Portfolio Sem 5

BAA3158 ARCHI T ECT URE DES I GN

05

F ADHL I N F ARZ ANA

110047616

CONT ENT

PRO JEC T1:SC HO O LO F THO UG HTS I NT RODUCT I ON T ECT ONI C CAS ES T UDYL OCAL CAS ES T UDYI NT ERNAT I ONAL

PRO JEC T2:C O M M UNITY C ENTRE I NT RODUCT I ON DES APARKCI T Y S I T EMODEL S I T EANAL YS I S PRECEDENCES T UDI ES I DEADEVEL OPMENT CONCEPT S PAT I ALPL ANNI NG ROOFPL AN GROUNDF L OORPL AN F I RS TF L OORPL AN S ECONDF L OORPL AN EL EVAT I ONS S ECT I ON 3DS ECT I ON WAL LS ECT I ON S US T AI NABI L I T Y APPENDI X

PROJ ECT1:

S CHOOLOFT HOUGHT S

PROJ ECT1:SCHOOLOFT HOUGHT S I NT RODUCT I ON PROJ ECT1i sapr oj ectaboutl ear ni ngt he abouts chool oft hought si nmor edept has t obecomeagui dancef ordes i gni nga bui l di ng.

T hepr oj ecti st ochoos eoneoft hes chool oft hought soutoft het hemai nt hr ee whi chi sPoet i c,Ci vi cnar r at i veand T ect oni c.T hechos ens chool oft hought s needt obei naf or matofar epor tt os how ourunder s t andi ngt owar dst hes chool of t hought st hathaschos en.

DEF I NI T I ON S CHOOLOFT HOUGHT S As chool oft houghtr ef er st oi nt el l ect ual t r adi t i oncol l ect i vel y dr awnbyagr oupofpeopl ewhos har ecommonchar act er i s t i cs ofopi ni onormet hodofaphi l os ophy,di s ci pl i ne,bel i ef ,s oci al movement ,economi cs ,cul t ur e,orar t .

PRECEDENCES T UDI ES N.Apr evi ousi ns t ancet akenasanex ampl eorr ul ebywhi ch t obegui dedi ns i mi l arcas esorci r cums t ances .( Ox f or d Di ct i onar y)

T ect oni ci sdef i nedast hes ci enceorar tofcons t r uct i on, bot hi nr el at i ont oi t sus ageandi t sar t i s t i cdes i gn.Us ual l y, i ti si nvol veswi t ht he i dea how t he bui l di ng f or m’ sand s peci al qual i t i esgi veas ens eofmeani ngt ot hes i t eorr ef l ect st hes i t econt ex t .Ot hert hant hat ,t ect oni cmeans f or mf ol l ow t hef unct i onast hef or m oft hebui l di ngi si nf l uenced byt he i nt ent i on t owar dst he envi r onmentor t he s i t e.A t ect oni c appr oach t o ar chi t ect ur aldes i gn woul d ex pr es st he cons t r uct i on t echni ques t hatar e us s edt ocr eat es t r uct ur e.T ect oni ccanbedi vi dedby4 s ubt opi cs .

T HEOCUL US ,NEW YORK

BRI ONCEMET ERY,I T AL Y Mor eover ,t henex ts ubt opi ci st hemani pul at i onofmat t er ,bui l di ngst hathi ghl ycr af t edi ndet ai l ed.F orex ampl e,oneofCar l os S car pa’ swor kt hati sBr i onCemet er yi nI t al y.

T hef i r s tonei ss cul pt ur al ,whi chi sl i t er al l ymeant hatt he bui l di ngi sr es embl i ngas cul pt ur e.T hedef i ni t i onofs cul pt ur ei saf or mt hati sr epr es ent i ngbycar vi ng,cas t i ngor ot hers hapi ng t echni ques .F ori ns t ance,Wor l d’ sT r ade Cent r ei nNew Yor kt hati sdes i gnedbyS ant i agoCal at r ava.

S YS T EM,ORDER,KI T SOFPART S S ys t emsAr chi t ect ur ei sar es pons et ot heconcept ualand pr act i caldi f f i cul t i esoft he des cr i pt i onand t hedes i gnofcompl exs ys t ems .

Us ual l y,i ti sus i ng i nl ar gers cal eand i nmor e engi neer i ng.Buti nt ect oni c,i ti sr at hers i mpl e t hancompl ex .Ki tofpar ti sdi f f er entcomponentt hati sputt oget her .

T HEPOMPI DOU,F RANCE

S KI NANDS URF ACEPAT T ERN I ti sencl os ur eandhow t heencl os ur ei nf l uencest hei ns i de.Us ual l yi ti sus edf oraes t het i candeconomi cpur pos e.

T HEL OUVREABUDHABI ,UNI T EDARABEMI R-

CAS ES T UDY( L OCAL )

T I NG RES I DENCE T i ngRes i dence,Count r yHei ght s ,Damans ar a, Kual aL umpur .

Ar chi t ect :Ar .Wooi L okKuang T i ngRes i dencei sl ocat edonahi l l atCount r yHei ght sDamans ar a,Kual aL umpur .T hi sbui l di ngi sanor gani cs cul pt ur al f or m andi t i sal s ocons i s t sofcur vi l i nearr oof .Ot hert hant hat ,t hef acadeoft hebui l di ngi scur vedl i neswher ei ti sder i vedf om ex i s t i ngcont our l i ne.

CAS ES T UDY( L OCAL )

Ar .Wooi L okKuangt ookt het er msof‘ Pr ax i s ’whi chmeans‘ Pr act i ceof anAr t ’t ohi mf ort hecons t r uct i oncr af tandt hedet ai l s .

T heconceptoft hebui l di ngi st hes pat i al i sbas edont hequal i t yofai r f l owi ngi nt oandar oundt hehous e.T oachi evet heconcept ,t hef l oor pl ani sr es ul t edmor et owar dt oopenpl an,es peci al l yt hrl i vi ngar ea, di ni ngar eagal l er y,gymnas i um andbedr oom.

F ur t her mor e,t hecol umnont hegr oundf l oorar er epl acedwi t hani nnovat i vebui l di ngmat er i al i ns t eadoft heor di nar yconcr et ecol umn.

Mor eover ,t hel ocat i onofT i ng’ sr es i dencei ss i t uat edonas t eeps l ope t hatduet oi t ,t hei mpl ement at i onofhi ghr et ai ni ngwal l ,t hef i r s tpl at f or m t hatcanbebui l ti s60f eetabovet her oadl evel t hati sequi val entt o6 s t or eyhi ghbui l di ng.

Ar .Wooi usamanwhodoes n’ tbel i evei nbei ngs us t ai nal ef ors t at uspur pos ebutr at herbei ngs us t ai nabl ebynat ue.Hence,t her ear emul t i pl e openi ngsi nt henor t hands out hs i det oal l ow t hemax i mum dayl i ghtpent r at i on.I naddi t i on,t hemas t erbedr oom i sor i ent edonf aci ngt hewes tt o actasakeepi ngheatandbuf f erz i nef r om t hemas t erbedr oom.Duet o t hes epas s i veappr oaches ,i ti snotonl ybenef i tt heowner ’ sel ect r i ci t ybi l l buti ti sal s oaccent uat et hes ens eofl i vi ngwi t ht henat ur e.

CAS ES T UDY( I NT ERNAT I ONAL )

MARI KAAL DERT ONHOUS E Mar i kaAl der t onHous e,, Eas t er nAr nhem L and, Nor t her nT er r i t or y,Aus t r al i a.

Ar chi t ect :Gl ennMur cut t Gl ennMur cut tdes i gnedt hebui l di ngt oadaptt he hot ,t r opi cal cl i mat eofAus t r al i a’ sNor t her nT er r i t or y.

Hecons i der edt heenvi r onmentandhow t hebui l di ngwi l l r es pondt oi t senvi r onment .Hence.heus es t hel i ghtf r om s unor i ent at i on,wi ndandwat eri ncons i der at i onf orwor ki ngoutt hedet ai l soft hehous e.

Het r ackedt hemovementoft hes unanddes i gnedt he hous ef r om whatheknew woul dbei nt ens er adi at i onj us t 121/ 2degr eess out hoft heEquat or .Mur cut tknew t he aboutt hedi f f er ent i al ai rpr es s ur ef r om t hewor kofI t al i an phys i ci s t .

I naddi t i on,t hebui l di ngi t s el fi sel evat edf r om t hegr ound wher et hes t r uct ur er es t sons t i l t sf ort heai rt oci r cul at es under neat hhandi twi l l hel pt ocool t hef l oor .

CAS ES T UDY( I NT ERNAT I ONAL )

Ot her t han t hat ,Mur cut t us ed pl ywood wal l s ,t al l owwood s hut t er s ,and cor r ugat ed i r onr oof i ng.T hes e s i mpl e mat er i al s ,eas i l yas s embl ed f r om pr ef abr i cat ed uni t s ,hel pedcont ai ncons t r uct i oncos t s .

Mor eover ,t he s l at t ed s hut t t er , whi chs l at t ed meansa nar r ow s t r i p ofmet alorwood,asi n a Venet i an bl i nd and s hut t ermeansa hi nged coverors cr een f ora wi ndow,us ual l yf i t t edwi t hl ouver s ,ar eus edt oal l ow t he us er st oadj us tt hef l ow oft hes unl i ghtandbr eez esi nt o t hei nt er i ors paces .

I nconcl us i on,t he bui l di ng i sver yf unct i onalasi tgi ves pr ot ect i ont ot he us erand have mul i t pur pos es uchas s oci al f unct i onorcul t ur al f unct i on.

PROJ ECT2:

COMMUNI T YCENT RE

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE I NT RODUCT I ON PROJ ECT2i sa pr oj ectaboutl ear ni ng t he aboutdes i gni ng a communi t ycent r ef orDes apar kCi t y.Bydoi ng s o,der i vi ng t he s chooloft hought st han been t hought si nt he des i gn asa gui dancet ocr eat eas peci f i cdes i gn.

Communi t ycent r ei sa pl ace wher e peopl ef r om a par t i cul ar nei ghbour hood can meet f or s oci al event s , cl as s es or r ecr eat i onalact i vi t i es ,Al t hough s i mpl e by t he def i ni t i on,a communi t ycent r ei sdecept i vel ycr uci alt ot he hol i s t i cs oci al devel opmentofi t sr es pect i vevi ci ni t y.Wi t ht hees t abl i s hmentof a communi t y cent er ,a mul t i t ude ofbenef i t s ar ei ns t ant l y i nt r oducedt ot hecont ex t . opos edcommuni t ycent r ecanbecomeani ns pi r i ngpr oj ect Apr t hatbr i ngs t oget hert he r es i dent s s mal lgr oupsand bus i nes s es .

S ucces s f ulcommuni t y cent r e have al waysact i vel y engaged r es i dent si nt he devel opments t agesoft he s er vi cespr ovi ded.

Wor ki ng wi t hpr ovi di ngf orr es i dent si nmos tneedofs uppor ti i n or dert oi mpr ovet hes oci oeconomi c,l i f es t yl e,envi r onmentand gener alqual i t yofl i f ef ort he communi t yf ori i st he pi nnacl e of s ai ds ucces s .T hi smayal s obeachi evedbyus i ngt hecommuni t y cent r easanex usbet weens uppor t i ngcommuni t yl edact i vi t i es and mot i vat i ng l oalbus i nes s esand r es i dent st o par t i ci pat ei n s ai di ni t i at i ves .

KEYPL AN KUAL AL UMPUR

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE I NT RODUCT I ON DES APARKCI T Y A mas t erpl anned communi t yi n Kual aL umpur .I tpr ovi desa whol es ome,heal t hy l i vi ng t oi t sr es i dent sby embr aci ng New Ur bani s m pr i nci pl es .

T hi st owns hi p wasact ual l ya f or merquar r y devoi d ofr edeemi ng qual i t i esbef or e envi r onment alcl ean up andhi l l s l oper epai r smadet hear eahos pi t abl ef orl i vi ng.

S i t eear t hwor kandbui l di ngcons t r uct i onbegani n2002whi l et he mas t er pl an i t s el fhad been s t ar t ed s i nce 1999.Regar di ng t he gover nance,t he par l i amentf ort hi st owns hi pi sKepng whi l e t hepar i s hi sBat u.

Ont heot herhand,t hi st owns hi pi sl ocat edwi t hi n t hez oneofS ent ul Manj al ar a.

As i de f r om t hat , t hi st owns hi pf eat ur es19 r es i dent i alencl aves i ncl udi ng s peci al l ycr af t ed s t r at at i t l ed t er r ace homesi n gat ed andguar dedcommuni t i ess uchast heAdi va, Ador aandAmel i a homes .I naddi t i on,whatmakest hi smoder nmi x edus e5436acr e devel opment i si t s open ai r , pedes t r i an f r i endl y, and s af e envi r onmentar oundal ake.

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE L OCAT I ONPL AN DES APARKCI T Y S CAL E:NT S

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE T I MEL I NE DES APARKCI T Y B E F O R E

Bef or eDes aPar kCi t yeases t abl i s hed,t hel and wasabar r enquar r ymi net hatl eavei tdevoi d ofr edeemi ng qual i t i esand unhos pi t abl et o benef i ci al devel opment

1 9 9 0

Des aPar k Ci y wases t abl i s hed by Per dana Par kci t yS dn.Bhd.dur i ngyearof1990

1 9 9 9

Des aPar k Ci t y was occupi ed ar ound 473 acr esofover al l ofs i t e

2 0 0 0

Gr os sdevel opmentval ueoft het owns hi pwas 3bi l l i onMYRt o4bi l l i onMYR

2 0 0 2

T hes i t eear t hwor kandbui l di ngcons t r uct i oni n Des aPar k Ci t y was began. Des aPar k Ci t y appr oach an i nnvat i ve i ni t s pl acemaki ng hous i ngconceptt and al s oi ncl uded wi t ht he des i gns

2 0 0 3

L ee’ svi s i onofDes aPar kCi t yi saboutcr eat i ng s ens e ofpl ace and s pacewi t ht r ees and par ksal l wi t hi nacommuni t y

2 0 0 7

T he cent r al par k and t he mai n l ake of Des aPar k Ci t y woul d commence.

T hecl ubhous ewi t hi nt hecent r alpar kandwi l l ber eadyf orcons t r uct i on

2 0 0 8

Af t ert hewat er f r ontnei ghbour hoodmal lwas cons t r uct ed,i tbecomet hemai ncommer ci al and communi t y cent r e i n Des aPar k Ci t y dur i ngt hatt i me

2 0 1 2

Dat uk S er iYaww Chew S i ew awar dF I ABCI Mal ays i aPr oper l yMan2012t oDes aPar kCi t y

2 0 1 4

Cas amanawar d Gol d Wi nneri nPAM,MI AA and F I ABCIMal ays i a Pr oper tAwar di nt he s ame year ,t he Mans i onswasawar ded t he MI AAHonour

2 0 1 6

Pl az aAr kadi awasl auncheddur i ngt hatyear , t he Mans i on was al s o awar ded F I ABCI D’ Ex cel l ence Awar d Des aPar k Ci t y and Pr i mar y S t r eet s cape wer e awar ded I nt er nat i onal Pr oper t yAwar dst oo.

2 0 1 7

2 0 2 0

T he begi nni ng oft he pl an l aunch t ol aunch t hemedi cal of f i cebui l di ngi nDes aPar kCi t y

F ort t he f ut ur e pl anni ng ofDes aPar kCi t ywi l l be a pl ace wher et he peopl e wi l lbe t he bi ges tcommuni t yand t o ens ur et he s oci et y oft hear ea

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE S I T EMODEL DES APARKCI T Y

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE S I T ERES PONS E

DROP OF F T he dr op of fon t he s i t ei st her e becaus e of t he ci r cul l at i on of vehi cl ei nonewaydi r ect i on.

POSI T I VEVI EW S ome oft he s paces ,l i ke dead end canf ocus i ng ont hepos i t i ve vi ew i n or der t o at t r act t he at t ent i on.

I NGRESS&EGRESS T heent r ancei sonwes ts i des oi ti s eas yf orvehi cl et o ent erand ex i t t hes i t e,es peci al l yf ort hef i r et r uck oremer gencyvehi cl et or each i n t hedes t i nat i onont hes i t e.

OPENI NGS S ome aper t ur es t hatpl ay r ol es on how t hes unpas st hr oughoneas ts i de wher et hemor ni ngs unt hatcont ai ns vi t ami nDwhi chi sgoodf orheal t h.

VEHI CL ECI RCUL AT I ON ON I T E T he di r ec t i on S o f vehi cl e

ci r cul at i oni s j us tont hewes tt o s out hs i de onl yast o mi ni mi z e t he us age oft he r oad ast hi s communi t y cent r ei sf ocus i ng onpedes t r i anwal ki ng.

CONT ROL L I NG T HEHOTAI R Cont r ol l i ng t he s i z e ofopeni ng i n hi gherl evelbecaus e hotai rf l ows i n hi gherl evelt o pr eventa l otof hotai rf l owsi n.

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE S WOTANAL YS I S St r engt h

Weaknes s

Ahi ghl ydes i r abl e r es i dent i al ar ea

Pr oduces a s t r ong communi t yamong i t sr es i dent s

I ndependent f r om ot her communi t i es out s i de

Equi pped s uf f i ci ent ameni t i es

wi t h publ i c

Cut of ff r om out er communi t i es

L ackofpubl i c t r ans por t at i on

L i mi t edl ands pace f orf ut ur e devel opment s

Hi ghmai nt enance f ort hecos tof s t andar di z at i on

Oppor t uni t y Economi cgr owt h wi t hi nt het ownhs i p

Pot ent i al f orvar i ous pr ogr amsduet ohi gh popul at i ondens i t y

Mai nt ai nsas t andar d f orot hert owns hi ps

Ex per i ment at i onof new t echnol ogy

T hr eat s Di f f i cul t y on r eques t i ng ai d f r om out ercommuni t i esi n t heemer genci es

Us eofpr i vat e t r ans por t at i on i ncr eas escar bon emi s s i on

Over popul at i onwhen l andsar eus edup compl et el y

I ncr eas edcos tof l i vi ng

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE Concept :Wander l us t meanst hes t r ongdes i r et omakepeopl ewal ki ngandex pl or e

Peopl ei nDes aPar kCi t yal waysgot ot hepar kanddoheal t hy act i vi t i ess uch asj oggi ng,wal ki ng t he dogsand pl ayatt he pl aygr ound.I nt hemeant i me,t heyar es ur r oundedbyas eaof peopl ebutt heyar es t i l l noti nt er act i ngwi t heachot her .Hence, t hi scommuni t y cent r ei sf orpeopl et o wal k ar oung doi ng heal t hyact i vi t i eswhi l emaki ngi nt er act i onswi t heachot her .By doi ng s o,due t oi nt er act i ons ,i tcan mot i vat espeopl et o do act i vi t i es t oget heragai n and i t can s t r engt hen t he bond bet weent hecommuni t y.

DI VERS I T Y

ECOF RI ENDL Y

POS H

HEAL T HY

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE

S T RAT EGI ES

EXPL ORE

ARTEXHI BI T I ON

I NT ERACT I ON

VARI ET I ES

CONNECT ED

F ORM DEVEL OPMENT

Get t i ngani ns pi r at i onf r om maz el ayoutwher eus ual l y peopl eneedt oex pl or et o f i ndaway

Overl ayt hes hapes amongeachot hert o cr eat et r ans i t i oni nver t i cal

S t ar t i ngf f r om cubef or m and s ubt r actt hemi ddl epar tf ora cour t yar dorcommunal s pace

Us i ngj engabl ockt opl ayar oundas t ogetaf or m.T hi si sduet ooneof

Ar r angi ngt hecubes hapes t oget hert os how at r as i nt i onof s pacewi t hi nas pace

Ar r anget hebl ocksi n hor i z ant al andver t i cal way t os how s ubt r act i oni and addi t i onofs omes paces .

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE CAS ES T UDI ES

J engahous ebySouF uj i mot o Get t i ngani ns pi r at i onf r om t hear r angementof habi t abl ef ur ni t ur ewhi cht hepr oducti sver yuni que andhavei t spos s i bi l i t yt omakepeopl ei nt er actt o eachot her .

NumenF orUs ebySvenJ onke,Chr i s t oph Kat z l erandNi kol aRadel j kovi ću T hef l atl ayer soft henetar es ubs equent l y connect edt ooneanot heroncount er poi nt st hus f or mi nga“f l oat i ngl ands cape"openf orvi s i t or st o cl i mbi nandex pl or e.

UnderAr mourConnect edF i t nes sbyBohl i n Cywi ns kiJ acks on T hewayhecr eat edt heF i t nes scent r et hathasal ot ofever ys pacesar eadapt i vet oanyki ndsof act i vi t i esi nt hebui l di ngs uchaswor ks hop,wor ki ng s paceandchi l l i ngar ea.

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE BUI L DI NG PROGRAMMES

F I RS TF L OOR

MUL T I PURPOS E HAL L

L OADI NG / UNL OADI NG BAY

GROUNDF L OOR

S ECONDF L OOR WC & CHANGI NG ROOM

ART EXHI BI T I ON

NUMENNET S

PL AYZ ONE WC

VI EWI NG AREA

ROCK CL I MBI NG WAL L

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE S I T EPL AN ROOFPL AN S CAL E:NT S

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE S UBBAS EMENTPARKI NG S CAL E:NT S

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE GROUNDF L OOR S CAL E:NT S

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE S ECONDF L OOR S CAL E:NT S

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE S ECONDF L OOR S CAL E:NT S

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE EL EVAT I ONS S CAL E:NT S S out hel evat i on

Wes tel evat i on

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE EL EVAT I ONS S CAL E:NT S S ect i onAA

S et i onBB

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE WAL LS ECT I ON S CAL E:NT S

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE DET AI LDRAWI NG S CAL E:NT S

L ocat i ont ubeorequi val ent

Hol di ngdownbol t s Anchorpl at es

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE S US T AI NABI L I T Y S ECT I ONALPERS PECT I VE

Cur t ai nWal l

S CAL E:NT S

-Cur t ai n wal l sal s o vas t l yi mpr ove t he t her mal ef f i ci encyofabui l di ng.

-I ns t al l at i ons can add a l ayer of i ns ul at i ont hatcani ncr eas et he ener gy ef f i ci encyofyourbui l di ng herl ayerofmat er i alacr os st he -Anot bui l di ng, cur t ai n wal l s ar e abl e t o s t abi l i z et het emper at ur ewi t hi nandcut down on t he oper at i ng cos t s oft he bui l di ngi t s el f . az i ngcanr educeUVl i ght ,whi chwi l l -Gl keep i t ems wi t hi n t he bui l di ng f r om f adi ngordegr adi ngqui ckl y

Ver t i cal L ouver -Reduci ngt her aysoft her un t hatent eri nt or oomst heheat i ndexwi l l al s os t ar tt odr op. t can al s o l et t he ai r -I vent i l at esi nast hecol dai rar e f r om t hatdi r ect i onwhi chcan l ett heai rt of l ow t hr oughi n.

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE AXONOMET RI C S ERVI CES S CAL E:NT S

T OPF L OOR WAT ERT ANK

S ECONDF L OOR

F I RS TF L OOR

GROUNDF L OOR

S UBBAS EMENT WAT ERF L OW

WAT ERPUMPROOM F I REES CAPE

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE RENDER EXT ERI OR

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE RENDER EXT ERI OR

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE RENDER I NT ERI OR-NET

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE RENDER I NT ERI OR-COURT YARD

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE RENDER I NT ERI OR-CAF E

PROJ ECT2:COMMUNI T YCENT RE RENDER I NT ERI OR-READI NG AREA

APPENDI X

APPENDI X

APPENDI X