East Market Street, Edinburgh

EAST MARKET STREET,

Edinburgh AC4

Design Intervention

Scottish Centre for Conservation Studies

November 2013 Page 1

We w ou l d l i ke to thank M ar k Cousins an d Ge o rgi na Allison for their guidance an d suppor t as tutor s.

EAST MARKET STREET,

Edinburgh

Scottish Centre for Conservation Studies Edinburgh College of Art Module AC4 Design Intervention Chantal Bruvels Adnan Dollah Lilian Tuohy Main

Scottish Centre for Conservation Studies

November 2013

Contents PA RT O NE ( CO N S ERVAT ION STAT EME N T)

7

Con te x t , L oc a tio n a n d Me t h o d o l o g y

10

His t or y of De v e l o p m e n t

12

E x is tin g C h a r ac t e r i s t i c s

14

Sta te m en t of Si g n i f i c a n c e

16

SW O T ( Stren gt h s, We a k n e s se s , Op p o r t u n i t ie s a nd Thre a t s)

17

PA RT T W O ( K EY D ES IGN P OL IC IE S)

20

Vo lu m e & De n s i t y Pu b lic A c c e s s a n d Ci rc u l a t i o n Ma te r ials , C h ar a c t e r & To wn sc a p e Ligh t an d En e r g y Ac c e s s ib ility and S a f e t y He igh t an d V ie ws PA RT T HRE E _( T H E C EN T R E F OR T H E PR IN TE D W OR D ) Bu ild in g P rogr a m

24

I n trod u ct ion of D e si g n P r i n c i p l e s

26

a.)

M ov e m en t / Ci rc u l a t i o n

b.)

S ite L in es a n d V i e ws

c.)

En h an cem e n t o f Bu i l t F a b r i c / Ma t e r i als

d.)

A c c e s s t o Na t u r a l L i g h t

Bib liogr ap h y

39

PART ONE

Conservation Statement

Page 7

1.1

Context

CO N T E X T, L O C AT ION A N D M E THODOL OGY

PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY The purpose of this document is to provide a conservation statement for the Jeffrey Street Arches and to outline design policies for any potential developm ent that is to occur on the site based on that statement. It is comprised of two main components: PAR T 1: Site Analysis and SWOT assessment (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats.)

PAR T 2: Identification of key design principl es and policies LOCATION The site falls within the Edinburgh Old and New Towns UNESCO World Heritage Site ( Figure 1) and within the Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area.

The site continues to be identified as a major city centre development opportunity in the emerging Edinburgh City Loc al Development Plan 2010.

The arches are the support structure for the sloping Jeffrey Street and can be seen and entered from Cranston Street (latitude, longitude 3.2 degrees West, 55.9 degrees North ). It consists of 24 vacant 19th Century Roman arch vaults that run under neath Jeffrey Street. The retaining wall housing the arches falls to ground at the north end of Jeffrey Street and the arches diminish in size f rom east to west with the fall of the street. There is an irregular parcel of underused land in front of the arches.

The prominent location in the Waverley Valley along the crag and tail topography between Castle Hill and Holyrood positions the arches directly along a proposed Parliamentary route. Furthermore, its proximity to High Street, Waverley Station and many other sites of historical, cultural, and social significance makes this site extremely valuable for potential developm ent, in terms of location alone.

F ig u re 1 : M a p o f t h e E d in b u r g h O ld a n d N ew To wns U N E SC O Wo r ld H e r it a g e Sit e

RELEVANT DOCUMENTS AND EXISTING POLICIES  Scottish Historic Environment Policy (SHEP) 2011  Historic Scotland’s Managing Change Demolition Guidance, October 2010  UNESCO World Heritage Site designation and Outstanding Universal Values Policy  2008 UNESCO Mission visit to Edinburgh and the associated Mission Report, January 2009  Edinburgh World Heritage Management Plan 2011 to 2016  The Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area Appraisal.

An approach of minimal intervention should be adopted in accordance with the principles of the ICOMOS Burra Charter.

Fi gure 2 : Cur re n t a e ri a l ph ot ogra ph of t h e si t e , id e n t if y in g t h e a re a t h a t is s u b je c t t o t h is c o n s e r v a t io n s t a t e ment.

Th e p ropo sed design pol i c i e s a n d i n t e rve n t i on s for t h e s it e a re d e t a ile d f u r t h e r in Pa r t s 2 a n d 3 o f t h is re p o r t .

Jeffrey St reet Wall, Va u l t s, R ai l i ngs and Pier (Cate gory C L i sted Built circa 18 75 )

F i gure 3: Sit e Con t e xt P l a n . L i st e d Bu i l di n g C o n s e n t w ill b e re q u ire d f o r t h e ‘ I n t e r n a l a n d e x t e r n a l a lt e r a tio ns to arches and erect ion of n e w bu i l di n g t o w e st of Cr a n s t o n St re e t a b u t t in g a rc h e s ’ .

Page 9

1.2

Heritage

A BR I E F H I STO RY O F T H E D E V ELOPM ENT OF JEFFERY’S STREET SITE CHRONOLOGY Historical maps (Figures 4 and 5) chronicle the enormous changes that have occurred on this site over the past two centuries. In the early days when the Burgh of Canongate was still separate from Edinburgh, the site and surrounding area were characterised by open gardens of large mansions. The 18th century and the Acts of Union saw these dwellings abandoned by the nobl es and officials who inhabited them, with the movement of Parliament to London. The burgage plots under private ownership and the Medieval character of Canongate slowly gave way to the pressure of industrialisation. Many larger structures with fewer owners were being built forming industrial spaces for breweries, gasworks, glass-works, tannery and a printing press.

Previously redefined by the growth of industry, the nineteenth century saw new planned developments.

From about 1840 the railway and Waverly Station were built, further transforming the character of the site. By 1853, only a few years before the Burgh of Canongate officially became part of Edinburgh in 1856, the Ordina nce Survey shows that the area had become denser still. W ith the departure of the mansion dwellers to the New Town. The area became more dense, increasingly industrialised and entered commercial decline impoverished with many buildings falli ng into ruin. After several years of health problems and the collapse of a High Street tenement the Edinburgh Improvement Act of 1867 set out to tear down anything that might be potentially dangerous.

The re sult of this major development plan was more light and air being brought into Old Town and much of the medieval fabric being completely lost. Both Jeffrey Street and Cranston Street were formed as a result of this Act. They were overlaid across the existing medieval fabric of Old Town.

As a result, Leith Wynd, many buildings, and parts of man y closes that originally ran back from High Street were demolished. In the 1890’s a footbridge between Jeffrey Street and Calton Road was erected. The footbridge was ‘temporarily’ closed in the 1950’s and has since been dismantled.

While more construction was originally intended for the northeast side of Jeffrey Street, it never came to fruition after public outcry with regard to the impact new buildings would have on views to and from the site.

The site has since been used as parking, with the arches being used only as storage. Over the past twenty years, many planning applications have been submitted to increase the use of the site. To date, no approved plans are currently underway.

THE SITE TODAY Today the site is under the ownership of the City of Edinburgh Council and is primarily used for storage purposes. The Jeffrey Street wall, vaults, railings and pier were category C listed in 2003 .

F i gure 4 :

Edinbu rgh : Ba rt h ol om e w, 1865. P re J e ff re y s St re e t .

Fi gure 5:

Edinbu rgh Im prove m e n t s pl a n sh ow in g N o r t h s id e o f H ig h St re e t a n d s e c t io n s , 1 8 6 6 , RC AH M S

Page 11

1.3

Existing Characteristics

CU R R EN T P H Y S IC A L S IT U AT ION

IDENTITY The following site photographs demonstrate the identity and character of the existing site.

The site is disconnected from its surrounding urban setting. The lack of upkeep and its current usage as a car park contribute to its uninviting character.

There is little activity along East Market Street to encourage pedestrian movement.

Much of the exter nal stonework is currently in need of repair and the uneven slope to the ground in front of the arches will need to be levelled out. The recent bri ck infill and ventilation l ouvres added to the gateway of the arches detract from the aesthetic value of the arches as well as added to the impermeability of the site.

EXTERIOR CONDITION The hard landscap ing attributable the site is of low quality and not conducive to public use as public realm, with few adequate spaces or street fur niture to encourage a sense of place. Soft landscaping across the site is extremely limited, with just a few trees at the Jeffrey Street hardstanding. There are no nature conservation areas, wildlife habitats or Tree Preservation Orders in place. Public Realm improvements with high quality natural stone materials have however been installed nearby at the High St / Canonga te and the easter n approaches along East Market Street.

INTERIOR CONDITION: The arches have boarded timber doors to vaults and some have brick infill with louvred openings (Figure s 6 and 7). The Jeffrey Street Arches are currently in the ownership of CEC (City of Edinburgh Council) and are used for storage purposes. The arches are category C listed, formally as Jeffrey Street, wall, vaults, railings and pier,’ and are Category C listed. The 24 round arched vaults date from circa 1875 and were listed in March 2003.

F ig u re 6 :

E x is t in g I n t e r io r C o n d it io n o f Arc hes

F ig u re 7 : RC AH M S I n t e r io r. Va u lt N o 1 9 . D P 0 5 0 3 6 4 C o p y r ig h t RC AH M S

F i gure 8 :

Existi n g Ext e ri or Con di t i on . Un a ssu m in g a n d u n d e r u t ilis e d , in a s t a t e o f d is re p a ir.

F ig u re 9 :

E x is t in g E x t e r io r C o n d it io n

Page 13

1.4

Statement of Significance

ST R EN G T H S, WE A K N E S S E S , OPPORTUNITIES, THREATS The Statement of Significance has been dev eloped in accordance with The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, (2013).

the evolution of town planning. While it is only on a local scale, it represents changes that were occurring nationally and in areas of continental Europe during the nineteenth century.

In the Burra Chart er cultural significance means “aesthetic, historic, scientific or social value for past, present or future generations”.

Archaeological Significance: An archaeological evaluation was carried out in 2002 with a trial trench on Jeffrey Street. The nineteenth century developments were found to hav e heavily truncated the ground surface over the site, making archaeological survival in these area s unlikely.

However, two areas were identified in which the remains of earlier structures and deposits, apparently relating to properties of the sixteenth to eighteenth century survived. Due to the low likelihood of significant archaeological remains, in which the significance would probably only be on a local level given the structures that were previously located on the site, the site is assessed to only have some archaeological significance.

Cultural significance is a concept which helps in estimating the value of places. The places that are likely to be of significance are those which help an understanding of the past or enrich the present, and which will be of value to future generations.

The meaning of these terms in the context of cultura l significance is discussed below. It should be noted that they are not mutually exclusive, for example, architectural style has both historic and aesthetic aspects.

AESTHETIC SIGNIFICANCE V iews: People often orientate themselves in the city through urban markers such as clearly defined streets, towers, spires and domes. V iews to key monuments convey a strong sense of place. The views north, toward Carlton Hill, from both upper Cranston Street and the Jeffrey Street / Royal Mile ju nction are key place markers for tourists and residents alike. Not only are the views from the site important but the views to the site as well as evidenced by the public outcry in the nineteenth century against further development to the northeast of Jeffrey Street. These views are of exceptional significance for their national and inter na tional importance as a destination for both professional and amateur photographers; tourists and locals.

HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE While the site doesn’t display the medieval characteristics that are so highly value d and protected in Edinburgh’s Old Town, it does vividly display a tur ning point in the development of town planning in Edinburgh. Bordering the New Town, the site almost acts as a bridge between the organic fishbone patter n of the medieval Old Town and the clarity of the planned nature of the Georgian New Town. This visible juxtaposition gives the site exceptional historic significance as it helps present and future generations understand

CULTURAL AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE The site falls within both the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the City of Edinburgh and the Old Town Conservation Area which is considered to be of outstanding quality reinforcing the sensitivity of the site. W ith these designations come implications, limitations and responsibilities.

The site is also in close proximity to Cultural, especially Literary cultural institutions within the city.

1. Scottish Poetry Library 2. Scottish Book Trust 3. Scottish Storytelling Centre 4. Writers’ Museum 5. National Library of Scotland 6. Centr al Library

WEAKNESSES  No direct access from Jeffrey Street to Cranston Street. Very limited pedestrian access  Limited natural light would be accessible on the interior of the vaults especially during the winter  The underused nature of the site and lack of artificial lighting in the evenings creates safety concer ns  Potential interior water damage and lack of humidity control  Minimal space to hide services such as electricity, water, temperature controls and ventilation  No designated viewing area

O P P O RT U NIT IE S  Enhance views by the creation of a viewing terrace atop the Print Centre  Potential to link regeneration proposals in Canongate  Increase permeability of built fabric as is characteristic of Edinburgh’s Old Town  Make use of unused space for further developments

F i gure 10:

STRENGTHS  V iews across to Calton Hill, the obelisk and David Hume’s tomb  Proximity to Waverley Station and other public transport links including rail bus and airport  Location within the culturally dense Old Town near the Council Headquarters, Scottish Parliament, Holyrood North, The Moray Campus and Dynamic Earth

THREATS  Water penetration contributing to potential structural and aesthetic degradation  Possible damage to new built fabric caused by the traversing of heavy vehicles on Jeffrey Street  Uncontrolled traffic along East Market Street could create a potentially unsafe environment for pedestrians to cross the street  24 hour access to stairs could cause safety concer ns if it encouraged vandalism and unsavoury activities

SWOT Ta bl e

Page 15

PART TWO

Design Statement

Page 17

2.1

Key Design Policies

Edinbu rgh’s Old Town is one of the most historically distinctive urban areas in the United Kingdom, many legislative policies exist to ensure that its unique character is preserved. Any new developments or alterations to existing built fabric must comply with these policies as well as general planning and building control legislation. Further to the design policies outlined below all future developments proposals should respect the stipulations outlined in the Edinburgh World Heritage Site Management Plan, the Edinburgh Local Development Plan, the Edinbu rgh Old Tow n Conservation Area Character Appraisal, as well as Scottish Building Standards technical Handbooks.

New Street / East Market Street Development, Edinburgh - Southern Site

VOLUME & DENSITY Buildin g volume and form should respe ct the New Street / East Market Street Development, Edinburgh - Southern Site historic volumetry of the Old Town and the current immediate surroundings of the Jeffrey Street arches. The building lines in any new development should be taken directly from the site. They should respond to existing contours rather than boxy Inter na tional Style structures. For larger bui ldings, they should be broken up with vertical articulations such as vertical gable, windows or other decorative elements. The intervention should take up most of the space of the plot and abut or leave minimal space between it and existing buildings to maintain Existing Pedestrian Movement Diagram F ig u re 1 1 : Pe d e s t r ia n the high density character of the area.

Calton Road

Calton Road

CEC HQ

East Market Street

l Mile

CEC HQ

Roya

East Market Street

PUBLIC ACCESS AND CIRCULATION

C irc u la t io n : E x is t in g l ink ag es in t h e im m e d ia t e s u r ro u n d s o f t h e s it e . ile lM Calton Road

Roya

Existing Pedestrian Movement Diagram

The permeability of the site for pedestrian traffic is currently very low. In order for a pedestrian descending Jeffrey Street from the Royal Mile to access Cranston Street they must traverse the entire length of the street to effectively ‘back track’ up the length of the retaining wall. All designs should include a public connection between Jeffrey and Cranston Street. The connection should serve to collect pedestrian traffic from both the Royal Mile and Waverley Station creating more effective connections between major developments and Existing Vehicular Movement Diagram attractions including nearby Scottish Parl iament at Holyrood the University of Edinburgh CGM-1308-Design Moray and Access Statement House Campus, Dynamic Earth establishing a sense of place and community. The re-introduction Existing Vehicular Movement Diagram of a footbridge between Waverley Station and F ig u re 1 2 : Ve h ic le East Market Street would also be favourable.

Anyand Access Statement CGM-1308-Design outdoor terraces and/or decks should be fully accessible. Provisions for cyclists should also be included such as a secure bike storage facility.

Calton Road

CEC HQ

New and existing major connections

Smaller scale connections of closes, courts, East Market Street vennels and wynds reinforcing Edinburgh’s Old Town

l Mile

CEC HQ

Roya

East Market Street

l Mile

Roya

C irc u la t io n

HEIGHT AND VIEWS

MATERIALS, CHARACTER & TOWNSCAPE

The building heights should take into consideration the exceptional significance of the sight lines from Jeffrey Street. The views north from both upper Cranston Street and Jeffrey Street are key place markers for tourists and local s. The building height should not exceed one story above Jeffrey Street and should be sensitive to the importance of the views to and from the site.

In a case where the views are not being directly obstructed, the building height should still be respe ctful of surrounding building heights.

A

B

C

D

A

C ar lt on Hill

B

The Balmor al Ho t e l (vi a Wa ve rl y S t a t i on )

C

S t. Andrews Hous e

D

C o uncil Building

All proposed designs for this site should use a limited palette of materials that fit in with the surrounding context. The choice of materials will be critical in reinforcing the sense of local identity. Most of the old town is built in local sandstone, employing both rubble and ashlar masonry construction systems. Other materials such as glass, timber or concrete may be employed in the design so long as their usage is thoughtfully justified and provisions are made for the weathering of the materials that will occur over time with exposure to the harsh Scottish climate.

The re-use of the Jeffrey Street arches is critical in conserving and reinforcing the existing historic landscape context. One of the key features of Old Town is the predominance of pitched roofs. For larger structure, the roofscape should be broken up possible employing a reoccurring pitched form similar to the roof of Waverley Station. While grey slate is a traditional roofing material, transparent materials may be preferable to allow light into the otherwise dark vaults.

Service equipment such as that for ventilation and temperature control should not be located on the roof. Should this be unavoidable, these elements should be hidden or incorpor ated into the design.

LIGHT AND ENERGY Any ne w proposa ls should c omply w it h t he ir s tatutory obliga t ions re ga rding na t ur a l light ing, sus tai nabi l i ty a nd e ne r gy usa ge a s de sc r ibe d in se c t i ons 3, 6 a nd 7 of t he Sc ot t ish B uilding St a nda rds Techni cal Ha ndbooks. I n pa r t ic ula r, de signe r s should addres s t he c ha lle nge s of inc or por a t ing hist or ic stone wal l s int o e ne r gy - e ffic ie nt buildings, a nd of ha r v es ti ng the limit e d sola r e ne r gy a v a ila ble

ACCESSIBILITY AND SAFETY The development should attract locals and visitors to the site from both High Street and East Market Street and should be accessible for wheelchair users as well as pedestrians. The designs should include accessibility provisions such as ramps and lifts.

All designs should also include safety provisions as required by law but also additional features such as outdoor lighting for publicly accessible circulation routes to ensure safe passage during the dark evening hours and to discourage loitering, vandalism and other unsavoury activitie s.

Fi gure 1 3: V iews bot h t o a n d f rom t h e si t e a re o f excep tio nal impor t ance

Page 19

H E W H O F I RS T SH OR T E N E D T HE LAB OUR OF COPYISTS B Y DEV ICE OF MO V A BL E TY P E S W A S DI SBA N DI N G HI R E D ARMIES, AND CASHIERING MOST KING S A N D S ENA T E S , A N D CR E A T I N G A WHOL E NEW DEMOCRATIC W ORL D: H E HA D INV E N T E D T H E A R T OF P R I N T I N G. TH O MA S C A R LY LE ,

S A R T O R R ES A R T US, 1 8 3 3

PART 3 CENTRE for the PRINTED WORD,

Edinburgh

Page 21

3.0

Building Program

THE B R I E F, VO LU ME S , D E N S IT Y AND THE INTER- RELATION OF SPACES

THE B R I E F

SCHEDULE OF ACCOM M ODAT ION

“There can be few inventions that have had the social impact of the printing press: it transformed the world of knowledge, creating a wider, more diverse and more critical audience for ideas; it led to religious and social revolution. It was also one of the first mass production industries, creating copies without alteration or reinterpretation of the original.

Permanent Exhibition There should be a dedicated space for a small permanent exhibition on the history of printing.

This should deal with the impact of printing on Edinburgh and the wider world; the technologies involved; and the products created. The weight and delivery of possible exhibits should be carefully considered.

Print making, printing and publishing have all had a long and intimate relationship with the Old Town of Edinburgh, and t he evidence of their occupation is still with us.

Temporary Exhibition Space There should be a small, temporary exhibition space suitable for artistic printmakers, illustrators, book publishers, and other touring exhibitions. This space should be flexible enough to deal with both book exhibits and framed works on paper, as well as be capable of holding book launches etc.

The Print Centre will be a small building to promote the printed word; to record its history; and to promote new ways of use in the digital, online world. The building should encourage interaction with the public and ways of promoting the printed word using the fabric should be considered.

Given Edinburgh’s key role in the Reformation and the Enlightenment (both underpinned by print) and the extent to which the publishing industry was based in Edinburgh, it seems appropriate to site a small Centre of Printing and Publishing here, allowing the Edinburgh: City of Print (www.edinburghcityofprint.org) a dedicated space to promote its collections. This will allow public access to the SAPPHIRE archive as well as provide a venue to show the artifacts in the Edinburgh Museum’s collection.”

Café A small café should be provided for light refreshments and evening catering. Ancillary accommodation such as storage, toilet and kitchen is required.

Shop A small shop selling books, art books and prints should be provided. Display of prints should be looked at creatively.

Office Office accommodation for three members of staff should be provided with a suitable private meeting area, storage, toilets and kitchen facilities.

Archive Storage should be provided for the SAPPHIRE archive (c. 20m2) and workroom for archival work and research (both for staff and public). Assume two workstations. This archive comprises three major areas: - The bulk of the material is a collection of oral history recordings of personal reminiscences of former and current employees within the print and publishing industry - Photographs and videos of current work practices - A collection of ephemeral material relating to the industry.

EXHIBITION SPACE (TEMPORARY)

RETAIL

WC CAFE WC KITCHEN EXHIBITION (PERMANENT)

EXHIBITION (PERMANENT)

ARCHIVE (20M)

OFFICES

MEETING AREA

STORAGE WORKSHOP WORKSHOP

F ig ure 1 4:

Inte r- R e la tion of S p a c e s _ A Ce n t re f o r t h e Pr i n t e d Wo rd

OTHER ISSUES OF CONCERN: ACCESSIBILITY: Outdoor terraces and decks are fully accessible and exter nalised circulation rou tes (which will remain accessible even during times where the Centre for the Printed Word is closed.

CYCLE PROVISIONS: secure storage/ lock up facilities for bicycles will be factored into the landscaping program of the building.

RECYCLING FACILITIES: communal facilities will be provided for the building as well as the street surrounds .

Page 23

Introduction of Design Principles

2.1

Through our research and investigation- we have defined these 4 key principles that we wish to inform the design.

1

M O V E MENT / C I R C UL AT I ON

The previous history and usage of the site has prevented the area from engaging with its neighbours or attempting to overcome its lack of permeability. The building will be connected to both Jeffrey and East Market Street in order to collect traffic from both the Royal Mile and Waverley Station, respectively. Including both stair and lift access will allow for greater connections between major developments and attractions including nearby Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, the university of Edinburgh Moray House Campus, Dynamic Earth establishing a sense of place and community.

2

S IG H T L I NES AN D VI EWS

V iews to key monuments convey a strong sense of plac e. People often orientate themselves in the city through urban markers such as clearly defined streets, towers, spires and domes. The views north from both upper Cranston Street and the Jeffrey Street / Royal Mile Junction are key place markers for tourists and residents alike. Not only are the views from the site important but the views to the site as well. After public outcry suggesting the deleterious effect of the “views approaching the city by rail from the south� it was decided not to build on the North side of the street as was originally intended.

3

ENHANCEMENT OF B U I LT FAB RIC

Injecting life into the existing built fabric is critical to conserve and reinforce the existing historic landscape context. The building design uses the currently vacant Jeffrey street arches in the design as the main floor space. The thermal mass and lack of natural light are characteristics that make the arches an ideal space for the archival of printed material. Furthermore, controlled lighting is ideal for exhibition spaces, as well.

4

ACCESS TO NATURA L L I G HT

While limited access to natural light is ideal for archival and exhibition spaces, artificial lighting is not desirable in all contexts. To introduce the maximum amount of natural light possible while making minimal intervention on the structural and historic fabric, the design incorporates a glass box that sits in front of the arches. A portion of the roof is pitched an glazed to mimic that of Waverley Station allowing light to be collected from all of the highly variable angles of the Edinburgh sun throughout the year.

2.1

M OV E ME N T A N D C IR CULATION CONNECTIONS

The previous hist ory and usage of the site has prevented the area from engaging with its neighbours or attempting to overcome its lack of pe rmeability. The building will be connected to both Jeffrey and East Market Street in order to collect traffic from both the Royal Mile and Waverley Station, respectively. Including both stair and lift access will allow for greater connections between major developments and attractions including nearby Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, the university of Edinburgh Moray House Campus, Dynamic Earth establishing a sense of place and community.

The proposal also provides a new public viewing terrace, accessed from Jeffrey Street, set over the roof of the new building giving an extraordinary panoramic view to Calton Hill and beyond. A semipublic stair and lift is provided on this upper terrace, which provides a connection to the Centre of the Printed Words interior uses.

WA VE RL Y

E nt r a nc e/ Ex i t

ST AT IO N

I nt e r na l Ci rcul ati on

E AT NG NO CA

F ig ure 1 5:

Int er na l Circ ula tion: En t ra n c e s t o t h e b u ild in g a re p o s it io n e d t o m a x im is e e a s e o f c irc u la t io n a n d a cces s ib ility.

Page 25

2.2

S IG H T LIN ES AND VIEW S

Compromising entirely of glass, the minimal extension would be hardly recognisable throughout the day. It would however provides an opportunity to introduce a “landmark� monument during the night.

The building envelope does not introduce any new building heights that would interfere with important existing views and sigh-lines. The only exception to this is the liftshaft.

Page 27

2.3 ` 2.3

E N H A N C E ME N T O F BU ILT FA B R IC

Injecting life into the existing built fabric is critical to conserve and reinforce the existing historic landscape context. The building design uses the currently vacant Jeffrey Street arches in the design as the main floor space. The thermal mass and lack of natural light are characteristics that make the arches an ideal space for the archival of printed material. Likewise, controlled lighting is ideal for exhibition spaces.

1

Obvious material change between old built fabric and the new intervention

2

Archive (BROE Archite

5

PERMANENT EXHIBITION 3

Building Plan 1:200

e / Retail Space ERENKERK, Zwolle, BK. ecten)

3

4

Precedent for permanent exhibition space (National Museum of Scotland)

4

Precedent for Cafe/ Temporary Exhibition Space

5

Precedent for replacement for the opening of the arches

CAFE

KITCHEN

OFFICES 2 RETAIL

WORK ROOM

ARCHIVE WC 1 Page 29

2.3

R E T E N T IO N OF E X IS T ING BUILT FABRIC AND M ATERIALS

G RA PH I C C O N C R E T E . MAT E R IA L S . PRINTING PRESS Subtle links to the history of the printing press will be made through materials incorporated in the design.

Using specialty materials such a graphic concrete will allow impressions to be made on the concrete walls or paving slabs of the building, mimicking printing press technology. Using pre-fabricated building materials nods to the role of the printing press in the end of the artisan era and the beginning of the manufacturing era.

Museo Civico di Castelvecchio - Carlo Scarpa

F i g u re 1 6 :

T h e U n iv e r s it y o f M in n e s o t a Sc h o o l o f Arc h it e cture

L AN D S C A P I N G A N D R O O F S C A P E The exter nal public hard landscape surfa ces around the building are in keeping with the existing materials in East Market Street and Jeffreys Street. The landscaping is inspired by plants that grow naturally on site. Soft landscaping and seating are incorporated on the roof top terrace.

Encouragement of natural grasses.

Private lock-up bike storage for staff

Natural transition in materials from bitumen footpath to rooftop terrace

F ig u re 1 7 :

T h e N e w Yo r k H ig h L in e

Page 31

2.4

A C C E S S TO N AT U R A L LIGHT

EXHIBITION SPACE (TEMPORARY)

RETAIL

WC

WC KITCHEN EXHIBITION (PERMANENT) MEETING AREA EXHIBITION (PERMANENT)

ARCHIVE (20M)

STORAGE WORKSHOP WORKSHOP

Short Section AA _ 1: 200

Short Section BB _ 1: 200

OFFICES

While limited acce ss to natural light is ideal for archival and exhibition spaces, artificial lighting is not desirable in all contexts. To introduce the maximum amount of natural light possible while making minimal intervention on the structural and historic fabric, the design incorporates a glass box that sits in front of the arches. A portion of the roof is pitched an glazed to mimic that of Waverley Station allowing light to be collected from all of the highly variable angles of the Edinburgh sun throughout the yea r.

CAFE

Short Section CC _ 1: 200

Page 33

CENTRE for the PRINTED WORD,

Edinburgh

A C4 De s ign I nt e rve n ti o n , 2 0 1 3 C h a nt a l Br uvels Ad na n D ollah L il ian Tuo hy M ain

I S TT II N NG G SI S I TE TE C CO O NTEXT NTEXT EEX XIS

HE WHO FIRST SHOR TENED THE LABOUR OF COPYISTS BY DEVICE OF MOVABLE TY P E S WAS DISBANDING HIRED ARMIES, AND CASHIERING MOST KINGS AND SE NATE S, AND CREATING A W HOLE NEW DEMOCRATIC W ORLD: HE HAD INVENTED THE AR T OF PRINTING. THOMAS CARLYLE,

S AR TO R R ES AR TUS , 1 8 3 3

IMME D IATE URBAN FABRIC

VIEW S

EDINBURGH’S LITERARY QUARTER 1. Scottish Poetry Library 2. Scottish Book Trust 3. Scottish Storytelling Centre 4. Writers’ Museum 5. National Library of Scotland 6. Central Library A

T h e site c o nsist s o f a cu rv ed ret ai n i n g w al l w ith Jeffrey Street at the t op a n d C r a nst o n S treet at t h e b o t t o m . Th e wall is m ar ked w ith rounded arc h va u lt s t ha t d imi n i s h i n s i z e f rom C ran s t on Street out to Eas t M ar ket Stre e t. In f ro nt o f th e arch es i s an al m os t tr iangular parcels of land cu rre ntly use d a s a car p ark . Th e b u i l d i n g s chem e w ill incor por ate both t h e in te rio r o f t he a rch es an d t h i s p arcel o f l a nd.

H ERI TA G E

B

C

D

CIRCULATION

A

Car lto n H ill

The previous history and usage of the site has prevented the area from engaging with its neighbours or attempting to overcome its lack of permeability. The building will be connected to both Jeffrey and East Market Edinbu rg h : B a r t h ol ome w, 1 8 6 5 . Pre Je ffre ys St re e t.

Street in order to collect traffic from both the Royal Mile and Waverley New Street / East MarketStation, Street Development, Edinburgh - Southern Site respectively.

Including both stair and lift access will allow for greater connections between major developments and attractions including nearby Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, the university of Edinburgh Moray House Campus, Dynamic Earth establishing a sense of place and community.

Th e footbr idg e wa s ‘ t em p o rari l y ’ cl o s ed i n t h e 1950’s and has s ince been dis ma n t le d . B y 1 9 1 4 m an y s m al l er b u i l d i n g parcels have been joined to ma ke wa y f o r la r g e r b u i l d i n g s ch em es s u ch a s the C ar lton H otel.

l Mile

Roya

E xisting Ped estr ian M ovem ent Diagram

STRENGTHS

East Market Street

l Mile

Roya

• Enhance view s by th e c re a ti o n o f a vi e w i n g te rra c e a to p th e P ri n t C e n tre • Potential to link re g e n e ra ti o n p ro p o sa l s i n C a n o n g a te • Increas e per m eab i l i ty o f b u i l t fa b ri c a s i s c h a ra c te ri sti c o f E d i n b u rg h ’s OExisting ld Tow n Movement Diagram Vehicular • M ake us e of unus e d sp a c e fo r fu rth e r d e ve l o p m e n ts.

T h e site is disc o n n ect ed f ro m i t s surrou nd ing ur b a n s et t i n g. T h e l ack o f upke e p a nd it s c u rren t u s age as a ca r pa rk c o nt r ibut e t o i t s u n i n v i t i n g ch a ra c ter. T he re is lit t l e act i v i t y al o n g Ea st Ma r k e t S t re e t t o en co u rag e p e de stria n mo v e me n t .

Muc h o f t he e xt e r n al s t o n ew ork i s cu rre ntly in ne e d of rep ai r an d t h e une ve n s lo p e t o t he gro u n d i n f ron t of t h e a rc h e s will ne e d to b e l ev el l ed o u t .

T h e re c ent b r ic k inf i l l an d v en t i l at i on lou v re s a dd e d t o t he gat ew ay of t h e arc he s de t r a c t f ro m t h e aes t h et i c va lue of t he a rc he s as w el l as ad d ed t o th e im p e r me a b ilit y of t h e s i t e.

CGM-1308-Design and Access Statement

Vehicular Movement The vehicular characteristics of the site are covered in greater detail in the Transport Statement - Document 4.

However, vehicular connections have been analysed to assist the architectural design process, and in particular to pursue design options that offer greater pedestrian priority in this well served city centre location Transport • N o d i re c t a Public c c e ss fro m- Waverley J e ffreTrain y SStation tre e t( Market to CStreet ra n s) side t o nentrance S t re e t . Ve r y l i mi t e d p e d e stri a n a cis c extremely e ss. close at hand, but several bus routes also serve the Royal Mile. Taxi stands are located by the station, and at the CEC HQ. • Ve ry l i m i te dOnnstreet a tu ra l l i gishprovided t w o ualong l d bEast e aMarket c c e ss i b l eando the n tmain he interior of the parking Street, va u l ts e sp e c i aentrance l l y d utorithe n gunderground th e w i n te carr.park under the CEC HQ is accessed • T h e u n d e rufrom se dNew n aStreet. tu re o f th e si te a n d l a c k o f a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t i n g i n t h e busy e ve n i n g s c re aVehicular te s satraffic fe tycrossing c o n cthe ern s pedestrian ( tourist ) route down the Royal Mile at both Cranston Street and New Street are problematic. The • P o te n ti a l i n te ri o r w a te r d a m a g e a n d l a c k o f h u mi d i t y c o n t ro l s c u r re n t l y controlled junction at the Jeffrey Street / Royal Mile junction is more i n sta l l e d conducive to suitable pedestrian crossing, with adequately wide • M i n i m a l sp afootpaths c e to and h i drelatively e se rvi c elines s su c h a s e l e c t r i c i t y, w a t e r, t e mp e r a t u re good of sight.

There traffic measures at present to control vehicular c o n tro l s a n d ve n tiare l a tinoospecific n movement.

THREATS • Wa te r p e n e tra ti o n c o n tri b u ti n g to p o te n ti a l s t r u c t u r a l a n d a e s t h e t i c d e g ra d a ti o n • P o ssi b l e d a m a g e to n e w b u i l t fa b ri c c a u se d b y t h e t r a v e r s i n g o f h e a v y ve h i c l e s o n J e ffre y S tre e t.

• U n c o n tro l l e d tra ffi c a l o n g E a st M a rk e t S tre e t c o u l d c re a t e a p o t e n t i a l l y u n sa fe e n vi ro n m e n t fo r p e d e stri a n s to c ro ss t h e s t re e t • 2 4 h o u r a c c e ss to sta i rs c o u l d c a u se sa fe ty c oPage n c e16 r nofs83i f i t e n c o u r a g e d va n d a l i sm a n d u n sa vo u ry a c ti vi ti e s

P rop os e d hei ght of w al l und e r p i nni ng ( S ee p l a n for w a l l s a ffe c ted ) Day Ti me El e vat i on

Counci l Bui l di ng

WEAKNESSES

• V iew s acros s to C a l to n H i l l , th e o b e l i sk a n d D a vi d H u m e ’s to m b • Prox im ity to Wave rl e y S ta ti o n a n d o th e r p u b l i c tra n sp o rt l i n k s including r ail bus an d a i rp o rt • Location w ithin th e c u l tu ra l l y d e n se O l d To w n n e a r th e C o u n c i l H eadquar ter s , Scotti sh P a rl i a m e n t,CECHHQo l yro o d N o rth , T h e M o ra y C a m p u s and Dynam ic Ear th

OPPORTUNITIES

CUR R EN T C ONDI T I O N

D

Pedestrian Movement Daily pedestrian activity is limited to New Street, East Market Street, Cranston Street and Jeffrey Street.

There no pedestrianised ( or Views bo thare to and f rom the si te are of excepti onal i mpor tance priority ) routes, and no readily accessible secondary vennels or paths.

East Market Street is wide, with a spacious footpath and an excellent vista to the north. It provides a primary pedestrian route for CEC HQ occupants and visitors from the main transport connections in the centre of Edinburgh, and particularly Waverley Station. Beyond the CEC HQ entrance, activity heading eastwards is limited to those accessing the lower Canongate. However there are few attractions or uses to draw people further along Market Street. This is currently exacerbated by the use of New Street as a vehicular short cut through the Old Town, often with queuing traffic attempting to exit the tight road junction at the Canongate. The pedestrian route down New Street to Calton Road is of much lesser significance as the natural constrictions of the Waverely Valley prevent easy through routes further north, with the escarpment of Calton Hill blocking connections.

Level access DDA routes are adequate east - west along East Market Street, but challenging north - south, due to the site topography and the consequent steepness of New Street, particularly up to the Canongate.

Edin bu rg h I mprovements plan showing Nor th side of H i g h St re e t a n d s e c t i on s, 1 8 6 6 , R C A H MS

Calton Road

St. Andrews House

Connections

CEC HQ

SWOT

C

The adjacent plans illustrate an analysis of the existing Vehicular and Pedestrian connections and routes within the Southern Site.

East Market Street

Existing Pedestrian Movement Diagram

The Balm o ral Ho tel (via Waver ly Statio n)

Site and Area Analysis

Calton Road

Historic a l ma p s sho w t h e en o rm ou s ch an g es that have occur red on this s ite ov e r t he p a st 2 00 y ears . I n t h e earl y Bur gh of C anongate it w as cha ra c ter iz e d by la r g e m an s i o n s an d op en gardens . In the 18th centur y th e a re a wa s le f t by n ob l es an d o ff i ci al s w i t h the los s of the Par liam ent.

Th e la rg e building s w ere rep l aced w i t h m ore buildings of a s m aller s cale cre a ting mo re unif ie d s t reet f ron t ag es . B y 1 8 5 3 w e can s ee a m uch m ore de ns e ur ba n se t t le men t , o n l y a f ew y ears b ef o re the Bur gh of C annongate off ic ia lly b e c a me pa rt o f E d i n b u rgh i n 1 8 5 6 . W ith the depar ture of the ma n sion dwe lle r s, t h e area b ecam e i n cre as ingly dens e, increas ingly i m pove rishe d a nd man y b u i l d i n g s f el l i n t o ru i n s . In 1867 follow ing s ever al y e a rs of he a lt h pro b l em s an d t h e col l ap s e o f a H igh Street tenem ent the Edinbu rg h Impro v e m en t A ct s et o u t t o t ear dow n anything that looked l i ke it m ig ht f a ll do w n . J eff rey S t reet an d C ran s ton Street took over w hat w a s on c e Le it h W y n d . T h e res u l t o f t h i s m ajor developm ent plan w as more lig ht a nd a ir b ei n g b ro u gh t i n t o O l d To wn and m uch of the m edieval fabric be ing c o mp let el y l o s t . I n t h e 1 8 9 0 ’s a footbr idge betw een Jeffrey Stre e t and C a lt o n R o ad w as erect ed .

B

N ight Tim e E levatio n

K EY DES I G N PRI N C I PL ES

1 MOVEMENT/ CIRCULATION

The previous history and usage of the site has prevented the area from engaging with its neighbours or attempting to overcome its lack of permeability. The building will be connected to both Jeffrey and East Market Street in order to collect traffic from both the Royal Mile and Waverley Station, respectively. Including both stair and lift access will allow for greater connections between major developments and attractions including nearby Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, the university of Edinburgh Moray House Campus, Dynamic Earth establishing a sense of place and community.

2 SIGHT LINES AND

4

Precedent for Cafe/ Tempoary Exhibiton Space

5

Precedent for replacement for the opening of the arches

VIEWS

V iews to key monuments convey a strong sense of place. People often orient themselves in the city through urban markers such as clearly defined streets, towers, spires and domes. The views north from both upper Cranston Street and the Jeffrey Street / Royal Mile Junction are key place markers for tourists and residents alike. Not only are the views from the site important but the views to the site as well. After public outcry suggesting the deleterious effect of the “views approaching the city by rail from the south� it was decided not to build on the North side of the street as was originally intended.

1

Obvious material change between old built fabric and the new intervention

Precedent for archive / retail space

2

Precedent for permanent exhibition space

3

A B

5

3 ENHANCEMENT OF BUILT FABRIC

PERMANENT

C

EXHIBITION 4

Injecting life into the existing built fabric is critical to conserve and reinforce the existing historic landscape context. The building design uses the currently vacant Jeffrey street arches in the design as the main floor space. The thermal mass and lack of natural light are characteristics that make the arches an ideal space for

3

CAFE

KITC

HEN

A

OFFIC

B

the archival of printed material. Furthermore, controlled lighting is

ES

ideal for exhibition spaces, as well.

WORK ROOM

4 ACCESS TO NATURAL LIGHT

2

C

While limited access to natural light is ideal for archival and exhibition spaces, artificial lighting is not desirable in all contexts.

To introduce the maximum amount of natural light possible while making minimal intervention on the structural and historic fabric, the design incorporates a glass box that sits in front of the arches.

A portion of the roof is pitched an glazed to mimic that of Waverley Station allowing light to be collected from all of the highly variable angles of the Edinburgh sun throughout the year.

RETAIL

ARC

HIVE

D

WC 1

Building Plan 1: 200 D

V O LU MES AND DENS I T Y

EXHIBITION SPACE (TEMPOARY)

RETAIL

WC CAFE WC

Short Section AA _ 1: 200

Short Section CC _ 1: 200

KITCHEN EXHIBITION (PERMANENT)

Short Section BB _ 1: 200

EXHIBITION (PERMANENT)

ARCHIVE (20M)

OFFICES

MEETING AREA

STORAGE WORKSHOP WORKSHOP

M AT E R I A LS A ND DETAI L S GRAPHIC CONCRETE . MATERIALS . PRINTING PRESS

Subtle links to the history of the printing press will be made through materials incorporated in the design. Using specialty materials such a graphic concrete will allow impressions to be made on the concrete walls or paving slabs of the building, mimicking printing press technology.

Using pre-fabricated building materials nods to the role of the printing press in the end of the artisan era and the beginning of the manufacturing era.

Museo C ivico di Castelvecchio - Carlo Scarpa

Bibliography Ar n ot, H . H is tor y o f E d i n b u r g h , f ro m t h e E a r lie st Ac c ount s t o t he Ye a r 1780. Ca mbr idge , Unit e d S tates of Americ a : Th om as Tur n b u l , 1 8 1 6 .

Calton gat e , A p p lic a t i o n f o r P l a n n i n g P e r m i s si o ns- E dinbur gh, Mount gr a nge Ca lt onga t e Limit e d, R e v is ed D es i gn Statem e n t ( 7) 30th A u g u s t , 2 0 0 7 Dou gla s , J . B u ild in g A d a p t a t i o n . E d i n b u r g h : He r iot - Wa t t Univ e r sit y Pre ss, 2002.

City o f Ed in b u r gh C o u n c i l . 2 0 0 5 Ol d To wn Co nse r v a t ion Are a Cha r a c t e r Appr a isa l.

Co gh ill, H . L os t Ed i n b u r g h :E d i n b u r g h ’s L o st A rc hit e c t ur a l He r it a ge . E dinbur gh: B ir linn, 2008.

Den n is on , E. H oly ro o d a n d Ca n o n g a t e : A T h o usa nd Ye a r s of Hist or y. E dinbur gh: B ir linn, 2005.

G iffo rd, M . Th e B u il d i n g s o f S c o t l a n d : E d i n b u r g h. Ha r mondsw or t h: Pe nguin B ooks Limit e d, 1984.

G ran t, J . O ld a n d N e w E d i n b u r g h , www.o l d a n dne w e dinbur gh.c o.uk New S t reet / Eas t M a r k e t S t re e t D e v e l o p m e n t , E dinbur gh. Doc ume nt 7, He r it a ge St a t e me nt , For Arti s an REI, Prep ared b y G VA, A u g u st 2 0 1 3

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