MOSQUE AS A SANCTUARY-Master Thesis Program

MArch Sem.IIII

Student: Lin Zheng

DAR ES SALAAM,TANZANIA

Student Number: 150129

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture Institute of Architecture & Technology Architecture & Extreme Environments THESIS PROGRAM

MOSQUE AS A SANCTUARY

RISHING WATER IN THE URBAN POVERTY ZONES DAR ES SALAAM,TANZANIA

DK

- EMILIE J CE IAGO D J-T HRISTOPHE B MIE LOUIS C E V Y IE MI ARCHI U T F E O KA

DAM L - GEORGE P JA A-A M - LIN Z - AHAMED A - RL B ER K KEN - S K- E R

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ENTS NM K OM AR

TANZANIA

L F - VIKTORIA K - XAN HAE B TA MIC A N - EDI D - ALICJA - VA C - - ANN L STO ER AN KE W M IK KA C DK T -S

- EMILIE J CEC IAGO D J-T HRISTOPHE B - ILIE J MIE LOUIS C EMR VE Ü NIC IE MI Y ARCHI -C U TE OF

ON RK IRENMA

DAM L - GEORGE P JA A-A M NIS - LIN Z - AHAMED A - RL B EN ER K KEN - S - D AND K- E TS KS R MEN LE

N ARCHITE E E AOL OF ITION CTURE NV -D URCHO EXPED 2017

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VID G - JAKOB S - DA K MIA - LILLI W - CHR - THO H - JACK C M ISTI AN AS AS C LHL ILLE A D EXTREME AM

TANZANIA

L F - VIKTORIA K - XAN HAE B TA MIC A N - EDI D - ALICJA - VA C - - ANN L STO ER AN KE W M IK

LIN ZHENG T:+4571513997 E:zhenglinkph@outlook.com Spring 2018 The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture Institute of Architecture & Technology Architecture & Extreme Environments Supervising Tutor: David Garcia 1

CONTENTS

03 I INTRODUCTION -Course outline -Preface

09 I CONTEXT

-A Rapid Growing City-Dar es salaam -Urban Informal Settelment-Suna -“Too much Water”& ”Too little Water”Flooding+ Water

23 I VISION 25 I PROGRAM

-Architecture and Flooding -A Threefold Approach to Flooding 1. Mosque as A Sanctuary 2. Network 3. Storm Reservoir -Site Site for the Hybrid Mosque Site for the Network

58 I THEMATICS

-Hybrid Mosque -What is mosque ?

-Mosque as a Sanctuary -Functions -Storm Reservoir -Initial Research/Device

58 I METHODOLOGY 59 I SCOPE + SUBMISSION 60 I UN GOALS 61 I APPENDIX

BIBLIOGRAPHY ILLUSTRATIONS CURRICULUM VITAE

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INTRODUCTION

Course outline Situated within the study unit: Architecture & Extreme Environments, the proposal is informed by an initial research phase and intensive fieldwork expedition during the Autumn semester of 2017.

Through an immersive and iterative d e s i g n p roc e s s , t h e p ro j e c t i s l e d b y a methodology of making and informed by a dialogue of site-specific engagement and intervention, sparking a discourse between technology, culture, and context.

Through preliminary investigations involving direct on-site engagement, independent fieldwork, and device experiments, The program proposes a speculative approach to challenge the role of architecture in the extreme context of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We try to investigate how architecture could react when the extreme hazard happens, and how the architecture space and the landscape could perhaps ease the impact of global warming.

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Preface

Dar es Salaam, the biggest city in Tanzania is facing a rapid unbalanced growth both of the city and its population, but the infrastructure could not follow the speed. Due to climate change, those who are most vulnerable to any form of disruption within the urban spaces are the people who are least able to avoid flooding's direct and indirect impacts. The urban poor's lifestyles are most susceptible to being affected and they lack sufficient and efficient means to be able to cope with flooding's multiple stressors.

This program investigates whether a sanctuary modified from a mosque, for the informal settlement's community suffering flooding, could act as a proposal for the specific context. The project aims to traverse the dialogic interchange of architecture/urbanism/landscape where it leads to infrastructural development and ecological adaptation.

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Map of Dar es Salaam

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The Flood Ends “‘O Earth! Swallow up your water, and O sky!

Withhold (your rain).’ The water was diminished (made to subside) and the Decree (of God) was fulfilled (the destruction of the people of Noah). And it (the ship) rested on Mount Judi, and it was said: ‘Away with the people who are wrongdoing.’” (Quran 11:44)

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Hieronymus Bosch_The Garden of Earthly Delights The exterior(shutters) top left: Ipse dixit, et facta su[n]t [For he spoke and it was done] top right: Ipse mandavit, et creata sunt [He commanded, and it stood fast]

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CONTEXT

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A Rapid Growing City-Dar es salaam

Dar es Salaam, located on the East coast of Tanzania, lies between latitude 6.45oS and 7.25oS, and longitude 39oE and 39.55oE. It borders the Indian Ocean to the East and the Coast (Pwani) region on the other sides. It stretches about 100km between the Mpiji River to the North and beyond the Mzinga River in the South, comprising a total land area of 1,630.7 km2 (about 0.2% of the entire Tanzania mainland’s area) (ILRI, 2007).

Administratively, the city is divided into three municipalities (or districts), namely Ilala, Kinondoni, and Temeke, which are divided into 74 wards (local government units).

It is the largest city of Tanzania and an important economic center in East Africa. With an average annual growth rate of approximately 5 %, its population is expected to increase from around 4 million at present to over 8 million inhabitants by 2030.

Some 70-80 % of the population of Dar es Salaam is estimated to live in informal settlements (URT 2004) which are characterized by a lack of basic services, poor housing, insecure tenure and overcrowding(Tibaijuka 2007).

Dar es Salaam faces severe threats from natural hazards, and these are expected to be exacerbated by climate change (Giugni et al. 2015). Riverine flooding is one notable local hazard.

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1968

2002

2012

2002

2012

City expansion

1968

Informal settlement expansion 209.000

143.000PEOPLE 2010

154.000

112.000

250.000PEOPLE 2050 39.000

2005 2030 2050 2070 Growing Population living<10m above see level

Number of people that are in danger when an once-in-100-year flood event occur

Schemes of people and the floodzones in Dar es Salaam 12

Dar es Salaam

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Urban Informal Settelment-Suna

Suna, a subward of Magmeni in the municipality of Kinondoni, Dar es Salaam, is an informal settlement whose residents experience high levels of vulnerability to flooding. Suna lies between the Msimbazi and the Ngâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ombe Rivers, with these acting alongside a lack of drainage and sewers to expose the community to flooding during the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s two rainy seasons.

Only 2% of the population have formal title ownership of the land and its properties. Waterborne diseases causing malaria, diarrhea and fungal infections are common in Suna due to flooding.

Asset Vulnerability

Physical Vulnerability

Institutional Vulnerability

The Vulnerability within Suna

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The Vulnerability within Suna Asset Vulnerability -43% of the households have 5+ members, mean household size is 3.91 -45% of the households have 1 to 2 young dependants below 18 years -13% of the households have 1 to 2 elder persons above 65 -About 40% of households are primary school leavers -Small business is the main source of income. Other income sources include urban agriculture, fishing and casual labouring -Income levels range from less than TShs 100,00 to TShs 1,500,000. Only 11% of the households have income above TShs 500,000 per month. Average income is TShs 490,000 per month -Malaria, diarrhea and fungal infections are common diseases

Physical Vulnerability - Pit latrine is used by 83.331% of the households -Haphazard disposal of solid wastes on open spaces, drainage channels and along river valleys -Only Few trees dispersed at individual households -61% of the households depends on charcoal as source of energy of cooking -Households access water from public and private water tapes -55% of houses not accessible by car - Insufficient and un-maintained storm water drainage channels - Only 2% of the households have formal title ownership of the land and properties - Lack of community facilities including education and health

Institutional Vulnerability -Informal and non state institutions are more active in supporting the community to adapt to flood hazards -Formal institutions intervene only during emergency/disaster events -Residents lack trust of the warning information provided by the formal institutions -Little confidence in political support to adapt to flood hazards

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Suna Subward

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“Too Much Water”& ”Too Little Water” Flooding Flooding, induced by climate change, is disproportionately impacting the lives of the urban poor population in an informal settlement in Dar es Salaam.

Four main river systems flow through the city’s administrative boundary, the Msimbazi, Mpiji, Kizinga and Mzinga.

Many informal settlements are located on low and close by to these rivers(Kiunsi,2013). Rainfall patterns in Dar, follow a bi-annual trend, with the short rains falling in November-December, and long rains occurring from March to May, Both of which cause regular flooding events across the city (McSweeney et al,.N.D). The past two decades have seen increased likelihood of flooding. The impact of the flooding events is also expected to magnify with the increase of unplanned settlements and decrease of surface permeability.

Nearly 80% (3.2 million) of the population lives in about 43 informal settlements of different sizes, which have limited access to basic infrastructure services such as water supply, sewage, and stormwater drainage systems.

Some of the settlements are regularly affected by devastating flooding whenever it rains. Inhabitants have continued to reside in these settlements despite flooding effects such as loss of human life, destruction of properties, environmental degradation, environmental pollution and disease outbreaks.

• Climate change which manifests as changing patterns of rainfall, increases storm frequency and intensity and hence leads to flooding • For the urban poor the impact of flooding is becoming more frequent and increasingly severe • Housing development in floodplains, inadequate waste management and lack of maintenance of stormwater drainage channels (where existent) further aggravate the flooding problem.

Suna’s extreme levels of vulnerability to flooding are partly down to institutional failures from both national and international climate change and development bodies.

Since Suna is also characterized by its Muslim community, during flooding times, there are three mosques within the community that would open to IDP’s for temporary staying during the night. However, the capacity is not enough for all of the IDP’s. Therefore, people would go to Kichangani Mosque which is known as the biggest mosque in Dar es Salaam for shelter. For now, the capacity is enough. However, since it lacks basic infrastructure for the IDP’s, it is limited in its ability and the IDP’s also affect the original daily function for prayer.

IDP’s: the internally displaced people 19

“Too Much Water”& ”Too Little Water” Access to Water A significant proportion of Dar es Salaam’s population has no adequate access to a water supply. Likewise, a large proportion of the Dar es Salaam population lives in unplanned settlements, which creates a challenge for them to access piped water. As a result, the majority of the population relies on standard public piped sources and informal providers as their main source of water.

Water Pollution Water pollution has become a common problem and a cause for concern in Dar es Salaam, particularly during the rainy seasons. Every year, outbreaks of water-related diseases, such as cholera and diarrhea, are reported.

Most severe, is the contamination of drinking water sources with pollutants and bacteria. One of the main sources of water pollution in urban wetlands is domestic and institutional wastes. When septic tanks and soakaways are included, only 15-20% of the population has an efficient means of human waste disposal.

A study of urban waste disposal was carried out in Dar es Salaam by Haskoning and MKonsult in 1988, who found that only 6% of the total population of 1,723,000 was served by the city sewage system.

Around 80% of the unsewered proportion of the city depended on on-site sanitary facilities such as pit latrines or septic tanks. The remaining 20% lacked elementary sanitary facilities and the majority of these had no water supply.

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“Too Much Water”& ”Too Little Water” Flooding + Access to Water

Sinza river valley map google earth image overlayed with street patterns, hightlines, water and floodzones of the city of Dar es Salaam credit: David Habets. Voyaging Public Dar

Sinza River Valley map, google earth image overlayed with street patterns, hightlines, water and floodzones of the city of Dar es Salaam

JANUARY 66 l / m2

FEBRUARY 66 l / m2

MARCH 130 l / m2

APRIL 300 l / m2

Monthly rainfall diagram for the city of Dar es Salaam

Monthly rainfall diagram for the city of Dar es Salaam credit: David Habets. Voyaging Public Dar

Waterreservoir scheme for the Sinza river valley

Waterreservoir scheme for the Sinza river valley credit: David Habets. Voyaging Public Dar

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MAY 188 l / m2

JUNE 33 l / m2

Suna Subward

JULY 31 l / m2

AUGUST 25 l / m2

SEPTEMBER 31 l / m2

OKTOBER 41 l / m2

Drainage direction scheme for th Sinza river valley

Drainage direction scheme for th Sinza river valley credit: David Habets. Voyaging Public Dar

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NOVEMBER 74 l / m2

DECEMBER 91 l / m2

VISION

The Suna subward of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, experiences flooding during two rainy seasons a year. Due to the climate change and sediment deposition etc. there is a tendency that flooding will begin to happen more frequently.

A lot of people who live in the informal settlements would be affected by the flooding. The central situated Kichangani mosque is now only be used as a shelter for the IDPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s during the night because it has to operate for prayer during the day.

Based on the existing situation, a resilience architecture, a modified hybrid mosque is needed to accommodate both prayer and IDPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s for a more diverse functional and spatial need.

Within this design discourse, the thesis will realign themes of resilience architecture and landscape through speculative modes of climate situation within this narrative terrain. The project curates alternative purpose methods within the architecture. Whilst the methodology of the project reflects a dialogue between technology and design, it is important to recognize that the task is with a focus of speculative inquiry, aiming to critically assess opportunities and restraints of the specific site and program. Therefore, the architecture and spatial potential will be weighted more than solving the climate hazard. However, I will also explore how to mitigate, to adapt and to utilize this hazard/flooding.

IDPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s: the internally displaced people

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Map of Suna Subward

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PROGRAM

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Architecture and Flooding

“What is an architecture that acceps earthquakes, resonating with its matrix of seismic waves an architecture that needs the earthquake, and is condtructed,transformed or completed by theor effets an architecture taht uses earthquakes converting to a human purpose the energies they release, or the topographical teansformations they bring about an architecture that causes earthquakes in order that”the big one” is defused an architecture that in habits earthquakes, existing intheir sapce and time.”

-Lebbeus Woods,San Fransisco Bay Project, Radical Reconstruction,1997 The aim of this thesis is to explore what the role of architecture could be when the unpreventable natural disaters happen in the urban poor area, where they lack the infrastructure and funding for people to be less effected. Could a religions architecture, a mosque, be a shelter for the IDP’s? How could a spacial setting engage such hybrid action? and how a series architecture within the flooding area could act as a reactionary network?

IDP's: the internally displaced people 27

A Threefold Approach to Flooding:

1. Mosque as a sanctuary A hybrid mosque

2. Network

Strengthen internal flooding coping mehanism

3. Storm Reservoir

Using flooding for water storage

NETWORK

MOSQUE

STORM RESERVOIR

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1. Mosque as a sanctuary A hybrid mosque The program aims to modify an existing mosque Kichangani mosque into a hybrid sanctuary mosque.

Due to its highly suited location and big capacity, it can be used to shelter IDP’s affected by flooding.

Since public space is so limited in the city center and the flooding hazard would take more than one month for people to be able to move back to their houses, mosques could be opened up for these IDP’s to seek shelter during the flooding period.

Since IDP’s can only stay in the mosques at night due to the prayers during the day, and mosques lack the facility for people to live there, modifying a mosque to be able to give IDP’s a shelter and a dignified life while they are staying is necessary.

It is necessary to modify the mosque so that it could segregate the Muslim daily prayer from the living space of the IDP’s. Meanwhile, it could provide IDP’s with the basic infrastructure to be able to live in the mosque during the flooding times.

IDP’s: the internally displaced people 29

2. Network Strengthen internal flooding coping mehanism Factors causing the vulnerability within Suna: 1. Weather: Climate change attributes to more frequent and intenseextreme rain and flooding 2. Policy: The government lacks the funding to improve infrastructures.

3. Population: Due to the population explosion in Africa, more people come to Dar looking for a livelihood. However, since they can not afford house rent of formal settlements,the informal settlement zone has been expanded over time.

4. Geographically: In order to live close to work in the city center, the informal settlements are often located along the riverside, which is a vulnerable location as it is very floodprone.

5. Infrastructure: Insufficient access to safe water and sanitation and a lack of domestic security.

These factors all add to the disastrous impact of flooding in Suna. But what can be done to mitigate the damage to Suna in a short time? The occurrence of floods is usually extreme. People should be informed as soon as possible about flooding, to be able to take early actions to deal with the flood. The mosques in the Suna community have an obligation to call for the prayer 5 times a day. So the program design to use the 3 existing mosques within the Suna as an alarm network, which aim to strengthen the inner ability to cope with flooding by providing flooding forecasting to reduce the impact of flood damage.

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Flood-prone,Dar es salaam

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3.

Storm Reservoir

Using flooding for water storage The clean water supply of the city is inadequent due to water pollution, which occurs during the flooding and contaminates the groundwater. This is a crucial problem, as safe water becomes even more diffcult to access.

Therefore,the program aims to store the storm water and pass it through a purify filter system, applying the water to the architecture for the daily use. Intergating air force system from the device to reduce the usage of water.

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â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Public space in Tanzania is as rare as the rhinocerosâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

-Daniel Mbisso Ardhi University Dar es Salaam Department of Architecture

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Site Site for the Hybrid Mosque Kichangani mosque Even though the small mosques within Suna could offer help for the IDPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s within the community, their capabilities are too limited to make a significant difference. Therefore, in order to magnify the resources and architectural spatial interference, the program proposes to work with the Kichangani mosque which is the biggest mosque in Tanzania as the prototype to be modified . Since its nature typology is located on the hill, it will be less affected by the rising water during flooding.

However, Kichangani mosque could only provide shelter for IDPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s during the night since it has to function for prayer during the day. Besides the mosque has been using under groundwater as the only water resource, which has a high chance of contamination during the flooding time.

Site for the Network Mosques within Suna Subward

IDPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s: the internally displaced people

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SITE

Site for the Hybrid Mosque Kichangani mosque

Site forSANCTUARY( the Hybrid Mosque SITE FOR KICHANGANI MOSQUE)commercial Kichangani mosque

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parking area

Site for the Network Mosques within Suna Subward

Kichangani mosque

primary and nursring school 36

informal settelement after flooding1

cleaning after flooding

polluted riverbed

Site for the Network (Suna Subward)

Suna Subward

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mosque2

mosque1

informal settelement after flooding2

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THEMATICS

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Kichangani mosque

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Hybrid Mosque

Modify an existing mosque into a hybrid mosque including a sanctuary

SANCTUARY

1 : a consecrated place: such as a : the ancient Hebrew temple at Jerusalem or its holy of holies b (1) : the most sacred part of a religious building (such as the part of a Christian church in which the altar is placed) (2) : the room in which general worship services are held (3) : a place (such as a church or a temple) for worship 2 a (1) : a place of refuge and protection (2) : a refuge for wildlife where predators are controlled and hunting is illegal b : the immunity from law attached to a sanctuary -Dictionary MerriamWebster

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What is Mosque ?

A mosque is the building in which Muslims worsh

the community and towns formed around this pivotal building. Nowada street corner, making it a simple matter for Muslims to attend the five d teaching and community facilities.

Mosques come in all shapes and sizes; they differ fr certain area.

There are however, certain features that are common to all mosques. Ev of Mecca; the direction towards which Muslims pray. Most mosques ha a sermon or speech.

Other common features include, minarets, tall towers used to call the con fied with mosques. Normally there is a large rectangular or square pray system of horizontal beams supported by architraves. In other common m [1] There are usually separate prayer areas, with separate entrances fo Originally simple structures with earthen floors, now, mosque floors are rated with straight lines of geometric designs that ensure Muslims stand

There are never any images of life or statues in mosques, for in Islam it is walls of the mosque are decorated with verses from the Quran in Arabic from a variety of materials including mosaics, stucco, stone, ceramics, a they take the form of a radial grid in which circle and star shapes are p

More often than not, even in arid desert countries mosques are cool, ser

she would have left the hustle and bustle of the m or sanctuary. Mosques are houses of worship. Men are expected

Although women are welcome to pray in the mosque it is more praisewo to pray anywhere, excluding filthy or impure places such as toilets or in

be upon him, said, â&#x20AC;&#x153;The entire earth was made a masji the term mosque has come to mean a building specifically for prayer th

In the very literal sense, masjid means place of prostration. The Arabi a Muslimâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s forehead touches the ground, he or she is close to God. Pra prostration symbolises complete submission.

A mosque is a house of prayer, and a place of prostration. It is a build Muslims stand shoulder to shoulder, united in their love for God and thei

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hip God.

Throughout Islamic history, the mosque was the centre of ays, especially in Muslim countries mosques are found on nearly every daily prayers. they are integral parts of Islamic centers that also contain

rom region to region based on the density of the Muslim population in a

very mosque has a mihrab, a niche in the wall that indicates the direction ave a minbar (or pulpit) from which an Islamic scholar is able to deliver

ngregation to prayer. Minarets are highly visible and are closely identiyer area. It often takes the form of a flat roof supported by columns or a mosque designs, the roof consists of a single large dome on pendentives. or both men and women. usually covered with plush carpet. They are more often than not decoin straight rows to perform their five daily prayers.

s forbidden that such things are kept or displayed. . At times, the interior calligraphy, or with intricate geometric designs. The patterns are made and wood. The more classical designs are referred to as arabesque, and prominent. Designs can be both two, and three-dimensional.

When a person enters a mosque he or material world and retreated into a calm shelter

rene havens.

d to pray all five daily obligatory prayers in a mosque, in congregation. orthy for them to pray in their homes. Nonetheless, Muslims are permitted n graveyards.Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God

id for me”. Masjid is the Arabic word for mosque. However, while he word masjid has retained several layers of meaning.

ic word comes from the root “sa-ja-da” meaning to prostrate. When ayer establishes the connection between the believer and his Lord and

ding designed and built specifically for the worship of Allah. It is where ir desire to please Him. -Islamreligion.com. (2018). What is a Mosque? - The Religion of Islam

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Mosque as Sanctuary

If anyone of the disbelievers seeks your protection, then grant him protection so that he may hear the word of Allah, and then escort him to where he will be secure.(Surah 9:6)

Islamic law, or Shariah, affirms the practice of providing sanctuary to persecuted persons and the sacredness of places, such as the Kaaba in Mecca. Anyone who sought refuge in a mosque or in the home of a companion of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was safe and secure.

Suna is characterized as a Muslim community so when flooding occurs, most of the people will not be able to live in in their settlement for more than a month so some of them will go to mosques for sheltering.

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Functions Functions of the Hybrid Mosque The program aims to modify the existing Kichangani mosque to include a temporary sanctuary for refuges during the flooding time. It will segregate the daily prayer, and other Muslim events from the living space of the IDP’s. It will provide IDP’s with the basic infrastructure to be able to live in the mosque temporarily.

mosque zone: prayer area ablution area (exsiting function)

IDP’s zone: sleeping area kitchen sanitation area public/leisure area

water station: storm reservoir water filtration area water storage area water distribute area school(income): nursring school primary school (exsiting function) commercial area (exsiting function)

Functions of the Mosque Network (Mosques whithin Suna Subward) Engaging the series of mosques distributed in the Suna Subward as a network aims to strengthen the inner ability coping flooding by building a Synergetic Topography.

Contain: flooding forecasting division sanitation infrastructures IDP’s: the internally displaced people 46

Key Approaches to the Hybrid Mosque Sanctuary

HYBRID SPACE

SEGREGATION

MOSQUE

RESILIENCE

SHELTER

SHELTER

PRAYER

FLOODING

STRUCTURE TIME

MEN WOMEN

MATERIAL

TIME

INTERFACE

MATERIAL

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Existing Segregation for Men and Women in the Mosque

women section’s ablution space Kichangani mosque views of men and women’s pray space were blocked by a fence Kichangani mosque men and women’s pray space are separated by a door coverd with a curtain Kichangani mosque

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Segregation/ Interface

Japanese architects StudioGreenBlue have completed “Distance of Fog”, a house in Kōnosu City, Saitama Prefecuture, Japan, with an interior featuring white perforated screens throughout the space.

GH Genhelix Biopharmaceutical Facilities studioSIC

Archifest Pavilion 2016

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Resilience/ Structure/ Time /Material

South Bank Centre,London,1984 a proposal for a raft of balloons forming a canopy,whoes height could vary in order to accommodate temperary exhibitions underneath.

The site was described by Price as ‘London’s last lung’.on which further permanent building should be avoided

Come go Project (City with Existing Technology), 1963 by Peter Cook.

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Resilience/ Structure/ Time /Material

Walker Evans, Flood refugee encampment at Forrest City, Arkansas, circa 1937 -- LoC Campout at Tate Modern.

Turbine Hall,Spring 2007.(Courtesy of Tate Modern) Interior view of Reliant Astrodome,Houston,Texas, September 2005.(AndreaBooher/FEMA)

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Resilience/ Structure/ Time / Material

Relational Drawing.Perry Kulper Houses on the Move, Proposal for a Retreating Village.

Hydrological Infrastructure.

Smout Allen

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Storm Reservoir Using flooding for water storage Last semester, I designed and built a set of devices to investigate whether by using compressed air and a small amount of distilled water, recycled from filthy water, could reach the standard of normal handwashing.

A series of distillation module panels had been used to distillate filthy water into the clean water, and then the clean water was stored in the water container. By building up the air pressure in the air tank, while the valve is released, the air molecules transfer the kinetic energy to the water molecules, break the water to a smaller volume. By enlarging the water surface to absorb the dirt and it reduces the use of water with 90%, compared to normal handwashing.

By using the device investigation system, the storm reservoir expected to be utilized in the program for restoring and purifying the filthy water (flooding water) to provide safe water.

G-Cans: the Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Largest Drain The worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest drain sits below the city of Saitama, Japan

Water reservoir, parking structure and urban space THIRD NATURE 53

Initial research/Device

Hand Washing Station

Device-Isometric View

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Initial research/Device

hand washing device attaced on the latrine hand washing in use hand washing atomizing performance

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Initial research/Device

1.getting the mediums from refrigerator 2.putting the mediums into the incubator to Dehumidify the petry dish 3.classifying the mediums 4.layoutting the mediums and the test samples.Putting the samples back to incubator for 24 hours for bacteria growing 56

Initial research/Device Bacteria Test Result Comparing the bacteria of normal hand washing and airforce handwashing

BEFORE HAND WASHING AIR FORCE DEVICE HAND WASHING NUMBER OF BACTERIA: 399

BEFORE HAND WASHING NORMAL HAND WASHING NUMBER OF BACTERIA:128

AFTER HAND WASHING AIR FORCE DEVICE HANDWASHING NUMBER OF BACTERIA: 86

AFTER HAND WASHING NORMAL HAND WASHING NUMBER OF BACTERIA:70

The bacteria was grown in the medium for 24h in an incubator. A standard 7 s handwashing time was used for both the normal handwashing method and air force hand washing method .It showed the normal handwashing method reduced the number of bacteria by 45% whereas the air force hand washing method reduced the number of bacteria by 79%. therefore the air force hand washing method is almost 2 timesmore effective than normal hand washing.

By comparing the two methods, I could see that my experiment used 90%(50ml for air force hand washing and 1liter for normal hand washing ) less water than the standardised hand washing practice 57

METHDOLOGY

The program’s overall trajectory towards the proposal concerns two correlative strategies for design development, sliding between investigative and representational modes of ‘making’.

Representational Methodology The generative methodology of the program is committed to an iterative process of development through drawing and modelling, operating primarily between the architectural scales of the human body and of the immediate site and surroundings.

The representation of time in the project is vital to communicate the notion of flooding and adjustment, which is intrinsic to the proposal. The program will explore the process of collage, superimposition and layering to interpret the adaptive conditions of the building.

Investigative Methodology The program will engage with a series of established frameworks from other fields of study to further the development of the proposal.

These investigations will be communicated through a series of diagrams and conceptual models, relevant to the overall scheme of the proposal.

It is the intention that as the project progresses, methodologies like simulation of flooding will be experimented and acquired to effectively communicate the proposal’s ideas.

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SCOPE + SUBMISSION

Investigating the transformative scope of the program, the proposal aims to explore a broad sequence of conditions through flooding time. Due to the variable nature of the project, the proposal will focus on a select scope to investigate. This will be determined primarily by parameters concerning the flooding condition and programmatic activity within the project. As the proposal progresses, it is essential that the juxtaposition of two extreme conditions are refined to illustrate the flexibility and extent of the proposal.

1:1000 The program will explore the proposalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s situation in the urban scope of Dar es salaam, investigating the flooding situation within the informal settlement area.

1:200/50 The majority of the design process will alternate between representational scales of 1:200 and 1:50, focusing on spatial speculations, composition and atmospheric conditions.

Detail/Conceptual/The Abstract The program is likely to engage with material details and specific elements that embody the proposalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s spatial intent.

The final submission will be curated to emphasize key moments of the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s intention and narrative of the design process.

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UN GOALS

Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all Clean, accessible water for all is an essential part of the world we want to live in. There is sufficient fresh water on the planet to achieve this. But due to bad economics or poor infrastructure, every year millions of people, most of them children, die from diseases associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene.

-UN Web Services Section, Department of Public Information.

Goal 9: B u i l d re s i l i e n t i n f ra s t ru c t u re , p ro m ote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Investments in infrastructure transport, irrigation, energy and information and communication technology are crucial to achieving sustainable development and empowering communities in many countries.

It has long been recognized that growth in productivity and incomes, and improvements in health and education outcomes require investment in infrastructure.

-UN Web Services Section, Department of Public Information.

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APPENDIX

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BIBLIOGRAPHY United Nations Sustainable Development. (2018). Sustainable development goals - United Nations. [online] Available at: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2018].

Hossain, S., Scholz, W. and Baumgart, S. (2015). Translation of urban planning models: Planning principles, procedural elements and institutional settings.

Habitat International, 48, pp.140-148.

Herslund, L., Jalayer, F., Jean-Baptiste, N., Jørgensen, G., Kabisch, S., Kombe, W., Lindley, S., Nyed, P., Pauleit, S., Printz, A. and Vedeld, T. (2015). A multi-dimensional assessment of urban vulnerability to climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Natural Hazards, 82(S2), pp.149-172.

Lupala, J. (2008). Urban types in rapidly urbanising cities - a typological approach in the analysis of urban types in Dar es Salaam. Journal of Building and Land Development, 13(2).

Han Wiskerke, Saline Verhoeven and David Habets With contributions by Gianni Cito, Marc Wegerif, Jerryt Krombeen, Anna Maria Fink, Leonardo Kappel, Meintje Delisse, Roy van Maarseveen and Tim Kort(Jun 16, 2015). Seeing Dar. Sakijege, T., Lupala, J. and Sheuya, S. (2012). Flooding, flood risks and coping strategies in urban informal residential areas: The case of Keko Machungwa, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 4(1). laurien marriott(2016).Life in the Deep End:Flooding and Urban Poverty in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Glöckner, H., Mkanga, M. and Ndezi, T. (2004). Local empowerment through community mapping for water and sanitation in Dar es Salaam. Environment and Urbanization, 16(1), pp.185-197.

Jerneck, A. and Olsson, L. (2008). Adaptation and the poor: development, resilience and transition. Climate Policy, 8(2), p.170.

Kebede, A. and Nicholls, R. (2011). Exposure and vulnerability to climate extremes: population and asset exposure to coastal flooding in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Regional Environmental Change, 12(1), pp.81-94.

Odemerho, F. (2014). Building climate change resilience through bottom-up adaptation to flood risk in Warri, Nigeria. Environment and Urbanization, 27(1), pp.139-160.

Islamreligion.com. (2018). What is a Mosque? - The Religion of Islam. [online] Available at: https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/2748/what-ismosque/ [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018].

Merriam-webster.com. (2018). Definition of SANCTUARY. [online] Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sanctuary [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018].

Refugees, U. (2018). Islam and Refugees. [online] UNHCR. Available at: http:// www.unhcr.org/protection/hcdialogue%20/50ab90399/islam-refugees.html [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018].

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ILLUSTRATIONS Page04 Page06 Page08

Modified Wikipedia Map. Credit: Lin Zheng Modified Wikipedia Map. Credit: Lin Zheng Exterior (shutters) of The Garden of Earthly Delights.

Hieronymus Bosch Page12 Diagram “Schemes of people and the floodzones in Dar es Salaam. Credit: Lin Zheng Page13-14 Dar es salaam. Credit: Lin Zheng Page15 Diagram”The Vulnerability within Suna” Credit: Lin Zheng Page17-18 Suna Subward . Credit: Lin Zheng Page21-22 Voyaging Public Dar.Seeing Dar. Credit: David Habets.

Page24 Modified Open Street Map,Suna Subward Credit: Lin Zheng Page28 Diagram”A Threefold Approach To Flooding” Credit: Lin Zheng Page31 Modified Map from “4UMaps “,Flood-prone,Dar es salaam. Credit: Lin Zheng Page35-36 Modified Google Map. Credit: Lin Zheng Dar es salaam. Credit: Mahamed Yousuf Abdi Page37-38 Dar es salaam. Credit: Mahamed Yousuf Abdi Suna community. Credit: Lin Zheng Page41 Kichangani mosque. Credit: Lin Zheng Page48 Kichangani mosque. Credit: Lin Zheng Page49 “Distance of Fog” studiogreenblue. Web. Credit:Leo Lei 15 Jan. 2018 GH Genhelix Biopharmaceutical Facilities. Web. Credit:estudioSIC. 15. Jan. 2018 Archifest Pavilion 2016. Web. Credit:Teo Zi Tong 15. Jan. 2018 Page50 South Bank Centre,London,1984. Scan Image. Re:CP. Price Cedric. 15 Jan. 2018 Come go Project (City with Existing Technology). 1963.

Scan Image .Peter Cook. 15 Jan. 2018 Page51 Walker Evans, Flood refugee encampment at Forrest City, Arkansas, circa 1937. LoC Scan Image.

15 Jan. 2018 Campout at Tate Modern. Turbine Hall,Spring 2007.

(Courtesy of Tate Modern). Scan Image. 15 Jan. 2018 Astrodome,Houston,Texas, Sep. 2005.(Andrea Booher/FEMA). Scan Image. 15. Jan. 2018 Page52 Relational Drawing. Perry Kulper. Scan Image. 15 Jan. 2018 Houses on the Move, Proposal for a Retreating Village.

Hydrological Infrastructure. Smout Allen. Scan Image.

15 Jan. 2018 Page53 G-Cans: the World’s Largest Drain. Web. Credit: Atlas Obscura. 15 Jan. 2018 Water reservoir, parking structure and urban space.

Web. Credit: THIRD NATURE. 15 Jan. 2018 Page54 Diagram of ”Initial research/Device” Credit: Lin Zheng Page55 Images of ”Initial research/Device” Credit: Lin Zheng/ Page56 Images of ”Initial research/Device” Credit: Lin ZhengPage57 Images of ”Initial research/Device” Credit: Lin Zheng Page62 Sustainable Development Goals, UN. Web. Credit: UN Web Services Section, Department of Public Informa tion. United Nations. 15 Jan. 2018

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CURRICULUM VITAE

EDUCATION Sep.2015-Now Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen, Denmark Master of Architecture Sep.2009-Jun.2014 Sichuan Fine Arts Institute, Chongqing, China Bachelor of Architecture PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 2013.6~2013.7 XD Architects (Internship) Contribution: Site research,Diagram 2013.3~2013.5 China Academy of Building Research (Internship) Contribution: Site research, 3D modeling, Diagram, Layout

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