Architectural Dissertation (2022) by Syeda Laaiba Nizami

FloatingArchitectureasanew

Prototypeofarchitecture

By SyedaLaaibaNizami

FacultyGuide:Ar.MohitKumar

DissertationSubmittedinPartialFulfilmentofthe RequirementsfortheDegreeof BachelorofArchitecture inthe DepartmentofArchitectureandPlanning IndiraGandhiDelhiTechnicalUniversityforWomen KashmereGate Delhi110006

©(SyedaLaaibaNizami), 03006142018, BAP511 SemesterIX IGDTUW 2022

Copyrightinthisworkrestswiththeauthor.Pleaseensurethatanyreproduction orre-useisdoneinaccordancewiththerelevantnationalcopyrightlegislation.

DECLARATION

I, Syeda Laaiba Nizami solemnly declare that the project report Floating Architecture as a newprototypeofarchitectureisbasedonmyownworkcarriedoutduringthecourse ofour study under the supervision of Ar. Mohit Kumar. I assert the statements made and conclusionsdrawnareanoutcomeofmywork.Ifurthercertifythat:

The work contained in the report is original and has been done by me under the supervisionofmysupervisor.

The work has not been submitted to any other Institution for any other degree diplomacertificateinthisuniversityoranyotherUniversityof Indiaorabroad.

Wehavefollowedthe guidelinesprovidedbytheuniversityinwritingthereport

Whenever we have used materials (test data, theoretical analysis equations, codes, program figures, tables, pictures, texts etc.) we have given due credit to them in the reportandhavealsogiven theirdetailsinthereferences.

SyedaLaaiba Nizami (03006142018)

PLAGIARISM

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms. Syeda Laaiba Nizami, enrolment no. 03006142018 of 9th semester of department of Architecture and Planning, IGDTUW, Delhi is the author of the dissertation ‘Floating architecture as a new prototype of architecture’ which was submittedasapartforthefulfilmentofthecurriculum.

Ar.MohitKumar

Sneha Maji (FacultyGuide) (FacultyCoordinator)

Ar.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudeandappreciationtoallthosewhohaveprovided mewiththepossibilitytocompletethisdissertation

I would like to express my deep gratitude to my guide Ar. Mohit Kumar for his valuable guidance,supportandencouragementthathelpedme inwritingthisdissertation.

IwouldliketoexpressmyindebtednessappreciationtomyProf.SnehaMajiasherconstant guidance and advice played a vital role in making the execution of the dissertation. She alwaysgavemehersuggestionsthatwerecrucialinmakingthisreportasflawlessaspossible

ABSTRACT

The report presented is an attempt to understand that floating architecture can be a lone possibility of sustainability in futuristic context. The first chapter is an introduction of the conceptandexplainsonthelinesofwhyisthereaneedofthesame.Itissupposedtoprovide acontexttowhythisstudyisneeded.

Thenextsectionofthechapteristheaimwhichisthestudywhichledtotheformulationof detailedobjectives.Followingthisaretheresearchquestionwhichhastobeaddressedinthe study. An understanding of scope is established after this and limitations are identified. Methodologyissoughtoutandfirstlyissuesareidentified.Thisgaveaninsightonthemajor aspectsonwhichthe technicaldetailingistobedoneinthestudy.

These problems are chaptered separately and can be dealt with as a single chapter in the dissertation.Furthersectionsofthereportexplaintheneedoffloatingarchitecture,working of floating Architecture, its types, components and characteristics. Study on the developments in floating architecture is done in chronologically starting with floating bridges,villages, boats,docksfloatingentertainmentfacilities,docks,airportsetc.Laterthe physical infrastructure of the floating building structures is studied under the heading of design consideration, local conditions and materials.Transportation facilities are also discussed pertaining to the central concept of floating architecture. Finally, the working of how the buildingwill 'float'is explained through some live example followed bya primary survey.

Table of Figures

Figure1Researchmethodology.......................................................................................................14

Figure2NetMigrationintheyear2016..........................................................................................17

Figure3Humanpopulationgrowth.................................................................................................18

Figure4Humanpopulationgrowth..................................................................................................18

Figure5Risingsealevels.................................................................................................................19

Figure6HouseboatinKashmir......................................................................................................20

Figure7HouseboatinKerala..........................................................................................................20

Figure8Noah'sboat.........................................................................................................................21

Figure9 Noah’sboatwoodencarvingbyJostAmman,1567........................................................21

Figure10SketchofPlato'svisionbyGeorgeLouis1987...............................................................22

Figure11Bird'seyeviewofPlato'svision......................................................................................22

Figure12Plato’svisionofAtlantis..................................................................................................22

Figure13AerialViewoftheVenusproject....................................................................................22

Figure14TheVenusProject............................................................................................................22

Figure15Typesof floatingstructures.............................................................................................23

Figure16Pontoonsystem................................................................................................................23

Figure17SemisubmersibleStructures.............................................................................................24

Figure18Megafloat Components...................................................................................................24

Figure19Buoyancy.........................................................................................................................25

Figure20Translationforcesonafloatingobject.............................................................................25

Figure21Typesof mooringsystemsflowchart...............................................................................26

Figure22Typesof MooringSystems..............................................................................................26

Figure23KingXeree'sbridge.........................................................................................................28

Figure24FloatingbridgebuiltacrossHellespontbyKingXeree'sArmytoinvadeGreece...........28

Figure25FloatingvillagesinCambodia.........................................................................................28

Figure26FloatingvillagesinPeru..................................................................................................28

Figure27HoodCanalFloatingBridge,USA..................................................................................29

Figure28WestIndiaQuayFootbridge,UnitedKingdom...............................................................29

Figure29NordhordlandFloatingBridge,Norway..........................................................................30

Figure30YumemaiBridge,Japan...................................................................................................30

Figure31Mulberryharbour(a)breakwater(b)pierhead(c)walkway...........................................30

Figure32Stalin’sAtlantis................................................................................................................31

Figure33FPSOvessel,KizombaBinAngola................................................................................31

Figure34FloatingrestaurantinYokohoma....................................................................................31

Figure35Jumborestaurant inHongKong .....................................................................................31

Figure36Floatingnuclearpowerplant,AkademikLomonosov.....................................................32

Figure37FloatingsolarpowerstationinKagoshima.....................................................................32

Figure38FloatinghousesinCanadaandAmsterdam.....................................................................33

Figure39Designobjectives.............................................................................................................34

Figure40Typesof designobjectives...............................................................................................34

Figure41Bathymetry.......................................................................................................................41

Figure42Windloads.......................................................................................................................42

Figure43Climatecondition.............................................................................................................42

Figure44WorldPrecipitationMap.................................................................................................43

Figure45Waternutrientslevel........................................................................................................44

Figure46Concretepontoonfoundation...........................................................................................49

Figure47Concretepontoonfoundation...........................................................................................49

Figure48Plasticpontoon.................................................................................................................50

Figure49MetalPontoon..................................................................................................................50

Figure50Caisson(a)Standard(b)Pneumatic.................................................................................51

Figure51(a)Logfloats (b)Seacrete...............................................................................................52

Figure52 Sitelocationgoogleearth................................................................................................54

Figure53View.................................................................................................................................54

Figure54Sitelocation.....................................................................................................................54

Figure55FloorPlans.......................................................................................................................55

Figure56Interiorviews(a) Stairs(b)Corridor(c)Lobby(d)Construction..................................55

Figure57Sections............................................................................................................................56

Figure58Sideview..........................................................................................................................56

Figure59Frontview........................................................................................................................56

Figure60Frontelevation.................................................................................................................57

Figure61Sitelocation.....................................................................................................................57

Figure62PlansandSections...........................................................................................................58

Figure63Viewofsite......................................................................................................................59

Figure64Viewoflanes...................................................................................................................59

Figure65View.................................................................................................................................59

Figure66Sitelocation.....................................................................................................................59

Figure67Sitelocationofgoogleearth............................................................................................59

Figure68Plansandsections............................................................................................................60

Figure69Viewsofthebuilding.......................................................................................................61

Figure70Sketchesoffascadeandsite.............................................................................................62

Figure71SurveyGraphs..................................................................................................................64

Chapter 1: Synopsis

1.1 Introduction

A rapid population growth is being caused by the constant high fertility and low mortality. The term "overpopulation" refers to the situation in which more people can coexist peacefully and healthily on the planet without compromising the environment's suitability for future generations. Long before humans existed, there were warm and cold times on Earth.Solarforces, volcaniceruptions, sealevel rise,andchangesthattypicallyresultfrom the sequestration of ozone-depleting compounds are among the causes that contribute to environmental degradation. In any case, history demonstrates that the current climate warnings, particularly those that have been in effect since the middle of the 20th century, have happenedmore quickly than atany other timeinrecentmemoryand have beenlinked to risingsea levels thatcannot be attributed to a single cause. Sealevelsare risingforthree main reasons: seas are expanding, ice sheets are losing ice faster than it can be replenished byprecipitation,andicesheetsathigherelevationsarealsobecomingsofter.Retrenchment is the solution to the early 20th century rise in sea levels. Global temperature changes are beingbroughtonbyenormousalterationsonEarth,includingthemeltingofpolaricesheets and the expansion of warmer ocean waters, which will significantly raise sea levels. Urban coastalareaswilleventuallybecomemorecompletelyburiedasthisprocessintensifies.The relationshipbetweenpopulationexpansionandenvironmentaldeteriorationhasgrownover the past three decades, and this relationship has long been the focus of debates and discussions.

Themajorcitiesaregrowingandexpandingswiftlyduetotheanticipatedpopulationgrowth, whichputspressureonthemtokeepdoingso.However,forinternationalcoastaltownsand cities like Mumbai and Chennai, the water serves as a physical barrier to the settlements, preventingfuturegrowth.

Startingfromafuturisticangle,considertheextenttowhichfloatingstructuresarenecessary forurbanexpansionanddevelopment.Theideaofbuildingoffshoreconstructionsisnotnew to the world. Since its inception in antiquity, floating constructions have been used as floatingpontoonsandbridges overrivers.There isnodoubtthatthe growth ofstructuresin such waterbodieswill lighten the loadonMotherEarth. Duetoinadequate researchandan abundance of land accessible for construction, the creation of such structures is currently quite limited, but it will soon become required and fashionable in the upcoming future. A floatingbuilding is a structure unit thatcan float on water andhas a floatation systematits base.Suchastructureisfrequentlydescribedasbeing"permanentlytied"andunsuitablefor navigation. Floating structures are unable to move on their own and are typically dragged intoplacebyanothership.

1.2 Aim

Theaimistoinvestigatefloatingstructuresinrelationtoarchitecture forhumanliving.

1.3Objectives

1)Toanalysethebenefitsandeffectsoffloatingarchitectureontheenvironment.

2)Toanalysestructuralqualitiesandmaterialsoffloatingstructures.

3)Toanalysethefactorsthataffectfloatingstructures.

1.4ResearchQuestions

1)Whatarefloatingstructuresandhowdidtheyemergeinwatersources?

2)Whatistherelevanceoffloatingarchitecture?Canitexpanduptothesizeoffloating citiesratherthanjustbridges?

3)Whataretheimpactsandpossibilitiesofconstructionoftheseoffshorefloating structures?

1.5ProposedMethodology

Definingthetopic

Relevancefromhistoryandits evolution

FactorsAffectingfloatingarchitecture

Designconsiderations

LiteratureStudy

SecondaryCasestudy

Constructionandstructuralanalysis Sustainability Materials PrimarySurvey

Figure 1 Research methodology

Source author

1.6ScopeandRelevance

1)Floatingcitiesandbuildingsrepresentanewparadigmwhencomparedtothenotion ofdevelopmentonthelandandthepresentconservativebuildingnorms.

2)Dependingonthevariouskindsoflandusesystems,itispossibletodeterminethe rangeofself-sustainingfloatingarchitecture.

3)Heavylandsystems,suchasthoseinagriculture,industry,andcommerce,couldbe encouragedtobeusedonlandbecausetheyrequiremoreconnections,transportation, andloadedareas,whereasresidential,institutional,andrecreationalstructurescanbe builtoffshorebecausetheyneedamoresolitary,peaceful,andproductive environment.Additionally,floatingformscanbeusedinthedesignandconstruction ofmilitarybases,emergencyrescuebases,andotherstructures.

1.7 Limitations

1) Since floating architecture is still seen as unconventional, there aren't many case studies,projects,orinstancesintheactualworld.

2) These floating constructions could appear ambiguous or fantastical, or they could interfere with people's ability to live comfortably in cities, depending on how they arebuiltandwheretheyareplaced.

Chapter 2: LiteratureStudy

2.1 Introduction

AccordingtotheWorldEconomicForum's2020GlobalRisksReport,theinabilitytocontrol and adapt to environmental change will be "the most effective threat" affecting networks globallyinthecomingdecade,evenaheadofweaponsofmassdestructionandwatercrises. Environmentalchangeaffectseveryaspectoflife,includingtheplaceswelive,thewaterwe drink,andtheairwebreathe.(USGS2017)

Instead of being presented as a theory, the idea of floating architecture can be used as a creativeapproachtoaddressclimatechange'simpactonthebuiltenvironment.Aconnection between offshore renewable energy and the built environment can be made via floating architectureinadditiontocreatingnewarchitecturalstyles.

Chapter 3: Factors reinforcing need of floating architecture

3.1 Adaptation and migration

According to data, theglobe iscurrently experiencinga significantglobalclimate shift that israisingtheearth'saveragetemperature.Thisphenomenaisknownasglobalwarming.Due tothisoccurrence,theaverageworldwideincreaseintemperatureduringthe1970shasbeen 0.8C for both land and sea. Numerous natural disasters, such as floods, ice storms, hurricanes,tsunamis,heatwaves,andfreezingspellswithextremelylowtemperatures,have been brought on by the climate change brought on by human-caused global warming. Althoughthemeltingofthepolaricesheetsisthoughttobethemaincauseoftheriseinsea levels,thethermalexpansion ofseawateralsoplaysapart.(Acharya 2013)

Humanactivitiesarethemainfactorcontributingtotheglobalclimatechange,accordingto studies. Approximately 55 cities are thought to consume 75% of the world's energy today and generate a comparable amount of garbage, directly contributing to more than 60% of greenhousegasemissionsandcarbonfootprint.Whenarchitectsandplannerstalkabouthow society will react to climate change, they typically debate two options: migration and adaptation.

Figure 2 Net Migration in the year 2016

Source: vividmaps.com/net-migration-rate-2016/

Adaptation is a survival skill. It involves examining, analysing, and managing the risk of unfavourable outcomes. Managing the growing issues related to extreme occurrences and societal vulnerability is also a concern. Identification of key areas, needs, and actions must bethegoal.Therefore,thecreationofinnovativeflexiblearchitectureplaysacriticalrolein contemporaryurbanplanning.

Forthosewhoarethreatenedbytheeffectsofclimatechangeorotherdangerousconditions, migration isviewedastheirfinaloption.Itmightalsohappenifadaptionfails.

3.2

Overpopulation

Inorderfortheglobetoremainhabitableforfuturegenerations,theremustbefewerpeople than can live there comfortably, happily, and healthily. Some people today think that overcrowdingposesthebiggestthreattothefuture.

Asaresult, thereisanever-increasingneedforlandfordevelopmentandhuman habitation on a global scale. Since the beginning of time, land has been used as a natural resource, whichisharmingtheclimate.J.J.JensenLoadandGlobalStrength.

Figure 4Human population growth Source: www.theglobaleducationproject.org

Figure 3 Human population growth Source: www.theglobaleducationproject.org

Bothgroupscontendthattheyhavetherighttousethewatersideastheirownspace,despite thefactthattheclaimsonwaterarealsograduallybecomingmorecontentiousinthestruggle forlessspace. Fromtheperspectiveoftheresidentswholiveonthese waterfronts,building on the water could be seen as obstructing view on recreational public space (water body), which is supposed to be less urbanised. Due to this circumstance, land use plans now need totakehabitationnearwaterintoaccount.

3.3 Land Reclamation

In order to develop toward the sea or to create new land in the sea, port cities and coastal areas must meet their infrastructure needs. It is a process of forming new land from water sources like oceans, seas, rivers, or lakes, as the name implies. It creates greater space for uses like habitation, agriculture, and industry, and typically benefits the countries by developing new coastal recreational areas, residential neighbourhoods, and business parks, amongotherthings.

Even though itisacost-effective method, landreclamationrequiresearthmaterialssuch as rocks, clay, sand, etc. to create land in the sea. This has contributed to the rise in floating architecture.Butfindingthesematerialshasbeenabigproblem.

According to reports, sand wars have already started in many Asian nations, leading to a prohibitiononsandexportsandanincreaseinorganisedcrimesyndicatesthatfillthe voids by dealing sand as a drug. Sand that is appropriate for development is becoming depleted due to the need for concrete, which requires sand as a component, and artificial land. (Bolonkin 2010)

Reclaimedcountriesaresubjecttoanumberofdangers. Forinstance,thereclaimedground may experience erosion and soil liquefaction in the event of an earthquake. Additionally, thereisalwaysachancethattheselocationswillre-sinkintotheoceanbecauseoftheirshaky base. Due of their vulnerability to sea level rise, reclaimed areas also struggle with subsidence.

3.4 Rising Sea Level

TheEarth'snaturalprocesses,suchasthemeltingofthepolaricesheetsandthewarmingof the oceans due to an increase in global temperatures, are clearly raising sea levels. The waterfrontmetropolitanareaswilleventuallybeswampedifthistransformationkeepsgoing. Our oceans are expectedto rise one to four feet higher by 2100 as a result of the ice sheets meltingintotheseas.

Island nations are under direct danger, as are some of the largest metropolitan areas in the globe, includingasNewYork, Miami, Mumbai,and Sydney. Therisingoceanlevelcauses threeresponses:security,comfort,andwithdrawal. Olthuis, K.andKeuning,D(2010)

The land is not protected from the sea during retreat. Environments move inland as the coastalzoneisabandoned.Awholeregioncouldbe desertedinanabsurdscenario.

Accommodation implies that people continue to use the vulnerable land while making no efforttostopitfromoverflowing.Thisoptionincludesgrowingfloodorsalt-tolerantcrops, lifting crisis floor coverings, hoisting buildings on piles, or converting agricultural land to seagoinguses,includingfishfarming.

Raising hard structures like sea walls and dividers as part of protection helps prevent the shorelinefromerodingintotheocean.

Figure 5 Rising sea levels

Source: www.globalchange.gov

3.5 Leisure and Tourism

Three essential elements that must be combined into one welcoming structure are highlighted by tourism attractions. These three elements are amenity, accessibility, and attractiveness. Whereas accessibility is a hassle-free connection to the building via transportation, and amenity is the availability of lodging, restaurants, and other facilities, attractionentailsanuniqueandinventivecomponentwithnatureandlocalculture.

Whetherit'sasinglecanalinAmsterdam,ariverinSouthKorea,oranentireneighbourhood onreclaimedland(PalmJumeirah)intheUnitedArabEmirates,floatingarchitectureoffers a distinctiveandimaginative approachto experience thecontext of buildingspace. OforiG (2000)

Additionally, the authorities in some places have recognised the potential benefits of adopting floating architecture as a way to increase real estate value and enhance facilities. Urbanareasgainvisualappealfromthe interestand innovationof expandingon water,and the architecturalmethodbecomesflexible.The Ijburghousing projectinthe Netherlandsis a wonderfulillustrationofhowdesign communitieshavebeguntoinclude both privateand open-airpublicspacesintothefloatingarchitectureidea.(2015)Mynett

For tourists visiting Indian cities with lakes, streams, or beaches, such as Kashmir, Jaipur, Kerala, and its backwater regions, floating houseboats have long been a key draw. Since years, they have improved city tourism and recreation, with floating houseboats serving as oneofthemaindraws.

Figure 7 House boat in Kerala Source: www.google.co.in

Figure 6 House boat in Kashmir Source:www.google.co.in

Chapter 4: Psychology of Living on Water

4.1 Folklore

All societies, mythologies, religions, and rituals centre on water. Folklore from numerous culturesthroughout theworld demonstrateshowwatercanbothcreate and destroylife.For instance,creationmythshave givenrise toaplethoraof water-relatedmyths.

These myths frequently feature the same diametrically opposed views about dread and attractionwiththewater,aparadoxthatisasignificantcomponentoffolkloreallaroundthe world. For instance, the good and bad aquatic creatures (such as mermaids) are clearly distinguished in the ancient Greekepic poem The Odyssey (i.e. sea monsters). Ye X, Yang Y,TangG(2014)

Additionally, a cataclysmic flood's destruction of life is repeatedly mentioned in numerous origin legends. Of course, the biblical account of Noah's ark serves as the most prominent example, in which Noah constructs a houseboat large enough to host a farm, an aquarium, anaviary,andazoo.

Figure

4.2 Psychology

Livingnearwaterhasalways representedthedesire tocoexist wellwithnature,muchmore so thanwouldbefeasible ondryland.

Manypeoplehavealways beenfascinatedbytheocean'ssizebecauseitsymbolises,among otherthings, the desireto"live lifeinharmonywithnatureandcosmicconstellations."

ThemythicalislandofAtlantisisarguablytheoldestillustrationofthisconcept.

Our collective urge tobelieve in the presence of this purportedlyextinct prehistoric society persists notwithstanding what scientists and academics tell us. This is demonstrated by the fact that the first American vessel intended for oceanographic study was named Atlantis. Along with a number of resort hotels in Dubai and the Bahamas, it is also the name of an Americanspaceshuttlethatisnowundergoingassembly.WestwoodA(2009)

Figure 9 Noah’s boat wooden carving by Jost Amman, 1567 Source: harvestcommunity.net

8 Noah's boat Source: www.google.co.in

Atlantis is significant because it is arguably the most well-known illustration of a utopian water system. A utopia is an ideal, made-up island nation with exemplary communal life, according to Sir Thomas More, who first used the phrase in his book Utopia in 1516. The word utopia is derived from the Greek word "utopie," which literally means "no place." In his utopian novel The New Atlantis from 1623, English philosopher Francis Bacon copied this notion by describing a perfect social order on an island called New Atlantis that is locatedoutsideoftheknownworld.

Everyutopiafantasy,includingthoseofMoreandBacon,ispredicatedontheideathatliving inatiny,self-sufficientstatewillleadtogreaterfreedomonthepersonalandpoliticallevels. In this manner, it appears that land dwellers project their desire for greater independence onto the vast expanses of the sea and its islands. The concept of existing in a lawless wastelandor,at the veryleast, the notionoffoundinga newsociety thatwilladhereto new normsmayholdsomeattraction.OforiG(2000)

Figure 12

Source: www.google.co.in

Figure

Source: www.google.co.in

Figure

Source: www.google.co.in

Many water-based initiatives nowadays also convey social and political messages.The VenusProject,whichrunsoutofa21-acreplotoflandinVenus,Florida,isonewell-known example. Jacque Fresco, a self-describedfuturist,and Roxanne Meadows,aformerportrait artist, founded The Venus Project circa 1975. The project's premise is that poverty results from the stifling of technical progress, which is a result of the current global economic system's profit-driven mentality. Frescopostulatesthat more resources wouldbeaccessible tomorepeopleifoureconomicsystempermittedtechnologicaladvancement.Withsomany resources at their disposal, individuals would be less likely to be independent and greedy andmorewillingtolendahandtooneanother.OforiG(2000)

Figure

Source: www.thevenusproject.com

Figure

Source: www.thevenusproject.com

Plato’s vision of Atlantis

11 Bird's eye view of Plato's vision

10 Sketch of Plato's vision by George Louis 1987

14 The Venus Project

13 Aerial View of the Venus project

Chapter5:TypesofFloatingStructures

5.1FloatingStructure

Afloatingbuildingisastructureunitthatcanfloatonwaterandhasafloatationsystemat itsbase.Suchastructureisfrequentlydescribedasbeing"permanentlytied"andunsuitable fornavigation.Floatingstructuresareunabletomoveontheirownandaretypicallydragged intoplacebyanothership.

Floatingwaterstructuresarebeneficialfortheenvironmentsincetheyarelesslikelytoharm theharbour’sorseabed'secosystemandareresistanttochangesinsealevel.Theycanbe constructedoff-site,thenpulledintoplacetocausetheleastamountofdisruptiontothe constructionsite.Thestructuremaybemovedifitisnolongerneeded.(MiguelLamasPardoa,1)

5.2

TypesofFloatingstructures

Thepontoon-typeandthesemisubmersible-typearethetwomainformsofverylarge floatingstructures.Watanabe,Wang,Utsunomiyo,andMoanclaim(2004).

FloatingStructure

5.2.1Pontoon Type

Thesebuildingsaresituatedatsealevel,likeagiantplatefloatingonthewater.Thesekinds offloatingbuildingsareoftenexclusivelyusedincalmwaters,occasionallyclosetothe shorelineandfrequentlyinsideoflagoonsorcoves.Japaneseengineersalsorefertomassive floatingconstructionswithpontoon-likedesignsasMega-Floats.

5.2.2Semisubmersible Type

In order tominimisetheeffects of waves while maintainingasteadybuoyancyforce, these buildings are elevated above the surface of the water utilising column tubes or other structuralfeatures.Asaresult,theyreducethewaves'producedmotionandareaccordingly launchedinroughwaterswithlargewaves.Thesekindsoffloatingstructuresarereferredto as"tension-legplatforms"whentheyarefastenedtotheseafloorusingvertical,strongchains withhighpretensiontotakeadvantageoftheadditionalbuoyancythatthefloatingstructure provides.Floatingoildrillingplatformsareanexampleofahuge,semi-submersiblefloating structurethatisusedforoilandgasdrillingandproduction.

Figure 17 Semisubmersible Structures

Source: www.google.co.in

5.3 Components of Floating Structures

According to the general rule of thumb, mega-floats are floating constructions with a side dimension of at least 60 metres. A building made of Mega-Floats has dimensions that are more than or equal to 60m. Masahiko Fujikubo,2005 A Mega-Floats structure includes the following:

Figure 18 Mega float Components

Source: www.google.co.in

A massivefloatingpontoonstructure.

A facilityformooringboatstostopthefloatingstructurefromdrifting.

A floating highway or a bridge that allows access from the beach to the floating structure.

A breakwater to lessen the force of the wave's impact on the floating structure (typicallyneededifthesignificantwavealtitudeisgreaterthan4m).

5.4 Movement, Stability and Forces

The buoyancy principle, developed by Archimedes, governs floating structures. According toArchimedes'principle,anobject'supwardbuoyantforceisequaltotheweightofthewater it displaces. Both the weight of the body to which the force is being applied and the downwardforceofweightwhenloadisappliedmustbebalanced.

An objectthatisadrifton water issensitive to rotationsandtranslational movementsof six degrees:

Surge:Translationbothforwardandbackwardinthex-direction;

Sway:Translationfromsidetosideinthey-direction;

Heave-Translationalongthez-axis,orupanddown;

Roll-Rotationalongthex-axis;

Pitch-Rotationalongthey-axis;

Yaw-Rotationalongtheverticalz-axis.

Figure 19 Buoyancy Source: www.vervelead.com

Figure 20 Translation forces on a floating object Source: www.digitalcollegian.com

The floating body isfrequently limitedto the seabed andanchored using proper anchoring, whichallows the sway, surge, and yaw to be neglected, in order to avoid these forces from turningitoverorsinkingit.(Wang2015)

5.5 Mooring systems and breakwaters

A mooring systemmustbe constructedtoensurethatthefloatingstructure ismaintainedin place sothatthefacilitiesinstalled onitcan operate reliablyandtoensurethatthestructure doesn't move due to environmental or other factors operating on it.( Korte, M. Kloos & Y. 2007)

Amooringsystemmustbeconstructedtoensurethatthefloatingstructureismaintainedin placesothatthefacilitiesinstalledonitcanoperatereliablyandtoensurethatthestructure doesn'tmoveduetoenvironmentalorotherfactorsoperatingonit.

TypesofMooringSystems

Figure 21 Types of mooring systems flowchart Source: www.civiltech.com

Figure 22 Types of Mooring Systems Source: Author

Thefirststepinchoosingamooringsystemistodecidewhatkindofsystemwearebuilding. Next,thematerialanddesignofthemooringsystemareanalysed,alongwiththenumberof structuresthatwillbeinstalled,takingintoaccounttheenvironment,durability,andcost. Finally,load-basedcalculationsareusedtoconstructthedevices/mooringsystemswhile simultaneouslystimulatingallforces.(Maeda,n.d.,2000)

Fortheprotectionoffloatingstructuresthatarevulnerabletowaveconditionsbiggerthan4 metres,breakwatersarenecessary.Thesecomeinavarietyofvarieties,includingsloping (mounded),vertical,composite,andwaveenergydissipationblocks.Thesloppingform, however,isthemostfundamentalandtypical.Typically,concreteblocks,rubble,and recycledsandareusedtocreatethemound.Theycanalsobealteredtoserveasaccessroutes toafloatingbuilding.Indeepseas,oceans,andotherbodiesofwater,verticaltype breakwatersarefrequentlyused.Concreteblockscouldbeutilisedandpositionedinfrontof ittolessenthewavereflectionandbreakingwaveforceontheverticalwalls..Masahiko Fujikubo,2005

Breakwatersareincrediblyeffective,buttheyhaveanegativeimpactontheenvironment becausetheyobstructoceancurrents,obliteratethebottom,andharmmarinelife.Floating breakwatershavebeensuggestedasasolutiontotheseissuesbecausetheyaremoreeffective anddon'trequirenaturalresourcesbecausetheyareman-made.(Wang2015).

Dolphin-guided framesystem Cableand Chain Tensionleg Method Pier/quaywall method

5.5.1Advantages

Mobility.

appropriateforalltypesof water

varyingdepthsofwater

Hostileandharsh(conditionsgood behaviouratsea).

5.5.2Disadvantages

Asisthecasewithallsemisubmersibleboats,payloadisconstrained.

Large internalmovements:riskofstructuralfatigue

Theuseofconnectorsisstillinitsearlystage.

Highcostsfor buildingandmaintenance.

Chapter6:HistoryandEvolutionofFloating Structures

6.1FloatingBridges

Theconceptoffloatingbuildingsisnotnewtotheglobe;in480BC,KingXeresofPersia usedtworowsoffloatingbridgesconstructedonboatstoleadhisarmyovertheHellespont. Later,byconnectingboats,ships,andwoodendecks,morebridgeswerebuiltinasimilar mannerandbegantodevelopallovertheworld.Fromthesefloatingdecks,floating habitationssoondeveloped.Manynationsacrosstheworldhavefloatingvillageswithfully operationalmarketsandplacestolive.LiCG,WangY,HeJQ,PanZY,WangLA(2010)

6.2FloatingVillages

Thefloatinghumancolonieshaveexistedsinceantiquityandhavehistoricallybeenseenin manydifferentnationsallovertheworld.Infact,significantpopulationsgatheredaround lakesinCambodiaatthebeginningofthe16thcenturytoengageinaquaculture,fishing, etc.Later,thesepopulationstooktheshapeofafloatingvillage.Othercountrieswitha historyoffloatingcommunitiesincludeChina,Thailand,theNetherlands,andBolivia. Ookubo(2002)

Figure 23 King Xeree's bridge Souce:www.worldhistoryvolume.com

Figure 24Floating bridge built across Hellespont by King Xeree's Army to invade Greece Source:www.alamy.com

Figure 25 Floating villages in Cambodia Source: www.seamreap.com

Figure 26 Floating villages in Peru Source: www.floatingvillagestours.com

TheUrospeopleofTiticacaLake,Peru,builttheirhomesoutofauniquevarietyofreedthat only grows in that lake.On a few settlements, people lived in floatingwooden deck homes andaboardboats.Theconceptoffloatingboathousesemergedasnewtechnologiesandideas advanced over time, eventually constituting entire neighbourhoods and cities. Marshall, P. J. 2001

6.3 Floating Boats

ThewatercanalwasoneofthemostsignificantreflectionsinAmsterdam'sspatiallayout,a city where theenvironment functionsasa hydraulic system. Thus, theideaof ahouse boat, whichhaditshistoricaloriginsduringthe DutchGoldenAge ofSeaTradeinthe17th–19th Century, was introduced by its canals. The bulk of the artisans who used their ships and barges as a job and living space at this time brought money to the country in addition to establishinga wayoflifeonthe water.(Blaustein,M.Gabor&J.1979)

Thecanalsandriversthatflowedthroughtheseseasidecommunitieswereturnedintolovely residential areas by local businesspeople. Many cargo ships were transformed into homes afterthe 19thcenturyandmooredincanalsandotherwaterways.(Korte 2007)

Figure 27 Hood Canal Floating Bridge, USA Source: www.google.com

Figure 28 West India Quay Footbridge, United Kingdom Source: www.google.com

After World War II, the housing crisis was a significant reason that converted house boats into a preferred option for living in addition to the abundance of retired barges and ships (Blaustein1979). The three mainreasons people chose to live onhouseboats between 1972 and 1975 in Holland Province were the lack of affordable homes (48%), the free and easy lifestyle(22%)andthecheapercostofliving(8.5%).Housingnearwaterdrawspeoplewith a free lifestyle and expressionists for reasons other than proximity to their place of employment and economic considerations because there are fewer restrictions and unique experiencesthatcomewithlivingonthewater.(Korte2007)

However, modern houseboats serve primarily as substitute homes and tourist destinations. The backwaters of Kerala and Kashmir's dal lake house boats are noted as popular tourist destinationsinIndia.

Figure 30 Yumemai Bridge, Japan Source: www.google.com

6.4 Floating Docks

Figure 29 Nordhordland Floating Bridge, Norway Source: www.google.com

During World War II, floating docks gained popularity. The concept of a mobile harbour was developed once it became clear that guarding an existing harbour was impossible. A great illustration of a floating dock used by the British during World War II was Mulberry Harbour. The breakwaters, pier head, and walkway from pier to beach were the three main componentsoftheharbour’sdesign. .MasahikoFujikubo,2005

The concrete docks have contemporary uses in Japan and Alaska. The largest floating pre stressed concrete container terminal in the world is located in Valdez, Alaska. It was first usedin1982andregularlyprovidesservicesforshipswithacapacityof50,000tonnes.Itis a 700-foot-long dock that was constructed from two hollow, precast prefabricated sections that were post-tensioned together and secured on location. Japan uses floating piers in the HiroshimaportofUjina.Thesepiers,whichwerebuiltin1993,allowedtheporttoincrease thecapacityofitswaterfrontforferrypassengers.WangaC.M,Taya Z.Y,2011

Source: www.ww2b.com

Figure 31 Mulberry harbour (a) breakwater (b) pier head (c) walkway

6.5

Floating Structures for Oil Exploration, Extraction and Storage

Fixedplatformsandsubmersible rigswereinitiallyconnectedtotheSovietoilindustry,but asoilexplorationmovedintodeepersettings,floatingsemi-submersiblestructureswerethe onlypracticaloption.Thenewestsemisubmersiblesareextremelyenormousandtall,weigh between20,000and30,000tonnesgross,andareequippedwithhighpressurepumps,roomy high-flow solidscontrolssuits, bigboredrillpipes, dualmud systems withpit capacitiesof more than 15,000 bbl, and automated pipe handling. Before the semi-submersible rig was created, the jack-uprigwas another alternative to fixed type and submersible offshore rigs. Thisisafloatinghullwithmanyloweringlegsthatmaybeplacedwhereveriswanted. Due toitsfloatingbase,itmaybesimplypulledtothedestination.

Source: www.google.co.in

6.6 Floating Entertainment Facilities

Source: www.google.co.in

Urban planners have started to add to the current urban environment by incorporating culturalandrecreationalservicesintofloatingfacilitiesasextensionstocities.Theseenable a city toimprove coastalliving and increase its capacity tomeet the needsof itsexpanding population. Floating buildings are frequently used as floating restaurants, providing diners with expansive views of the surrounding sea. The well-known, pontoon-mounted Jumbo restaurant isa symbol of Hong Kong. Similarto this, Japan hasa tinyfloating restaurantin Yokohoma that was constructed in 1992. A floating structure is also present next to the restaurant. Prof. CM Wang of the National University of Singapore has recommended constructingafloatingcrabrestaurant.

Figure 34 Floating restaurant in Yokohoma

Source: www.peiritsumei.ac.jp

Figure 35 Jumbo restaurant in Hong Kong

Source: www.flickr.com

Figure 33 FPSO vessel, Kizomba B in Angola

Figure 32 Stalin’s Atlantis

In recent years, floating lodging options like hotels and dorms have also been developed. The Four Seasons, a seven-story floating hotel, was constructed in Singapore and towed to itslocationattheGreatBarrierReefclosetoTownsville,Australia.

The King Pacific Lodge Princess Royal Island, which is situated in British Columbia, is anotherfloatinghotelownedbyCanada.AtOnomichi,Hiroshima,Japanhasanamusement complex built on a sizable floating island (130*40*5 m). It has a marina, aquarium, and 3D theatre.

The largest floating performance stage in the world may be found at Singapore's Marina Bay, where a floating platform was finished in 2007. The three artificially created islets, Viva,Vista,andTerra,makeuptheSouthKoreanarchipelagoknownastheFloatingIslands of the HanRiver, Seoul.A floating hotel with 800overnight guestsand aconferencecentre with 2,000 participants was recently designed by Waterstudio.NL off the coast of the MaldivesintheIndianOcean. OforiG(2000)

6.7 Floating Utility Plants

Since the second part of the 20th century, floating structures have been used for industrial reasons. These facilities can be built in one location, towed to another, and installed as a permanentfacility.Theycanalsobemooredandpulledtoanotherlocationasneeded.Under theauspicesoftheUSArmyNuclearPowerProgram, thefirstfloatingnuclearpowerplant was constructed in 1968. In June 2010, Russia also started building the Akademik Lomonosovfloatingnuclearpowerstation.

Acitywithapopulationof2,00000shouldbeabletorunonupto70MWofelectricityfrom the power plant. The same facility can be used to produce 2,40,000 cubic metres of fresh

Source: www.google.com

Source: www.google.com

water perdaythrough desalination. Because theplantistransportable, itmaybe towedtoa location where it will provide power in the case of an emergency or natural disaster. Japan hasconstructeda70MWfloatingsolarpowerfacilityinthesouthernKagoshimaPrefecture. The first Styrofoam-filled, floating heliport made of cellular concrete is located in Vancouver, Canada. Since these floating constructions are resistant to seismic shocks and, when properly designed, can withstand a variety of stresses including gravity loads and waves, they have been modified at numerous locations throughout Japan for use as emergencyrescuebases.

Figure 37 Floating solar power station in Kagoshima

Figure 36 Floating nuclear power plant, Akademik Lomonosov

6.8 Floating Houses

De Graffalso mentions floatingurbanisation onthe water's surface. There have beena few creative housing initiatives that propose building homes in floodplains if specific construction techniques are used. The Dutch society in the Netherlands was one of the top inhavingapositiveattitudetowardlivingonwater,despitethefactthatlivinginboathouses datesbackthousandsofyears.(Graaf2009)

A new type of floating neighbourhood or housing has entered the field of spatial planning. Most ofthesehomes, whichrangeinheightfromonetothreestories,aresemidetachedand freestanding homes. The different forms of water that may have been used as a place for thesefloatinghomesincludethesea,lakes,shallowlakes,waterchannels,canals,andflood reliefregions.

Duringperiodsofintenserainfallordrought,riversareatriskofexperiencingfrequentwater fluctuations. Therefore, if noactionis taken,thereisa constantrisk offlooding in the river basins. For these riverbank locations, floating and amphibious houses are being studied as alternatives.

Water-based homes could be further divided into three categories: floating homes (constructed totally on water, joined by decks or bridges), land-based homes (made on the edgeofwaterorland),andamphibioushomes(afloatinwaterduringhighwaterandlieson landrestof the season).(Singelenberg2011)

Figure 38 Floating houses in Canada and Amsterdam Sources: www.researchgate.com

Chapter7:DesignObjectives

Design Objectives

Figure 40 Types of design objectives

Source: author

7.1Movability

Figure 39 Design objectives

Source: Author

Thespeed,safety,andeaseofthemovementarethemostcrucialdesignelementsinterms ofmovability.Thevariouswaysthatafloatingbuildingcanbemovedaredirectlyrelatedto itssize.Ahugestructurecanbemovedfastandhasareasonablysimplemooringsystem. Thecity'selementsandthewaterflooraremoreconnectedtosmaller-scalefloating buildings.Movementsaren'texpectedtohappenveryoften.Movingawayfromhurricanes orcycloneswould,nevertheless,beextremelyadvantageousinsomeareas.

TECHNIQUESTOMOVEAFLOATINGCITY

TYPE DESCRIPTION PROS CONS

Self-Propelled

Towed

Semi-SubmersibleShip

If acityis frequentlymoved integrateitwitha seasteador establishitona ship.

Theplatformsare madesimpleto movewiththeaid ofatugboator otherexternal sourceof propulsion.

QuickandEasyto move.

Simplemooring Systemisrequired forlargestructures.

Maintenancecostis high.

Foroccasional transportsalarge propulsionsystem isrequired.

Quickandeasyto move Needsanexternal devicefor transportation.

Thedesignshould betow-friendly.

Onlyhuge structuresare feasibleforhigh seastransit.

Thecityismoved bysemisubmersibleships

Quickmovement Lessdesign constraints

Freeboardcanbe loweredfor optimumonthe waterperformance.

Widerangeof platformsizescan bemoved.

Enablesthe transportationof smaller constructionsover roughwaves.

Theentirebuilding isintact.

Transportrequires anexternaldevice, andwhenthereare manysmall platforms,a significantnumber ofshipsare required.

Idealforhuge constructions mostly.

Thesizeoffloating platformsislimited byshipsize,which isaverylargesize.

Additionally,the structureneedsto besturdyenoughto beraisedoutofthe water.

Dissembled

7.2 Dynamic Geography

Citycanbe disassembledand relocatedusing containers.

Quickandeasy movement Canbemovedto anylocation

Transport preparationtakesa lotoftime. Peopleshould moveseparately

Greater independence can be attained on a city, a community, or an individual level in floatingarchitecture.Thiscanbedonebymovinginsidethecityorevenbymigratingoutside the community with other residents while living in one's own house. This is known as dynamic geography. A single autonomous dwelling would ideally be the smallest scale on whichthiscouldbeenabled,allowingformaximummovability.(Acharya,Larissa.2013.)

TYPESOFDYNAMICGEOGRAPHY

TYPE DESCRIPTION PROS CONS

Islands

Everystructurehasitsown platformduetowhich mobilityiscompletely unrestricted.

Hingedjointsareusedtolink structures.

Optimumdynamic geography. Large numberof connections andmooring systems.

Branch

Thesestructuresconsistsof variousdwellingunitsand other buildingswhichcanbe connectedusinghingesor rigidjoints.

Smallersizethan Islandswhichmakes itmovefaster.

Singlehouse cannotbe moved. For structuresto fittogether, theymustbe uniform. Large anchoring systemsare required.

CompositeStructure

Aseriesofsemi-large structuresarejoinedtogether tobuildalargerstructure.

It'srigidtoconnect.

Lessmooringsare required.

Hardlyswell.

Difficultto disconnect Adjacent buildings mustalsobe

relocated when rearranging.

SingleLargeStructure Largestructureslikeacruise shiporoilplatformactsas singleunit.

Lessmooringsare required. Hardlyswell.

No possibilityof rearranging.

7.3 Seakeeping

Seakeepinghas two levels: the capacitytoendurerough seas in asafe bayand the capacity to modify for survival on the big seas. Water depth, huge waves, and storms are the three mainhazardsonthehighseas.Theseelementsmakeanchoring,wavebreaking,andcomfort difficult. TheEuropeanScienceFoundation(2010)

CATAGORIZEOFSEAKEEPING

TYPE DESCRIPTION PROS CONS

Ship

Largeshipsare particularlysuitedfor thehighsealevels becauseoftheir size andshape.

Theshipitself incorporateswave attenuation.

Thebuildingscan withstandsignificant surfandhaveahigh sensitivitytowaves.

Completewave resistant. Shipmotionis requiredfor wave attenuationtowork.

Unsuitablefor buildingacitywith connections,public spaces,etc.

Raisedplatform

Thesurfacethatisin touchwiththe water'ssurfaceis reducedbyaraised platform,suchasan oilrigoranair container,which reducestheforceof thewaves.

Built-in breakwater Waveimpact andinfluenceare reducedwith minimalcontact withthewater's surface.

Appropriateonly forsubstantial structures

Breakwater

Thecitycanassume anyshapebehinda barrierthatisbuilt externallytofunction asabreakwater.

Broadflexibility fordesign. Breakwater couldbe combinedwith additional featuresor services.

Thewater behindthe structurecanbe usedfor recreationalor aquaculture,etc.

Submerged

7.4 Water Experience

Theeffectof waves isreducedwhenthe structureis submerged. Wave powerdecreased rapidlyasdepth increased.

Additionalmooring techniquesare requiredfor external structure.

Isnotcapableof handlingalltypes ofwaves,which could,insome cases,causeswell todevelopbehind it.

Appropriate everywherein thesea.

Gettingenough lightwouldbe difficult.

Residentsrequire oxygen. Noexposuretothe outside environmentmay alsomakepeople feeluncomfortable.

Visual and tactile experiences with water can be distinguished in the floating architecture. The ability of inhabitants to see the water is the most important in the initial encounter. Swimming, sailing, diving, aquaculture, and even surfing are all a part of the secondary encounter. Living near water would be preferred over living on an oil rig or a cruise liner, wherethereissimplyadistant,visuallinktothesea.

CATEGORIZEOFWATEREXPERIENCES

TYPE DESCRIPTION PROS CONS

Islands

Everystructurehas itsownplatformdue towhichmobilityis completely unrestricted.

Hingedjointsare usedtolink structures.

Branch

Thesestructures consistsofvarious dwellingunitsand otherbuildings whichcanbe connectedusing hingesorrigidjoints.

Maximumexposureto thewater Limited stability

Requires breakwater protection, whichwould impairthe viewofthe ocean.

Excellentwater experience.

Middle-ground stability

Requires breakwater protection, whichwould impairthe viewofthe ocean.

Bay

Platform

Aseriesof semilargestructuresare joinedtogetherto buildalarger structure.

It'srigidtoconnect.

Pleasantbay-like experience

Extremelystable.

Awide varietyof platform designs. Needfor severalrigid connections.

Largestructureslike acruiseshiporoil platformactsas singleunit.

Platformdoesnot restrictbuilding shapes verystable

Onlymarginal experiencein waterwhichis ontheedges.

7.5 Growth Development

The two maincategories of structuresarebig constructionscreatedall atonceand modular structures thatexpand gradually. It is challenging to expand the"ship" or"raised platform" structuressincetheymustbebuiltandfundedallatonce.Moregradualexpansionispossible with smaller structures that can be joined to form a larger structure or protected by a breakwater. Instead of building massive structures all at once, a progressive technique is moresuitedfora modularsystemmadeupofsmallerpieces.

TYPESOFDEVELOPMENTS Ships Breakwater

CompositeStructure

7.6 Safety

On the one hand, safetyentails creating a liveable space where people can move about and enjoy their lives but on the other hand, it also entails building a solid floating structure. Equallycrucialissafeguardingthefloatingmetropolisfromenvironmentaldangerslikehigh waves,storms,andevenhurricanes.Itiscrucialtobeabletoleavequicklyenoughtoavoid astorm.

7.7 High Rise

A high floating construction, such asan apartment complex ona floating body, willhave a higher centre of gravity and a higher draught. Both might compromise stability. However, high-rise buildings are also feasible if the floating body is given a wide enough width. [Winkelen,2007].

Raisedplatform

Chapter 8: Local Conditions

The design of a will unavoidably be influenced by regional factors. The size of the breakwaters and floating structures, for instance, will depend on the wave conditions. The size and expense of mooring systems will be influenced by the depth of the ocean floor (bathymetry). The floating structures should be mobile and ready to handle a variety of situations. It ought to bepossible to transport it toa bay with almost identicalconditions at theveryleast.Itshouldbeabletowithstandstormswithlessdesirable waveconditionsand temporaryrelocationintheeventofhurricanes.Itshouldbecapableofhandlingroughseas intheidealscenario,withorwithoutsupplementaryprotection.

Figure 41 Bathymetry

Source: NOAA.com

8.1 Bathymetry

Thedimensions,materialchoice,andpriceofthemooringsystemswillbeinfluencedbythe depth of the ocean floor. The most popular option for shallow water up to 100 metres is chainsthataretiedtoanchors.

Dependingonthesoil'scharacteristics,thestrengthofcurrentsandtides,howfrequentlythe structurewillneedtobemoved,andotherfactors,differentmaterialcompositionsareused. Seamountsandridgesmaymakesuitablelocationssincetheyreducethedepthand,thus,the length of the anchoring system. Waves are influenced by bathymetry in relatively shallow water.TheEuropeanScienceFoundation(2010)

8.2 Tides, Waves and Currents

The water forcesactingon the floatingstructures submerged portionare determined by the local currentsandtides.These structuresrequirean opposing force tomaintain its position, either by mooring it or by driving it. Thus, these forces will ultimately be handled by the mooringsystem.MusialW(2008)

8.3Winds

Waveformationiscausedbywindblowingonthewater.Thewindspeedandduration,along withthewaterdepth,allaffectthewave'ssize.Largewavescreatedinopenwaterwill continuetotravelfarafterthewindhasstopped.Thesewaveswillbeaffectedbytides,winds fromdifferentdirections,andshorelineshapesastheymove.Cambridge(2005).

Thefinishedfloatinghomemustbesubjecttowindloading,whichincludesbothdeadand liveloadsbutexcludesoff-centreloading.

Figure 42 Wind loads

Source: www.google.com

8.4Climate

Theconstructionandarchitecturaldesignofthestructuresmusttakeintoaccountthegeneral climaticvariables,suchasprecipitation,humidity,wind,andsunradiation.Ahighhumidity levelwillalwaysbepresentnearwater.Thisindicatesthatconcernformoisturemustbe givenwhenconstructingthestructures.Additionallycertainclimatezonescanexperience anincreaseinthefrequencyofhurricanesandcyclones.,ElsevierSciencePubl.,Amsterdam (2001).

Cyclonesarelessofaproblemthanhurricanessincetheyaresmallerandlesspowerful. Futurelocationsincludethoseinhurricane-proneareas.TheEarthObservatoryofNASA statesthatapproximately80tropicalcyclonesformworldwideeachyear,withroughlya thirdintensifyingintohurricanes.ThewesternPacificOcean,whichhasahugeamountof warmoceanwater,istheregionwiththemostactivity.Incontrast,theAtlanticOceanhas roughlytenstormsperyearonaverage,ofwhichsixbecomehurricanes.

Figure 43 Climate condition

Source:www.globalclimate.com

8.5 Precipitation

Humansdependonfreshwatertosurvive,soitmustalwaysbeaccessible.Riskscomewith relyingonimportsforsupply.

At first, dependencecannot beavoided,butafterthefloatingcityreachesacertainsize,the ability to create fresh water on-site emerges as an intriguing possibility. Desalination of waterandrainwatercollectionaretwo optionsthatcouldbothcontribute toa sufficientand economically viable water supply. Rainwater is probably sufficient for the majority of applicationsatthelocationchosen.

Figure 44 World Precipitation Map

Source: www.worldclimatology.com

8.6 Ocean energy production

The choice of a renewable energy system combination will depend on the local circumstances. There are currently a few small-scale commercial floating wind farms in existence.Aturbinesetonafloatingpolewitha100-meter-deepdraught,resemblingaspar, is part of the Hay wind system, one of the systems that makes use of offshore platform technology. Dependingon the sea depth and wave conditions, offshore wind facility costs will be significantly higher than those of onshore plants. However, there might be many options in the floatingproject to mix wind turbines with other features, including breakwaters. This could lower costs to the level of onshore wind energy and turn out to be oneofthemosteconomicalsourcesofrenewableenergy.(Vega LA1999)

OceanThermalEnergyConversion(OTEC)generatespoweranddesalinatedfreshwateras a by-productby takingadvantage of the temperature differential betweendeep andshallow oceanwater.Commercialfacilitieshavenotyetbeenimplementedintropicalregions,where thetemperaturedifferentialisrelativelyhigh.Osmoticpower,algae-basedbiofuel,andsolar cellsarefurtherenergy-producingmethods.(OceanEnergyTechnologyOverview(2009)

8.7 Nutrients

Nutrientsarereleasedintotheoceansinenormousquantitiesallthroughouttheworld.Algae orfoodcanbegrownusingthesenutrients.Humanwastecanberecycledtomakea portion of the supply, preventing environmental contamination in the process.The highest concentrations are seen where the currents generate upwelling, which is at the edge of continentalshelves.Columbia,Canada(2012), Part2.

Figure 45 Water nutrients level

Source: www.phofwater.com

8.8 Conclusion

The most crucial factors that affect the most crucial components of the floating structures werediscoveredtobebathymetry, waves,tides,andwinds.Asaresult,themooringsystem andtheplatformswillbethe primarydesignconsiderations.

OVERVIEWCONDITIONS

TYPE LOCALCONDITONS INFLUENCEONDESIGN

Localbathymetry

Mooringsystemdimensions

Tidesand currents Structureandmooringsystemdimensions

Waves Platformdimensions Breakwaterdimensions mooringsystem

Structural

WindandTropicalStorms

Climate

Precipitation

Structuresandmooringsystem dimensionstimeneededtoescape,240 kmmaxfromdestructivehurricaneforce, 500maxfromtropicalstormforce

Buildingdesignandconstruction(sun/rain control)

Watertreatment&storagefacilities

Nutrientupwelling Foodproductionopportunities

Energy& Resources

Solarradiance Energyproductionopportunities

Waveenergy Energyproductionopportunities

Oceanthermalenergy Energyproductionopportunities

Windenergy Energyproductionopportunities

Chapter 9: Sustainability

One of the most crucial aspects of building and planning is sustainable design. A new type of built environment, one that satisfies human needs today without impeding the ability of future generations to satisfy their own needs, is being created under the paradigm of sustainable construction.

Energyuseandclimatechangebothhaveabigeffectsonsustainability.Investigatingnovel ideas for renewable energy sources is the first step in recognizing and resolving environmental sustainability concerns. The term "floating building design" covers a wide rangeofpotentialenergy-savingandrenewableenergysolutions.

For instance, solar cells on the sea, offshore wind energy, and wave energy can all be used tocreatenewrenewableenergysourcesinthefutureandlessenrelianceon otherresources. The development of floating environments will have an impact on people's lifestyles in additiontoofferinganumberofsignificantadvantages.Buildingafloatinghomeclearlyhas drawbacks, such as challenges with accessible transportation and risks to the marine environment, but a number of environmental solutions show a great deal of promise for resolving these issues. The phrase "sustainable architecture" refers broadly to architectural design strategies that take the environment into consideration. Denmark, Copenhagen (2009),pp.6-17

Itisframedbythe broaderdiscussionof sustainabilityaswellasthecrucialglobalpolitical and economic challenges. Sustainable design, in its broadest sense, aims to reduce the unfavorable environmental effects of buildings by improving efficiency and moderation in the useof resources,energy, anddevelopmentspace.Simplysaid, the goalof sustainability or ecological design is to make sure that the opportunities for future generations are not hampered by our activities and decisions now. This phrase refers toa method of designing thebuiltenvironmentthat ismindfulofenergyandtheenvironment.

There are several requirements that must be completed in order to develop a sustainable future vision. Aswas previouslysaid, the remedymust be long-lasting. Itmakes sense that the solution should have a hybrid character to make sure that the objectives are realised. Combining many approaches increases the likelihood of success because one approach might be more effective than another. A similar need for flexibility exists here. To be practical, the offered solution must function under a variety of circumstances. Building floatingstructuresusingfreshandcutting-edgearchitecturalideasshouldbeaddressedwhile developingsustainableconstructionsolutions.Whenitcomestoenvironmentalcomplexity, floating building projects have excellent prospects for generating more economical and energy-efficientsolutions.Moon,C. (2012)

So that they may be built on an industrial scale under regulated circumstances, they range from having a compact core to having a more distributed design. New potential for implementingenergyefficiencyinnovationandraisingbuildingenergyefficiencyabovethe minimum standards may arise from floating building construction concepts. They increase the likelihood of effectively introducing novel ideas, such cradle to cradle, into the constructionindustry.Thesustainabilityoffloatingstructuresshouldbeproportionatetoand compatiblewiththemarineenvironment'srole asanaturalhabitatforspecies.

In contrast,a floatingbuilding isdefined bythe BritishColumbia FloatHome Standardsas astructurewithafloatationsystemthatisintendedfor,oriscurrentlybeingusedoroccupied for, residentialpurposes,containsonly onedwellingunit,andisnotprimarily intendedfor, or usable in navigation. It excludes watercraft that are either designed or intended for navigation. Therefore, the sustainability of floating architecture may be seen as an energy and environmentally responsible approach to the construction of a structure for a living or workingspaceonafloatingsystem withoutanavigationalaid.

Chapter 10:Environmental design process

The creation of a sustainable construction strategy emphasises the significance of sustainabilityinachievingefficiencyandbetterperformanceinstructures.Itisessentialthat the analysis and design of floating structures be taken into account in relation to environmental sustainability indicators in order to promote sustainable development. A numberofstandardsandframeworks,suchasknowledgeoftheemotionalandpsychological effects of living in floating buildings, should be considered when developing design requirements for floating buildings (not designed for navigational purpose). The following are some aspects of sustainable design in architecture that floating buildings can offer: fostering the production of renewable energy, accessibility, reuse, recycling, and selfsufficiency. Itisnecessarytotakeimportantdesignfactors intoaccountinordertoproduce a sustainable floating building. However, there is no well-known standard for designing.

ChanghoM(2014)

10.1 Queensland Development Code 2016 (Australia)

QueenslandDevelopmentCode2016isonlyreferencethatprovidesrecommendationsand design criteria for permanently moored floating buildings. According to the mentioned guideline, the main principles and concepts of environmental design process in floating buildings areasfollows:

10.1.1

Access

A floating building must have adequate means of access to and from the shore appropriatetothelikelynumberofpeopleaccommodatedinthefloatingbuilding.

10.1.2 Flotation system

A floating building must have a floatation system which maintains an acceptable level of stability appropriate to the use or likely use of the building and which will not be affected byminorimpact; andiscapable of withstanding the mostadversecombination ofloadsitislikelytobeexposedto.

10.1.3 Mooring piles

Mooringpilesmustbedesignedtoadequatelyandsafelyresistalllateralloadsresulting from the most adverse combination of loads which are likely to act on the flotation systemandsuperstructureofthefloatingbuildingandanyvesselattachedtothefloating buildingormooringpiles.

10.1.4 Materials

All materials used in a floating building or any structure associated with a floating buildingmustbesuitablefortheconditionstowhichtheyareexposed.

10.1.5 Fastenings

All fastenings used in a floating building or any structure associated with a floating building, must be appropriate for the conditions to which they are exposed taking into accounttheirabilitytobemaintainedor replacedifnecessary.

10.1.6 Location

Thelocationofafloatingbuildingmustmaintainanacceptablelevelofamenitybetween anyotherbuildingandanyproposedbuilding.

10.1.7

Safetyequipment

Floatingbuildingmusthaveappropriatelifesafetydevicessuitableformarineuse.

10.1.8

Firefighting equipment

Floating building must have access to appropriate levels firefighting equipment to safeguardagainstfirespread.

10.1.9 Minimum water depth

Waterdepthunderafloatingbuildingmustatalltimesbesufficienttopreventgrounding ofthe building.

The development of floating building concepts for solving environmental issues should includeaseriesofconsiderationssuchaswastemanagementsystems,durabilityofmaterials and accessibility. Therefore, environmental performance assessments of floating buildings can play a key role in forming and planning of floating offshore bases. Queensland DevelopmentCode(2006)

Chapter11:Materials

Thestructureandcomponentsoffloatingarchitecturearevulnerabletoattacksfromwater andclimaticelements,suchaswindwaves,salts,sunradiation,humidity,andsoforth.To ensuresustainability,itisnecessarytocreateandtestnewmaterialsandtheircomposites withcutting-edgeproperties.

Theappropriatestandardsshouldbefollowedwhenusingsteel,concrete,orsteel-concrete compositeasthematerialforthefloatingbody.Eitherwaterproofconcreteoroffshore concreteshouldbeutilizedsinceconcrete'swatertightnessiscrucialforpreventingor limitingcorrosionofthereinforcement.JerseyCity,USA(2008).

Forfloatingstructures,high-performanceconcretewithflyashandsilicafumeisbest.Once thepontoonisputintothewater,theeffectsofcreepandshrinkagearenottakenintoaccount andareonlytakenintoaccountwhenthepontoonisdry.Therelevantstandardstandards mustbemetbythesteelusedforfloatingstructures.

11.1



Concretepontoon

Incontrasttootherpontoons,concretepontoonsstandoutfortheirstabilityand sturdiness.Thefoamplasticfillinginsidetheconcretepontoonsiscoveredinarm concreteonallsides.Thesepontoonscanwithstandexposuretosaltwaterandice. Thepontoons,whichrangeinweightfromtheheavierconcretebreakwaterstothe lighterwoodenones,aremeanttolastfor30to50years.Thepontoonhasan extremelyhighdegreeofbuoyancyduetoitsall-concreteandStyrofoam construction,makingitpracticallyunsinkable.Itrequiresalmostnoupkeepandhas negligibletononegativeeffectsontheenvironmentandnature.Eachtypicalpontoon ismadetoreceivewaterandelectricalsupplyservices.

Floatsaremadeofreinforcedconcretewithanexpandedpolystyrenecoreandare joinedbyflexiblerubberjointsthataresecuredbychainsandconcreteanchoring.

Standardfloatmoduleshavea0.6mfreeboardandare12mlongby2.4mbroad. Mooringfingersorbuoyscanbeaddedtofloats.Asauxiliaryequipment,wood decking,mooringrings,fenders,andservicelinesforwaterandpowerareavailable.

Concretepontoonsareextremelystrongandhavealonglifespan.Theycanserveas trestlebridges,breakwaters,orpiers.Theyoperatewithcompletelyunbreakableand dependablefunctionalityduringthewinter.

Figure 47 Concrete pontoon foundation Source:www.google.com

Figure 46 Concrete pontoon foundation Source: www.google.com

11.2 Plastic Pontoon

Wooden frames and floating platforms made of plastic have been equipped withplastic pontoons. Depending on its design, pontoons can serve as afootbridge, aboatdock,orjustaplacetositandrelaxbythewater.

A harbour deep enough for sailing vessels can be created from the shallow shore. Even the mostexposedbeachcanbetransformedintoatranquil, safe berthfor your boatandtheboatsofyourboatingbuddies.

Pontoons comeinthreedifferentsizes:220l,400l,and450l.

EPSfoamisusedtofillthe450lsize.

EverypontoonisresistanttofreezingandUVradiation.

Figure 48 Plastic pontoon Source:www.google.com

11.3 Metal Pontoon

Theironpipesusedtoconstructmetalpontoonsrange indiameterfrom500to1220 mm.

Wallthicknessonthesepontoons rangesfrom8to12mm.

The ends of the pipes aregiven a thorough whip and at 5 atm of pressure, the weld qualityisinspected.

Figure 49 Metal Pontoon Source:www.metalcivil.com

11.4 Concrete Caisson

Theword"caisson,"isaFrenchwordwhichmeansbigchest.Incivilengineering,acaisson maybereferredtoasaretainingboxorcontainerthatiswatertight.

11.4.1 Standard Caisson

A closed concrete box with concrete walls on top and bottom, a standard concrete caissonalsohasconcreteinsidewalls. Duetotwofactors:

1) Reducingthe spans.

2) Partitioningtoensuresafetyintheeventofaleak.

Advantages include extensive experience, substantial weight stability, internal volume,affordability,andgreatdurability/lowmaintenance.

Disadvantagesincludelarge draught,sinkability,andlowbuoyantcapacity

Figure 50 Caisson (a) Standard (b) Pneumatic Source: www.researchgate.com

11.4.2 Pneumatic Caisson

The pneumatic concrete does not have a bottom, which is how it differs from the conventional caisson. Since the air between the water and the concrete top is confined,buoyancynoworiginatesfromthatspace.

High pressure air pumps typically increase the air pressure. Airtightness is crucial becauseiftheconfinedaircanescape,thesystemwillmalfunction.

Duetoitsdangerousnatureandextremelylowbuoyancy,thisfloatingmechanismis actuallynotsuitedasafloatingbodyforfloatingbuildings.

11.5 Composites

Another highly fascinating material for floating bodies is composites. The new compositematerialsmaybeformedintoanyshapewhilebeingextremelystrongand light.

Composites are currently also utilised to build bridges, thus they have previously establishedthemselvesasaconstructionmaterial.

As a result, floating bodies made of composites can be very light. However, they have notyetbeenutilisedasthebaseforsubstantialfloatingbuildings.

The primarydrawback ofcompositesistheircontinuedhigh cost. In the future, itis anticipatedthattheywillcostless.

11.6 Air Cushions

Aircushionsmaybeutilisedforfloating.Theseaircushionsareoftenconstructedof polymers.

Theiradaptablebuoyancyisanenormousbenefitofaircushions,butitalsohassome drawbacks.

Since they lack a distinct shape, they will be less dependable, and cushion systems are more likely to leak, which could have more serious repercussions. China (863 Program)(2010)

11.7

Log Floats

Oldfloatingstructuresusedlogfloatsastheirbuoyantbasisinthepast.

Larger logs that are placed in an inverted triangle beneath the water and the timber stringersthatrestontopwereutilisedtoconstructraftsforthispurpose.

Boththestringers,whicheventuallyneedtobereplacedduetodeterioration,andthe logs,whichgraduallyabsorb waterandsink,requiremaintenanceovertime.

Tokeepahouseafloatandlevel,additionalflotationmustbeadded,suchasair-filled plasticbarrels.(MV_Blue_Marlin)

Figure 51 (a) Log floats (b) Seacrete Source: www.wikipedia.com

11.8 Biorock (Seacrete)

Marineecosystemsandcement-likeengineeringstructuresaredevelopedthroughthe biorockbuildingprocess(alsoknownasaccretion),whichisfrequentlyusedforsalt watermaricultureofcorals,oysters,clams, fish, lobsters,andotherseacreatures.

It operates byrunning a littleelectricalcurrentthrough waterelectrodes. As long as thereiscurrent,thestructure growsmoreorlesswithoutbounds.

The studies Hilbertz conducted in the 1970s to better understand how seashells and reefsgrowbyrunningelectricalcurrentsthroughsalinewaterledtothedevelopment ofbiorocktechnology.

In 1974, he discovered that as the salt water electrolyzes, calcium carbonate (aragonite), magnesium, chloride,and hydroxyl ions slowly mix to form a covering around the cathode that is as durable as concrete and has a composition like complicatedmagnesiumoxychloridecements.(seacrete2018)

11.9 EPS (Expanded Polystyrene)

Styrene, a liquid petroleum chemical, is converted into polystyrene, an artificial aromatic polymer.Youcangetrigidorfoamedpolystyrene.Polystyreneforgeneraluseistransparent, rigid, and brittle. As a resin, it is incredibly cheap per weight. Carien A, Jeroen G, Martijn VL,DayoO,PieterDV(2008)

Chapter 12:Case Studies

12.1 IBA Dock (Hamburgh)

12.1.1 Introduction

Location:Germany,Hamburg

Yearofcompletion:2009

NumberofFloors:G+3

Floor Area:1623msq.

The IBA (international building exhibition) Hamburg's offices and information and event hubwerebothlocatedinthisbuilding.InHamburg,thestructureisnowbeingutilisedasan informationcentreforurbanandarchitecturaldesign.Immosolar(2013),

Figure 54 Site location Source: www.archdaily.com

12.1.2 Planning Features

Figure

Figure 53 View Source: www.google.com

The3.5mdailytidecausesthestructure andthe gangwayto riseandfall.

Evenduringseverestorms,itfloatsonthewaterandadaptstotheenvironment.

A bridge connects the upper deck's entrance with the exhibition and presentation spaces,thecitymodel,thecafé,andtheoutdoorterrace.

Thestaff'sofficesaretotheeastoftheexhibitionarea.

Figure 55 Floor Plans Source: www.architizer.com

12.1.3 Materials



Source: www.archiom.com

The structure is constructed on a pier that is a 43 m long by 25 m broad concrete pontoon.

Figure 56 Interior views (a) Stairs (b) Corridor (c) Lobby (d) Construction

The three-story buildings were constructed using a prefabricated modular lightweightsteelframe.

Theywereputtogetheronthespotandmaybetakendownwhenthebuildingmoves orwhenitcrossesabridge.

Themodulescanthenbechangedandreassembled.

Figure 57 Sections

Source:www.archdaily.com

12.1.4 Energy and SustainabilityFeatures

The IBA DOCK is a fantastic example of sustainability and energy efficiency and alsohostsanexhibitionofcutting-edge buildingandenergy-savingtechnologies:

The majority of the parts are reusable, and the entire structure can be put together, takenapart, andputbacktogetheragain.

TheIBADOCKonlyreliesonthewaterandsolarenergyforitsenergyneeds.

SystemforheatingandcoolingthatemitsnoCO2.

A solar system on the roof supplies the heat pump's electrical needs while a heat pumpusesenergyfromtheElbe.Noadditionalheatingorcoolingisrequired.

Figure 59 Front view

Source: www.google.com

Figure 58 Side view

Source: www.google .com

12.2 Floating Houses (Ijburg, Amsterdam)

12.2.1

Introduction

Location:Ijburg,Amsterdam,Netherlands.

Yearofcompletion:2011

Floor Area:10652msq.

Designers attempted to give the plotting along the jetties the sense of an apparently unattached casual arrangement of water houses, given the rigidly mathematical structureofthetriangleallotmentgeneratedbythediagonalsplittingof thebasinby hung power wires. The distances between the homes and their orientation were changedinanefforttogenerateaneasyplaywithconstantlychangingperspectives. This illusion is strengthened by leaving enough of room between the floating residences for boats, achieving a variety of goals without the need of elaborate techniques.Having60dwellingsperhectare,WaterburyWestisasmallurbanarea.

From thejetties,onemayaccessthefloatingresidences.AlongDwarslaan,arowof platformdwellingshasalsobeenconstructed.Korte,M.Kloos&Y.2007

Inordertoprovideconsistencythroughouttheentireregion,thebuildingsystemwas createdsothatthedikehomes,whicharesuspendedonpylonsabovethedikeonthe border of the basin, could be constructed in a manner similar to that of the floating homes.(archdaily)

Figure 61 Site location

Source: www.archom.com

12.2.2 Planning Features

Figure 60 Front elevation Source:www.google.com

Thefloorlayouts havethreeindependentlyarrangedstories.

Theloweststory,whichismostlyunderwater,mayaccommodate numerousbeds.

The top level and terrace are accessible from the elevated ground floor, which also provides seclusion from the dock and the busy canal and provides views of, for instance,aninnerpatio. 

Therearealotoflayoutoptions. 

Twoverandas,whicharewonderfulrestingspacesforreadingabookorconversely, socialising,arecreatedatground floorlevelduetothetopfloor'sprotrusion.

Figure 62 Plans and Sections Source: www.archdaily.com

12.2.3 Materials



Concrete "tubs" that are half a story under the sea serve as the floating dwellings' supports. 

On top is a lightweight steel structure that may be filled with glass and vividly colouredplasticpanelling. 

Theoccupiercansubsequentlyalterwhichsideshewantsavieworprivacyfrom. 

The ability to install extensions using a pre-made extension package is one of the additionalchoices. 

Itissimpletoattachsunrooms, verandas,floatingterraces,awnings,etc.tothis.

12.2.4 Energy and Sustainability Features

Wood(forpartitionwalls),steelbeams(forconstruction),andglass(for openings,ventilation,andlight)werethematerialsincorporated.

Sanitation: Waste is gathered in a storage tank beneath the home and transported to atreatmentfacilityusingcollectingboatsorships.

Transformerasenergysource,heldaloftbywooden pole.

Watersupply:ProvidedbythelocalMunicipalcorporation.

Figure 64 View of lanes

Source: www.architizer.com

12.3 Floating Housing Drijf in Lelystad

12.3.1 Introduction

Architects-AttikaArchitektur

Location-Lelystad,Netherlands

Yearofcompletion:2012

Floor Area:200msq.

Figure 63 View of site Source: www.google.com

There are eight floating dwelings called "Drijf in Lelystad" in Lelystad, Netherlands, servingeightfamilies.Thesefamilyalwaysimaginedreturningtotheirchildhoodhomes on the river, where they had formerly resided. The families came together to form a partnershipknownas"DrijfinLelystad"(FloatinLelystad)andhiredAttikaArchitektur tocreateeightuniquebutcomplementaryfloatingdwellings.Inordertoprovideawater

Figure 67 Site location of google earth

Source: www.googleearth.com

Figure 66 Site location

Source:www.lopedia.co.in

Figure 65 View Source: www.google.com

location,themunicipalityofLelystad,aNewTownlocatedinapolder4.8metresbelow sealevel,widenedanexistingditch(poldersloot).Olthuis,K.andKeuning, D(2010)

Figure 68 Plans and sections

Source:www.archdaily.com

12.3.2 Planning Features

Everyfamilyhaditsownunique needsanddesires, therefore eachhousedeveloped itsowndistinctsize,colour,andshape.

Unrestricted views, split levels, plenty of lighting, water reflections on walls and ceilings, water terraces on various levels, and direct access to the water were all prioritiesineachdesign.

Thefacadepanelsaremadeofcomplementarycolouredmaterials.

Thecolourschemeallowedthehomestofitinwiththeirenvironment.

Two fundamentalcoloursareusedineveryhome,creatingconsistency.

Onepropertystandsoutfromtheothersduetotheowners'owncolouroptions,which give eachoneofthemauniquepersonality.

12.3.3 Materials

The floating residences were constructed at Urk, which is 40 kilometres from Lelystad.

They had a wood frame construction on concrete caissons, and they were towed acrossthe watertotheirfinallocation.

The width of the homes was 6-9 metres, which was determined by the size of the narrowestlock.

Figure 69 Views of the building Source: www.google.com

Figure 70 Sketches of fascade and site Source: www.google.com

12.4 Analysis

LOCATION Hamburg. Germany

TYPE OF WATERBODY SITUATED IN River

Uburg(Amsterdam the Netherlands) Lelystad, The Netherlands

Oceanoff shore Lake

PROJECT YEAR 2009 2011 2012 AREA 1.623m sq. 10652.0 m sq. 200m sq. BUILDING TYPE Floatingoffice & Exhibition Floatinghousing Floating Villas

RENEWABLE ENERGY

MATERIAL USED

SUSTAINABLE FEATURES

Hydrothermal energy. Hydrothermal energy

Hydrothermal energy Solar Photovoltaic cells

Solar Heat panels. Solar Heat panels. Solarheat panels

concrete pontoon

modular lightweight steel frame with prefabricated modules

Modular construction

Readymade equipment elements

concrete blockresting also partiallyon aluminium Timber frame on concrete caissons

Plasticlatches Fibreglass Fibreglass Light weight timber frame

Include the possibilitytoadd extensions by means of a predesignedextension package.

Sunrooms, verandas,floating terraces,awnings,etc. can be easilyattachedto this skeletonframe.

components are reusable Relocatable building can be assembled/deassembled/reassembled

Eternit's fibre cement boards were anideal choice for the house facades

The durable and lightweight composition makes thema long lasting andenvironmental friendlychoice for a marine environment

Relocatable Relocatable

12.5 Inferences

The development of floating structures demonstrates that these structures not only preserve offshoreenergyresourcesandhave positive economiceffects.

Combining maritime energy resources with floating construction can be an interestingconcept.

A new design strategy and framework should be created in order to assure a sustainable and ecologically friendly approach and to accomplish desired goals for floatingstructuresinvarioustemperature regions.

Construction of floating structures stimulated the use of sea energy resources and theirincorporationintothedesign, whichisrelevanttoarchitecturedesign.

Italsoexaminedseaenergy'spotentialforenergyefficiency.

Chapter 13:Survey

13.1 Primary Survey

To better understand the psychology and perception of individuals regarding Floating Architectureinthefieldsofarchitecture, design,andrelatedfieldsofknowledge,aprimary survey wasdone onGoogle Forms. Students, professors, designers, builders,andarchitects wereamongthegroupsthatwere questioned.

This initial study assisted in raising awareness and gathering data on public opinion of floatingstructures.

Figure 71 Survey Graphs

Source:Author

13.2 Inferences

Responses to the initial survey were logged and analysed. Many respondents expressed curiosity indiscoveringwhetheror notfloatingarchitectureis sustainable,andthe majority ofpollquestionsreceivedpositiverepliesoverall.However,otherquestionselicitedarange ofresponses,revealingaquitegeneralisedpointofviewontheideaoffloatingarchitecture.

Nevertheless, the survey's research and final finding showed that floating architecture supports urban growth and development and offers a workable solution to a number of environmentalandsocioeconomicissues

Chapter 14:Conclusion

The human civilization is confronted with these issues in every element of daily life as it realisesandaddressestheworryoverthefateofourmotherplanetandhowit'slikelythatin some years the landscape on earth today may radically alter. But the implications must be addressed in due course, and they range in size from the tiniest to the largest, just like the growthofthislandscape.

Followingathoroughexaminationofthehistoryanddevelopmentoffloatingstructuresfrom theearly20thcentury,aswellasthefactorsthatcontinuetosupporttheirneedinthepresent, the building process and structural considerations of floating structures, and survey on specific demographic group for better understanding of human psychology and their understanding of floating architecture, the following principles and ideas should be kept in mindwhenbuildingthesestructures.:

Accessibility:Itoughttobeeasilyaccessible,anditshouldn'tbetoofarfromnearby facilities.Thoughtshouldalsobe paidtofiresafetyprecautions.

Floatationsystem:Afloatingstructureneedsa systemtokeepitstableduringusage andpreventitfromcollapsingasaresultoftheloadsactingonit..

Mooring:Thebuilding'sflotationsystemandstructuralmembersmustbeadequately supportedbythemooringsystem inordertopreventsinkingorfloatingaway.

Materials: All materials used in the structure's constructionor maintenance must be suitable for all environmental variables. So the longevity of the construction ismaximised.

Depth of water: A floating structure's foundation and mooring system must be supportedbydeepenough water.

Floatingarchitectureprovidesadefenceagainstthemainenvironmentalissuecausedbythe currentprocessoflandheating,agiftforastablefutureforhumancivilization.Thisconcept might be promoted as a creative means of addressing climate change and creating a connectionbetweenoffshorerenewableenergyand urbansettings.

The architecture of floating structures offers a number of alternatives for energy-efficient designs, including utilising ocean floor solar cells, tidal energy, and wind. Furthermore, creating a floating structure and providing the user with such experience may benefit their wayoflife.

Through a variety of existing case studies and the current knowledge attained on these structures, one can come to the conclusion that there are few actual problems related to floating architecture in terms of the exploitation of a different resource and that it is a new paradigmcomparedtotheideaofconstructiononland.However,bycreatingandexpanding these buildings, we might be able to slow down how quickly the climate and the land deteriorate while simultaneously restoring the ecosystem. To do this, we'll need to use the righttechnologytomakethesestructuresenergyefficient.

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