MA AD Architectural Portfolio in Unit C, WSA

PORTFOLIO OF ZHAOZHAN LU 2018-2019 in Cardiff University Welsh School of Architecture MAAD Unit C Communities on the Edge 2019 NO. 1773084

PROLOGUE Architectures intrigue me due to its narrativity, which is keeping telling their own stories about the users and cultures as time goes by.

Besides, according to the concept of Mr Isaki (Jin and Kinsella 2019), buildings should please their users and neighbours. Under the influence of this concept, I believe that individual buildings that do not include specific functional themes should have positive effects on users and neighbours, and promote friendly interaction between them. These beautiful stories will be faithfully recorded by the buildings. Moreover, the happy stories of the buildings and users may begin at the beginning of construction.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thanks to the patience and guidance from two tutors of Unit C, Mr Rowan MacKay and Miss Tabitha Pope, whose encouragement and education gave me confidence and guided me to think more carefully about the connection between architecture and users.

CONTENTS

01 HARMONIOUS GARDEN CITY - PLASDWR Brief Planning for Plasdwr

1.1. Research Question 1.2. Analysis 1.3. Vision Statement 1.4. Design Objectives & Action Plan

02 PIONEERING BUSKERS Detail Design for Plasdwr

2.1. Strategic Design 2.2. Architectural Design 2.3. Tectonic Strategy

COMMUNITIES ON THE EDGE This portfolio mainly explores a possible development mode on the edge of developing cities by taking Cardiff as the research object. Solve some basic problems of vulnerable groups with their participation under the guidance of architects in the development process and take this opportunity to bring a positive impact on the future development of vulnerable groups and neighbourhood.

1.1. RESEARCH QUESTION

Harmonious Garden City - PLASDWR

How can homeless group benefit from the urbanisation process of developing cities; what can they gain and give back to local community?

KEY WORDS: Housing, Income Activities, Connection.

1.2. ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION OF PLASDWR

The design vision of Plasdwr is to create a world-class sustainable community inspired by Howard's garden city, which were approved by Welsh Government Planning Inspectorate in 2016 and construction began in 2017 (Plasdwr 2018).

M4

St Fagans Rd

PLASDWR

A48

City Centre

Status quo

Offical planning

Plasdwr is currently basically farmland and pasture, and other places are basically covered by natural vegetation.

Planning for Plasdwr is ambitious. In addition to protecting the building and some natural vegetation, the land uses of Plasdwr are basically residential. (PLASDWR 2018)

Plasdwr

Garden City

A4119

A4160 The master plan of Plasdwr is in line with the concept of a garden city, which may make the internal loop line become a core road in Plasdwr.

Master Plan of Cardiff City

INVESTIGATION OF CARDIFF In the process of moving from Cardiff city centre to the edge of the city, the demographic structure and urban appearance have also been changing.

It is clear that there are many homeless people in Cardiff city centre, and they are basically only in the city centre.

Plasdwr is a new start for homeless people in terms of land use, neighbourhood relations and transportation, and also a new challenge for urban development. In this new land, the homeless group may find new opportunities for themselves.

Official Planning

Green Spaces

Nearby Communities

Triffic System

Bird View of Plasdwr

Communities in the Edge

Public Function near the Edge

Parks

Communities near the Centre

Elderly

Children

Cardiff Centre

Commuter

Low-income

Homeless

RESEARCH ON USER GROUP Analysis Of the Homeless Group

1990

20

15

Homeless deaths are highest in Wales (Miller. and Walford. 2019)

19 95

"Metal spikes in the floor" (Owen 2014)

Homeless Men

Homeless Women

Desire for shelter and work; Cigarettes and wine.

Need Safe shelters, psychotherapy and physiotherapy.

Homeless Families

Homeless Buskers

They need shelter and psychological help from their homes and family relationships.

There are many homeless buskers on the streets of Cardiff. Their needs are to other homeless people.

45

20

20

00

10

Age of Labor

The proportion of homeless population Total population of the city

Rough sleep is a worldwide problem (Godson 2016), the number of homeless people in Cardiff and even across the UK has been growing in recent years, reaching an estimated 320,000 in 2018 (Butler 2018; Wearecardiffguest 2017).

Homeless people die on the streets almost every year, and it is reported (Miller and Walford 2019) that, Cardiff is ranked as "one of the worst places in the UK for homeless deaths" and about 24 homeless people died in Cardiff between 2013 and 2017.

2005 "Homeless 'crisis' headache for capital" (BBC NEWS 2002)

Greening rate of city Total urban area

Wallich

City has modernized, but homeless people have increased.

The most common of the rough sleepers seen in Cardiff are men. Additionally, there are homeless families and couples. According to the statistics of the charity Wallich (2018), among the rough sleepers they have helped, the number of men is about five times that of women, and the average age is about 45 years old, still in the labor age range.

INTERACTIONS The reasons why they have become homeless are many and complex, including bankruptcy, family conflicts, psychological problems, criminal records, drugs and alcohol abuse. (McDonagh 2011)

According to the investigation, the ways homeless group act in public spaces in the public space are quite different from other social groups. The interaction between them and other social groups is relatively negative, basically, they are the isolated group in the cities, even though they mainly stay in the city centre.

Groups Children

Low-income

The aged

Homeless

The aged Low-income

Homeless

Commuters

Farmers

Commuters

Homeless Low-income

Communities

Playing

Commuting Boring

Wandering Lonely

Begging Lonely

Wandering Lonely

Commuting Boring

Begging Lonely

Commuting Boring

NO involvement

Commuting Boring

Begging Lonely

Commuting Boring

Playing Happy

Relaxing

Enjoying Lonely

Enjoying Lonely

Enjoying Lonely

Relaxing

Enjoying Lonely

Enjoying Relaxing

Working

Enjoying Relaxing

Enjoying Lonely

Relaxing

Studying

Working

Packing up

NO involvement

Packing up

Working

NO involvement

Picking up

NO involvement

Picking up

NO involvement

Working

Green Spaces

Schools

Interactions

Mutual Interference ？

Begging and misunderstanding ？

Mutual Interference ？

Begging and giving ？

Mutual Interference ？

REBALANCE Stakeholder Analysis

Rescue strategy for homeless group by Wallich

A

Architects

H

Homeless People

L

Local Residents

D

Develops

Prevent people from becoming homeless: to prevent people from becoming homeless, the first thing to do is to focus on the root problem and help those potential homeless people. It's about helping people who are facing financial and leasing crises, helping them with job skills and financial advice.

G

Government

Wallich

Outreach assistance: for those who have become homeless group, the basic needs of food and clothing could be met by distributing materials on the streets.

W

When homeless groups are considered in the development of Plasdwr, stakeholders can be divided into the homeless group, architect, local resident of the neighborhood, developers including Redrow and Bellway, government and charity Wallich.

Through the stakeholder analysis, the homeless people are in a weak position here.

A

H

L

D

G

W

Involvement of Architects The direct help homeless group could gain from architects would be accommodation and skill learning. According to the case study could be concluded that in addition to responding to their housing needs, the process of building the shelter and its supporting functions could bring additional benefits to the homeless through their participation, and these benefits would serve as a basis for their future contribution to society.

Residential assistance: in addition to helping with homeless group's basic survival needs, temporary shelter is also needed for them as a transition re-enter society, and in the process, helps with psychological problems and abuse problems should also be considered.

Learning and employment help: the key for homeless groups to get rid of the status quo lies in their future development, while skills would be the basis for them to get opportunities to work again, therefore, helps for them to improve their existing skills or learn new skills are needed.

(Wallich 2015)

A

H

L

D

G

W

There are some buskers among the homeless people, and art could attract the attention of different social groups, which could be an element for homeless buskers to connect with the society, make connections and even be a steady job.

Re-build Connections

A

H

L

D

G

W

For the homeless group, shelter is an important step for them to change the status quo.

However, the poor temporary shelter would not have many positive effects. Therefore, it is significant to provide them with relatively comfortable temporary accommodation.

(Crane, M. et al. 2014)

A

H

L

D

G

W

The self-built houses built by users could well respond to their needs, and they would gain friendship, skills and confidence through joint and cooperative housing construction (Ashley Vale Community 2012). However, after the further development of the homeless group, their demand for shelter may change, so housing may need a certain degree of scalability.

A

H

L

D

G

W

The combination of these elements has the potential to free the homeless group from the weak position in the development of Plasdwr.

1.3. VISION STATEMENT Warm and harmonious communities where homeless people are no longer being homeless and feeling isolated.

KEY WORDS: Housing Income Activities Connection

By their own efforts and receiving help, the homeless group will gradually be understood and accepted in the urbanisation of Plasdwr, and they will become a better version of themselves in this process, f inally integrate into this harmonious and warm garden city.

1.4. DESIGN OBJECTIVES & ACTION PLAN Perspective of Architecture

DESIGN OBJECTIVES

The research problem of this project is: How can homeless group benefit from the urbanisation process of developing cities; what can they gain and give back to the local community?

Therefore the design objectives will be specific to what they will gain and what they will give back.

Perspective of Relationship

MEDIUM TERM

SHORT TERM

● ① Events in Plaswr like Forest Music Festival. ● Opportunity to build their own homes by themselves.

LONG TERM

● ① Temporary Housing ● ② ④ Building Skills & Confidence

● ② ③ Self-built Community by themselves ● ④ Employment

. ● Friendship within their group & Wallich ● Communication & Understanding

● Friendship with Neighborhood ● Communication & Understanding & Tolerance

GAIN

. ● Communication

● ① Module housing ● ① Construction of the culture centre

● ③ Affordable housing ● ① Change temporary houses to the culture centre

GIVE BACK . . ● Bring people together

ACTION PLAN

The social groups mainly involved in the action plan include architects, charitable organizations, Wallich, and developers, in addition to the homeless group.

SHORT TERM

● Friendship ● Bring people together

MEDIUM TERM

● ① Provide sample module houses ● ① Build The temporary stages (In Plasdwr & City centre)

● ① Complete the construction of temporary housing (By Architects & Wallich & Homeless ) ● ① Change temporary stage In Plasdwr to permanent stage (By Architects & Wallich & Homeless )

● Initiate events (By Architects & Wallich) ● Architects teach homeless group & Wallish the building skills

● Architects & Wallich teach homeless group the building skills ● Improvements of existing skills

By Art exchange events

● Services & help

LONG TERM

● ② Homeless group build The self-built community ● ③ Homeless group output labor ● ① Change temporary stage In Plasdwr to permanent stage (By Architects & Wallich & Homeless ) ● Developers & Wallich manage the workforce

MAPPING FOR ELEMENTS

For homeless people, the opportunity for temporary housing is the turning point for them to re-enter society. After getting shelter, there will be a stable environment for them to gain and improve skills, gain confidence. Thus, start to contact people and solve some psychological problems. The following elements would be the keys to their re-entry into society and the keys to what they gain and give back to the community.

1. Temporary Housing & Culture Centre · Music Performance Area · Food Activities Area · Arts and Crafts Area · Temporary Housing · Exhibition Area In the early stage, it served as a place for a variety of activities that bring people together and provided temporary accommodation. After people moving out, it will be further transformed into a cultural center.

⑤

2. Self-Built Community phase I The first Self-Built community is built by people with gaining building skills, surrounded by traditional communities.

This is the isolated groups' first step into the larger community.

④

3. Self-Built Community phase II

1.Temporary Housing & Culture Centre

4.Sustainable Planting

Temporary housing is placed in community centres to attract residents with art activities and to create contact opportunities.

It is close to building materials company for easy management and sustainable planting could also attract residents, which would effectively reduce construction costs.

After people from surrounding communities witnessing their Slef-Built community and efforts, the new SelfBuilt communities will integrate more harmoniously into the surrounding communities.

4. Material Planting & Workshop · Timber Planting · Workshop Provide timber material source and processing Reduce the constructing price

5. Building Material Company · Exhibition Area · Office Area

2.Self-built Community Phase I

3.Self-built Community Phase II

The first phase of the self-built community is adjacent to the Plasdwr Cultural Center, making it easier to take advantage of the connections between the different groups that have been created.

The later the self-built houses are closer to the green space to prove that the homeless group wouold no longer be isolated in the future; there will be some ordinary communities between the two phases of self-built communities, which could create more contact opportunities for the wandering group in the process of exporting labor.

It is located at the center of the Plasdwr area for product presentation, office and distribution. The company will provide employment opportunities for residents of the surrounding communities.

③

①

②

2. PIONEERING BUSKERS The buskers, on the edge of the city, begin pioneering adventures.

Starting with street talent competition, the buskers and the homeless people as pioneers of urban expansion, bring the culture and the core spirit of the city centre to the edges for local residents. They would speed up the process of urbanisation in Plasdwr and get the ideal place to live in with their own hands, finally they could become better and spread happiness further.

2.1. STRATEGIC DESIGN Short Term

Medium Term

Long Term

N

SHORT TERM MASTER PLAN OF PLASDWR

SHORT TERM MASTER PLAN OF CITY CENTRE

MEDIUM TERM MASTER PLAN OF PLASDWR

LONG TERM MASTER PLAN OF PLASDWR After a series of changes, the homeless people would finally spread the culture of Plaswr to the city centre.

New Option Knowledge about Module houses

?

?

Cultural events are basically held in the city centre.

Short Term

Buskers as pioneers to share the culture of the city and also bring back the ideas.

Homeless people may enter Plasdwr for the benefit of temporary shelter and cultural activities.

Medium Term

Long Term

ADVENTURES OF PIONEERS

CHANGE OF CHARACTER

AN INSPIRATIONAL STORY: The buskers come to Cardiff centre to start busking. Then they would meet a talent show event, buskers compete at the event. As the event expands, they will go to Plasdwr for the forest busking festival. Then in the medium term, about 1 year later, they will begin to work with their new friends to learn how to build their own houses. Finally, homeless people become neighbours and Share the joy of their module housing with more people, and spread The happiness of Plasdwr By busking.

A L

D

G

W H Long Term

ISSUES DIVERSITY

Better them

A D

G

W

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Opp

L

nitie

H

s

Medium Term

ci ssu es

Ordinary social groups

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ictio

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elp

CARDIFF Busking Competition

Show us what you got!

es issu l a t Men

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Gai n sh

elte r

A e us ab

Buskers

g in Be

Death

bu

llie

d

Ordinary social groups

The shelters would be only the beginning of change for the homeless, and due to the complexity of their own problems, the difference helps should be considered. Within the community, the project is designed with activity centres run by the charity Wallich, shared kitchens, psychological support offices and a physical therapist to respond to the needs of homeless people facing different problems.

L

D

G

W H Short Term

2.2. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Plasdwr in SHORT TERM

City centre in SHORT TERM

SHORT TERM

Sa

mp

le

mo

Temporary Stage du

le

ho

us

es

In the short term, there will be a talent show competition in the city centre, and a larger race will be carried out in the forest in Plasdwr, which is a step to change for both the user group and Plaswr with the involvement of architect; for Plasdwr, it may be known by more citizen, for the homeless people, they will have the opportunities to make friends and learn something about self-built houses.

Axiomatic plan of SHORT TERM

At this stage, Architects are the initiators and teachers, and the Wallich is the organiser as well as the student of the learning module residence.

The tramps are performers and the citizens are judges.

SHORT TERM PLANS In The process of the events, residents in the city edge could also be informed of the concept of modular houses and visit the model houses; therefore, different groups could be attracted by the comfortable and sunny life of modular homes.

ry

ra

po

e

ag

St

m

Te

Cultural Centre Plan

N

Temporary Roundabout

Eastern Elevation

A-A Section

Unit Detail

Plasdwr

Site

Site Section

Nearby Communities

Plasdwr in MEDIUM TERM

MEDIUM TERM

Music Studio

Art Studio Mental Health Counseling

Shared landscape

Te

Temporary Stage

mp

or

ary

ho

us

es

Axiomatic plan of MEDIUM TERM In the medium term, due to the influence of cultural events, the development of Plasdwr around the site would be accelerated, and the shared landscape will be used for people to play and create contacts during this period.

The corresponding woodworking workshop will appear. The homeless people and Wallich will work together to complete the construction of temporary housing. In this process, the homeless people will gain the building skills and put them into practice. Wallich will become the teachers and practitioners in this process. Together, they bring cultural activities to communities on the edge of the city.

MEDIUM TERM PLANS In the medium term, the events will continue, and at this period, the shared landscape next to the cultural centre will be completed, which will also provide clues for them to build their own communities. The homeless people will study and build the components of the modular house in this temporary workshop. Due to the increasing influence of Plasdwr, the construction of surrounding areas may also speed up.

Fitness Facilities

Movable Studio

N

Shared Landscape

Roundabout

Workshop Plan

Cultural Centre First Floor Plan 1:200

Temporary Housing

Music Studio

Temporary Housing Shared Kitchen(Mental Health Counseling) & Art Studio

y

ar

r po

e

ag

St

m

Te

N Cultural Centre Ground Floor Plan

B-B Section

Eastern Elevation

The shared landscape also serves as a link between communities in the following period, for preventing the self-built community from being isolated.

Shared Landscape

Fitness Facilities

Fitness Facilities

Shared Landscape Plan

N Workshop Plan

C-C Section

Shared Landscape Plan

LONG TERM In the long term, the homeless group will complete the construction of self-built community phase I and have their own homes. Community built by public cooperation will be very united. Meanwhile, the cultural center has also been completed the transformation from temporary housing to the gallery. Homeless people will no longer homeless and begin to export labour. The resident in the self-built community phase II is a mixture of different social strata. And the activities of cultural centre have become one of the links between the edge of the city and the city centre. Homeless people in Plasdwr will return to the city centre to share their joy.

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Activities Centre & Health Care

Shared landscape

Ga

Stage

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Mental Health Counseling

C

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LONG TERM PLANS In terms of community public space, the public space within the community will be defined by the public function of the community, preventing other people from directly entering the community internal center to create the sense of security they need, but at the same time, these public spaces have something to do with each other to prevent Homeless community from being isolated.

Cinema Room Laundry

ENTRANCE

Shared Kitchen

Movable Studio

N

Self-built Community Phase I Ground Floor Plan

Eastern Elevation

E-E Section

The construction of self-built community will be finished, and homeless people will move out from the temporary housing, after that, temporary housing will be transformed into the gallery, and temporary stage will further be turned into permanent stage, for them to hold activities, at this moment, Plasdwr cultural centre has become a real cultural centre, start to tell us the story of Plasdwr.

Souvenir Shop

Music Studio

Shared Kitchen & Art Studio

Reception

e

ag

t lS

a

Fin

Gallery & Handicraft Exhibition

N Cultural Centre Ground Floor Plan

B-B Section

Eastern Elevation 1:200

Video Hall Gallery & Handicraft Exhibition

Laundry

Self-built Community Phase I First Floor Plan

N

Handicraft Exhibition

Cultural Centre First Floor Plan

E-E Section

Self-built community phase II is an affordable community, which mixed with different social groups and built by the homeless group.

In this period, homeless people are the distributors of happiness.

Garden Tool Room

Movable Studio

ENTRANCE

Laundry

Activities Centre & Health Care

Health Care

Gym Library

Shared Kitchen

ENTRANCE

Self-Built Community Phase II Second Floor Plan

Self-Built Community Phase II Ground Floor Plan

N Self-Built Community Phase II Third Floor Plan

F-F Section

UNIT INTERNAL RENDERING

PHASE I EXTERNAL RENDERING

2.3. TECTONIC STRATEGY

First of all, the structural form of the building needs to be concise and easy to understand, because the user group may not know anything about the building. Therefore the frame could well meet the requirements of flexibility and the construction logic is clear enough.

In terms of materials, due to the dense natural vegetation near the site, and mostly wood (for reference in strategic design), after proper processing, it could be used as a cheap and reliable source of building materials, and the introduction of sustainable planting methods could also be helpful to local environmental protection.

Steel is added to the design as an auxiliary material, using uniform specifications of steel as a reference to reduce the manufacturing difficulty of the basic construction.

Additionally, According to the case study (referring to the Brief Planning of Plasdwr section), one of the benefits of self-built communities is that they can make neighborhood relations more harmonious through cooperation between neighbors. Therefore, the construction method of this project encourages cooperation.

What we have?

Knows nothing about building

Easy to understand

Structure

Material

Equipment

Staff

Frame structure

Timber

Large apparatus

Professional builders

Truss structure

Steel

Scaffolding

Carpenter

Shear wall structure

Concrete

ladder

Neighborhood cooperation

Woodland for Material

Architects

Flexible Plans for different needs

After technical considerations, modular wood frame structure will be the main structure of the project, using removable external walls to meet the expansion of individual users and community expansion. Structural parts are divided and refined to reduce the use of large instruments on the basis of conforming to the construction logic.

Wallich

Extensibility for changing needs

Low cost

What we want ?

Horizontal wall Detail Vertical wall Detail

Bricks

Ceiling Detail

STRUCTURE VALIDATION

This structural system will be completed by on-site assembly, and users are encouraged to collaborate to reduce the use of large devices. The columns will be placed on a concrete foundation with holes left in it, which was part of the shared landscape in the medium term.

The detachable walls respond to the expansion for families and the community.

TYPOLOGY By combining the pipelines to form the core, the other functions of the room become the growth part of the core, which is combined to achieve the flexible planes.

After the users have fully understood the construction logic, selfbuilt houses would evolve according to their imagination.

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USER MANUAL 1

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LOGIC OF CONSTRUCTION COMPONENTS

EPILOGUE

This project is to make the homeless people as pioneers to participate in the process of urbanisation, they might be isolated at first, and would not be understood in short term, but after The help from The Wallich and architects and the most important is their own efforts, they could be able to overcome many problems of their own, become better individuals, to get more connection. And use their skills and their busking to spread the happiness of Plasdwr culture. Architects and developers should solve some social problems rather than housing and economic needs in the process of urbanisation, in other words, as architects, we should think about how to bring more happiness to people by architecture.

References Ashley Vale Community. 2012. The yard self build. Available at: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Q9nyEkgpvM41CSPg1JmBV2aKeXZcrBYT/view [Accessed: 19 January 2019].

BBC. 2002. Homeless 'crisis' headache for capital. BBC NEWS 11 December. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/2564951.stm [Accessed: 20 January 2019].

Butler, T. 2018. At least 320,000 homeless people in Britain, says Shelter. The Guardian 22 November. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/nov/22/at-least-320000-homeless-people-in-britain-says-shelter [Accessed: 25 February 2019].

Crane, M. et al. 2014. The Resettlement of Homeless Young People: Their Experiences and Housing Outcomes. Social Policy and Society 13(2), pp. 161-176. doi: 10.1017/S1474746413000468 Godson, C. 2016. HOMELESSNESS: A GLOBAL PROBLEM BEGGING A GLOBAL SOLUTION. Available at: https://atlascorps.org/homelessness-a-global-problem-begging-a-global-solution/ [Accessed: 12 January 2019].

Jin, W. and Kinsella, E. 2019. What is architecture? The Pritzker architecture prize winner in 2019, Isasaki says... Artnet News 7 March. Available at: https://www.artnetnews.cn/art-world/shenmecaishijianzhu2019pulizikejianzhujiangdezhujiqixinzheyangshuo-105619 [Accessed: 10 March 2019].

McDonagh, T. 2011. Tackling homelessness and exclusion: Understanding complex lives. JRF 12 September. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/tackling-homelessness-and-exclusion-understanding-complex-lives [Accessed: 18 January 2019].

Miller, C. and Walford, J. 2019. The areas of Wales worst-hit by homeless deaths as stark figures reveal the number of people dying. WalesOnline 25 February. Available at: https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/areas-wales-worst-hit-homeless-15882934 [Accessed: 15 March 2019].

Owen, C. 2014. Metal spikes in the floor? Is treating homeless people like pigeons really the way forward?. WalesOnline 10 Jun. Available at: https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/metal-spikes-deter-homeless-bank-7242485 [Accessed: 15 February 2019].

Plasdwr. 2018. PLASDWR. Available at: https://plasdwr.co.uk/ [Accessed: 10 January 2019].

Wallich. 2018. South Wales Street Based Lifestyle Monitor 2017-18. Available at: https://thewallich.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/SBL_Report2018.pdf [Accessed: 13 November 2019].

Wearecardiffguest. 2017. THE NUMBER OF HOMELESS PEOPLE IN CARDIFF IS ON THE RISE. Wearecardiff 24 November. Available at: https://wearecardiff.co.uk/2017/11/24/the-number-of-homeless-people-in-cardiff-is-on-the-rise/ [Accessed: 26 January 2019].

THANK YOU ZHAOZHAN LU Unit C Communities on the Edge 2019 LUZ16@CARDIFF.AC.UK