Human development 3rd edition arnett test bank

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Early Childhood

Chapter 6 Early Childhood Section 1 Physical Development ...................................................................................... 1 Multiple Choice Questions ......................................................................................... 2 Short Answer Questions ........................................................................................... 25 Essay Questions ........................................................................................................ 26 Section 2 Cognitive Development .................................................................................. 28 Multiple Choice Questions ....................................................................................... 29 Short Answer Questions ........................................................................................... 50 Essay Question .......................................................................................................... 52 Section 3 Emotional and Social Development .............................................................. 53 Multiple Choice Questions ....................................................................................... 54 Short Answer Questions ........................................................................................... 82 Essay Questions ........................................................................................................ 84 Section 4 Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions .............................................. 86

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

TOTAL ASSESSMENT Chapter 6, Section 1 Early Childhood GUIDE Learning Objective Learning Objective 6.1

Learning Objective 6.2

Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

1, 3, 11, 13

5, 7, 8, 9

2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 14

15

67 16, 26

17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28

Short Answer Learning Objective 6.3

Learning Objective 6.4 Learning Objective 6.5

Essay Multiple Choice

18, 21, 23, 29 68

33. 34, 37, 39, 43, 46, 48, 51, 52

35, 38, 41, 44, 45, 49

Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay

Chapter 6, Early Childhood

32, 32, 42, 47, 50

72 30, 36, 40 69

73 54, 55, 56

53, 57, 58

70 59, 60, 61, 62, 64

65

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63, 66 71

Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

Section 1 Physical Development Multiple Choice Questions 1. From ages 3 to 6, the typical American child grows __________ inches per year and adds __________ pounds. a. 1–3; 1–5 b. 2–3; 5–7 c. 6–9; 7–10 d. 9–12; 9–12 Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2. When Andrew turns 3 years old, one can expect him to weigh __________. a. 20 pounds b. 30 pounds c. 40 pounds d. 50 pounds Answer: b Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3. The typical 6-year-old is __________ tall and weighs an average of __________. a. 15 inches; 25 pounds b. 30 inches; 35 pounds c. 45 inches; 45 pounds d. 60 inches; 55 pounds Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

4. Alannah lives in the United States and is 35 inches tall and weighs 30 pounds. She is in good health, and her pediatrician says she is developing at a normal pace. Knowing her height and weight, it is safe to say that Alannah is around __________. a. 2 years old b. 3 years old c. 6 years old d. 7 years old Answer: b Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

5. In developing countries, what causes a considerably lower average for height and weight during early childhood? a. higher nutrition and a lower likelihood of childhood diseases b. lower parental care and the lack of folic acid c. lower nutrition and higher likelihood of childhood diseases d. higher parental care and an abundance of folic acid Answer: c Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

6. Kamaria is a 4-year-old girl from Kenya. Her parents struggle to provide a nutritious diet for the family. Many days the family shares a single pot of rice between them. Unable to access or afford medical services, Kamaria and her siblings have not been vaccinated against many of the childhood diseases prevalent in her village. If her situation remains the same throughout her childhood, Kamaria is likely to be short for her age, a process referred to as __________. a. shortening b. stunting c. dwarfism d. malnutrition Answer: b Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

7. According to UNICEF, which factor is likely to negatively influence gains in height and weight in early childhood for those in developing countries? a. gender b. education c. religion d. socioeconomic status Answer: d Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. Wealthier parents have children who weigh more and are taller because those parents __________. a. can pay maids to feed their children b. have access to more nutritional foods c. allow their children to eat at fast-food restaurants d. are generally genetically much taller Answer: b Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

9. Provided equal levels of nutrition and health care, individual differences in weight and height gains during childhood can be attributed to __________. a. genetics b. education c. gender d. religion Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

10. Layla is 3 years old. How many teeth would you expect her to have? a. 10 b. 15 c. 20 d. 25 Answer: c Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11. Children begin to lose their “baby” teeth around age __________. a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 Answer: c Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. Vladimir is 3 years old and preparing for his first dental visit. Beyond a routine cleaning, Vladimir may also be given __________ to prevent tooth decay. a. Novocain for his incoming molars b. a fluoride rinse and sealants c. water that is fortified with calcium d. teeth-whitening gum Answer: b Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

13. What percentage of North American children have at least one dental cavity between the ages 2 and 5? a. 5% b. 10% c. 20% d. 30% Answer: d Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14. Your neighbor’s daughter seems to eat candy quite a bit between meals. Her parents are worried about this and ask you if you consider it a problem. What would you tell her parents? a. The excessive sugar increases her risk of developing cavities. b. Sugar and starches are nutritional beneficial for growing children. c. Candy helps soothe her and is linked to positive emotional development. d. Most children today eat like this, and it is not likely to be a problem.

Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

15. Which statement is true regarding the relationship between diet and dental health in early childhood? a. Fluoridation of water in developing countries is routine and has greatly reduced the incidence of childhood cavities. b. Children from all socioeconomic backgrounds are at equal risk of developing cavities. c. Because children in developing countries have diets lower in excessive sugars and starches, they are at decreased risk for tooth decay. d. Children in most developing countries have more tooth decay than those in developed countries.

Answer: d Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

16. By age 3, the brain is about __________ of its adult weight, and by age 6 it is __________. a. 50%; 70% b. 60%; 80% c. 70%; 90% d. 80%; 100% Answer: c Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

17. Growth throughout the cerebral cortex __________. a. takes place in spurts between ages 3 and 15 throughout the different lobes b. gradually takes place throughout the different lobes, ending by age 16 c. occurs most significantly in spurts between age 2 and 5 d. takes place primarily in the frontal lobe and is complete by age 15 Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

18. Your brother is very impressed with his 4-year-old daughter’s development, particularly in emotional regulation. He asks your opinion about his observations, and you tell him that her advances in development are likely due to __________. a. superior genetics b. growth in her frontal lobe c. superior parenting d. the new preschool that she is now attending Answer: b Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

19. Increase in brain size and weight during early childhood is due to the increase in __________. a. cerebral spinal fluid b. blood volume c. the number of neurons d. synaptic connections and myelination Answer: d Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

20. The __________ is a bundle of nerve fibers connecting the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. a. corpus callosum b. reticular formation c. hippocampus d. amygdala Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. % correct 94 a= 94 b= 0 c= 6 d= 0 r = .42 21. Sancho is watching his 17-month-old son Troy struggle to catch up with his older brother. As Sancho observes the awkward and effortful movements of his younger son, he is reminded that Troy’s ability to walk, run, and remain balanced depends on __________. a. the increase in synaptic pruning in the frontal lobe of his brain b. the substantial increase of myelination in the corpus callosum and cerebellum c. the amount of calcium he receives through his diet d. the encouragement and assistance from others in his environment Answer: b Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

22. Myelination increases in early childhood, particularly in the cerebellum. What is the function of the cerebellum? a. It connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain. b. It is involved in balance and motor movements. c. It is involved in attention and attention span. d. It prevents infantile amnesia.

Answer: b Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. Yvette was diagnosed with Lyme disease and is having difficulty with balance, walking a straight line, and simple motor movements. Which of the following areas of her brain would you suspect is being affected by the disease and causing her symptoms? a. the cerebellum b. the reticular formation c. the hippocampus d. the corpus callosum Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

24. Which brain system is involved in attention? a. cerebellum b. hippocampus c. reticular formation d. corpus callosum Answer: c Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

25. Which of the following is a part of the brain that is involved in attention and is responsible for an increased attention span during early childhood? a. orbital cortex b. reticular formation c. limbic system d. cerebellum Answer: b Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

26. On average, a 4- or 5-year-old child has an attention span of __________. a. 1–2 minutes b. 5–10 minutes c. 10–15 minutes d. 15–30 minutes Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. Researchers propose that our ability to remember events from the first years of life is due to changes in the __________. a. hippocampus b. reticular formation c. temporal lobe d. cerebellum Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

28. The inability to remember much information before the age of 4 or 5 is known as __________. a. infantile amnesia b. childhood disease c. toddler amnesia d. baby amnesia Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

29. You and your roommate are discussing your early childhoods and your first day of preschool.

She is frustrated because she cannot remember anything related to that first day. She remembers stories that her parents told her about her first days of school because it was right at the time of the events of 9/11, but she does not actually remember the events herself. You would tell her that the inability to remember significant events before the ages of 4 or 5 is common and refers to a loss of __________ memory. a. autobiographical b. false c. semantic d. episodic Answer: d Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving. % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00 30. As the rate of physical growth __________ in early childhood, food consumption __________. a. increases; grows as well b. remains the same; is constant c. slows down; diminishes as well d. increases; slows down Answer: c Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

31. Your 5-year-old daughter has not eaten very much in the past couple of days. You are a bit worried, but after thinking about your human development course, you remember that 5-year-old children __________. a. rarely eat until their 6th birthday b. may eat plenty one day and not as much the next day c. experience serious changes in their taste buds during this time and might avoid eating d. are likely sneaking in snacks between meals; you will need to watch her carefully Answer: b Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology. % correct 63 a= 5 b= 63 c= 21 d= 0 r = .42 32. Your 5-year-old son has not been eating a balanced diet lately even though you provide wellbalanced meals for him. You tell him that if he eats all of his vegetables, you will let him have dessert. Although many parents in the United States bribe their children in this manner, what is the likely result? a. Children learn to eat a balanced diet. b. Children come to associate vegetables with dessert and begin eating quite a bit more vegetables. c. Bribing children to eat their vegetables results in children viewing healthy foods as a trial and unhealthy foods as a reward. d. Children refuse to eat vegetables unless they get sweet treats before eating vegetables.

Answer: c Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

33. __________ is the most common nutritional deficiency for children in the United States. a. Fluoride b. Folic acid c. Calcium d. Iron Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

34. What proportion of 3-year-old American children receive less than the recommended amount of calcium? a. a third b. a quarter c. two-thirds d. half Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. Over the last three decades, as children have consumed __________, calcium deficiencies in early childhood are more common. a. less milk and more soft drinks b. more milk and less soft drinks c. less cheese and more red meat d. more chicken and less red meat Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

36. You are comparing the nutritional value of diets between ethnic groups in the United States to complete a sociology project. Which statement reflects your findings relative to nutrition and ethnicity of children in the United States? a. African American children consume fewer soft drinks than White children do. b. Latino children consume less fast food than African American children do. c. White children have a lower intake of calcium than Latino or African American children do. d. Immigrant children consume less fast food than their native-born counterparts.

Answer: d Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

37. The World Health Organization has estimated that __________ of children in developing countries lack sufficient food or essential nutrients. a. 40% b. 60% c. 80% d. 100% Answer: c Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. Which of the following are the most common types of malnutrition for children in developing nations? a. lack of protein and lack of iron b. lack of calcium and lack of iron c. lack of potassium and lack of zinc d. lack of folic acid and lack of fat Answer: a Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. What percentage of children under age 5 worldwide experience a protein deficiency? a. 12% b. 18% c. 21% d. 25% Answer: d Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

40. Iron deficiency is to __________ as protein deficiency is to __________. a. kwashiorkor; anemia b. anemia; kwashiorkor c. marasmus; osteoporosis d. amnesia; anemia Answer: b Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

41. A deficiency in __________ is experienced by the majority of children under age 5 in developing countries; this deficiency leads to fatigue, irritability, and difficulty sustaining attention. a. iron b. calcium c. phosphorus d. beta-carotene Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

42. Four-year-old Kitimbu has been tired, irritable, and inattentive for the last few months.

Because his diet lacks __________, he is likely suffering from __________. a. calcium; kwashiorkor b. iron; anemia c. calcium; osteoporosis d. iron; marasmus Answer: b Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

43. The most common causes of death for young children in developing countries are diseases and illnesses such as pneumonia, malaria, and __________. a. AIDS b. measles c. diarrhea d. flu Answer: b Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

44. Malnutrition is believed to be indirectly responsible for about half of early childhood deaths.

This is because the lack of sufficient food __________. a. slows the development of myelination b. increases the likelihood of failure to thrive c. reduces the effectiveness of the immune system d. increases competition for calories and children lose out Answer: c Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. % correct 75 a= 13 b= 13 c= 75 d= 0 r = .33 45. The mortality rate for children under age 5 has been greatly reduced in developing nations as a result of __________. a. improved parental education and increased level of income b. increased iron consumption and decreased childhood vaccinations c. increased parental income and increased level of education d. improved food production and increased childhood vaccinations Answer: d Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology. % correct 69 a= 6 b= 19 c= 6 d= 69 r = .19

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

46. Common in early childhood, minor illnesses occur in children from developed countries at a rate of approximately __________ per year. a. 2 to 3 b. 4 to 6 c. 7 to 10 d. 11 to 14 Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

47. A friend is worried about his son, who is very active and is constantly injuring himself. To help him worry less, you tell him that this behavior is very typical because his son’s __________. a. motor development is advanced enough to do quite a bit, but his cognitive development is not able to anticipate situations that might be dangerous b. motor development is not yet very advanced and, he is going to be involved in many accidents c. visual processing is lagging behind his motor development, and he simply cannot see very well d. attention skills are not yet fully developed, and his son is likely to not pay attention to his father’s warnings to be careful Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving. % correct 53 a= 53 b= 42 c= 0 d= 0 r = .41 48. The most common cause of injury in early childhood is __________. a. leukemia b. drowning c. falling d. measles Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

49. Boys are more likely than girls to experience injuries in early childhood. Why? a. Girls are rarely involved in physical activities. b. Caretakers tend to watch over girls more carefully. c. Boys tend to play rougher and are more physically active. d. Boys muscles are less developed and less resilient to injury.

Answer: c Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

50. Sang, a 5-year-old Vietnamese boy, is in the local emergency clinic. Based on statistics, which of the following is the most likely cause? a. choking b. accidental burning c. parental abuse d. an accident Answer: d Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

51. Rates of early childhood injury among 1- to 14-year-olds due to accidents are __________ than in developed countries. a. six times higher in Vietnam b. five times higher in South Africa c. two times higher in India d. four times higher in China Answer: b Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

52. In developing countries, 95% of child deaths are due to __________. a. parental abuse b. motor vehicle accidents c. illness and disease d. accidental burning Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

53. Which statement best describes gross motor development in early childhood? a. Gross motor development in early childhood extends abilities that first appear in toddlerhood. b. Gross motor development in early childhood regresses to an earlier state. c. Gross motor development in early childhood is unpredictable. d. Gross motor development in early childhood is dependent on fine motor development.

Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.4 Specify the main changes in gross and fine motor abilities during early childhood.

Topic: Gross and Fine Motor Skills APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

54. Sienna is kicking a soccer ball around the backyard. This is an example of Sienna’s __________. a. gross motor skills b. fine motor skills c. ambidextrous motor skills d. elementary motor skills Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.4 Specify the main changes in gross and fine motor abilities during early childhood.

Topic: Gross and Fine Motor Skills APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

55. Miller is learning to use a pencil to draw a smiley face on a sheet of paper. Miller is demonstrating her __________. a. gross motor skills b. fine motor skills c. ambidextrous motor skills d. elementary motor skills Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.4 Specify the main changes in gross and fine motor abilities during early childhood.

Topic: Gross and Fine Motor Skills APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology. % correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 56. Your older brother’s college roommate is an artist. He was very much hoping that his 5-yearold daughter would grow up to be artistic as well. At this point, she can draw some shapes pretty well, like circles and triangles, but that is about it. He is a bit worried. What would you tell him? a. She is not likely to ever be very skilled in drawing. b. She probably will be a gifted athlete. c. She is developing in a typical manner for fine motor skills. d. She is lagging far behind other children her age in drawing.

Answer: c Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.4 Specify the main changes in gross and fine motor abilities during early childhood.

Topic: Gross and Fine Motor Skills APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

57. Gross motor skills are to __________ as fine motor skills are to __________. a. throwing; writing b. writing; throwing c. running; jumping d. jumping; running Answer: a Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.4 Specify the main changes in gross and fine motor abilities during early childhood.

Topic: Gross and Fine Motor Skills APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

58. Grey just celebrated his 4th birthday. His mother wants to plan a special party for Grey and five of his friends. If Grey’s mother considers age-appropriate development, which kind of party makes the most sense? a. a swimming party b. a skating party c. a gymnastics party d. a bowling party Answer: c Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.4 Specify the main changes in gross and fine motor abilities during early childhood.

Topic: Gross and Fine Motor Skills APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

59. __________ is the preference for using either the right or left hand in gross or fine motor activities. a. Dominancy b. Digital choice c. Handedness d. Ambidextrous Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the development of handedness and identify the consequences and cultural views of left-handedness.

Topic: Handedness APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

60. Olivia is beginning to show a definite preference for using her left hand. She is most likely in which developmental stage? a. early childhood b. infancy c. prenatal d. middle childhood Answer: c Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the development of handedness and identify the consequences and cultural views of left-handedness.

Topic: Handedness APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology. % correct 21 a= 53 b= 21 c= 21 d= r = .21

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

61. Similar to the percentage of right-handed adults, what percentage of fetuses use their right hand when sucking their thumb? a. 30% b. 50% c. 70% d. 90% Answer: d Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the development of handedness and identify the consequences and cultural views of left-handedness.

Topic: Handedness APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

62. In terms of handedness, adopted children show a greater resemblance to their __________. a. biological parents b. adoptive parents c. biological siblings d. adoptive siblings Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the development of handedness and identify the consequences and cultural views of left-handedness.

Topic: Handedness APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

63. Macy and Stacy are identical twins. They are __________ genetically similar and are more likely than ordinary siblings to __________. a. 50%; differ in handedness b. 100%; differ in handedness c. 50%; be similar in handedness d. 100%; be similar in handedness Answer: b Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the development of handedness and identify the consequences and cultural views of left-handedness.

Topic: Handedness APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

64. The preference for using a particular hand probably occurs as a function of __________. a. genetics b. training c. observational learning d. the fetus leaning on a particular side that frees up one hand or the other for movement Answer: d Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the development of handedness and identify the consequences and cultural views of left-handedness.

Topic: Handedness APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

65. In many cultures, left-handedness is __________. a. only appropriate for males b. acceptable for childhood but not adulthood c. regarded with acceptance and equality d. regarded with fear and contempt Answer: d Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the development of handedness and identify the consequences and cultural views of left-handedness.

Topic: Handedness APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. % correct 75 a= 19 b= 6 c= 0 d= 75 r = .20

66. Which statement accurately reflects cultural beliefs about handedness? a. Many paintings in Western art depict the devil as right-handed, highlighting the sinister nature of right-handedness. b. Many Asian and Middle Eastern cultures consider it inappropriate to use the left hand for activities because it is most often used to wipe after defecation. c. Left-handedness is supported and encouraged in most African countries. d. Right-handedness is relatively rare among the Chinese, suggesting right-handedness may be suppressed from childhood onward.

Answer: b Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the development of handedness and identify the consequences and cultural views of left-handedness.

Topic: Handedness APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

Short Answer Questions 67. Are there sex differences in height and weight between the ages of 3 and 6 years? Explain.

Answer: Yes, boys are slightly taller and heavier than girls, but the average girl and the average boy are similar in height and weight.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.1 Summarize the physical growth and change that take place during early childhood.

Topic: Bodily Growth APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

68. Describe two changes in the brain that explain why Jamil, a 6-year-old, can listen attentively during library story hour and participate in the craft activity that follows it, but his 3-year-old sister Anna is more interested in walking around and exploring various sections of the library.

Answer: Growth of the frontal lobe allows Jamil to plan and organize, skills that will help him make an art project. The reticular formation is experiencing rapid myelination, which leads to an increase in attention span. This explains why Jamil can focus on the story, whereas Anna moves from one stimulus to another.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

69. Describe a nutritional problem that is more likely to be experienced in a developing country than a developed country. Include the consequences and explain what, if anything, can be done to avoid this problem.

Answer: Anemia is caused by a lack of iron, this deficiency causes fatigue, irritability, and cognitive problems. If a child eats iron-rich foods such as meats, grains, brown rice, and certain vegetables such as beets and potatoes, this problem can be avoided.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze it Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

70. Sabine is a 6-year-old girl from Great Britain. She has two siblings: her 3-year-old sister Shiloh and her 5-year-old brother Shamus. Describe one fine motor skill and one gross motor skill that Sabine is better at than her younger sister. Describe one skill that her brother is better at than his older sister. Explain.

Answer: Sabine has much better fine motor coordination and can draw most letters in the alphabet and is especially good at writing her name. Shiloh is just beginning to try to color inside lines, but she is still very messy and most of what she draws is unrecognizable. Sabine is able to cut using small scissors, but her sister can’t do this. Shamus is stronger than his older sister and can throw a ball harder and farther.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.4 Specify the main changes in gross and fine motor abilities during early childhood.

Topic: Gross and Fine Motor Skills APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

71. Being right-handed is more common in Western countries such as the United States and Canada. Is this also the case in other parts of the world? Explain.

Answer: Yes, being right handed is more common all over the world. In many cultures, the left hand is believed to be evil or dangerous. For example, in many Asian and Middle Eastern cultures, the left hand is supposed to be used for cleaning oneself after going to the bathroom. It may be that the left was considered inferior to the right because left-handedness is correlated with a number of problems, such as birth complications and learning disabilities.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.5 Describe the development of handedness and identify the consequences and cultural views of left-handedness.

Topic: Handedness APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Essay Questions 72. What are two explanations for the inability to remember anything before age 5?

Answer: Language and an awareness of the self are not stable before this age and only become well developed during early childhood.

1. Children show infantile amnesia and often lose episodic memories, or memories for unique events. Many forget autobiographical memories but retain semantic memory.

2. Memory researchers point to the immaturity of the hippocampus and the fact that the hippocampus is not fully myelinated until age 5.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the changes in brain development that take place during early childhood and the aspects of brain development that explain “infantile” amnesia.

Topic: Brain Development and “Infantile” Amnesia APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 1

73. In a developing country, such as Africa, what is the most likely to cause the death of a toddler? Is this different from the leading cause of death for toddlers in the United States?

Explain.

Answer: In developing countries, the leading cause of death in early childhood is illness and disease. This is due to a number of factors: lack of medical care, poor nutrition that leads to a weak immune system, and poor sanitation that increases chances of infection and death. Although young children in developing countries have higher rates of accidents than their age mates in developed countries, they are still most likely to die of some type of illness or disease. The leading cause of death in developed countries is accidental injuries.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.3 Identify the main nutritional deficiencies and the primary sources of injury, illness, and mortality during early childhood in developed and developing countries.

Topic: Health and Safety in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE Learning Objective Learning Objective 6.6

Learning Objective 6.7

Learning Objective 6.8 Learning Objective 6.9

Learning Objective 6.10 Learning Objective 6.11

Learning Objective 6.12

Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice

Chapter 6, Section 2

Chapter 6, Section 2 Early Childhood Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

2, 4, 7, 11, 14

1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, 19, 20 65

5, 13, 15, 18

6, 17, 21

23, 25

24

22

66

Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice

70 26, 28, 29, 31

37, 39, 43, 44, 45, 47

34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 46

27, 30

41, 48 67, 68

50, 51

49, 52, 53, 54

55, 58, 61

57, 59, 60

Short Answer

56 69

Essay Multiple Choice

62, 63, 64

Short Answer Essay

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42

Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

Section 2 Cognitive Development Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to Piaget, representational thought is demonstrated when children __________. a. remember where they left play objects b. recognize their family members c. internalize the images of their sensorimotor activities d. externalize their true wishes and desires Answer: c Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology. % correct 53 a= 11 b= 5 c= 53 d= 32 r = .21 2. According to Piaget, children from the ages of 2 to 7 are in the __________ stage of cognitive development. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operations d. formal operations Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3. In the preoperational stage, children are unable to perform __________, cognitive procedures that follow certain logical rules. a. scaffolding b. mental operations c. symbolic thoughts d. functional operations Answer: b Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

4. __________ is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes. a. Animism b. Egocentrism c. Reversibility d. Conservation Answer: d Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5. You are visiting your sister, who has 4-year-old twins. They ask whether they can have some milk, and you are pouring it for them. You choose one glass that is tall and thin and one that is short and wide. After you pour the milk, your niece is unhappy because you gave “more” milk to your nephew. You actually gave each of them the same amount, but your niece and nephew lack the mental ability to __________. a. conserve b. operate c. center d. tertiary operate Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving. % correct 81 a= 81 b= 6 c= 0 d= 0 r = .45 6. Which statement best captures why a child may fail a water conservation task? a. “They can reverse the action mentally and can see that the amount of water is the same.” b. “They fail to understand that the amount of water remains the same even though the appearance of the water changes.” c. “They have a weak attention span and are unable to pay attention to the researcher’s instruction.” d. “They focus on both the glass height and the amount of water used in the task.”

Answer: b Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

7. The ability to reverse an action mentally is called __________. a. conservation b. egocentrism c. reversibility d. animism Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

8. What is the term that is used to describe young children’s thinking in which they often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects? a. conservation b. egocentrism c. centration d. animism Answer: c Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. % correct 75 a= 13 b= 0 c= 75 d= 0 r = .44 9. Which statement best describes children who, in Piagetian terms, are centered? a. “They lack the ability to distinguish between their own perspective and another person’s perspective.” b. “They often attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces.” c. “They often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects.” d. “They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group.”

Answer: c Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

10. In the conservation-of-liquid task described in the text, children who watch the water being poured from the original glass to the taller glass and fail to understand the amount of water remains the same are lacking __________. a. conservation b. animism c. centration d. reversibility Answer: d Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

11. __________ is the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and another person’s perspective. a. Reversibility b. Intuitive thought c. Egocentrism d. Conservation Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12. What is the task that Piaget and Inhelder devised to demonstrate egocentrism during the preoperational stage? a. “three mountains task” b. “it is about me” task c. “self-centered task” d. “ego-stability task” Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. % correct 69 a= 69 b= 0 c= 13 d= 0 r = .40

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

13. You just came back from a class in which the topic was egocentrism in the preoperational stage. You have a 4-year-old and thought that you would see whether what you learned was accurate. You are sitting directly across from your child and ask her to look at the front and back cover of her favorite book. After she does this, you ask her to describe “the part of the book I am looking at.” What does she tell you? a. how many pages there are in the book b. what you see c. what she sees d. what the story is about Answer: c Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology. % correct 90 a= 10 b= 0 c= 90 d= 0 r = .21 14. The tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces is __________. a. animism b. egocentrism c. conservation d. classification Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15. Emma is having a tea party with her stuffed animals and dolls and pretends that they love the tea and cookies she prepared. Emma’s belief that her stuffed animals and dolls are alive and hold human qualities is an example of __________. a. conservation b. egocentrism c. classification d. animism Answer: d Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

16. Preoperational children lack the ability to comprehend that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one group. Piaget referred to this as a lack of a capacity for __________. a. transference b. sorting c. configuring d. classification Answer: d Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

17. Which statement best describes children who lack classification? a. “They have difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group.” b. “They often attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces.” c. “They often focus on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects.” d. “They have no difficulty understanding that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one class or group.”

Answer: a Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

18. Three-year-old Aki is playing with his collection of cars. He moves all of the blue cars to one corner in his room and places the rest of the cars in the opposite corner. Aki’s mother walks in and asks, “Aki, do you have more red cars or more cars?” He answers, “red cars, mommy.” Aki is demonstrating a lack of __________. a. egocentrism b. classification c. animism d. conservation Answer: b Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

19. What is one of the criticisms that other cognitive theorists and researchers have regarding Piaget’s theory of cognitive development during the preoperational stage? a. Piaget underestimated children’s capabilities. b. Piaget overestimated children’s capabilities. c. Piaget did not really like children. d. Piaget was biased since his theory was mostly based on observation of his own children.

Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving. % correct 81 a= 81 b= 6 c= 0 d= 0 r = .47 20. Cognitive theorists and researchers have criticized Piaget’s theory of cognitive development during the preoperational stage by saying they believe that development is actually much more __________. a. vacillating and not predictable b. stable and rarely changed c. stage-like and less continuous d. continuous and much less stage-like Answer: d Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

21. Researchers have found that 2- to 7-year-old children are actually less egocentric than Piaget thought. What is an example of a toddler understanding the perspective of someone else? a. when a toddler spills chocolate milk on his older sibling’s favorite ball cap b. when a toddler dreams that he or she is someone else c. when a toddler speaks in long sentences to babies d. when a toddler eats his or her meal as quickly as possible Answer: a Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.6 Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Topic: Piaget’s Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

22. __________ is the ability to attribute mental states to self and others and to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one’s own. a. Theory of mind b. Unconscious cognition c. Subliminal thought d. Hypothesis of thinking Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.7 Explain what “theory of mind” is and the evidence for when it develops during early childhood.

Topic: Young Children’s Social Cognition: The Development of Theory of Mind APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

23. Theory of mind begins to appear in __________. a. infancy b. toddlerhood c. early childhood d. late childhood Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.7 Explain what “theory of mind” is and the evidence for when it develops during early childhood.

Topic: Young Children’s Social Cognition: The Development of Theory of Mind APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

24. Which child would be able to solve a false-belief task fairly easily? a. Malik, a 1-year-old living in Pakistan b. Kingston, a 2-year-old living in Canada c. Kimberly, a 3-year-old living in the United States d. Carlisle, a 4-year-old living in England Answer: d Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.7 Explain what “theory of mind” is and the evidence for when it develops during early childhood.

Topic: Young Children’s Social Cognition: The Development of Theory of Mind APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

25. In the false-belief test described in your textbook, where do 3-year-olds believe Maxi will look for his chocolate once he returns to the room? a. Maxi will look for his chocolate in the place his mother stored it. b. Maxi will look in the cabinet where he placed the chocolate before he left the room. c. Maxi will look in the cabinet for the chocolate, and then he will get mad and cry. d. Maxi will not remember where the chocolate is and will then play with his toys.

Answer: b Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.7 Explain what “theory of mind” is and the evidence for when it develops during early childhood.

Topic: Young Children’s Social Cognition: The Development of Theory of Mind APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

26. Which of the following theorists proposed that children learn not through their individual interactions with the environment but through the social process of being guided by participation? a. Jean Piaget b. Carl Rogers c. Sigmund Freud d. Lev Vygotsky Answer: d Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.8 Identify the ways that cultural learning takes place in early childhood.

Topic: Cultural Learning in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

27. A number of researchers use violation-of-expectation to assess a toddler with a false belief.

Rather than asking the child a question about where a person will look for an object, they __________. a. will ask the child to draw a picture of where the child thinks the person will look for the object b. measure the child’s looking behavior c. record the child’s level of anxiety d. will ask the child to point to a picture on a diagram of where the child thinks the person will search for the object Answer: b Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.8 Identify the ways that cultural learning takes place in early childhood.

Topic: Cultural Learning in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

28. According to Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of learning, cognitive development occurs when __________. a. children develop the proper amount of neuronal connections b. children’s brains are biologically ready c. children interact with an older sibling or parent in the course of daily activities d. children interact with the environment Answer: c Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.8 Identify the ways that cultural learning takes place in early childhood.

Topic: Cultural Learning in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

29. According to social and cultural perspectives of cognitive development, children learn through the social process of __________. a. watching from a distance b. following a set of instructions c. individual interactions d. guided participation Answer: d Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.8 Identify the ways that cultural learning takes place in early childhood.

Topic: Cultural Learning in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

30. Which statement accurately describes common cultural learning practices? a. A child at a Kenyan dinner table is asked, “What songs did you sing at preschool?” b. A child from Belize commonly asks, “Why, mommy?” c. A 4-year-old child in the United States asks, “Daddy, why do I have to put my toys away?” d. A 2-year-old living in Mexico is taught how to make tortillas.

Answer: c Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.8 Identify the ways that cultural learning takes place in early childhood.

Topic: Cultural Learning in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

31. One factor that makes cultural learning in developed countries different from cultural learning in traditional cultures is that in developed countries, children __________. a. are constantly with at least one family member all day b. are less likely to learn through guided participation by adults in daily activities c. are disciplined harshly for small infractions d. are rarely consoled when injured or hurt Answer: b Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.8 Identify the ways that cultural learning takes place in early childhood.

Topic: Cultural Learning in Early Childhood APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

32. In the United States, what percentage of 4-year-old children are enrolled in preschool? a. 25% b. 50% c. 70% d. 95% Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: None Topic: Early Childhood Education APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

33. Among developed countries, which country has the least amount of preschool participation? a. the United States b. Japan c. Sweden d. the United Kingdom Answer: a Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: None Topic: Early Childhood Education APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

34. Which group of U.S. children is more likely to be more independent and socially confident? a. children who are from families whose parents are professionals b. children from affluent families c. children who attend preschool d. children from low-income families Answer: c Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

35. Which group of U.S. children is more likely to be disruptive in class when they are in grade 6? a. children who are from families whose parents are professionals b. children from affluent families in which one parent does not work outside the home c. children who attend preschool for more than 10 hours per week d. children from low-income families who attend preschool for less than 10 hours per week Answer: c Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

36. Preschool teachers __________. a. are not required to have education or credentials specific to early childhood b. have to complete rigorous training that includes yearly continuing education credits c. must have a minimum of 1 year of supervised teaching before gaining certification to teach early childhood d. are required to have at least a bachelor’s degree Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

37. Early childhood educators and scholars believe that child-teacher ratio should be __________ 3-year-olds per teacher. a. no higher than four to nine b. no higher than five to ten c. no higher than six to eleven d. no higher than seven to twelve Answer: b Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

38. What do early childhood educators and scholars believe with regard to teaching students in early childhood preschool programs? a. There should be formal instruction. b. Students learn best through rote learning. c. Instruction should occur through discovery and active engagement with materials. d. Students should memorize large lists of materials to be recalled at a later time.

Answer: c Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

39. Which of the following are cited by the author as factors that contribute to the quality of preschool? a. education and training of teachers, class size and child–teacher ratio, age-appropriate materials and activities, and teacher–child interactions b. child temperament, the parenting style of the children’s home environment, physical facilities, and emotional reactivity of caregivers c. parenting style of the caregivers, quality of educational material, temperament and reactivity of the children, and class size and teacher–child ratio d. age-appropriate materials and activities, parenting styles of caregivers, temperament and reactivity of the children, and teacher–child interactions Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

40. Although intense academic instruction is not a criterion for high-quality preschools, most childhood scholars concur that preschool teaching should be based on __________. a. developmentally appropriate educational practice b. the Socratic method c. an instructional method that is as formal as the children understand d. Piaget’s model of readiness, as strictly as possible Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

41. Suppose that you are preparing for a job interview as a preschool teacher. Which of the following statements, when used in the interview, is more likely to land you the job? a. Preschool learning is about the child exploring and discovering his or her world through handson activities and fun tasks. b. Preschool learning should occur through structured academic activities such as worksheets and large group projects. c. Preschool learning is about assessing a child’s IQ and then developing a curriculum that is rigorous and challenging. d. Preschool learning should occur through prosocial activities and videos that are geared toward children and regulated by the federal government.

Answer: a Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

42. Research comparing children attending Montessori preschool programs to those attending non-Montessori preschools find that __________. a. children attending non-Montessori preschools engage more in cooperative play and less in chaotic play b. children attending Montessori preschools engage more in cooperative play and less in chaotic play c. children attending non-Montessori preschools are more advanced in cognitive development d. children attending Montessori preschools score lower on tests of reading skills Answer: b Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

43. What is the primary goal of having children attend preschool in the United States and China? a. to gain independence from the family b. to master social skills c. to learn basic academic skills d. to learn to get along with other children Answer: c Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

44. Which of the following countries emphasizes that academic skills be learned during preschool? a. United States b. Japan c. Great Britain d. Germany Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

45. What is the primary goal of having children attend preschool in Japan and most of Europe? a. to learn social skills b. to gain independence from the family c. to learn basic academic skills d. to learn how to read Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. % correct 69 a= 69 b= 0 c= 19 d= 0 r = .20

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Arnett/Jensen, Human Development, 3e

Chapter 6, Section 2

46. Regarding preschool education, the United States prioritizes __________, whereas Japan prioritizes __________. a. cooperative play; parallel play b. parallel play; cooperative play c. social skills; academic skills d. academic skills; social skills Answer: d Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

47. What percentage of Japanese parents and preschool teachers indicated that one of the top three reasons for young children to attend preschool was “to give children a good start academically”? a. 2% b. 22% c. 62% d. 92% Answer: a Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

48. Assume that you just accepted a job as a preschool teacher in Japan. Which statement is a close representation of the type of preschool environment that you will experience? a. The physical building looks run down, teachers appear tired and frustrated, and it is clear that the students do not learn much. b. There is a high emphasis on academic success, parents encourage their children to learn letters and numbers quickly, and many teachers work long hours. c. There is a lot of group play, the children wear the same uniforms with different colors to indicate classroom membership, and each have the same equipment. d. The physical building looks very new and in good shape, there’s a high emphasis on social skills training, and the students are competitive academically.

Answer: c Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know Learning Objective: 6.9 Identify the features that are most important in preschool quality and explain how they reflect cultural values.

Topic: The Importance of Preschool Quality APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

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