Sariwang Sugat: Pagbabalik-tanaw sa Kalagayan ng Negros noong 1980s

Sariwang Sugat:

Pagbabalik-tanaw sa Kalagayan ng Negros noong 1980s

R A G SCUANE T N E M Y O L P M E R

FOOD WAGE famine SCARCITY HI

STORY n E o i D t i N r U t u n l a w a m L l a AGRARIAN Marti

REFORM

About AGRIHISTORYA AgriHistorya is an advocacy group aiming to increase historical awareness, raise consciousness, and provide information regarding the Negros famine during the 1980s to the junior high school students of Bokod National High School in Benguet. With the advocacy campaign Sariwang Sugat: Pagbabalik-tanaw sa Kalagayan ng Negros noong 1980s, Agrihistorya seeks to achieve the following objectives: To recall the Negros famine during the 1980s and scout the target beneficiaries, participants, community, and school, in preparation of creating an efficient and effective advocacy campaign plan and deliverables To evaluate the lessons that may be obtained from the Negros famine during the 1980s To inform the target beneficiaries of the vital role of history in improving present situations To create an informative, easy to understand, and visually compelling booklet that contains the history of the Negros famine during the 1980s and the lessons that may be learnt from the tragedy To create an evaluation form to be answered by the participants in which the evaluation form contains reflective questions such as what they have learned and how they plan to apply their learning from the booklet

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this advocacy campaign would not have been possible without the assistance and guidance from our course facilitator, Ms. Rosaly P. Malate, Ph.D. Our team wants to extend our heartfelt gratitude to her for her unwavering support all throughout this advocacy campaign as well as her invaluable advice and suggestions that guided us towards the completion of our goal. We’d also like to express our appreciation for each group member’s active participation and cooperation.

The fulfillment of this advocacy campaign is all through because of everyone’s efforts and hard work. We appreciate everyone’s contribution of their knowledge and skills and engaging in such a fruitful and inspiring initiative. Above all, we want to express our gratitude to our Almighty God for providing us with the power, wisdom, and ability to carry out this advocacy campaign.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

12 13

The Negros Famine as a part of SDG Development

04

The vital role of martial law to progressing the famine

14

Lessons that may be obtained from the Negros famine during the 1980s

06

Negros Famine condition

16

Definition of Terms

08

Agrarian reform during Martial Law

18

Reflection

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law

19

References

01 02

Introduction

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The Negros Famine

What does the history of the Negros famine tell us?

History can be the richest of all stories, the saddest of stories, and the most shocking as it is a story of people in all places.

The Negros famine during the 1980s reveals how a quarter of a million workers had lost their jobs and were unable to feed themselves and their families, which resulted in widespread poverty, hunger, and malnutrition. The severe famine progressively destroyed the lives of people in Negros, and it was one of the country’s remaining traces of harsh conditions during the 1980s. The situation of Negros in the 1980s was a tragedy from history that should be remembered and learned from. Thus, AgriHistorya offers a booklet to evaluate the turn of events in Negros during the 1980s and prevent the predicament from similarly happening again, guiding individuals to gain a realistic viewpoint when understanding and resolving present and future problems. As a wise man had said, history does not repeat itself, but it rhymes.

01

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/stark-photos-of-the-philippine-revolution-that-took-down-a-dictator

Food crises have periodically recurred in Negros since the 19th century according to an analysis of the city's development trajectory. Food scarcity is strongly tied to capital expansion, land fencing, and the concentration of land and labor in the growing sugarcane plantations in Negros, as evidenced by the records and documents of the Spanish colonial government (Lopez-Gonzaga, 1990).

Philippine port

Emergence and flourishing of international trade during the A photo of Negros Hacienderos of Basque-Spanish Origin 19th century This emergence brought A photo of Negros Hacienderos of Basque-Spanish Origin about changes in this part of Traders became “hacenderos” in Negros the South Central Philippines British and Chinese-Spanish traders benefited from the changes, (Lopez-Gonzaga, 1990). many of which even became hacenderos (Lopez-Gonzaga, 1990).

Migration of people to Negros People, regardless of social class, migrated to Negros and this widespread migration opened Negros’ borders to land colonization (LopezGonzaga, 1990).

Cyclical Famine Without their lands, the people were dependent on their wages. Hence, during off-milling seasons wherein there is reduced or no work at all, reduced caloric intake, hunger, and poor nutrition became rampant. Workers face this similar situation year after year, referred to as a cyclical famine or “gutom” (Lopez-Gonzaga, 1990).

02

Displacement of the people of Negros from their lands One of the repercussions of the flourishing trade and economy to the people of Negros was displacement from their lands.

Resistance to conversion and incorporation into the colonial society resulted in the destruction of fields (LopezGonzaga, 1990).

Cycles of food shortages This displacement and destruction gave way to cycles of food shortages among the natives of Negros (LopezGonzaga, 1990).

Underdevelopment of the industrial structures of Western Visayas The persistent social abuse and dominance of sugarcane production led to the Social abuse Generation after generation underdevelopment of Western were subjected to cyclical Visayas’ industrial structures famine due to social abuse (Lopez-Gonzaga, 1990). from people with high social status and power derived from owning and controlling sugarcane plantations (LopezGonzaga, 1990).

Negros was plagued by famine.

The laboring class of Negros was plagued by famine from the second half of the 19th century onwards (Lopez-Gonzaga, 1990).

Food scarcity became an annual experience The growing commitment to sugarcane production and the limited infrastructure development rendered the laboring class vulnerable to hunger (Lopez-Gonzaga, 1990).

State of “invisible famine” The worst point was reached with the emergence of a state of “invisible famine”, a condition of physical deterioration among workers and their families during the mid-1980s (Lopez-Gonzaga, 1990).

Less worker resistance due to increases in sugar prices At the end of the 1980s, worker resistance was lessened due to increases in sugar prices (Kreuzer, 2011).

03

Collapse of the world sugar market a few years later and prices went to a low 3 cents per pound.

The world sugar market collapsed and prices went to a low 3 cents per pound. With the decreasing price of sugar in the global market, its value as the major export crop of the country decreased over time (Kreuzer, 2011).

Unemployment of about 190,000 workers The National Trading Corporation could not pay the planters, and the planters could not pay off their debts as well as the wages of their workers.

The collapse of the world sugar market resulted in the unemployment of about 190,000 workers and farmers (Kreuzer, 2011).

Famine further ensued The dependence of people to sugar production led to massive displacement of workers, widespread poverty, and famine conditions from 1984 to early 1986 (LopezGonzaga, 1990). One million sugar workers and their families were placed on famine alert globally. The island of Negros became the new worldwide basket case for hunger (Tadem, 2022).

The declaration of Martial Law in 1972 threatened the survival of the sugar industry and those that relied on it. Sugar’s value as a key export crop of the country decreased over time as its price in the global market dropped. This led to a decline of the sugar industry, which enraged many displaced peasants and unemployed workers. In fact, because people that lived in the province relied on sugar production, this dependence resulted in displaced workers, widespread poverty, and famine conditions at the height of the crisis from 1984 to early 1986 (Lopez-Gonzaga, 1990).

Apart from the declining global sugar prices per metric ton from $222 in 1970 to $90 in 1980, the sugar industry was neither helped nor supported by the government policies during the Marcos regime. Instead, the government controlled the sugar industry, paying planters 13 cents for a pound for their sugar then reselling the sugar for 40 cents a pound in the global market. As such, rather than having private planters receive profits from their operations, these went to the government.

This resulted in extra money for Marcos and his cronies, particularly Benedicto, who was head of the sugar marketing corporation made by the government (y Quijano & Vidal, 1987).

Compared to the twenty pounds wage a few years ago, the minimum wage was fixed at $1.36 per day. This was barely enough to buy five pounds of rice, considering that the workdays in a year were only 180 days. As such, malnutrition increased, contributing to high infant mortality rates (y Quijano & Vidal, 1987).

In 1985, sugar prices dropped to $0.04 a pound compared to a price per pound of $0.65 in 1975, while domestic sugar production cost $0.11 a pound. Hence, to cut losses, the production and plantation areas were drastically reduced. Around 100,000 sugar workers were dismissed as sugar mills closed down, while those that stayed had their salaries reduced (Tadem, 2022).

Sugar production and marketing in the Philippines were under the control of the corrupt government authorities during the Marcos regime. Even with favorable market conditions, the sugar industry would have still struggled to survive due to the mismanagement of funds. The national economic crisis contributed to the high prices of goods, increasing prices of oil, machines, spare parts, and fertilizers for sugar production (Coote, 1987). With this, one million Filipino sugar workers and their families were placed on famine alert globally. The island of Negros, which is the primary sugar producer of the Philippines, had become the rival of Africa as the new worldwide basket case for hunger (Tadem, 2022).

05

Joel Ablong — the face of the starving children during the Negros Famine

With the Philippines exporting the majority of its sugar to the United States, a decline in its importation occurred due the switch from sugar to High Fructose Corn Syrup. The country’s export market then became limited and the sugar industry, which was already struggling, had a reduced production (Coote, 1987).

LAST QUARTER OF 1983

Hunger gradually impacted the lives of many in Negros. The famine in Negros became severe that the province was dubbled "the Philippines' Ethiopia" at this time (Tumangan, 1993).

FROM 1984 THROUGH 1986

Negros faced a food crisis. Sugar cane was the only crop planted on the island; thus, 250,000 sugar cane farmers had lost their jobs. Due to their unemployment, they were unable to support themselves or their families.

While Negrenses found means of livelihood through the small plots that surrounded their homes and tried to grow food on limited sections of the ground along the side of the road, many were jobless and these means were not enough for them to get by (Coote, 1987).

On the island of Negros, hunger became a greater threat. A million people starved and 140,000 children suffered from second and third-degree malnutrition (Rubrico, 2018).

IN APRIL 1989

Hostile military operations resulted in forced displacement of the people of Negros from the foundation of their livelihood production. Because of this, the famine on the island worsened.

Forced relocation caused by these military operations and by the New People’s Army or the NPA led to food insecurity and severe malnourishment, partly due to insufficient relief resources and government aid (LopezGonzaga, 1990).

07

September 21, 1972 the Period of the New Society emerged.

08

With the Philippines exporting the majority of its sugar to the United States, a decline in its importation occurred due the switch from sugar to High Fructose Corn Syrup. The country’s export market then became limited and the sugar industry, which was already struggling, had a reduced production (Coote, 1987).

On September 21, 1972, the Period of the New Society emerged Under the Presidential Decree (PD) No. 2 (Department of Agrarian Reform, 2022) The Philippines was declared as a land reform area five days after the proclamation of Martial Law. The Agrarian Reform Council was established.

All government agencies and offices were ordered to cooperate and help the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR), which was established through Republic Act No. 6390 of 1971 and Republic Act No. 6389, otherwise known as the Code of Agrarian Reform.

In order to ensure mass support for the New Society, land reform was considered a priority in policy agendas during the early years of Martial Law. Despite this, the implementation of the agrarian reform was halfhearted and incomplete. This may be said as well for the implementation of Presidential Decree No. 27, which was made for "the emancipation of the tiller from the bondage of the soil" (Lopez-Gonzaga, 1988).

09

Instead of sugar production, the Union's Cooperative Farm Lots Programme aimed to shift some of Negros’ land toward food production. This entailed mobilizing workers to negotiate with the landowners to obtain land for food production. This worked out well as their condition was improving and some were already harvesting food crops. Moreover, the end of Martial Law and Marcos’ New Society was marked by a Constitution ratified by the Filipino people (Coote, 1987).

Article II, Section 21 of the new Constitution “The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform” (Department of Agrarian Reform, 2022).

Republic Act No. 6657 This is also known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law, which the administration of President Corazon C. Aquino put forth on June 10, 1988 and is still being implemented until today (Department of Agrarian Reform, 2022).

It seeks to promote social justice and industrialization that provides the necessary mechanisms for its implementation among other purposes (Department of Agrarian Reform, 2022).

Executive Order No.129-A It was established during President Corazon C. Aquino’s administration to expand the scope of power and operations conducted by the DAR (Department of Agrarian Reform, 2022).

People of Negros are still far from being free of poverty, but a good start has been made for them by the private sector’s initiative. The movement for change has given Negros the hope and faith to a new lease of life (Lopez-Gonzaga, 1988). Although laws and decrees have been in place for the better part of the century, agrarian reform remains an unfinished business in the Philippines (Department of Agrarian Reform, 2022).

10

With the sugar crisis in Negros leading to thousands of malnourished children, UNICEF responded to the malnutrition during the Negros famine by implementing various interventions and solutions. Famine on the island during the 1980s served as a reminder that sustainable development must address food insecurity and longstanding hunger due to the sugarcane fields operated by landowners who have the right to decide what, where, when, and how to plant on their land (Sanchez, 2011).

Until 1994, UNICEF continued to support and reinforce these operations. This resulted in a

25% decrease in malnutrition on the island of Negros Occidental (Rubrico, 2018).

UNICEF’s response to malnutrition during the Negros famine (Rubrico, 2018) Collaborated with the government and had put up over 2,000 feeding stations that served ‘super snacks,’ which are food supplements comprised of rice, mung beans, skim milk, cocoa, and vitamin A. Gave 25,000 packs of high-germination vegetable seeds, which were delivered to 11,500 families, 50 primary schools, and 450 communities, and built gardens and plots in the same places where these seeds were distributed.

Promoted nutrition education along with growth monitoring programs to support the initiatives of the organization.

Sustainable Development Goal 2 addresses malnutrition and aims to ‘end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture’ (WHO, 2015). The World Health Organization's categorization of undernutrition rates showed that the incidence of stunted children in the Philippines is still of ‘very high public health significance’. As such, this shows why it is necessary for the Philippine government to prioritize in addressing this underlying issue (Mbuya et. al., 2021). The country's ongoing issue of chronic malnutrition is a human development crisis that requires immediate and serious attention.

With this, strengthening and addressing the nutritional status of children becomes crucial and it should be at the forefront of health and economic policy discussions (Ulep, 2021).

12

Negrenses suffered from extreme hunger because not many had jobs after nearly a quarter of a million sugar workers were laid off.

People in the villages were trying to scrape out a life on over-cultivated plots near their houses and striving to grow food on the limited areas of land along the roadway.

During the Negros famine, there were landlessness, low wages, terrible working conditions, and an insufficient supply of essential utilities or services including clean water, health care, and education (Coote, 1987).

Important Information History teaches us lessons from the past in order to make wiser decisions in the present.

Malnutrition currently affects 15-16 million Filipinos in the Philippines.

Martial law was one of the factors that led to the Negros Famine in which Negros was as famished as a desert that had been destroyed by drought.

Hunger was a constant threat on the island of Negros. Due to social abuse, the people of Negros eventually experienced severe and widespread poverty, hunger, and malnutrition.

Raise Consciousness

History opens various doors to how the sugar industry crisis in Negros happened and intensified, resulting in famine and the malnutrition of many. Negros was considered to be one of the wealtheist islands in the Phillipines. The fertility of lands and cheap labor provided a launching pad for some locals to become wealthy by cultivating sugar cane on the lands. However, Negros became vulnerable to starvation due to the lack of land to utilize for growing foods and crops. As a result, people’s health, particularly children’s health, deteriorated rapidly during the Negros famine (Coote, 1987).

1984

In 1984, the National Secretariat of Social Action conducted a survey. It was found that 66% of children under the age of 7 years old were malnourished. Most of them were malnourished to a degree ranging from first/mild to second/moderate.

1985

In 1985, UNICEF conducted a survey and it was found that 40% of children under the age of 14 years old were suffering from severe malnutrition.

1986

In 1986, it was estimated that almost 73% of children in certain parts of Negros were malnourished. Children began to lose weight and were often admitted or readmitted to the hospital as a result of the shortage of food and severe lack of nourishment among families.

MAY 1986

IIn May 1986, severely malnourished children filled the malnutrition ward of Bacolod City Hospital.

With most families in Negros depending on the sugar industry for thier livelihood, after the crisis happned, the health and nutrition situtation of the people was at its lowest during the Negros famine in the 1980s (Coote, 1987).

14

A situation similar to that of Negros famine is replicated across the country. While different, it is still an alarming scale. Reports have shown that malnutrition in the Philippines, particularly among children, has reached alarming levels (Tumangan 1993). In the Philippines, 15-26 million Filipinos suffer from malnutrition. Children who are underweight are common, with 2 out of 10 being underweight. The prevalence of underweight among Filipino children increased markedly from 20% in 2013 to 21.5% in 2015. The Philippines was categorized as food insecure by the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Integrated Food Security Classification. In addition to that, according to the analysis conducted by the Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), among 109 countries, the Philippines’ food security ranking declined from 62 in 2011 to 72 in 2017 (Honcolada-Genove, 2020). The history of the sugar-producing island of Negros in the Philippines tells us of a crisis that resulted in widespread famine. Therefore, in order to set our goals in the present, we must understand and learn how painful their lived experiences were from history.

Lessons that may be obtained from the Negros famine during the 1980s

Riza Casarmel holds her daughter Honeylove, one of her nine children, in a sugarcane field on Hacienda Carmen, near Murcia, Negros Occidental, in 2010.

DEFINITION OF TERMS Definitions of terms were provided to unlock gray areas within the scope of the project. This section will serve as a guide to better understand the meaning of particular terms and how they were used in the context of the advocacy campaign. Furthermore, the following terms and definitions were listed and arranged alphabetically so that they are easier to locate.

AGRARIAN REFORM Agrarian Reform is a policy of development involving redistributing lands, providing infrastructure and services, and programs that focus on redistributive and democratic reforms. ‘Agrarian reform’ has been used synonymously with ‘land reform’ but it has been found to have a wider meaning than the latter (Jacobs, 2010). The agrarian reform, particularly during the martial law, was mentioned in the paper as one of the contributing factors to the Negros famine.

FAMINE Famine is characterized by a scarcity of food in a region for an extended period of time, posing a threat to the area (Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries, 2022). The advocacy campaign will discuss matters about the Negros famine, which occurred during the 1980s, caused by the crisis in the sugar industry and employment losses. This crisis resulted in an extremely widespread famine or severe starvation affecting the health, nutrition, and lives of many people in Negros.

FOOD SCARCITY Food scarcity or food shortage is the decrease in the availability of food, which is considered as a crisis situation (Maharatna, 2014). In the advocacy campaign, food scarcity refers to the shortage of food, which is a yearly crisis experienced by the people living in Negros.

FOOD SECURITY Food security is a state of having adequate, safe, nutritious food available to the entire population, at all times, to meet the diet needs and likes for an active and healthy life. This was outlined at the 1996 FAO Rome World Food Summit (Pérez-Escamilla, 2017). As part of the advocacy campaign, the term food security was used to identify the nutrition situation of the Philippines.

LABOR Labor is another term for work, particularly those that involve physical work (Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries, 2022). Labor was used the advocacy campaign as a term that would define the planting of sugar canes by the Negros farmers.

MALNUTRITION Malnutrition is having too little or too much nutrient intake, essential nutrient imbalances, or the use of nutrients are impaired (World Health Organization, 2019). The advocacy campaign emphasized malnutrition as an outcome of the Negros famine.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS MARTIAL LAW Martial Law is a temporary state of emergency when civil authorities are unable to function. Though Martial Law is designated temporarily, it can extend for good. It usually involves suspending civil rights in favor of extending military control and/or law to the citizens (Gaur, et.al., 2021). The paper discusses the crucial role of martial law during the Marcos regime in the progression of the sugar industry crisis and famine in Negros.

NUTRITION Nutrition is the process by which humans get the food they need to grow and stay healthy (Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries, 2022). It is an important part of human health and development, with better nutrition being related to better health and longer life among people (World Health Organization, 2019). One of the main focus of the advocacy campaign was to determine the nutritional status of people during the Negros famine in the 1980s and the current nutrition situation of the Philippines.

POVERTY Poverty is defined as a state of being poor and having lack of financial means or insufficient income (Haushofer & Fehr, 2014). Poverty was explained in the advocacy campaign as one of the widespread issues in Negros during the 1980s caused by the crisis in their sugar industry.

SOCIAL ABUSE Social abuse is a form of abuse in which the abuser tries to control or scare the victim by reducing the victim’s sense of identity, independence, and self -worth (National Domestic and Family Bench Book, 2021). In this advocacy campaign, we look closely at the social abuse done by the people who owned sugar plantation lands in Negros to the natives, specifically the farmers.

STUNTING Stunting is characterized by a height less than two standard deviations below the child growth standards median of the World Health Organization (WHO). It is simply being too short for one’s age and a well-known indicator of poor growth and development in children (World Health Organization, 2014). The term stunting was highlighted in the advocacy campaign as one of the common nutrition-related issues among children in the Philippines.

SUGAR Sugar in the advocacy campaign refers to sugar cane, which is a tropical plant with tall and thick stems from which sugar is harvested (Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries, 2022). Sugar production is the livelihood of the Negros farmers. Sugar cane was a crop that was planted and produced in Negros, but it was also one of the causes of famine after their sugar industry faced crisis.

17

WAGE Wage is the regular amount of money that an individual earns for work or services usually every week or month (Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries, 2022). The term wage was used in the advocacy campaign to refer to the amount of money that sugar workers earn or receive.

Now, it’s your turn to be the author of a better history and the maker of a brighter future.

01

As a junior high school student, what do you think is the importance of learning history in your life?

02

How will knowing and understanding history help you make a better future for yourself and your community?

03

What do you think is the importance of studying history in improving the nutrition situation of Filipinos?

04

What is the most significant lesson that you have learned from the occurrences in Negros during the 1980s?

05

How would you apply the lessons that you have learned to make sure the occurrences in Negros during the 1980s does not happen in your community?

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Coote, B. (1987). The hunger crop: Poverty and the sugar industry. Oxfam GB. Accessed April 21, 2022.

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Gaur, A., Augustyn, A., Lotha, G., Rodriguez, E. (2021). Martial law. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/martial-law.

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Honculada-Genove, J. (2020). Nutrition security through sustainable home garden food production initiatives. Philippine Social Science Journal, 3(1), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v3i1.116. Accessed April 21, 2022.

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Kreuzer, P. (2011). Domination in Negros Occidental: Variants on a ruling oligarchy. Peace Research Institute Frankfurt. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep14544. Accessed April 20, 2022.

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from

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Accessed May 7, 2022.

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Accessed May 7, 2022.

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(2022).

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from

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Mbuya, N., Demombynes, G., Piza, S.F., Adona, A.J. (2021). Undernutrition in the Philippines: Scale, scope, and opportunities for nutrition policy and programming. International Development in Focus: Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35530. Accessed April 20, 2022.

Perez, J. S. (2020). Climate change, risk, and resiliency in Benguet province, Philippines. North Carolina State University. Accessed April 18, 2022.

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World Health Organization. (2019). Nutrition. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/nutrition. Accessed May 7, 2022. y Quijano, A., Vidal, J. (1987). The Philippines in the twentieth century: Social change in recent decades. Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-1z70-0118. Accessed April 23, 2022.