Bermudagrass
Planning for the Future
Halloween has come and gone and now Thanksgiving and Christmas are on the horizon. Hopefully, you have everything in place for fall/winter and the grind starts to ease a bit.
In this issue, you’ll find the schedule and details for our upcoming annual conference. Continuing education is key to keep your skills sharp, and to stay upto-date on all the new equipment, technology and regulations you need for a successful season. Please don’t miss an opportunity to learn and grow in your professional skills – register today!
Also in this issue, you’ll find an article highlighting all the ways your off season can be as productive as the growing season. In fact, a great off season can create a better growing season. This is just another way you can plan for the future!
While the kids are hoarding their Halloween candy, it’s a great time to think about carb storage for your turf. Contact one of our vendors who will have a solution for you. Without these people, TTA would not be where it is today.
I hope you all have a great fall. I am looking forward to seeing you in January.
Ryan Storey
TTA President
The Tennessee Turfgrass Association serves its members in the industry through education, promotion and representation. The statements and opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the association, its staff, or its board of directors, Tennessee Turfgrass Magazine, or its editors. Likewise, the appearance of advertisers, or Turfgrass Association members, does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services featured in this, past or subsequent issues of this quarterly publication. Copyright © 2025 by the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. Tennessee Turfgrass is published bi-monthly. Subscriptions are complimentary to members of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. Third-class postage is paid at Jefferson City, MO. Printed in the U.S.A. Reprints and Submissions: Tennessee Turfgrass allows reprinting of material. Permission requests should be directed to the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. We are not responsible for unsolicited freelance manuscripts and photographs. Contact the managing editor for contribution information. Advertising: For display and classified advertising rates and insertions, please contact Leading Edge Communications, LLC, 206 Bridge Street, Suite 200, Franklin, TN 37064, (615) 790-3718, Fax (615) 794-4524.
The Official Publication of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, the Tennessee Valley Sports Field Management Association and the Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
400 Franklin Road Franklin, Tennessee 37069 (615) 928-7001
info@ttaonline.org www.ttaonline.org
PUBLISHED BY
Leading Edge Communications, LLC 206 Bridge Street Franklin, Tennessee 37064 (615) 790-3718 info@leadingedgecommunications.com
EDITOR Dr. James Brosnan
TTA OFFICERS
President Ryan Storey Line to Line LLC
Vice President
Ryan Blair, CGCS Holston Hills Country Club
Secretary / Treasurer Bart Cash Crossroads Sod Farm
Past President
Chris Sykes
PGA Golf Club
Executive Director
Melissa Martin
Tennessee Turfgrass Association
TTA BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Adam Adkins
Jason Bradley Ben Dodd
Dan Johnson
TTA
Tom Samples
Dr. Dennis Shepard
Dr. John Sorochan
Dr. Wes Totten
60th ANNUAL TTA CONFERENCE & TRADESHOW
• Pesticide Session Registration – You must use this link to register: https://ttaonline.org/event-5855227
• Online Vendor Registration
• Tradeshow Floorplan
• Conference Schedule
• Hotel Information: https://www.hilton.com/en/attend-my-event/ tnturfgrassassociationconference/
• Exhibit / Tradeshow / Sponsorship Information
• Awards Luncheon
On December 1st all registration fees will increase. You are encouraged to register early.
Full Conference Registration: $450
One Day Pass for Monday: $375 – This does not include the pesticide exam. You must use this link to register for the pesticide exam: https://ttaonline.org/event-5855227
One Day Pass for Tuesday: $375
One Day Pass Wednesday: $100
Since 1965, the Tennessee Turfgrass Association has held strong to its core mission: To promote the turfgrass industry through education, scholarship and research. We invite you to join us at this year’s conference and trade show at the Embassy Suites Hotel in Murfreesboro. This year’s conference features an excellent education program and an expanded tradeshow floor, plus our annual Stars of the Industry awards recognitions! This is a conference you will not want to miss!
REGISTRATION
Registration available online by visiting www.ttaonline.org Everyone is encouraged to register early to take advantage of the discounted registration rates.
HOTEL RESERVATIONS
The TTA has reserved a block of room at The Embassy Suites Hotel in Murfreesboro until December 1. After December 1, reservations will be subject to availability and regular rates. The TTA rate is $176. Please call (615) 890-4464 to make your room reservation and reference The Tennessee Turfgrass Association group code TTG.
LOCATION
The Embassy Suites Hotel in Murfreesboro is located at 1200 Conference Center Boulevard, Murfreesboro, TN 37129. From I-24 East or West take exit 76 Medical Center Parkway. Head north on Medical Center Parkway, hotel is located on the right. It is located 29 miles (35 minutes) from the Nashville airport (BNA). You may reach the hotel by calling 615-890-4464.
PESTICIDE POINTS
Applications for pesticide points will be submitted to Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and Mississippi.
GCSAA Continuing Education
This program will be submitted for GCSAA continuing education.
CANCELLATION POLICY
All cancellations and substitutions must be received in writing. They may be emailed to info@ttaonline.org. Full refunds will be made if written notice of cancellation is received on or before December 1, 2025. After December 1, 2025, and prior to December 13, 2025 one half of the per person fee will be refunded. No refunds will be made for cancellations received after December 13, 2025. The association has to provide all food guarantees to the hotel on December 13 and is no longer able to lower those numbers.
Substitutions are always welcome.
MORE INFORMATION
For more information, call The Association office at 615-928-7001, email info@ttaonline.org.
60 th ANNUAL TTA CONFERENCE SCHEDULE
MONDAY,
Time Description
JANUARY 5
8:00 - 8:15
8:15 - 9:15
9:15 - 10:15
WELCOME & OPENING REMARKS
Ryan Storey, TTA President
PERCEPTION VS. REALITY
Dr. Paul Giordano - Harrell’s LLC
An exploration of how scientific reasoning helps separate fact from fiction in turfgrass management.
STATE OF THE TURF: EMERGING TRENDS IN GOLF AND BEYOND
Dr. Jim Brosnan, Dr. Brandon Horvath, and Dr. Becky Bowling - University of Tennessee
UT faculty and attendees have an open discussion to explore emerging trends in golf and their connections to the broader turf industry, with a focus on troubleshooting today’s challenges and anticipating future needs.
10:15 - 10:30 BREAK
UPDATE FROM GCSAA GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS
Chava McKeel - GCSAA
10:30 - 12:00
Workshops
Training for the Tennessee Department of Agriculture
Pesticide Certification Exam
Dr. Darrell Hensley, University of Tennessee
Learn all you need for the Category 3 Exams required to be a certified application in TN.
This program is from 8 AM - 5 PM and you must pre-register for it.
GCSAA is the leader in advocacy in the golf industry. During this information session, you will be provided an update on the work of the GCSAA Government Affairs team as they focus on water, pesticide, labor and power equipment issues at all levels of government. You will also learn about ways to stay on top of government issues impacting your golf facility as well as well hear about case studies in successful advocacy engagement.
12:00 - 1:30 TTA AWARDS LUNCHEON AND ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING
QUICK CUTS: SURFACTANTS IN ACTION
Zoe Haub Hinton - University of Tennessee
1:30 - 1:50
A snapshot of current surfactant studies in fairways, including key observations and management considerations for turf professionals.
QUICK CUTS: INSIGHTS FROM STUDYING THE FUNGAL PATHOGEN AND TURFGRASS INTERACTION
Dillon McCallum - University of Tennessee
1:50 - 2:10
2:10- 2:30
2:30 – 3:30
In this presentation, we will discuss how dollar spot interacts with creeping and colonial bentgrass and conclusions drawn from this cutting edge study that may impact how we treat fungal pathogens moving forward. We will discuss how this research will impact future breeding work, how peptide therapies in humans may apply to plants, and future studies can further this research's end goal.
QUICK CUTS: WEEVILS ON THE MOVE
Dr. Midhula Gireesh - University of Tennessee
A short introduction to annual bluegrass weevil and hunting billbug, two insects gaining attention as emerging turfgrass pests in Tennessee.
BEYOND THE GRASS: PRACTICAL TREE AND ORNAMENTAL CARE FOR TURF MANAGERS
Taylor Reeder - UT/TSU Extension, Williamson County
This session highlights common challenges in caring for trees and ornamental plants in turf settings and provides guidance for integrated management.
3:30 - 5:00 TRIVIA ON TAP
Grab a drink from the cash bar, join the fun, and see how your trivia skills stack up.
TUESDAY, JANUARY 6
Time Description
7:00 - 8:00
PRAYER AND FELLOWSHIP In His Grip Ministries
TUESDAY, JANUARY 6 | GOLF
TIME TENNESSEE GOLF COURSE SUPERINTENDENTS ASSOCIATION SESSION
8:00 - 9:00
9:00 - 10:15
CHAMPIONSHIP STANDARDS: TOURNAMENT PREPARATION AT OAKMONT
Michael McCormick, CGCS - Oakmont Country Club
Michael McCormick shares insights from his leadership at Oakmont Country Club, highlighting the agronomic and operational strategies that define one of golf’s most historic championship venues and the lessons turf managers can apply to their own tournaments.
TGCSA ANNUAL MEETING
Delegates Report Awards Presentations
Recognition of new CGCS members
TGCSA Superintendent of the Year
TGCSA Assistant Superintendent of the Year
TGCSA Equipment Manager of the Year
Tennessee Allied Association Updates
Tennessee Golf Foundation, Tennessee Golf Association, Tennessee PGA
10:15 - 10:30 BREAK
QUICK CUTS: GETTING TO KNOW ELITE BENTGRASSES
Pat Rose, CGCS
10:30 - 11:00
A concise overview on bentgrass selection for putting greens, as Pat Rose shares insights from evaluating several elite cultivars for performance in the transition zone.
FOUNDATIONS OF A STRONG FUNGICIDE PROGRAM
Dr. Lee Miller - Purdue University
11:00 - 12:00
12:00 - 4:30
This session provides turf managers with a framework for building fungicide programs that balance efficacy, resistance prevention, and budget realities.
LUNCH AND FUN ON THE TRADESHOW FLOOR
WORKSHOP: PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENTS
Jim West, PGA, ARWC - PGA of America
John Ballard, CGCS - Valhalla Golf Club
Dr. Brandon Horvath - Univ. of Tennessee
This interactive workshop explores how internships and early-career experiences shape the professional pipeline, with perspectives from a PGA career consultant, a leading superintendent, and university faculty working directly with students.
Wrap up the day with a cornhole tournament and the debut of the new Sportsman Raffle, featuring gift cards and prizes.
TUESDAY SPORTS + SOD SESSIONS, NEXT PAGE
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Deere. With John Deere
TUESDAY, JANUARY 6 |
SPORTS | SOD
Time TVSFMA Session and Annual Meeting MSTC Information Exchange
EPIC FAILS: CRAZY STUFF YOU DON’T EXPECT
Chris Ball, CSFM - Genesis Turf Distributors
8:00 - 9:00
9:00 - 10:15
From the unpredictable to the unbelievable, this session highlights real-world “epic fails” and the takeaways they leave behind.
COLOR OR COVER? TRANSITION STRATEGIES FOR THE SHOULDER SEASON
A practical discussion of shoulder-season transition strategies, comparing the benefits and challenges of painting versus overseeding to maintain playing quality and visual appeal.
10:15 - 10:30 BREAK
MANAGING SYNTHETIC TURF SYSTEMS
Lou Warner - Warners Athletic, Dr. Kyley Dickson - Univ. of Tennessee
A session highlighting current issues, opportunities, and innovations in sod production across the Mid-South. Additional details forthcoming.
10:30 - 11:30
This session covers best practices for managing synthetic turf fields, with added perspective on how construction influences long-term performance and care.
11:30 - 12:00 TVSFMA ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING
12:00 - 4:30
LUNCH AND FUN ON THE TRADESHOW FLOOR
TIME
8:00 - 9:00
9:00 - 10:15
10:15 - 10:30
10:30 - 11:30
MSTC session concludes at 11am.
11:30 - 12:00
Wrap up the day with a cornhole tournament and the debut of the new Sportsman Raffle, featuring gift cards and prizes.
WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 7 |
GOLF | SPORTS
YEAR IN REVIEW
Bland Cooper - PGA TOUR
A look back at the past year in golf course management, highlighting key challenges, successes, and lessons learned from PGA TOUR events and beyond.
RENOVATING ICONS AND BUILDING NEW LEGACIES
August Rocco - Firefly, Bland Cooper - PGA Tour, Charles Aubry - East Lake Golf Club
Industry leaders explore the challenges and opportunities of large-scale renovations and new course construction, highlighting Andrew Green’s recent work and other projects shaping the future of golf course architecture.
HERBICIDE TIMING AND TURF HEALTH: WHAT WE’RE LEARNING
Dr. Jim Brosnan, Dr. Brandon Horvath, Logan Smith
This session explores new research on how fall herbicide strategies intersect with turfgrass health, offering fresh insights into potential links with disease susceptibility.
AQUATIC VEGETATION PREVENTION
Creig Kimbro - UT Extension
A focused session on best management practices to prevent unwanted aquatic vegetation in ponds and water features, supporting both water quality and course aesthetics.
PLAYING SURFACES IN FOCUS: TOPDRESSING AND PAINTING
Darren Seybold & Bryan Ogle - UT Athletics Leaders from UT Athletics share their perspectives on the importance of consistent topdressing for surface quality and the role of painting strategies in maintaining high-level playing conditions.
INFIELD MIXES: UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCES
Chris Ball, CFSM (Genesis Turf Distributors), Charlie Weaver (Toyota Field), Glenn Lucas (SiteOne Sports Fields) Industry experts compare infield mix materials, discussing performance characteristics, management implications, and selection considerations for different facilities.
BREAK
SOIL SURFACTANTS AND WATER MANAGEMENT
Dr. Becky Bowling - Univ. of Tennessee
An overview of how surfactants influence soil moisture dynamics, with practical applications for improving water management in sports turf systems.
SHAPING THE FUTURE OF SPORTS TURF: INSIGHTS FROM FIFA AND BEYOND
Dr. John Sorochan, Dr. Kyley Dickson, Rhys Fielder, Dillon McCallum, and Taylor Williams
UT Sports Turf experts draw on experiences with FIFA and other projects to look ahead at the future of sports turf management, sharing lessons learned and engaging the audience in a forwardfocused Q&A on emerging challenges and opportunities.
Better Built. Quality Results. Period.
WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 7
WORKSHOPS
Workshops
Workshops
TIME TRACK 1 TRACK 2
Irrigation 101
8:00 - 10:15
Learn the essentials of irrigation management, including system basics, scheduling, and watersaving strategies for residential, commercial, and sports turf landscapes.
10:15 - 10:30 BREAK
GOLF COURSE IRRIGATION
Tony Altum - A.S. Altum & Associates
10:30 - 12:00
Explore the latest advancements in irrigation technology and advanced water management strategies tailored to the unique challenges of golf course maintenance.
Equipment Maintenance
Efficient equipment maintenance strategies to maximize performance, reduce downtime, and extend the life of turfgrass management tools
NOVEMBER 10, 2025 10:00 AM (EST)
35th Annual East Tennessee Scholarship & Research Golf Tournament
The Links at Kahite
SPRAYER/SPREADER CALIBRATION AND TURFGRASS MATHEMATICS
Mr. Michael Brownlee, Simplot
Master the essentials of sprayer and spreader calibration alongside practical turf math skills to optimize product applications and ensure precision in turf management.
NOVEMBER 12, 2025 9:00 AM
TNGCSA
NOVEMBER 21, 2025 11:45 AM
TNGCSA Chapter Memphis Area Annual Skeet Shoot & Shrimp Boil
Bubba’s Farm
Aqua
BuySod / SodStarPro
BWI
Coosa
Corbin
Crossroads
McCurdy
North
Poinsett
Super-Sod
Sur-Line
Tri-Turf
Trimax Mowing
Turf
www.turfmountain.com
Winstead
SPRING MINIMIZING DEAD SPOT
Introduction
Spring Dead Spot (SDS) is one of the most persistent and damaging diseases affecting warm-season turfgrasses that undergo winter dormancy. First documented in 1954 on a bermudagrass lawn in Stillwater, Oklahoma, SDS continues to challenge turf managers across the southern and transition zone of the United States (Wadsworth & Young, 1960; Tredway, 2009). This article outlines the biology of the disease, key infection periods, and the latest cultural and chemical strategies for effective management.
Pathogen Biology
SDS is caused by soil-borne fungi in the genus Ophiosphaerella, specifically O. herpotricha, O. korrae, and O. narmari. These pathogens differ in geographic distribution and turfgrass host preference. In Alabama, O. korrae is likely the most prevalent species (Hutchens et al., 2025).
Disease Cycle and Symptoms
The fungi that cause SDS are ectotrophic root-infecting pathogens, colonizing the outer surfaces of roots, rhizomes, and stolons, leading to necrosis. This damage predisposes turfgrass to winter injury, with symptoms emerging in spring due to the combined effects of fall infection and harsh winter conditions.
By M. Aaron Tucker, Assistant Professor, Auburn University and Wendell J. Hutchens, Assistant Professor, University of Arkansas
Farm to Fairway. Quality Sod.
Tiftuff Bermuda | Tifway Bermuda | Bluegrass Blends Stadium Zoysia | Zeon Zoysia | Rebel Supreme Fescue Many Varieties Maintained At .500
MONDAY (AM)—SATURDAY TO
• Backed By Two Decades of Rigorous Testing
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• Maintains Quality and Color
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FEATURE
SDS is a monocyclic disease, with a single infection cycle per year. Infection occurs in late summer to early fall, when evening temperatures cool and soil temperatures drop consistently below 70°F. Symptoms appear in spring as circular or semi-circular patches of dead turf, ranging from six inches to several feet in diameter. Severe outbreaks can result in large, coalesced areas of turf loss, with recovery taking two to three months after green-up—making proactive management essential.
Cultural Management Strategies
Effective cultural management hinges on understanding the disease’s biology. Thatch and organic matter serve as reservoirs for pathogen survival. Practices such as core aerification, verticutting,
and fraze mowing during the summer remove thatch and dilute organic matter, thereby reducing inoculum and mitigating spring symptoms (Hutchens et al., 2025).
Conversely, cultural practices such as verticutting and aerification on symptomatic turf in spring can actually hinder recovery. Mechanical stress on already damaged turf slows regrowth, so spring cultivation should be avoided. Proper fertilization, particularly nitrogen applications in late summer/fall and spring, supports plant health and recovery (Tredway, 2021; Hutchens et al., 2022). Ammonium sulfate has shown efficacy against O. herpotricha, while calcium nitrate is more effective against O. korrae—highlighting the importance of pathogen identification (Tredway, 2021).
1. What is Matrix?
• Reinforced product grown at bottom of
• Sprigged field to insure highest percolation rates
• Ready to Play product
2. Where is it used?
• High demand athletic fields: football, soccer, baseball, softball, and rugby.
• High traffic areas: Horsetracks, goalmouths, and tournament crosswalks.
A Merger that has Turf at Heart
Chemical Management Strategies
Chemical control with fungicides is most effective when timed correctly. Applications should occur during fall as soil temperatures drop consistently between 65-55°F. Current research is refining this window using the Battaglia-Hutchens cooling degree-day model to optimize timing (Battaglia et al., 2024).
The modern demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) fungicide mefentrifluconazole offers strong SDS suppression, while older DMIs like propiconazole and tebuconazole provide moderate efficacy (Clarke et al., 2020). Select succinate dehydrogenase-inhibiting (SDHI) fungicides—like isofetamid, penthiopyrad, and pydiflumetofen—also provide excellent control but carry a higher risk of resistance. Rotating SDHIs with DMIs is recommended to preserve efficacy.
Precision Application Technologies
Advancements in GPS-guided sprayers allow for targeted fungicide applications. Mapping disease areas in spring and early summer enables precise fall fungicide treatments, reducing both cost and environmental impact (Booth et al., 2021; Henderson et al., 2025).
Conclusion
Understanding pathogen biology, the disease cycle, and optimal application timing is essential for managing SDS. Continued research is uncovering pathogen-specific responses to cultural and chemical strategies, offering promising avenues for more refined and effective control.
Literature Cited
Battaglia, M., Hutchens, W. J., & Roberson, T. (2024, November). Development of a Fungicide Application Timing Model for Spring Dead Spot Using Cooling Degree-Days. In ASA, CSSA, SSSA International Annual Meeting. ASA-CSSA-SSSA.
Booth, J. C., Sullivan, D., Askew, S. A., Kochersberger, K., & McCall, D. S. (2021). Investigating targeted spring dead spot management via aerial mapping and precision-guided fungicide applications. Crop Science, 61(5), 3134-3144.
Clarke, B. B., Vincelli, P., Koch, P., & Chou, M. Y. (2020). Chemical control of turfgrass diseases 2024.
Henderson, C., Haak, D., Mehl, H., Shafian, S., & McCall, D. (2025). Precision mapping and treatment of spring dead spot in bermudagrass using unmanned aerial vehicles and global navigation satellite systems sprayer technology. Precision Agriculture, 26(2), 38.
Hutchens, W. J., Booth, J. C., Goatley, J. M., & McCall, D. S. (2022). Cultivation and Fertility Practices Influence Hybrid Bermudagrass Recovery from Spring Dead Spot Damage. HortScience, 57(2), 332-336.
Hutchens, W. J., Anders, J. K., Butler, E. L., Kerns, J. P., McCall, D. S., Miller, G. L., & Walker, N. R. (2025). Fifteen years of findings: Advancements in spring dead spot research from 2009 to 2024. Crop Science, 65(1), e21367.
Tredway, L. P., Tomaso-Peterson, M., Perry, H., & Walker, N. R. (2009). Spring dead spot of bermudagrass: A challenge for researchers and turfgrass managers. Plant Health Progress, 10(1), 32.
Tredway, L. P., Soika, M. D., Butler, E. L., & Kerns, J. P. (2021). Impact of nitrogen source, fall fertilizers, and preventive fungicides on spring dead spot caused by Ophiosphaerella korrae and O. herpotricha. Crop Science, 61(5), 3187-3196.
Wadsworth, D. F., & Young, H. C. (1960). Spring dead spot of bermudagrass. Plant Dis. Rep, 44, 516-518.
José Javier Vargas Almodóvar Research Associate II
Turf & Ornamental Weed Science
The University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996 (865) 974-7379 jvargas@utk.edu tnturfgrassweeds.org @UTweedwhisperer
THE TURFGRASS TEAM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, KNOXVILLE
Jim Brosnan, Ph.D. Professor, The University of Tennessee Director – UT Weed Diagnostics Center 112 Plant Biotechnology Bldg. 2505 EJ Chapman Drive. Knoxville, TN 37996 Office: (865) 974-8603 tnturfgrassweeds.org weeddiagnostics.org mobileweedmanual.com @UTturfweeds
Greg Breeden Extension Specialist, The University of Tennessee 2431 Center Drive 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-7208 gbreeden@utk.edu tnturfgrassweeds.org @gbreeden1
Kyley Dickson, Ph.D. Associate Director, Center for Athletic Field Safety Turfgrass Management & Physiology (865) 974-6730 kdickso1@utk.edu @DicksonTurf
Midhula Gireesh, Ph.D. Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology
The University of Tennessee UT Soil, Plant and Pest Center 5201 Marchant Drive Nashville, TN 37211 mgireesh@utk.edu (615) 835-4571
Becky Bowling, Ph.D. Assistant Professor and Turfgrass Extension Specialist
The University of Tennessee 112 Plant Biotechnology Bldg. 2505 E.J. Chapman Dr. Knoxville, TN 37919 (865) 974-2595 Rgrubbs5@utk.edu @TNTurfWoman
John Stier, Ph.D. Associate Dean
The University of Tennessee 2621 Morgan Circle 126 Morgan Hall Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-7493 jstier1@utk.edu turf.utk.edu @Drjohnstier
Brandon Horvath, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Turfgrass Science
The University of Tennessee 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville, TN 37996 (865) 974-2975 bhorvath@utk.edu turf.utk.edu @UTturfpath
John Sorochan, Ph.D. Professor, Turfgrass Science
The University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive 363 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-7324 sorochan@utk.edu turf.utk.edu @sorochan
Nar B. Ranabhat, Ph.D. Assistant Professor and Extension Plant Pathologist Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology
University of Tennessee UT Soil, Plant and Pest Center 5201 Marchant Drive, Nashville, TN, 37211 (615) 835-4572 nranabhat@utk.edu
@UTplantPathoDoc
By Grady Miller
F BERMUDAGRASS IN THE FALL WHY MOWS POORLY
rom late summer into early fall, turfgrass managers and homeowners often notice that bermudagrass becomes difficult to mow without scalping. Despite maintaining the same mowing height used throughout summer, the turf begins to scalp and cut unevenly. While this issue is most commonly associated with bermudagrass, it can also affect zoysiagrass.
The primary factor behind this change is the reduction in both the quantity and quality of sunlight. Solar radiation—energy from the sun—drives photosynthesis, converting carbon dioxide into sugars and carbohydrates that fuel plant growth. Bermudagrass, our most sun-loving turfgrass, thrives on long days filled with light and heat. As fall approaches, the Earth’s changing position relative to the sun limits the light and warmth necessary for healthy bermudagrass growth.
Tree shade to right side of picture reducing light and subsequently reducing fall mowing quality in the shaded area.
Solar radiation consists of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light. Infrared light warms the Earth’s surface, while visible light— known as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)—is most effective for photosynthesis.
Solar irradiance refers to the intensity of solar radiation per unit area. Higher irradiance boosts photosynthesis, similar to the difference between a 20-watt and a 100-watt light bulb. Increased irradiance also warms the Earth, and in the presence of visible light, higher temperatures accelerate photosynthesis. Heat is therefore crucial for growing dense, healthy turfgrass.
Radiation is strongest when the sun is directly overhead, such as midday in summer. As the sun’s angle shifts, its rays spread over a larger area, reducing energy per unit. This angle also increases the amount of ozone the light must pass through. Seasonal and daily changes in sun angle further reduce irradiance. Clouds will also scatter the sun’s rays, decreasing irradiance. This explains why mowing quality can decline in bermudagrass even during summer after extended cloudy and/or rainy periods. More shade tolerant turfgrasses will not be affected to the same extent as bermudagrass.
Mowing quality may continue to worsen later in the fall.
FEATURE
In fall, reduced light intensity and shorter days cause bermudagrass to elongate internodes and reduce tillering. The plants allocate limited resources to vertical growth to better capture available sunlight. This results in a thinner turf stand with longer, weaker leaves, leading to scalping even when mowing practices remain unchanged.
To manage this issue effectively, consider the following strategies
Increase canopy heat: Grow covers can raise temperatures and improve photosynthesis efficiency, though this is impractical for most turfgrass settings.
Use plant growth regulators (PGRs): These products can reduce vertical growth and concentrate chlorophyll, enhancing photosynthesis. Generic options of PGRs are affordable but require expertise in timing and application.
Enhance light levels: Reduce tree shade or use grow lights to supplement natural light. Costs range from minimal to very high. Reducing tree shade will only delay the onset of mowing problems, not eliminate them.
Adjust mowing practices: Raise the mowing height and shorten mowing intervals as light decreases. This is the most common and costeffective approach. This practice can be more effective when combined with PGR use.
If scalping persists, applying a turfgrass colorant can help mask the symptoms and improve visual appearance.
The PLANNING SUCCESS EQUALS OFF-SEASON GROWING SEASON
winter months are often viewed as downtime in the turfgrass industry—a pause between demanding growing seasons. Yet, for forwardthinking turf professionals, this quieter period presents an opportunity to set the stage for success in the year ahead. With fields dormant and turf maintenance demands reduced, winter is the ideal season to plan capital improvements, maintain equipment, address labor needs, and invest in personal and professional growth.
Strategic Planning and Goal Setting
Winter is the perfect time to take a strategic look at your operation. Without the daily pressures of mowing, irrigating, and fertilizing, you can focus on evaluating your past season and setting goals for the coming year. Reviewing turf performance data— such as soil tests, disease occurrences, and irrigation efficiency— provides a foundation for improved agronomic strategies.
Budget development should also take priority. This includes planning capital improvement projects, reinvesting in new equipment, forecasting material costs, and reviewing vendor contracts. By completing these administrative tasks now, operations enter spring with a proactive plan rather than relying solely on reactive solutions.
Off-Season Turfgrass Tasks
Although turfgrass growth slows significantly in winter, several vital agronomic tasks can still be accomplished. Deep-tine aeration helps relieve compaction before freezing sets in, promoting root health and improving water infiltration in the spring. Winter is also the time to remove debris and leaves that can smother turf or trap moisture, fostering mold and disease. If irrigation is part of your facility’s infrastructure, ensure the system is properly winterized to prevent frozen pipes and costly repairs later.
Sports turf managers should pay close attention to field coverage and frost conditions. Avoiding traffic on frosted turf prevents blade rupture and long-term damage that manifests during spring green-up. This season also offers opportunities to assess drainage issues and plan topdressing or leveling work before the busy season begins.
Equipment Maintenance and Readiness
Keeping turf equipment in peak condition during the dormant months is essential to maintain growing season efficiency. Winter is the ideal window to perform comprehensive maintenance routines, ensuring that machinery is ready for immediate use come spring. Begin with a deep cleaning—removing grass build-up, dirt, and dust from mowers, aerators, and spreaders. Follow this with essential mechanical checks: drain old fuel, replace oil and filters, sharpen blades, and inspect belts and bearings for wear.
Technicians should also verify that safety features, such as brake systems and protective guards, are functioning. Preventive maintenance during the off-season not only extends equipment lifespan but also reduces in-season downtime, which translates directly to higher productivity and cost savings.
Addressing Staffing Needs
Winter is also prime time to examine staffing operations. While fewer crew members may be needed in the off-season, maintaining engagement and continuity among core employees builds loyalty and retention. HR planning should include recruiting strategies to fill gaps identified in the previous season, particularly for parttime or seasonal crew members.
Some turf businesses use incentive programs to retain staff through winter, offering bonuses for referrals or encouraging temporary shifts into indoor maintenance tasks. Strategic partnerships with adjacent businesses—such as construction or snow management companies—can also help keep workers employed year-round while ensuring availability for spring projects. Additionally, reviewing workplace policies, updating safety manuals, and refining onboarding processes ensures teams hit the ground running when the growing season resumes.
Personal and Professional Development
Beyond field and equipment management, winter offers a unique opportunity for personal goal setting and professional renewal. Turf professionals can use this period to attend industry conferences, renew certifications, or participate in turfgrass education programs. Winter workshops hosted by universities and
professional organizations often focus on emerging topics such as soil microbiome management, environmental sustainability, and advanced irrigation technology.
Individual growth should extend beyond technical knowledge. Reflecting on work-life balance, leadership skills, and communication can elevate overall effectiveness. Mentorship within the organization—pairing seasoned technicians with newer employees—fosters both retention and the transfer of institutional knowledge.
Leveraging Technology and Innovation
Another productive off-season focus is integrating technology into turf management practices. Digital scheduling platforms, moisture sensors, and data analytics tools have become essential for efficient operations. Winter provides the breathing room to test new systems, upgrade software, or train staff on these innovations. Facilities implementing precision turf management often find reduced material waste, improved consistency, and measurable economic benefits when spring arrives.[10]
Furthermore, planning sustainability initiatives during winter, such as reducing chemical inputs or improving water management, aligns operational goals with environmental responsibility—a growing expectation among clients and communities.
Preparing for Contingencies and Market Changes
As economic conditions fluctuate, proactive managers use winter to anticipate market shifts. Reviewing supplier relationships, material sourcing, and pricing structures can mitigate supply chain disruptions common during peak season. Winter is also an ideal time to assess risk management practices, update insurance coverage, and develop contingency plans for weather extremes or pest outbreaks. Forward-focused organizations also examine emerging labor trends. Many employers are adopting skill-based pay structures and clear advancement pathways to attract and retain quality employees in a tightening labor market. Implementing such strategies during winter—before hiring ramps up—can streamline recruitment and foster a stronger company culture.[11][12]
Synchronizing Plans Across Departments
A holistic approach ensures winter goals connect across departments. Operations, staffing, and financial teams should coordinate priorities, aligning turf management objectives with broader business plans. For example, HR training can coincide with planned equipment updates, integrating safety demonstrations with maintenance workshops. Similarly, budgeting discussions should involve both agronomic and administrative stakeholders to create a unified vision for the next season.
Embracing the Winter Advantage
Ultimately, the success of next year’s turfgrass season often begins in the quiet of winter. By combining thoughtful preparation, detailed equipment maintenance, workforce development, and personal goal setting, turfgrass professionals can transform the off-season into one of the most productive periods of the year. While the fields may lie dormant, the best operations never truly stand still—they use winter’s pause to think strategically, sharpen their tools, invest in their people, and set a clear course for sustained growth and performance.
In the turfgrass industry, excellence is rarely accidental. It is cultivated season after season through discipline, foresight, and planning—and winter is when much of that unseen work happens. Those who take advantage of this time position themselves not only for greener fields but for the kind of professional and organizational maturity that keeps their operations thriving year after year.
COOSA VALLEY TURF FARMS LLC
This article was written with input from Perplexity AI (query date 10/2025).
The following sources were referenced.
1. https://th.simplot.com/resources/programs-andarticles/Winter-Management-to-Prevent-Winterkill
2. http://www.stma.org/sites/stma/files/STMA_ Bulletins/Winter_Cool_Maint_Calendar_Final.pdf
3. https://www.vanguardpower.com/na/en_us/ why-vanguard/industry-news/browse/maintenancetips-for-commercial-turf-equipment.html
4. https://turfmagazine.com/find-retain-seasonal-helpbest-workers
5. https://www.turfandrec.com/effective-strategieslandscapers-adopt-in-hiring-retention/
6. https://turfpal.com/blog/kickstart-the-year-essentialwinter-turf-management-practices/
7. https://turfmagazine.com/keywords/hr-hiring
8. https://aquaritinturf.com/optimizing-staffing-in-anera-of-golf-course-shortages/
9. https://extension.msstate.edu/blogs/extension-forreal-life/winter-lawn-guide
10. https://themotzgroup.com/sport_blog/what-offseason-turf-field-maintenance-is-needed/
11. https://turfmanagersllc.com/blog/preparing-yourlawn-for-winter-expert-tips-from-turf-managers/
12. https://www.turfcaresupply.com/winter-advisoryunderstanding-turf-grass-winterkill
BEACON 25
Building a Regional Hub for Connection Across the Turfgrass Industry
By Becky Grubbs Bowling, PhD – University of Tennessee
KNOXVILLE, Tenn. – The University of Tennessee’s BEACON 25 event, held on October 14 and 15, 2025, showcased the strength of collaboration between education, research, and industry in advancing the turfgrass profession. The two-day program drew more than 180 participants, including students, employers, faculty, and guests representing golf, sports turf, landscape, and allied sectors from across the country.
This year, BEACON welcomed students representing five Southeastern schools: the University of Tennessee, Horry-Georgetown Technical College, Sandhills Community College and the USGA Greenkeeper Apprenticeship Program, the University of Georgia, and Clemson University. As hosts, we were honored to provide a space where these programs could come together in a shared learning environment. BEACON continues to grow as a regional gathering point for young professionals in turfgrass management, offering opportunities not only to connect with employers but to learn from one another. By fostering these peer and professional relationships early, we hope to help strengthen the network of turfgrass leaders who will continue shaping the industry across the region for years to come.
Day 1: Connecting Education, Industry, and Opportunity
Day 1 of BEACON 25 centered on professional development and networking at the still-new Agricultural and Natural Resources Building on the University of Tennessee campus. We were grateful to welcome 28 employers, including the Knoxville Smokies, premier golf clubs such as Augusta National, Valhalla, Desert Mountain, Essex County Club, Quail Hollow, The Honors Course, and Pinehurst, along with major companies such as Harrell’s LLC, Helena Agri-Enterprises, Syngenta, SiteOne Landscape Supply, Ewing Outdoor Supply, and PBI-Gordon.
New this year, students began the afternoon with a Career Fair Prep Session designed to help them sharpen interview skills and build confidence before meeting employers.
Respondents to an anonymous post-event survey described the session as “a neat opportunity that should stay in the agenda” and appreciated the chance to network with peers while practicing professional communication. Concurrently, UT students had the opportunity to interview with Vols in Turf alumni for competitive student scholarships.
Figure 1 – Scenes from BEACON 25: golf balls and golf flags decorate a table prepared to host student and employer discussions. Photo credit: Javier Vargas.
Figure 2 – Students and employers engage on Day 1 at the BEACON 25 Career Fair. Photo credit: Javier Vargas.
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The Career Fair offered meaningful engagement between students and employers, and we were encouraged by the level of professionalism and curiosity on display throughout the afternoon. Respondents to a post-event survey praised the quality of interactions, with one noting, “This was a great event. The career fair could have continued for additional time as there were plenty of conversations still ongoing.” One visiting student wrote, “Overall fantastic! … I enjoyed the activity we did with other students. I got to meet a lot of people going into the same [industry] I am and hear their stories.” Throughout the event, students also had access to a professional headshot booth to support their growing portfolios.
Following the fair, small-group student–industry dinners across Knoxville provided time for informal conversation and mentorship. Attendees emphasized that these dinners helped them build genuine relationships with industry leaders and peers. We were encouraged by how engaged students and employers were in those settings and are already considering ways to expand and strengthen these dinners in future years.
Expanding Regional Participation
This year’s BEACON welcomed around 40 visiting students representing turfgrass and sports turf programs from across the Southeast. Among them were students from Sandhills Community College in Pinehurst, North Carolina and participants from the USGA Greenkeeper Apprenticeship Program (GAP), who attended under the leadership of Dr. Carson Letot. The GAP initiative, launched by the United States Golf Association, is designed to expand access to careers in golf course management by combining formal education, paid on-the-job training, and mentorship from industry professionals.
Students from Horry-Georgetown Technical College (HGTC) also made the trip from South Carolina to participate in both days of programming. HGTC offers one of the nation’s leading twoyear programs in Golf and Sports Turf Management, emphasizing hands-on learning and industry collaboration. Professor and Department Chair Charles Granger reflected on the experience:
“Beacon 2025 at The University of Tennessee showcased the power of industry engagement, student collaboration, and the development of essential soft skills. The exceptional programming provided by the UT Turf Team left a lasting impact on both students and industry professionals. The highlight of our experience was connecting with the staff from the Knoxville Smokies. Horry Georgetown Tech eagerly anticipates the next edition of Beacon in 2026.”
Also in attendance were several members of the Clemson Turf Club and both undergraduate and graduate students from the University of Georgia, chaperoned by UT Turf alum and current UGA faculty member Dr. Ben Pritchard. We were proud to welcome colleagues and students from other land-grant institutions in the region whose programs share a similar commitment to research, education, and service.
As faculty and staff with the UT Turfgrass Program, we were deeply impressed by the professionalism, curiosity, and enthusiasm of the visiting students. Their preparation, manners, and thoughtful engagement throughout the event reflected the strength of their respective programs and the mentorship they receive. It was a privilege to host them in Knoxville and to witness the level of collaboration and respect shared among students, educators, and industry professionals. For us, BEACON represents not only a point of connection but also an opportunity to serve as a regional hub where future leaders in turfgrass management can learn from one another and continue to build a stronger, more connected industry.
Research and Innovation in Action
Day 2 of BEACON 25 took place at the East Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center – Plant Sciences Unit, where we had the opportunity to share ongoing turfgrass research with students, educators, and industry professionals from across the region. Through guided tours of the research plots, attendees explored studies focused on sports field performance, sustainable turf and groundcover systems, weed and disease management, and broader management practices for golf, sports, and landscape turf.
Participants described the research tour as informative and useful, noting the value of seeing research in progress and having
Figure 4 – Dr. Jim Brosnan, Professor in the UT Turfgrass Program, leads students through a career preparation exercise prior to the Career Fair. Photo credit: Javier Vargas.
Figure 5 – University of Georgia student Tristan Lowery has his professional headshot taken during the Career Fair. Photo credit: Javier Vargas.
time for discussion. Many appreciated the balance between demonstration and conversation, with several respondents highlighting that each stop offered something practical to take back to their own programs or operations.
The morning concluded with a networking lunch sponsored by Syngenta, providing an opportunity for continued dialogue between researchers, students, and industry representatives.
Participant Outcomes and Long-Term Value
Following the event, we distributed a postevent survey to better understand participant experiences and identify opportunities for improvement as we plan for future BEACON programming. We were encouraged by the thoughtful feedback we received, which reflected both satisfaction with this year’s event and useful insight for growth.
Figure 7 – Dr. Becky Grubbs Bowling addresses attendees on Day 2 at the East Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center. Photo credit: Javier Vargas.
Figure 6 – BEACON attendees gather around tents on Day 2 at the East Tennessee AgResearch and Education Center to learn about ongoing research in the UT Turfgrass Program. Photo credit: Javier Vargas.
Nearly 90 percent of respondents indicated they were satisfied or very satisfied with the overall organization and flow of BEACON, and more than 85 percent expressed similar satisfaction with the diversity and professionalism of participating employers. More than 80 percent reported making at least two new professional connections, with about one-third noting five or more. When asked about next steps, over three-quarters said they intended to follow up with employers or peers they met during BEACON, and more than half planned to apply for a position or internship as a direct result of attending.
In open-ended responses, participants described the event as motivating and valuable. One respondent shared, “I met several people I plan to follow up with for internships and future work,” while another wrote, “BEACON helped increase exposure to the industry and made it easier to talk with professionals.” A few even reflected on how their experience might carry forward, with one noting, “We plan on being an employer at the Career Fair next year.” As organizers, we are grateful for this feedback and view it as a reminder of how meaningful these connections can be. Sponsorship and Support
BEACON 25 was made possible through the generous contributions of its sponsors, whose support ensures that this event remains accessible and impactful for students and industry partners alike.
• Platinum Sponsors: Helena Agri-Enterprises LLC, SiteOne Landscape Supply, and Syngenta.
• Gold Sponsor: Crossroads Sod Farm.
• Silver Sponsors: PBI Gordon Corporation, Envu, and MVP Genetics.
• Student Lunch Sponsors: the United States Golf Association (USGA) and Buy Sod/SodStar – Vols in Turf.
Thank you to all for helping create an environment where students could learn, connect, and grow alongside leaders from across the turfgrass industry.
Looking Ahead
We look forward to hosting BEACON again in October of 2026 as we continue working to connect students, educators, and industry partners through collaboration and shared learning. Feedback from this year will help us fine-tune key aspects of the program, including expanding opportunities for alumni involvement through the Vols in Turf network and encouraging greater employer participation in student preparation activities. Each year, BEACON gives us a chance to learn alongside our partners while strengthening relationships and considering how we can better support the broader turfgrass industry across the region.
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Irrigation (Liters) applied to 15 ft² to maintain 35% VWC
PBS150 resulted in a 39% reduction in irrigation water consumption Solutions4Turf
PBS150® resulted in a 69% reduction in irrigation frequency
Penn State University research study showed that creeping bentgrass plots treated with PBS150 resulted in a 39% reduction in irrigation water consumption over a 63-day dry-down period versus plots only treated with irrigation water.
Nolan, G. and M. Fidanza. 2024. Journal of Environmental Horticulture