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Nov 20, 2009
cfkm\gf] sfdl;t u/f}+ k|d ] sfdsf ;sf/fTds kIfdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg' plrt x'G5. olb JolQmn] cfkm\gf] hLjgl;t k|d ] u5{ eg] To;l;t hf]l8Psf s'/fnfO{ klg k|d ] u5{. sfd hLjgaf6 cnu s'/f xf]Og, hLjgs} Pp6f dx jk"0f{ kIf xf] h;n] hLjgnfO{ cem ;'b9[ agfpg ;xof]u u5{, hLjgnfO{ >]ois/ tyf cy{k0" f{ agfp 5. sfdnfO{ k|d ] gu/L cl3 a9\g c;Dej x'G5.
cd]l/sfdf g]kfnL ljBfyL{ a9]
z}lIfs ;q @))&÷@))* df pRr lzIffsf nflu cd]l/sL z} l Ifs ;+ : yfx¿df g] k fnL ljBfyL{ s f] egf{ ;+ V ofdf @( bzdnj ^ k|ltztn] j[l4 e} * xhf/ ( ;o #^ af6 !! xhf/ % ;o *! k'u]sf] tYo cd]l/sL ljb] z dGqfnosf] Ao' / f] ckm Ph's; ] gn PG8 sNr/n ckm]o;{sf] ;xof]udf cfO{=cfO{=O{= (Institute
of International Education) n] k|sflzt u/]sf] cGt/f{li6«o z}lIfs ultzLntf;DaGwL cf]kg 8f];{ @))( k|ltj]bgn] hgfPsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{ e m} + cGt/f{ l i6« o ljBfyL{x¿ cfpg] k|d'v b]zsf ¿kdf g]kfn P3f/f}+ :yfgdf k/]sf] 5 . z}lIfs ;q @))^÷@))& df g]kfn !# cf}+ :yfgdf lyof] . ef/t !% bzdnj $ k|ltztn] tyf
yf]/} JolQm cfkm\gf] sfdaf6 ;Gt'i6 x'G5g\ . oL To:tf JolQm x'g\ hf] cfkm\gf] d'xf/df d':sfg lnP/ cfp 5g\ / lbgel/ sfdsf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ tof/ /xG5g\ . pgLx¿ cfkm\ g f] sfo{If]qdf To;/L g} a:5g\ h;/L c¿ a:5g\, tyflk pgLx¿df s]xL cnu s'/f b]lvG5 . To:tfn] cfkm\gf] sfdnfO{ k|]d u5{g\ . of] s'/f pgLx¿sf] sfd ug]{ tl/sf / Jojxf/af6 :ki6 emlNsG5 / oxL ljz]iftfsf sf/0f pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] sfo{ If]qdf cl3 a9\g ;kmn x' G 5g\ . x/] s JolQmn] To;}u/L cfÎgf] ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . oBlk To;sf nflu s]xL s'/fdf eg] Wofg lbg}{k5{ . p2]Zok|lt OdfGbf/ x'gk' 5{ cfkm\ g f] dha' t kIf / ?lrnfO{ a'em\g] k|of; ug'{k5{ . :jo+l;t k|Zg ug]{ / pQm k+lQmnfO{ k"/f ug]{ k|of; ug'{k5{ . hLjgdf d]/f] p2]Zo 5 ls== o;nfO{ cfkm"n] sfd ug]{ Ifdtf k|of]u ug'{k5{ . o;af6 sfdk|lt ;dk{0f a9\5 .
:jo+nfO{ JoQm ug'k{ 5{ cfkm\gf ;xof]uL / cfkm"eGbf dflyNnf] txsf clwsf/L;Dddf cfkm\gf] ljrf/nfO{ v'n]/ JoQm ug'{k5{ . ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo / sfd ug]{ z}nLsf ;DaGwdf s'g} k|Zg, lh1f;f 5 eg] ltgsf] ;dfwfg ug'{k5{ . o;n] cfkm\gf] sfdnfO{ d"Nojfg\ agfpg d2t u5{ . k|fyldstfsf] to olb cfkm\g} 9+uaf6 hLjg lhpg rfxg] xf] eg] s] a'em\g' cfjZos 5 eg] cfkm\gf nflu ;a}eGbf d"Nojfg\ s'/f s] xf] < cfkm", kl/jf/, sfd jf c¿ s]xL < kl5Nnf] k6s s'g} a]nf cfkm\gf] k| f yldstfsf ;DaGwdf uDeL/tfk'j{s ;f]+lrPsf] lyof] < k|foM u/L xfdLdWo] s}og\n] of] s'/f la;{G5f}+ . x'g ;S5 Tof] ?lr k'gM hfu[t xf]nf h'g Jo:ttfsf sf/0f lal;{of] jf 5f]l8of] . ;dosf] ;b'kof]u slt ;do cfkm\gf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu vlr{of] < cy{xLg sfo{df slt ;do Joltt x'G5 <
rLg !$ bzdnj & k|ltztn] qmdzM klxnf] / bf];f| ] :yfgdf 5g\ . o; jif{ s f] cf] k g 8f] ; { k| l tj] b g cg' ; f/ z} l Ifs ;q @))*÷@))( df cd]l/]sL sn]h tyf ljZjljBfnox¿df cWoog/t cGt/f{ l i6« o ljBfyL{x¿sf] s'n ;+Vofdf * k|ltztn] j[l4 e} hDdf ^ nfv &! xhf/ ^ ;o !^ k'u]sf] 5 h'g xfn;Dds} ;a}eGbf a9L xf] . ;g\ @))@÷@))# kl5 cd]l/sfdf cWoog ug] { cGt/f{ l i6« o ljBfyL{ x ¿sf] ;+ V ofdf !$ bzdnj % k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] b'j} jif{ o;df !) k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . sf7df8f} + l :yt cd] l /sL b" t fjf;sf] klAns ckm] o ;{ sfplG;n/ 6] / L h] = x\ j fO6sf cg';f/, cd]l/sfsf nueu # xhf/ clwsf/k|fKt pRr z}lIfs ;+:yfn] gof ljBfyL{nfO{ cfs[i6 ug]{ qmd lg/Gt/ hf/L /fv]sf 5g\ eg] pRr lzIff k|lt:kwf{Tds
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ aGb} uPsf] 5 . cd] l /sL l8u| L ; u uf l ;Psf] pTs[i6tf / k|lti7fsf sf/0f ljb]z k9\ g hfg rfxg] g] k fnL ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu cd]l/sf cem} klg klxnf] uGtJo xf] . csf] { ;xof] u L sf/s eg] s f] g] k fnL ljBfyL{ s f] cd] l /sf cWoogsf af/]df k"0f{ tyf ;xL hfgsf/Lsf] ljzfn kx' r klg xf] h'g g]kfndf /x] s f z} l Ifs k/fdz{ s] G b| x ¿n] k| b fg ub} { cfPsf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} cd]l/sL sn]h tyf l j Z j l j B fnox¿sf] g] k fnL ljBfyL{nfO{ cfslif{t ug{] lsl;dsf ultljlwx¿ klg x'g\ . sfplG;n/ 6] / L eG5g\ xfdL o' = P;\ = Ph's];g kmfpG8];g; u ;xsfo{ u5f}+{ / xfdL g]kfnL ljBfyL{ tyf pgLx¿sf cljefjsx¿nfO{ s] eGg rfxG5f}+ eg] xfd|f] ;xfotf lnO{ clnslt dfq cg';Gwfg ug'{eof] eg] klg cd]l/sL lzIff tkfO{+sf] kx' rleq x'g]5 .Ú
tL sfdsf] ;" r L agfpg' k 5{ h;nfO{ lbgel/df ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;kZrft\ ltgnfO{ dx j cg';f/ klxnf] jf clGtd u/L juL{s/0f ug'{ plrt x'G5 . ;dosf] ;b' k of] u n] :jo+ n fO{ lgoldt /fVg ;xof]u u5{, o;af6 sfdk|ltsf] nufj a9\5 . ?lrs/ sfd k|fyldstfdf ?lrs/ sfd klxn] ug'{k5{ . ?lrs/ sfd klxn] ugf{ n ] sfdk|ltsf] pT;fxdf j[l4 x'G5 / sfd zf}s aGg k'U5 . olb l6ddf sfd ul/+b} 5 eg] ;xsdL{x¿aLr cf cfkm\gf] k|ltef cg';f/ sfd af 8g\ ' plrt x'G5 . x/]sn] cfkm\gf] IfdtfnfO{ k|of]u u/L cfkm\gf] sfd ;DkGg ug{ ;s"g\ eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . kl/jt{gnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{k5{ kl5Nnf] k6s s'g gof s'/f l;lsPsf] lyof] < 1fg / cfTdljZjf;sf] ;Gt'ng hlxn] klg ;sf/fTds x'G5 . vfnL ;dodf cfÎgf] sfdl;t ;DalGwt s'/fx¿ cWoog ug'{ / w]/} hfgsf/L ;+sng ug'{k5{ . tL JolQml;t ;DaGw
a9fpg plrt / nfebfos x'G5 h;af6 s]xL s'/f l;lsG5 / ;xL /fo ;Nnfx k|fKt ul/G5 . pknAw ePsf] s'/fnfO{ sb/ cfkm\gf] jt{dfg sfddf h'g s'/fnfO{ dg k/fOG5 ltgnfO{ qmda4 ug'{k5{ . ;+:yfdf cfkm\gf] klxnf] lbgsf af/]df dgg ug'k{ 5{ . Tolta]nf cfkm"nfO{ s'g s'/fn] pT;flxt u/] s f] lyof] Tof] pT;fxnfO{ s;/L k'gM xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf ;f] R g' cfjZos 5 . cfkm\gf] sfd k/km]S6 gx' g ;S5 t/ k/km] S 6 ug] { k|of;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'k5{ . sfdsf ;sf/fTds kIfdf ljz]if hf] 8 lbg' plrt x' G 5 . olb JolQmn] cfkm\gf] hLjgl;t k|d] u5{ eg] To;l;t hf]l8Psf s'/fnfO{ klg k|d] u5{ . sfd hLjgaf6 cnu s'/f xf]Og, hLjgs} Pp6f dx jk"0f{ kIf xf] h;n] hLjgnfO{ cem ;'b9[ agfpg ;xof]u u5{, hLjgnfO{ >]ois/ tyf cy{k"0f{ agfp 5 . sfdnfO{ k|]d gu/L cl3 a9\g c;Dej x'G5 . /f]lhg zfSo
Oh/fonL rnlrq dxf]T;j ;DkGg
;fKtflxs ;dfrf/ sf7df8f} + Oh/fonL efiffdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf rnlrqx¿sf] rf}yf] dxf]T;j /fhwfgLdf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ut ;f]daf/ k|f/De ePsf] dxf] T ;j 5j6f :t/Lo rnlrqsf] k|bz{g; u} ut laxLaf/ ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . g]kfnsf nflu Oh/fonL /fhb" t n] pb\ 3 f6g u/]kl5 k|f/De ePsf] dxf]T;jsf] klxnf] lbg ut ;f]daf/ 8]8 OG8 l:6«6Ú k|bz{g ul/Psf] lyof] . Pp6L j]Zofsf] lhGbuLdf cfpg] ptf/ r9fjnfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf] of] rnlrqsf] lgb]{zg ofsL of;fn] u/]sf x'g \ . df]8naf6 ;8s j]Zof ag]sL Pln; gfd u/]sL o'jtL j]Zofj[lQdf nLg x'lG5g\ . rnlrqdf t]ncljadf !& jif]{ Pln;sf] hLjg s;/L cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 eGg] oyfy{nfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . *^ ldg]6 nfdf] of]
rnlrqdf k| : t' t ul/Psf] ljifoj:t' ljZjsf x/]s b]zsf 7"nf ;x/x¿df 3l6/x]sf] x'G5 . Oh/fonL /fhb" t fjf;n] cfof] h gf u/] s f] dxf] T ;jdf d+unaf/ ofsL of;fs} rnlrq b eNr/Ú tyf bf];|f] k6s 8]8 OG8 l:6«6Ú k|bz{g ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !(*! df k|yd k|bz{g ul/Psf] rnlrq b eNr/Ú df o'4sf cg]s kIfnfO{ phfu/ ul/Psf] 5 . dxf]T;jdf ut a'waf/ lgb]z { s 8fgL e]/6] sf] oNnf] c:kmN6Ú tyf ldgfx]g uf]ngsf] sfhfnf{gÚ k|bz{g ul/Psf] lyof] eg] dxf]T;jsf] clGtd lbg lx+hf] laxLaf/ ;]dL em/lxgsf] sd]8L rnlrq Úkf; cf]e/ lkmj/Ú tyf PeL g];/sf] /f]dflG6s rnlrq 6g{ n]Î6 P6 lb OG8 ckm lb An8Ú k|bz{g ul/of] .