Sovrintendenza CapitolinaaiBeniCulturali.[180]

4.7.2TheAraPacis:NorthFrieze.Photo:©CharlesRhyneEstate;courtesy VisualResourcesCenter,EricV.HauserMemorialLibrary,Reed College,Portland,Oregon.Reproduction:©Roma,Sovrintendenza CapitolinaaiBeniCulturali.[181]

4.7.3TheSorrentoBase.MuseoCorrealediTerranova,Sorrento,inv.3657, sideA.Photo:H.Koppermann,Neg.D-DAI-Rom65.1252.[183]

5.1.1BoscorealeCup(I:2).MuséeduLouvre,Paris,BJ2366.Photo: P.Dujardin;compositefromHérondeVillefosse1899–1902:Plates 31,33.[186]

5.1.2TheGreatCameoofFrance.BibliothèquenationaledeFrance,camée 264.Photo:BibliothèquenationaledeFrance.[190]

5.1.3SestertiusofCaligula,RomanMint,AD37–8(RIC 12 Caligula32; 30.44g;34.1mm).KunsthistorischesMuseum,Vienna,RÖ5257. Photo:KHM-Museumsverband.[193]

5.1.4PlanoftheForumatVeleia,showinglocationsofstatuesofmembers oftheJulio-Claudianfamily.AfterBoschung2002:30, fig.2.Original plan:A.Smadi.[194]

5.1.5BustofAgrippinatheYounger.MuseoArchaeologicoNazionaledi Napoli,inv.6190.Photo:SuconcessionedelMinisteroperiBeniele AttivitàCulturali – MuseoArcheologicoNazionalediNapoli – foto diLuigiSpina.[196]

5.1.6Temperaportraitofawomanonalinenshroud,Hawara,Egypt,AD 50–70.BritishMuseum,EA74709.Photo:©TheTrusteesofthe BritishMuseum.Allrightsreserved.[197]

5.2.1TheCancelleriareliefs,Rome,c.AD93–8.MuseiVaticani,Rome,inv. 13389–95.Photo:©VaticanMuseums.Allrightsreserved.[200]

5.2.2AureusofTrajan,Romanmint,AD98–117(RIC 2Trajan759 [aureus];7.24g).ANS1967.153.180.Photo:Courtesyofthe AmericanNumismaticSociety.[202]

5.2.3Hadrianictondi,ArchofConstantine,Rome.Photo:Alinari/ BridgemanImages.[203]

5.2.4ReliefsfromthePincianoobelisk,Rome.Photo:G.Singer,Neg. D-DAI-ROM71.73,71.79.[205]

5.2.5Adoptionscene,GreatAntonineAltar,fromEphesus,AD138–61 (?).EphesosMuseum,Vienna,ANSAI864.Photo:KHMMuseumsverband.[210]

5.2.6The liberalitas panelofMarcusAurelius,ArchofConstantine,Rome. Photo:Alinari/BridgemanImages.[211]

5.3.1TheArchofSeptimiusSeverus,LepcisMagna.Photo:Daviegunn/ WikimediaCommons.[213]

5.3.2Atticsacrificepanel,ArchofSeptimiusSeverus,LepcisMagna,AD 203–9.ArchaeologicalMuseum,Tripoli(cast,MuseodellaCiviltà Romana).Photo:©VanniArchive/ArtResource,NY.[214]

5.3.3Attic concordiaAugustorum panel,ArchofSeptimiusSeverus,Lepcis Magna,AD203–9.ArchaeologicalMuseum,Tripoli.Photo:©Gilles Mermet/ArtResource,NY.[215]

5.3.4PalazzoSacchettiRelief,PalazzoSacchetti,Rome,Severanperiod. Photo:Alinari/ArtResource,NY.[216]

5.3.5Westpier,eastside,centralpaneldepictingCaracalla,Archofthe Argentarii,ForumBoarium,Rome.Photo:G.Singer,Neg.D-DAIRom70.1000.[219]

5.3.6Eastpier,westside,centralpaneldepictingSeptimiusSeverusand JuliaDomna,ArchoftheArgentarii,ForumBoarium,Rome.Photo: G.Singer,Neg.D-DAI-Rom70.993.[220]

5.3.7Bronzecoin,Smyrnamint,AD198–209.BritishMuseum,HPB, p110.24.A.Photo:©TheTrusteesoftheBritishMuseum.Allrights reserved.[221]

5.3.8Bronze as ofSeverusAlexander,Romanmint,AD222–35(RIC 4 SeverusAlexander661).Münzkabinett,StaatlicheMuseenzuBerlin, inv.18205433.Photo:©bpk-Bildagentur/Münzkabinett,Staatliche MuseenzuBerlin/ReinhardSaczewski.[222]

5.4.1Billon35mmmedallion,Rome,AD255–6.MuseumofFineArts, Boston34.1387.Photo:©2022MuseumofFineArts,Boston.[223]

5.4.2Frescofragment,TempleofAmunatLuxor,Egypt,c.AD293–305. Photo:YarkoKobylecky.ReproducedbypermissionoftheAmerican ResearchCenterinEgypt.ThisprojectwasfundedbytheUnited StatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID).[224]

5.4.3The oratio frieze,ArchofConstantine,Rome.Photo:©Vanni Archive/ArtResource,NY.[226]

6.1.1ReliefofNeroandAgrippina,fromtheSebasteionatAphrodisias. AphrodisiasMuseum.Photo:funkyfoodLondon-PaulWilliams/ AlamyStockPhoto.[235]

6.1.2AureusofNero,Romanmint,AD54(RIC 12 Nero1).British Museum,1864,1128.252.Photo:©TheTrusteesoftheBritish Museum.Allrightsreserved.[236]

6.1.3AureusofNero,Romanmint,AD55(RIC 12 Nero6).British Museum,1964,1203.89.Photo:©TheTrusteesoftheBritish Museum.Allrightsreserved.[237]

Contributors

  ,DepartmentofClassicsandWorldReligions,Ohio University,Athens,Ohio.

 ,CentreforClassicalStudies,AustralianNational University,Canberra.

 ,DepartmentofClassicsandArchaeology,Brock University,StCatharines,Ont.

 ,DepartmentofClassics,McMasterUniversity, Hamilton,Ont.

 ,DepartmentofHumanities,YorkUniversity,Toronto,Ont.

 ,RadboudInstituteforCultureandHistory,Radboud University,Nijmegen.

 ,DepartmentofHistoryandGlendonCollege,York University,Toronto,Ont.

 ,DepartmentofHistory,YorkUniversity,Toronto,Ont.

 ,DepartmentofArchitecture,BrandenburgUniversity ofTechnology,Cottbus,andLengyelToulouseArchitekten.

 ,DepartmentofClassicalStudies,UniversityofWestern Ontario,London,Ont.

 ,ArchitectureDepartment,Germ anArchaeologicalInstitute, Berlin.

 .  ,DepartmentofClassics,JohnsHopkinsUniversity, Baltimore,Md. Contributions

Whilemostchaptersofthisbookwerecollaborativeenterprises,individualstookinitialresponsibilityforauthoringthechapterintroductions,as

wellasthetranslations,introductions,andcommentariesforeachsource. Thesectionsforwhicheachindividualhadprimaryresponsibilityarelisted below;sectionsinrelationtowhichtwoindividualsplayedasubstantial roleareattributedtoboth.

NB: 3 16–26

CD: 1 23; 4 Intro.,1–21; 5 16

FD: 4 32–5; 5 13

MG: 2 9b,11,17–23

RG: 5 14

OH: 5 Intro.,2,3,5a–b,10,11,12,14,15,17,18,19,23

AH: 3 Intro.,27–55; 5 Intro.,2,5a–c,6,9,22; 6.1–2

BK: 1 Intro.,1–26; 2 Intro.,1–9a,9c–10,12–16,24–5; 3 1–15,38(c),50(b); 4 3b,6b–c,6f; 5 11; 6 Intro.,3–4

DL: 2 Intro.

KO: 5 1,4,7,8,13,20,21,24–5

MR: 4 22–31

Acknowledgements

Giventhenatureofthisproject,manyoftheacknowledgementsmadein Volume1applyequallytothisvolume.Herewehaveconfinedourselvesto acknowledgingthosewhomadespecificcontributionstothissecond volume,beginningwithourcontributors.Theirwillingnesstoembrace thechallengeofthissecond,verydifferentapproachtothecourtandtheir continuingtoleranceforour(many)editorialinterventionswerevery muchappreciated.Themajorityofcontributionstothissecondvolume were finalizedinearly2020,sothereaderwill findthatworkspublished laterthan2018arereferredtoonlysporadically.

WeareverygratefultotheSocialSciencesandHumanitiesResearch CouncilofCanadafortheawardofanInsightGrant.Thisallowedusto runasecondworkshopinFebruary2018,atwhichthissourcebookvolume begantotakeshape.Thegrantalsoallowedustoemployseveralresearch assistants,twoofwhomworkedonthisvolume:ChrisDawson,whohelped withthebibliographyandwithsecuringimagepermissions,andSamantha Rohrig,whocompiledtheindicesandassistedwitheditingthetranslations andcheckingthebibliography.

Wearealsothankfulforthegenerosityofcolleagueswhoassistedusin obtainingimagesandpermissionsrelatingtoarchaeologicalsitesanditems ofmaterialculture.Thecreatorsoftheimagesareacknowledgedinthelist ofimagesabove.Inaddition,wethankthecolleagueswhogaveadvice aboutimagesandfacilitatedtheprocessofobtainingpermissions:HeinzJürgenBeste;MariaCarmenD’Onza;ElizabethFentress;MarkoKiessel; AnnKuttner;DariaLanzuolo;Karl-UweMahler;GoranNikšić;Katja Piesker;ChristianRollinger;andElenaStolyarik.Specialthanksarealso duetoJensPflug,whonotonlyhelpedusobtainpermissionsformostof theimagesin Chapter2 relatingtotheimperialpalacesinRome,butalso spentsignificanttimeupdatingsomeofthesetoensuretheyreflectthe latestarchaeological findings.

Atanearlystage,ourYorkcolleaguesSarahBlake,Jonathan Edmondson,RobTordoff,andRyanWeigaveinvaluableadviceabout thestructureandformatofthissourcebook.BenjaminKellyalsoprofited fromdiscussionswithJaclynNeel,JensPflug,andRolfStrootmanabout

Acknowledgements

theappropriatecombinationofsourcesfor Chapter2.Wewouldliketo expressourdeepestthankstooneofthePress’sanonymousreferees,who gavesympatheticandconstructiveadviceaboutthestructureofthesourcebook,encouragingustoavoidmakingitamirrorimageofVolume1,and toinsteaduseitasanopportunitytodrawoutthemesthatcutacrossthe chaptersofthe firstvolume.Theprocessofpeerreviewcanbeimperfect, butthiswasagenuinelyfruitfulinteraction.

Wewouldliketodedicatethisvolumetoourmothers,AnneKellyand FrancesBurton.BothspenttheircareersteachinginschoolsinAustralia andCanadarespectively;AnneKellyinfactfoundherselfteachingAncient Historyinher firstpost – muchtohersurprise.Sincewehavedesignedthis bookpartlywithpedagogicalusesinmind,itseemedappropriateto dedicateittothe firstteachersinourlives.

Conventions

Alltranslationsaretheauthors’ ownanddatesareADunlessotherwise marked.Wehavenotstriventobehypercorrectwithnames.Where Englishplacenamesexist,weusethese.Otherwise,wetendtouse Romanplacenames,butwealsomentionthemodernnamethe firsttime aplaceismentionedinachapter,sothatthelocationmaybefoundeasily usingmappingapplications.AllplacesareinItaly,unlessotherwiseindicated.Withpersonalnames,wehaveusedanglicizedversionswherethey areconventional(e.g.JuliaDomna,PlinytheYounger);otherwise,weuse Latinspellings(e.g.IuliusMontanus, PIR2 I434).

Figuresin bold typerefertoothersourceswithinthisvolume(e.g. 3.21)or pagesinVol.1ofthiswork(e.g. Vol.1,123–4).

()enclosewordsaddedbythetranslatortoclarifytheauthor’smeaning; wehaveavoidedusingroundbracketstoencloseparenthetical statementsbytheancientauthor.

<> enclosewordsconjecturedbyamoderneditorwhentextisclearly missingfromanextantmanuscriptduetoascribalerror.

[]enclosewordsthataremissingduetodamagetotheextantmanuscript orinscriptionandthathavebeenreconstructedbyamoderneditor.

[---]markagapinthemanuscriptorinscriptionthatcannotbe reconstructed;wehavenotattemptedtoprovideestimatesofthe numberoflettersmissing.

markpointswheretheancienttextinapassagecontinues,butwedo nottranslateitbecauseitisnotrelevanttotheissueathand.

Italics havebeenusedforLatinandtransliteratedGreekwords;theseareeither translatedorglossedwheretheystand,orexplainedintheGlossary(in thecaseofwordsappearingrepeatedly).

Whenancienttextshavebeenexcerpted,wehaveaddedasummaryofthe materialthatwasexcised,ifthisisnecessarytoallowthereadertofollow thethreadofthenarrative.Wehavesetthosesummariesinitalicsand enclosedtheminroundbrackets.

Abbreviations

Journaltitlesareabbreviatedaccordingtothesystemin L’Annéephilologique andauthorsofancientliteraryworksandtitlesoftheirbooksareabbreviated usingtheconventionsofthe OxfordClassicalDictionary.Epigraphicpublicationsareabbreviatedusingthesystemof L’Annéeépigraphique andabbreviationsforpapyrologicalpublicationsfollowtheconventionsofthe ChecklistofEditionsofGreek,Latin,Demotic,andCopticPapyri,Ostraca, andTablets (availableat https://papyri.info/docs/checklist).

Inaddition,wehaveusedthefollowingabbreviationsinthisvolume:

ANRW Temporini,H.andHaase,W.(eds.)(1972–92) Aufstiegund NiedergangderrömischenWelt.Berlin:deGruyter.

BL Preisigke,F.etal.(eds.)(1922–) Berichtigungslisteder griechischenPapyrusurkundenausÄgypten.

BNP Cancik,H.etal.(eds.)(2002–10) Brill’sNewPauly: EncyclopaediaoftheAncientWorld.Antiquity (22vols.).Leiden andBoston,Mass.:Brill.[Ger.orig.(1996–2003) DerNeuePauly: EnzyklopädiederAntike (16vols.).Stuttgart:J.B.Metzler.]

EU ExcerptaUrsiniana

EV ExcerptaValesiana

Haines Haines,C.R.(1928–9) Fronto:Correspondence,rev.ed.(2vols.). Loeb.Cambridge,Mass.andLondon:HarvardUniversityPress.

JA JoannesAntiochenus

LIMC Ackermann,H.C.andGisler,J.-R.(eds.)(1981) Lexicon iconographicummythologiaeclassicae.Zurich:Artemis.

LTUR Steinby,E.M.(ed.)(1993–9) LexiconTopographicumUrbis Romae (6vols.).Rome:EdizioniQuasar.

OLD Glare,P.G.W.(ed.)(1982) OxfordLatinDictionary. Oxford:Clarendon.

PIR2

Groag,E.etal.(1933–2015) ProsopographiaImperiiRomani saec.I.II.III. (8vols.),2nded.Berlin,Leipzig,andNewYork: deGruyter.

PLRE Jones,A.H.M.,Martindale,J.R.,andMorris,J.(1971–92) The ProsopographyoftheLaterRomanEmpire (3vols.).Cambridge: CambridgeUniversityPress. xvii

PP PetrusPatricius, ExcerptaVaticana

RE Pauly,A.etal.(eds.)(1893–1980) PaulysRealencyclopadieder classischenAltertumswissenschaft.Stuttgart:A.Druckenmuller.

RIC Mattingly,H.etal.(eds.)(1923–) RomanImperialCoinage (10 vols.).London:Spink.

SCPP SenatusConsultumdePisonePatre

ShB ShackletonBailey,D.R.(1977) Epistulaeadfamiliares (2vols.). CambridgeClassicalTextsandCommentaries,16–17. Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.

vdH vandenHout,M.P.J.(1988) M.CorneliiFrontonisEpistulae. BibliothecaTeubneriana.Leipzig:Teubner. Xiph. Xiphilinus

ListofRomanEmperorstoc.AD300

 ( ) PIR2 I217; BNP Caligula





2 A697; BNP MarcusII2

2 C606; BNP Verus

2 A1482; BNP Commodus

2 H73; BNP Pertinax 193



217

18

2 D77; BNP DidiusII6

 PIR2 S487; BNP SeptimiusII7





2 S446; BNP Caracalla

2 S454; BNP Geta2

2 O108; BNP Macrinus 218

22

35

8



2 V273; BNP Elagabalus2

 PIR2 A1610; BNP SeverusII2

 PIR2 I619; BNP Maximinus2

 PIR2 A833; BNP Gordianus1

 PIR2 A834; BNP Gordianus2 238

 PIR2 C1179; BNP Pupienus

 PIR2 C126; BNP Balbinus1



PIR2 A835; BNP Gordianus3 xix

244–9



249–51 

251–3

253



PIR2 I461; BNP PhilippusII2

PIR2 M520; BNP DeciusII1

PIR2 V579; BNP Trebonianus Gallus

 PIR2 A330; BNP AemilianusII1

253–60 

253–68 

70



PIR2 L258; BNP Valerianus2

2 L197; BNP Gallienus

A1626; BNP ClaudiusIII2

A1480; BNP Quintillus

A1564; BNP

2 F390; BNP Constantius1

PIR2 V126; BNP Galerius5

– 

RegisterofProminentCourtiers

Weincludeinthislistprominentcourtierswhoarementionedrepeatedly inoneorbothvolumesusingthecustomaryshortformsoftheirnames. Whendescribingrelationships,wegiveemperors’ namesincapitals.

Acte ClaudiaActe.Freedwomanmistressof  . PIR2 C1067; BNP ClaudiaII4.

Agrippa M.VipsaniusAgrippa(64/3–12BC). Cos.ord. I37BC,II28BC,III27BC.Closesupporterof Octavian/ ;marriedtoJulia,daughterof  ,21–12BC. PIR2 V674; BNP Agrippa1.

AgrippaPostumus AgrippaIuliusCaesar[originally:M.Vipsanius AgrippaPostumus](12BC–AD14).Sonof AgrippaandJulia;adoptedassonby  (AD4),thenexiled(AD6). PIR2 I214; BNP Agrippa2.

AgrippinatheElder VipsaniaAgrippina(c.14BC–AD33).Daughter ofAgrippaandJulia;marriedtoGermanicus (c.AD5–19). PIR2 V682; BNP Agrippina2.

AgrippinatheYounger IuliaAgrippina(AD15–59).Daughterof GermanicusandAgrippinatheElder;wifeof  (49–54);motherof  . PIR2 I641; BNP Agrippina3. Antinous (d.130).ABithynianyouthwhowastheloverof  .HemysteriouslydrownedintheNile, provokingextravagantdemonstrationsofgriefby  . PIR2 A737; BNP Antinous2.

AntoniatheElder Antonia(maior)(b.39BC).Elderdaughterof MarkAntonyandOctavia. PIR2 A884; BNP Antonia3

AntoniatheYounger

Berenice

Britannicus

Burrus

Caenis

Callistus

Antonia(minor)[later:AntoniaAugusta](36 BC–AD37).YoungerdaughterofMarkAntony andOctavia;wifeofDrusustheElder;motherof Germanicusand  ;grandmotherof  . PIR2 A885; BNP Antonia4.

IuliaBerenice(b.c.28).DaughterofHerod AgrippaI.Mistressof  beforehebecame emperor. PIR2 I651; BNP Berenice7b.

Ti.ClaudiusCaesarBritannicus[earlier:Ti. ClaudiusCaesarGermanicus](41–54/5).Son of  ;brotherbyadoptionof  , whoallegedlymurderedhim. PIR2 C820; BNP Britannicus.

Sex.AfraniusBurrus(d.62).Influentialpraetorianprefectof  (51–62). PIR2 A441; BNP Afranius3.

AntoniaCaenis.FreedwomanofAntoniathe Younger.Concubineof  . PIR2 A888; BNP Antonia6.

C.IuliusCallistus.Reportedlypowerfulatthe courtsof  and  ;freedman alibellis ofthelatter. PIR2 I229; BNP IuliusII36.

Cleander M.AureliusCleander.Influentialfreedmanat thecourtof  . PIR2 A1481; BNP AureliusII10.

CocceiusNerva

DomitiaLucilla

DrusustheElder

DrusustheYounger

M.CocceiusNerva(d.33). Cos.suff 21or22. Adistinguishedjuristandcloseassociateof  ,whosojournedwiththatemperor onCapreae. PIR2 C1225; BNP Cocceius5.

DomitiaLucilla(minor)(d.155–61).The motherof  . PIR2 D183; BNP Domitia8.

D.ClaudiusDrusus[later:NeroClaudius DrususGermanicus](38–9BC).SonofLivia; stepsonof  ;brotherof  . PIR2 C857; BNP ClaudiusII24.

NeroClaudiusDrusus[later:DrususIulius Caesar](c.15–14BC–AD23).Sonofthe emperor  PIR2 I219; BNP DrususII1.

Eclectus (d.193).The acubiculo of  ,who wasallegedlyinvolvedinthatemperor’ s murder. PIR2 E3; BNP Eclectus.

FaustinatheElder

AnniaGaleriaFaustina(d.140).Wifeof  andmotherofFaustinathe Younger. PIR2 A715; BNP Faustina2. FaustinatheYounger

AnniaGaleriaFaustina(c.130–175/6).

Daughterof  ,wifeof  (145–175/6),motherof  . PIR2 A716; BNP Faustina3. Fronto M.CorneliusFronto(c.110–after176). Cos. suff. 143.Tutorof  and  ,andinfluentialattheircourts. AcorpusofletterstoandfromFrontosurvives. Hiscorrespondentsincluded   ,  ,and   ,aswellasseveralimportantcourtiers. PIR2 C1364; BNP Fronto6.

Gaius(Caesar)

Ti.Gemellus

Germanicus

HerodAgrippa

C.IuliusCaesar(20BC–AD4).Grandson,and lateradoptiveson,of  .Untilhis earlydeath,thepresumptivesuccessorto  ’ position,alongwithhisbrother, LuciusCaesar. PIR2 I216; BNP IuliusII32.

Ti.IuliusCaesarNero(19or20–37).Thenaturalgrandsonof  .Despitehisgrandfather’swishes,  excludedhimas successorandlaterallegedlyhadhim murdered. PIR2 I226.

GermanicusIuliusCaesar[originally:Nero ClaudiusDrusus](15BC–AD19).Sonof DrusustheElderandAntoniatheYounger; adoptivesonof  PIR2 I221; BNP Germanicus2.

M.IuliusAgrippa(I)(10BC–AD44). GrandsonofHerodtheGreat(kingof Judaea);movedinRomancourtcirclesinhis youth;eventuallyruledhisgrandfather’skingdom. PIR2 I131; BNP Herodes8.

JuliaDomna

JuliaMaesa

JuliaMamaea

JuliaSoaemias

Livia

IuliaDomna(d.c.217).Wifeof   andmotherof  and  PIR2 I663; BNP Iulia12.

IuliaMaesa(d.226).SisterofJuliaDomna; motherofJuliaMamaeaandJuliaSoaemias; grandmotherof  and   . PIR2 I678; BNP Iulia17.

IuliaAvitaMamaea(d.235).Motherof  ;nieceofJuliaDomna. PIR2 I649; BNP Iulia9.

IuliaSoaemiasBassiana(d.222).Motherof  ;nieceofJuliaDomna. PIR2 I704; BNP Iulia22.

LiviaDrusilla[later:IuliaAugusta](58BC–AD 29).WifeofOctavian/ ;motherof  . PIR2 L301; BNP Livia2.

Livilla (Claudia)LiviaIulia(c.14–11BC–AD31). DaughterofDrusustheElder;wife(AD4–23) ofDrusustheYounger;nieceanddaughter-inlawof  PIR2 L303; BNP Livilla1. LolliaPaulina (d.49).Thethirdof  ’sfourwives. Shesuvivedhisreign,butwasexiledthen murderedasapotentialrivalto  ’ wife, AgrippinatheYounger. PIR2 L328; BNP Lollia1. Lucius(Caesar) L.IuliusCaesar(17BC–AD2).Grandson,and lateradoptiveson,of  .Untilhis earlydeath,thepresumptivesuccessorto  ’ position,alongwithhisbrother, GaiusCaesar. PIR2 I222; BNP IuliusII33.

Macro

Maecenas

Marcellus

Q.NaeviusCordusSutoriusMacro(d.38). Praetorianprefect(31–8);influentialatthe courtsof  and  PIR2 N12; BNP NaeviusII3.

C.Maecenas(c.70–8BC).Aclosefriendof  andapatronofliterature. PIR2 M37; BNP Maecenas2.

M.ClaudiusMarcellus(42–23BC).Thesonof OctaviatheYoungerandnephewof  PIR2 C925; BNP ClaudiusII42.

Marcia Concubineof  . PIR2 M261; BNP Marcia7;Flexsenhar2016.

Messalina ValeriaMessalina(b.20–5,d.48).Wifeof  (c.38/9–48). PIR2 V241; BNP Messalina2.

Narcissus (d.54).Freedman abepistulis of  , andreportedlyapowerful figureathiscourt. PIR2 N23; BNP NarcissusII1.

Octavia ClaudiaOctavia(c.40–62).Daughterof  ;wifeof  (53–62). PIR2 C1110; BNP Octavia3.

OctaviatheYounger Octavia(minor)(69–10/11BC).Thesisterof Octavian/ . PIR2 O66; BNP Octavia2.

Pallas M.AntoniusPallas(d.62).Freedmanof AntoniatheYounger. Arationibus under  .Reportedlypowerfulatthecourts of  and  . PIR2 A858; BNP AntoniusII10.

Paris (d.83).Pantomimeactorinfluentialatthe courtof  ,andallegedlyaloverof theemperor’swife,DomitiaLongina. PIR2 P128; BNP Paris3.

Parthenius

C.Piso

Cn.Piso

Plautianus

Ti.ClaudiusParthenius(d.97).Influential a cubiculo of  . PIR2 C951a; BNP ClaudiusII51.

C.CalpurniusPiso(d.65). Cos.suff under  .Figureheadofthefailedconspiracy toassassinate  in65. PIR2 C284; BNP CalpurniusII13.

Cn.CalpurniusPiso(c.42BC–AD20). Cos. ord. 7BC;governorofSyriaAD17–19. Confidantoftheemperor  .Triedin theSenateinconnectionwitheventssurroundingGermanicus’ deathin19,hepre-emptedthe verdictwithsuicide. PIR2 C287; BNP CalpurniusII16.

M.FulviusPlautianus(d.205).Closefriendand praetorianprefect(197–205)of   PIR2 F554; BNP FulviusII10.

Plautilla PubliaFulviaPlautilla(d.212).Daughterof Plautianusandwife(  –  )of  PIR2 F564; BNP Fulvia3.

PlinytheYounger

C.PliniusCaeciliusSecundus(c.61/2–112), fromNovumComum(modernComo),nephew ofPlinytheElder. Cos.suff. 100,andholderof multipleadministrativepositions,includinggovernorofBithynia-Pontus.Acollectionofhis lettersandhispanegyricfor  havesurvived. PIR2 P490; BNP Plinius2.

Plotina PompeiaPlotina(b.62–72,d.123).Wifeof  andadoptivemotherof  . PIR2 P679; BNP Plotina.

Poppaea PoppaeaSabina(31–65).Wifeof  (62–5). PIR2 P850; BNP Poppaea2.

Sabina VibiaSabina(c.85–c.137).Wifeof  . PIR2 V600; BNP Sabina.

Sejanus

SenecatheYounger

L.AeliusSeianus(b.c.23–20BC,d.AD31). Influentialpraetorianprefect(14–31)of  PIR2 A255; BNP AeliusII19.

L.AnnaeusSeneca(c.1–65). Cos.suff 56.Close adviserof  .Authorofworksofdrama, philosophy,naturalhistory,andsatire. PIR2 A617; BNP Seneca2.

C.Silius (d.48). Cos.design. 49(?).AloverofMessalina, wifeof  .ReportedlySiliusmarried herin  ’ absence,perhapsplanning usurpation,andwasexecuted. PIR2 S714; BNP SiliusII1.

Sporus (d.69).Afavouriteeunuchcatamiteof  and(briefly)  . PIR2 S805; BNP Sporus2.

C.Stertinius

Xenophon Theinfluentialpersonalphysicianof  PIR S913; BNP Stertinius4.

Sura L.LiciniusSura(c.56–c.108). Cos. I suff. c.93,II ord. 102,III ord. 107.Aclosefriendofthe emperor  . PIR2 L253; BNP LiciniusII25.

Thrasyllus (d.36).Astrologer.Reportedlyin fl uentialat thecourtof  . PIR2 T190; BNP Thrasyllus2.

Tigellinus OfoniusTigellinus.Influentialpraetorianprefectof  (62–8). PIR2 O91; BNP Ofonius Tigellinus.

L.Vitellius L.Vitellius(c.10BC–c.AD51). Cos.ord. I34, II43,III47.Fatherof  .Important figureinthecourtsof  and  . PIR2 V741; BNP VitelliusII3.

MajorAuthorsandLiteraryWorksTranslated inthisVolume

Arrian L.FlaviusArrianus(b.85–90,d.160). Cos.suff. 129or130andafriendof  .Originally fromNicomedia(Bithynia;modern İzmit,Turkey), ArrianstudiedunderthephilosopherEpictetus, whosethoughthehaspreserved(inGreek)inhis DiscoursesofEpictetus andthe Encheiridion. Also anauthorofworksonavarietyofothertopics, includingbiographyandhistory,manyofwhich survive. PIR2 F219; BNP Arrianus2.

AulusGellius A.Gellius(b.125–8).Amiscellanistwholivedin Romeandinc.180publishedhis AtticNights.The workcollectsassortedinformationontopicsincludinggrammar,literature,law,history,andphilosophy,andquotesmanypassagesfromnow-lost works. PIR2 G124; BNP Gellius6.

AureliusVictor

Sex.AureliusVictor(b.c.320),fromAfrica. GovernorofPannoniaSecunda(361)andurban prefect(c.389).Hepublishedhisseriesofshort imperialbiographies, OntheCaesars,inc.361.His sourcesincludedalostseriesofmid-fourth-century imperialbiographies,calledthe Kaisergeschichte by modernscholars. PLRE 1.960; BNP Victor7.

CassiusDio L.Cl.(?)CassiusDioCocceianus(?)(c.164–after 229),fromNicaea(Bithynia;modern İznik, Turkey). Cos. I suff.c. 204, cos. II ord. 229;enjoyed adistinguishedsenatorialcareer.Wrotethe Roman History (inGreek),whichrecordseventsfromthe foundationofthecitytoAD229inannalisticform. Oftheoriginal80books,Bks.46–60areextant;for therestwerelyonlaterepitomesandexcerpts, especiallythoseofXiphilinusforthelaterbooks. PIR2 C492; BNP CassiusIII1. xxviii

Cicero M.TulliusCicero(106–43BC),fromArpinum (Italy). Cos.ord. 63BC,andanimportantlate Republicanstatesman.Verymanyofhislettersand worksonrhetoricandphilosophy(including On Laws and OnDuties)survive,asdonumerouswritten versionsofhisspeeches. RE 29; BNP Cicero. Fronto Seeabove,xxiii.

HistoriaAugusta Acollectionofbiographiesoftheemperors(and usurpers)from  to  and  .Thecollectionpresentsasthe workofsixauthorsintheerafrom  to  I,butwaslikelywrittenbya singleauthorc.400.Reliablesourcesliebehind partsofsomeofthebiographies,buttheycontain manyinaccuraciesandoutrightfabrications.

Josephus FlaviusIosephus(37/8–100),fromJerusalem (Judaea).InitiallyageneralontheJudaeansidein thewarof66–72/3againstRome,hewascaptured butspared,andmovedtoRomein71.Hisextensivesurvivingworks(allinGreek)includehis autobiographical Life,andthe JewishAntiquities, whichcoversJewishhistoryfromCreationtoAD 66. PIR2 F293; BNP Iosephus4.

Juvenal D.IuniusIuvenalis(b.c.67),probablyfrom Aquinum(modernAquino).Littleisknownabout hisbiography;hewroteintheearlysecondcentury. Sixteenofhis Satires survive,attackingthecorruptionandhypocrisyofcontemporarysociety. PIR2 I765; BNP Iuvenalis,D.Iunius.

Lactantius L.CaeliusFirmianusLactantius(c.250–325),from Africa.AteacherofrhetoricatNicomedia (Bithynia,modern İzmit,Turkey),whereheconvertedtoChristianity.Eventuallyhebecametutor totheemperor  ’  son,Crispus (c.317).Hissurvivingworksinclude Onthe DeathsofthePersecutors,whichtakesasitstheme God’svengeanceonpersecutorsofChristians –andintheprocesspreservessignificanthistorical informationaboutthepoorlydocumented Tetrarchicperiod. PLRE 1.338; BNP Lactantius1.

LatinPanegyrics

MarcusAurelius

XIIPanegyriciLatini.Acollectionoforationsgiven beforeemperors,consistingofPliny’ s Panegyric for  (AD100),andthenelevenorations deliveredtoemperorsinGaulfrom289to389. Someoftheoratorsareidentifiedbyname,others arenot.

M.AureliusAntoninus(121–80),Rome.Emperor 161–80.His Meditations,whichareacollectionof hisphilosophicalreflections(inGreek),contain somehintsofhisthoughtsonthecourtandthe imperialfamily. PIR2 A697; BNP MarcusII2.

Martial

Ovid

Philo

Philostratus

M.ValeriusMartialis(b.38–41,d.101–4),from Bilbilis(HispaniaTarraconensis,nearmodern Calatayud,Spain).Hehadrelationshipsofliterary patronagewith  andvariousmembers ofhiscourt.Manyofhisepigramssurvive,often givingwittyinsightsintocontemporarysocietyand (sometimes)thecourt. PIR2 V123; BNP Martialis 1.

P.OvidiusNaso(43BC–AD17),fromSulmo (modernSulmona).Heldsomeminorjudicial officesatRome,butmostlydevotedhimselfto poetry,leavingbehindalargecorpusofwork, muchofitextant.ExiledinAD8by  toTomi(modernConstanţa,Romania),wherehe continuedtowriteworks,includingthe Tristia and LettersfromPontus PIR2 O180; BNP Ovidius Naso,Publius.

PhiloofAlexandria/PhiloIudaeus(c.15BC–c.AD 50).MemberofadistinguishedJewishfamilyin Alexandria(Egypt).Ledanembassyof AlexandrianJewsto  inAD39.An extensivecorpusofhisworks(allinGreek)survives;therearephilosophical,exegetic,andhistorical/apologeticworks,includingthe Embassyto Gaius. PIR2 P370; BNP PhiloI12.

L.FlaviusPhilostratus(b.c.170),fromAthens. Movedincourtcirclesunder   ,havingclosecontactwithJuliaDomna.

PlinytheElder

Hissurvivingworks(allinGreek)includethe biography-cum-historicalnovel TheLifeof ApolloniusofTyana (publishedafter217),andthe LivesoftheSophists (completedc.242). PIR2 F332; BNP Philostratus5.

C.PliniusSecundus(23/4–79),fromComum (modernComo),uncleofPlinytheYounger.An amicus of  and  ,hehadadistinguishedequestriancareer,endingasthecommanderofthe fleetatMisenum(modern Miseno).Aprolificauthorinseveralgenres,his encyclopaedic NaturalHistory hassurvived. PIR2 P493; BNP Plinius1.

PlinytheYounger Seeabove,xxvi.

SenecatheYounger Seeabove,xxvi.

Statius P.PapiniusStatius(b.c.40–50,d.c.96),from Naples.Aprofessionalpoet,hissurvivingworks includeepicsonmythologicalthemes(the Thebaid andtheunfinished Achilleid),andthe thirty-twoshorter Silvae,whichtouchonaspects ofsocietyunder  ,includingthecourt. PIR2 P104; BNP Plinius2.

Strabo StraboofAmaseia(c.64BC–c.AD24),from Amaseia,Pontus(modernAmasya,Turkey). LivedinbothRomeandAlexandria.Historical andgeographicalwriter(inGreek);onlyhis Geography hassurvived. PIR2 S922; BNP Strabo1.

Suetonius

C.SuetoniusTranquillus(b.c.70).Hadadistinguishedequestriancareer,culminatingintenureof thepostof abepistulis under  .Aprolific writerofantiquarianandbiographicalworks.His Lives ofJuliusCaesarandtheemperorsfrom  to  survive,asdosomeof his Lives ofprominentgrammariansandliterary figures. PIR2 S959; BNP Suetonius2.

Tacitus P.(?)CorneliusTacitus(c.55–c.120). Cos.suff. 97, hehadadistinguishedsenatorialcareer.Authorof worksonhistory,biography,ethnography,and rhetoric.His Annals,somepartsofwhicharelost,

ValeriusMaximus

coveredRomanhistoryfromAD14to68;his Histories coveredtheperiod69to96,butonlythe partsdealingwith69tomid-70survive. PIR2 C1467; BNP Tacitus1.

Authorofabookof MemorableDeedsandSayings, writtenc.AD27–31,whichcollectedhistorical examples(exempla).Apparentlyacloseassociate ofSex.Pompeius(cos. 14; PIR2 P584). PIR2 V127; BNP ValeriusIII5.

Glossary

abadmissione Theheadofthedepartment(ratio)ofadmissionsinthe imperialhousehold,whichcontrolledaccesstothe emperor.

abepistulis Animperialsecretarywhoseresponsibilitiesrelatedto thedraftingoftheemperor’sletters.Atvarioustimes therewasbothan abepistulisLatinis (forlettersin Latin)andan abepistulisGraecis (forlettersinGreek).

acubiculo Theemperor’schiefbedroomattendant,whoseconstant accesstotheemperoroftenmadehiminfluential. Typicallyanimperialfreedman.

adoratio Anactofobeisanceperformedbeforeagodorruler.In theRomancourtoftheTetrarchicperiodandlater,it involvedloweringoneselfbeforetheemperorandkissing hispurplerobe.

adventus Theemperor’sceremonialentryintoacity.

alibellis Animperialsecretarywhoseresponsibilitiesrelatedto thedraftingoftheemperor’sresponsestopetitions.

arationibus

Animperialsecretarywhooversawtheimperial financial administration.

amicus, amicitia ‘Friend,friendship’.Usedofgenuinefriendsofthe emperor,butalso(incertaincontexts)inrelationto menofhighrankwithwhomtheemperorwas interacting.

atrium Alarge,openspaceneartheentranceinaneliteRoman house.Typicallyusedasthesettingforthemorning salutatio ritual,amongstotherfunctions.See 2.3, fig.2.2.1,RoomB.

auctoritas ‘Authority’ thatdidnotnecessarilyrestonaformal positionoroffice.

aula LatinloanwordfromtheGreek aulē,whichoriginally meant ‘courtyard’ Aula cametorefertoapalace,butalso tothecircleofpeoplearoundamonarch – thecourt. xxxiii

civilis princeps

civilitas

cliens

comitatus

comites

consilium

consistorium

Theidealemperor(intheeyesofthearistocracy),who behavedwith civilitas

Theunassumingbehaviourexpectedofanordinarycitizen,wheninteractingwithothercitizens.Emperorsin thePrincipatewhoshowedsuchbehaviouraremuch praisedinthesources.

‘Client’.Thesubordinatepartyinarelationshipof patronage.

Originallythegroupofpeoplewhotravelledwiththe emperor.Inthethirdcentury,itcametorefertothe courtingeneral,evenwhenstationary.

Themembersoftheemperor’ s comitatus.Singular: comes.

Acouncilthatgaveadvicetotheemperor.

Thelate-antiquedescendantofthe consilium.Itsmembershipandproceedingsweremoreformalizedthanthoseofits predecessor.

consul ordinarius

consul

suffectus

(Cos.ord.) Oneofthetwoconsulswhotooko ffi ceat thestartofayear.Theconsulhadbeenthehighest regularmagistrateundertheRepublic.Underthe Principate,theconsulsh ipentailedmuchlessreal power,butwasstillaveryimportanthonourinthe careerofasenator.

(Cos.suff.) Aconsulappointedtocomeintoofficelaterin ayear,afteroneorbothofthe consulesordinarii had steppeddown.Asuffectconsulshipwasalesserhonour thananordinaryconsulship,butstillveryprestigious. convivium Abanquet.

coronacivica Acrownofoakleaves,traditionallyawardedforsaving thelifeofacitizeninbattle.

cubicularius

damnatio memoriae

domus

Abedroomattendantinanelitehouseortheimperial court.

‘Condemnationofmemory’.Amoderncoinagereferring totheprocessofdamningthememoryofprominent individualswhohadfallenfromgrace,whichcould includethedestructionoftheirimagesandremovalof theirnamesfrominscriptionsandcoins.

Canrefertothehouseasabuilding,andalsotoa person ’ s ‘house’ inthesenseoftheirrelatives,slaves, andfreedmenand-women.