NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING
DISSERTATION
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
BY KSHITIJ KUMAR KUSHWAHA1903270810012
Guided By:
AR.SWATI SRIVASTAVA
AR. AARUSHI DWIVEDI
(Associate professor) (Assistant professor)
SUNDERDEEP COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Dr. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, UTTAR
PRADESH, LUCKNOW
(Formerly known as Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow)
DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work, which is being presented in the dissertation, entitled
“NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING” submitted at Sunderdeep College of Architecture is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period from Feb 2023 to May 2023 under the supervision of AR.SWATI SRIVASTAVA and AR.
AARUSHI DWIVEDI
PLACE- Ghaziabad
DATE- May 28/05/2023
SUNDERDEEP COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE GHAZIABAD (NH 9, GHAZIABAD, UTTAR PRADESH) CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Dissertation titled “NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING” submitted by ‘KSHITIJ KUMAR KUSHWAHA’ for Bachelor of Architecture five-year fulltime program at SUNDER DEEP COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE is a record of bona fide work carried out by him/her under our guidance.
The content included in the Dissertation has not been submitted to any other university or institute for accord of any other degree or diploma.
Ar. Swati Srivastava
Prof. Rakesh Sapra (Dissertation Guide) (Director SDCA)
Ar. Aarushi Dwivedi (Dissertation Guide)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to acknowledge all those who have helped me in getting this study to a successful present status.
I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my humble Guide, Ar. SWATI SRIVASTAV AND AR. ARUSHI DWIVEDI whose help, encouragement and constant critics kept my moral high during thesis work. It has been a great learning experience working under his/her guidance through the last five months, where he/she has been immensely patient, supportive, and encouraging.
I would like to extend special thanks to the Director SDCA, Prof. Rakesh Sapra for extending his support and encouragement.
I am thankful and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance from all faculty members which helped me in successfully completing my thesis work.
Furthermore, I would like to thank all my batch mates especially ARSH and MUNESH for extending help and support, SDCA and all the other authorities which helped me in this study.
Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them.
Thank you.
NAME OF THE STUDENT- KSHITIJ KUMAR KUSHWAHA
DATE:28/05/2023
ABSTRACT
Developing a design philosophy to scale back carbon emissions from the designed surroundings could be a major inducement for the formation of world wide zero energy concept. This dissertation investigates the results of various building design and operation principles in reference to net zero energy buildings.
This dissertation has checked out quantifying the contribution of different building components and systems to overall energy savings by a NZB. World wide impact of different glazing types, lighting management methods, window shading schedules, and HVAC set points on overall building energy consumption were examined. This dissertation additionally reports on the net zero energy balance for one case study building. Results show that the building was net positive for the 1-month amount considered. each energy imported/exported and energy generated/consumed were considered, likewise because the load matching, grid interaction, and a few preliminary analysis of power quality factors. These power quality factors and their relationship with net zero energy buildings should be understood before world wide zero thought will be wide adopted.
KEYWORDS: Net Zero Energy Building, passive house, thermal bridge, building envelope, energy performance, moisture performance, multi criteria decision making, climate change, climate scenarios
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST OF FIGURES & TABLES
FIG-1- PRANA BUILDING
FIG-2- INTERIOR VIEW
FIG-3- SOLOR PANNLE
FIG-4- COLLING SYSTEM
FIG-5- SITE VIEW IIT JODHPUR
FIG-6- PART OF COMPUS
FIG-7- DETAIL SKETCH OF SITE SHOWING PLANNING
FIG-8- WALKING ACCESS
FIG-9- DATA OF JODHPUR CLIMATE
FIG-10- CONCEPTUAL SKETCH OF BERM
FIG-11- SITE PLAN OF BERM
FIG-12- WATER BALANCE SCHEMATIC
FIG-13- CHART OF ADAVANTAGE AND DISADVANTGAE
FIG-14- NET ZERO BUILDING
FIG-15- GREEN BUILDING
FIG-16- PASSIVE DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
1.1 NET-ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS - DEFINITIONS
Global warming and weather alternate have troubles in latest decades. Commercial and home homes are the primary taxpayers of electricity intake. Consuming electricity intake will increase appreciably each 12 months because of multiplied human cushy wishes and services. Multiple elements have an effect on the shape of the wall, the wall ratio, of the wall and the electricity intake this is used to defend the orientation of the homes. It has been mentioned that the electricity ate up through homes configured a notably big percent of world electricity intake. The creation of homes and the way they may be operated and maintained has a tremendous effect on the whole use of electricity and water from worldwide resources. Zero Energy Building (NZE), or Zero Energy architecture (ZEB), additionally referred to as a 0 internet electricity (ZNE), is a constructing with 0 internet electricity intake. Each 12 months, technology, which include warmness pumps, excessive performance windows, thermal insulation materials, sun panels and sun panels, etc. They are same to the quantity of renewable electricity generated on web page or different definitions, relying at the renewable electricity supply of the off-web web page. The goal is to make a contribution with the overall greenhouse fuelling to the atmosphere, whilst this constructing is greater than comparable homes. Sometimes they eat volatile electricity and bring greenhouse gases, however the different generation reduces electricity intake and the manufacturing of greenhouse
Zero-electricity homes aren't simplest pushed through the choice to have much less effect at the environment, however electricity value financial savings additionally make 0-electricity homes financially feasible.[4]
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE.
✓ The studies questions of the take a look at are:
• What is a Net-Zero Building? Importance of a Net-0 constructing to the Environment?
• What are the techniques to obtain an internet 0 power constructing?
• What are the Pros & Cons of a Net Zero Building?
• Different score gadget for evaluation of Net-0 Building?
• Difference between Net Zero Building & Green Building & there Criteria’s
• Cost effective energy consumption
❖ The intention of this studies is to assess the effect of current constructing designs, components, and operational parameters on pleasurable internet 0 power Building requirements
1.2 METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE
In this exam approach relies upon on writing survey in blend with exploratory research to accumulate records which might be assembled from books, articles and logical diaries diagnosed with the factor of the research for higher information the concept of internet 0 electricity constructing. So records research were completed to find out the amazing expects of internet 0 electricity constructing working.
1.3 LIMITATION
Getting internet 0 power constructing calls for a first rate plan, improvement cycle
What's more, the exam is confined to simply one Contextual case-study, and the strategies applied at the off risk that assessment allows in Understanding the Net-Zero Structures .and interest stages, but due to time obstacle simply plan interplay might be notion of and the research is set necessities and use of internet 0 power structures.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Net-zero energy (NZE) is a concept in the building industry that refers to buildings that generate as much energy as they consume. It is a critical part of the transition to sustainable energy systems and mitigating the impacts of climate change. The concept of net-zero energy has been around for a while, but it has gained significant attention and popularity in recent years due to the urgency of mitigating climate change. This essay will explore the history and background of net-zero energy.
The concept of net-zero energy is not new, and it dates back to the 1970s. At the time, the world was experiencing an energy crisis, and many countries were looking for ways to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels. One of the solutions proposed was to create buildings that generate their energy using renewable sources. However, the technology and infrastructure were not advanced enough to make it a reality, and the concept faded away.
The idea of net-zero energy reemerged in the early 2000s, with the growing awareness of climate change and the need for sustainable energy systems. The US Department of Energy (DOE) established the Net-Zero Energy Commercial Building Initiative (CBI) in 2008 to promote the development of NZE buildings. The initiative aimed to achieve net-zero energy commercial buildings by 2025, and it provided technical assistance, funding, and incentives to developers, architects, and engineers to help them achieve this goal.
The US Green Building Council (USGBC) also played a significant role in promoting net-zero energy buildings. The council introduced the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification program in 2000, which provided a rating system for sustainable buildings. The program has evolved over the years, and in 2014, the USGBC launched LEED v4, which included a Net Zero Energy certification category.
In 2007, the International Energy Agency (IEA) launched the Zero Energy Building (ZEB) program to promote the development of buildings that generate as much energy as they consume. The program aimed to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy systems by encouraging the use of renewable sources and energy-efficient technologies. The IEA set a target of achieving 100 ZEBs by 2010, but the goal was not met. However, the program has continued to evolve, and in 2019, the IEA launched the Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) initiative, which aims to achieve NZE buildings by 2050.
Several countries around the world have also established policies and regulations to promote net-zero energy buildings. In 2010, California became the first state in the US to require all new residential buildings to be NZE by 2020, and all new commercial buildings by 2030. Other states, such as Massachusetts and New York, have also established similar targets. In Europe, the European Union (EU) launched the Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) initiative in 2010, which requires all new buildings to be nearly zero energy by 2020. The EU also established the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) in 2002, which requires all member states to set energy performance standards for buildings.
The concept of net-zero energy has also gained significant attention in the private sector, with many companies and organizations setting targets to achieve NZE buildings. Some of the notable examples include the Bullitt Center in Seattle, which was completed in 2013 and is considered one of the greenest buildings in the world. The building generates more energy than it consumes and has achieved Living Building Challenge certification. Google also set a target to achieve NZE for all its data centers and campuses by 2020, and the company has made significant progress towards achieving this goal
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
India is the developing country and has become one of the major energy Consumers in the world. This is due to industrial growth and globalization which increases the energy demand of the consumers. It is reported in the literature that the urban areas contribute 70% and the housing construction and estate development contribute 40% to the GHG emissions. Few researchers reported that the buildings contribute approximately 50% of the world’s air pollution, 42% of GHG emissions, 50% of water pollution and 48% of solid waste to the environment. [ PRANA BUILDING ].[2]
3.1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
A statistics provided by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India indicates that the per capita energy consumption has increased almost five folds in three decades during 1980-2010 [2]. This is due to the improved urban living standards and advanced means of energy consumption from households to industrial sector.[2]
The energy use in Indian buildings are responsible for at least 30- 40% of total energy consumption and this demand is growing annually at 11-12% [4]. Most of this energy is consumed for heating, cooling, lightning and other appliances [5].
It is suggested that the buildings are also prime generators of Green House Gases (GHG), thus posing a threat to the environment. This is an alarming issue and hence it is necessary to develop energy efficient building which would facilitate minimization of energy consumption and reduces GHG. In recent years, buildings in India are designed to reduce the energy consumption, water requirements and technologies are developed to recycle used water for secondary usage.[2]
Nicolae Bajenaru et al carriedout a simulation work regarding the design of a net zero energy office building with a mixedmode ventilation system which assures the thermal comfort of the occupants according to the ASHRAE 55/2010 Standard In India, with a rational consumption of energy and a minimal environmental impact. The study relied on the use of easily accessible building materials and customary Air Conditioning (AC) equipment, in order to meet the requirements [14]
Isamu Ohta et al suggested that the idea of a zero-LCCO2 home is to reduce the annual energy consumption and increase solar energy use so that photovoltaic (PV) energy generation substantially exceeds the total energy consumption of the home. He reported that the annual CO2 absorption by PV generation exceeds the annual CO2 emissions owing to energy use. He simulated the annual energy use and CO2 balance of the house and evaluated the embodied CO2 of the house using an input–output analysis and accumulation method. His reported that the material added for better energy efficiency and CO2 emissions generated during the manufacturing and construction periods have a positive effect on reducing the LCCO2 of homes .[2]
Reshmi Banerjee suggest that the Net Zero Energy Building (ZEB) do not increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In the building-grid interaction, the Net ZEBs become an active part of the renewable energy infrastructure and he observed that an increasing number of buildings are meeting this standard, raising confidence that a ZNE goal is realistic given current building technologies and design approaches
Masa Noguchi et al developed Eco-Terra housing prototype which was designed to be energy-efficient to minimize negative impact on environment. The analysis
indicates that the house experiences nearly net-zero energy consumption and the house provides its occupants with comfortable and healthy indoor living environment [2]
Mansi Jain work aims to assess the governance context for adoption and uptake of NZEBs through niche formation in India. They reported that the governance context is marginally supportive towards NZEB niche formation and this is due to qualities of flexibility, moderate extent and intensity. They also reported that the instruments and strategies related to energy efficiency and renewable energy integration in buildings are available; however they are not part of a holistic program .
The energy consumption of residential buildings has grown fast in recent years, thus raising a challenge on zero energy residential building (ZERB) systems, which aim at substantially reducing energy consumption of residential buildings. Thus, how to facilitate ZERB has become a hot but difficult topic. In the paper, we put forward the overall design principle of ZERB based on analysis of the systems’ energy demand. In particular, the architecture for both schematic design and passive technology is optimized and both energy simulation analysis and energy balancing analysis are implemented, followed by committing the selection of high-efficiency appliance and renewable energy sources for ZERB residential building. In addition, Chinese classical residential building has been investigated in the proposed case, in which several critical aspects such as building optimization, passive design, PV panel and HVAC system integrated with solar water heater, Phase change materials, natural ventilation, etc., have been taken into consideration [2]
3.1.3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
In this work, we want to study and analyse the zero energy building available in India. The study will be carried out based on the need of zero energy building and method of reducing the building energy consumption and energy conservation. We have identified zero energy building located in BIEC, Bangalore for our study. This building is energy sufficient building and uses renewable energy sources for heating and power generation to operate the electrical and electronic appliances [2]
3.1.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Prana is India’s first energy efficient home office exhibit that will now stand tall at Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (BIEC) and is spread over an area of 3000 sq. ft. It consists of an entrance deck and a Lobby, Conference Room, Living and Dining room, Bed Room and Toilet It is developed such that this building minimizes the consumption of water and electricity for comfort requirements as well as for lighting etc. This building utilizes the natural resources to minimize the burden on infrastructure and utility systems keeping the emissions less. It also has renewable energy devices such as solar PV panel unit, solar power refrigerator added to low water fittings, rain water harvesting and greener landscaping [19]
Prana is developed by ISHRAE, to create awareness about the use of sustainable resources for developing the building more energy efficient. It also demonstrates how every individual can contribute in reducing the carbon footprint without compromising on the comforts and aesthetics one aspires in a home or office space. This building can be used as home or office as it has air-conditioning systems that use geo thermal energy i.e earth air tunnel system, radiant flooring, efficient water and lighting fixtures and it uses local and recyclable material [2]
3.1.4.1 Lighting of the building of HVAC System
This unit is provided with solar PV panels of 3 kW capacity and these panels are mounted on the roofs tilted south direction to get maximum solar energy. However
addition of more number of solar panels will make the building more sustainable. Each room in the building has LED lights which reduces the energy consumption. The glass blocks in the roof allows the sun light enter the building. The bamboo pergolas provided in the building make an efficient, cost effective and environmental friendly shading device. The recycled door and windows are punctured through the clay brick walls and the porotherm bricks provides the thermal insulation. The steel frame was used in the building construction as it helps to complete the building in short period. Figure 3 shows the PV solar system used in the building which supplies electrical power to the building [18]
The HVAC system of a building is designed fully during the final stages of the building design. However, it is necessary to integrate the passive solar systems with the HVAC systems to achieve comfortable conditions while saving energy. Hence it is essential to lay the foundations for the selection of an appropriate HVAC system at the conceptual stage of the design. The prana has solar water heating systems to provide hot water requirement of heating. The building has chiller which supplies chilled water for cooling purpose. For refrigeration purpose, a solar refrigerator is installed in the building. In pranna radiant cooling systems are used as it is low energy cooling method. The inlet chilled water temperature isaround 16 deg C which makesthe chiller 20 to 30 % more energy efficient. Also the chiller is provided with a variable speed compressor that will modulate speed based on the demand of chilled water and it reduces the energy consumption of the chiller. An earth air tunnel system of passive cooling is used and it uses low earth temperatures year round and provides a very low energy consuming comfort cooling system. The openings have deep cantilevered slabs over them to reduce heat ingress into the building. Figure 4 shows the passive cooling system used in the building [2]
3.1.4.2 Sewage treatment
The sewage water from the building is treated in BIEC STP Facility and treated water is recycled for landscaping, flushing in toilets and make up water for the Cooling Tower.[2]
3.1.4.2 Interior and furniture
In prana, low volatile organic compounds (VOC) paints are used to reduce the VOC emission. The furniture provided in the building are made of bamboo and other renewable materials. This reduces the carbon foot print[2]
3.1.4.4 Rain water harvesting
The building has rain water harvesting system which collect the rain water that runs off from the roof of the building and is collected in a recharge tank. Hence it recharges the water table beneath. The roof pipes are embedded with radiant cooling pipes with chilled water flowing through them giving the place a natural air cooing effect [2]
3.2
3.2.1 INTRODUCTION
With internet 0 power buildings being regarded as a promising solution for emanations lower within the fabricated climate, we have the choice to plot and increase a financially savvy and better-appearing internet 0 power building. To accomplish this, a noteworthy comprehension of the plan and hobby of excessive effectiveness
systems is required, specifically the conversation among diverse shape additives and their popular internet impact on power use. The contrasts among powerful systems and extra-ordinary plans need to likewise be perceived to have the choice to assess their relative viability and inconveniences [22]
3.2.2 ABOUT SITE
IITJ is placed approximately 24 km from Jodhpur metropolis on National Highway sixty two which connects Jodhpur to Nagaur. The web website online spans over 852 acres (three forty five km2) of land round Jhipasni and Gharao villages. M. M. Pallam Raju, then Union Minister for Human Resources Development, laid the muse stone on sixteen April 2013. The everlasting campus is being constructed on a self-sustainable model, catering for its very own electricity and water requirements. The campus' masterplan got 'GRIHA Exemplary Performance Award' under 'Passive Architecture Design' class on the eighth GRIHA Summit held at some stage in 2–three March 2017, at India Habitat Centre, New Delhi.[22]
• Site area :852 acres (3.45 km2) .
• Site description : bleak and desert like
• Jodhpur rocks 2 to 5 meter below the sand and that is great source for construction.
• 23 km away from jodhpur on highway no. 65 on nagaur road.
• Architecture firms : shift delhi, sikka associates delhi, cpk delhi.
• Climate : hot & semi arid.
• Population : students - 1500, professor - 109, staff – 62[22]
3.2.2.1 Parts of the site
The land proposed for the overall development is in three parts:
• Site A, which is about 266.68 hectares (659 acre) to the west of NH 65,
• Site B, of about 74.06 hectares (182 acre) to the east of NH 65
• Site C of about 4.0 hectares (10 acre) to the south of Site A [25]
3.2.3 CONCEPT
Life can only exist if it is bounded it cannot exist if you pick me and just put my cytoplasm all over this and I will simply not alive anymore. In a similar way we should notice that medieval towns constantly created for security in those days. E.g. Chandni Chowk in Delhi & Seville in Spain have strong walls which strongly define the living organisms inside those walls.[22]
• DESIGN IDEOLOGIES
• 10 min walking distance from everywhere to get to the main building.
• Pattern must be climate responsive and oriented for e.g. shanghai gets winter sun from the south (best orientation of the city planning)
• Intra site transportation (so that the emission should be zero).
• Gated campus
• Artificial Johar was created (Artificial Mountain Berm).
• Benefits of creating:
o Forces of desertification
o Sand carried by wind
o Cooler winds are all in favour of the orientation of the building due to Berm
1. Boundary
a. The berms act as a boundary for defining settlement.
b. Conceived as an element to create a physical upper bound to the settlement, and is similar to natural boundaries in island communities.
2. Signature
a. The berms also become a visual signature of the campus, rather than a tall building.
b. Built without need to import any material
c. Become repositories of excess material created by basement and general slope excavation of the settlement.[28]
• WALKABILITY & ACCESS
This has been done while keeping the accessibility for emergency vehicles, yetcreating a walkable, cyclable campus where any functional area could be reached by anyone in a 10 minute trip with non-motorized transport.
• CLIMATE DATA
Jodhpur's climate is a desert one. During the year, there is virtually no rainfall in Jodhpur. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is BWh. The average temperature in Jodhpur is 26.5 °C | 79.6 °F. The annual rainfall is 323 mm | 12.7 inch.
• Energy Efficiancy
Many types of measure have been followed to make the campus more energy efficient. Some of the measures used are – Berm, Solar Plant, Insulated Wall & Roof .
• Berm
Earthen berms act as signature bounding factors containing compact wasteland settlements. They mitigate noise, dust, warmness, and are a part of the dedesertification approach at the side of inexperienced buffer zones, inexperienced This campus presents a blanketed habitat for vegetation and fauna (such as humans). It rejuvenates the webweb page through imparting biodiversity corridors to permit local species to have contiguous habitat and passage throughout the webweb page and in the location in place of being remoted in island sanctuaries in a human agreementinfrastructure, compact agreement pattern, and east-west streets.
• As the Berms used to dam warmness from the wasteland, So it surely enables in minimising overall Energy requirement for the campus.[22]
• NET-ZERO ENERGY CAMPUS
The electricity intake of this campus is decreased to approximately one-1/3 of business-as-standard with passive and conventional strategies of constructing (predicted electricity use = forty five kWh/sqm.12 months in place of 130-one hundred sixty kWh/sqm.12 months), incorporated with renewable electricity technologies, with compact constructing clustering, and through encouraging a low electricity lifestyle (developing a 250 W society). The homes will be a number
of the maximum electricity green and coffee useful resource ingesting homes globally With 15 MWe consolidated and the 7.five MWe roof dispensed sun era clever grid structures operational, this turns into a internet-0 power campus for a populace of 14,880 people, with nearly no captive electricity or internet grid contribution.
• Solar Plant
With 15 MWe consolidated and the 7.five MWe roof allotted sun technology clever grid structures operational, this will become a internet-0 power campus for a populace of 14,880 people, with nearly no captive energy or internet grid contribution[18]
• SOLAR WATER HEATERS
The hot water shall be 100% solar in all buildings but 100% backed up with low wattage (1 kW) inline geyers installed at user discretion
• NET-ZERO WATER CAMPUS
The Campus ambitions to be NET-ZERO water on the final touch of all its phases.
• The primary idea is to optimize the baseline, lessen call for anyplace feasible and use water-green technology to reduce wastage [12]
• Capacity has been supplied for rainwater harvesting in addition to significant reuse of handled gray and black water for non-potable makes use of in the Campus.
• The municipal deliver will act as a backup in case of emergency situations. Native in addition to drought resistant species of vegetation were used to lessen the irrigation.[22]
NET-ZERO WASTE CAMPUS
The Campus ambitions to be NET-ZERO waste on the final touch of all its phases.
Segregation-at-source, everyday waste series and a critical waste sorting location had been proposed to optimize the waste control process. Strategies to address diverse sorts of waste have additionally been suggested.
Followed efficiently, the Campus can be capable of efficiently divert 100% of its waste from the landfill site [17]
DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS ( DWTS )
The gray and black water is amassed withinside the sewage device to visit the DWTS
One important modular DWTS shall have baffle tanks, planted gravel filter, and a few
ozonized tertiary remedy and a few sprucing ponds, all centralized in the campus to 5 locations.[22]
• Biogas will be extracted from the residential and hostel sewage to offer partial cooking for hostels
• The “Floating Drum” form of biogas plant might be used.
• DWTS water will be used for flushing (2nd hydro-pneumatic device), irrigation (0.33 hydro-pneumatic device, however switched on at constant times), and HVAC (cooling towers, combined with rain water, see below) in that order of priority [24]
• ORIENTATION
East West Oriented Streets of the campus are shaded by buildings on both sides Urban Design Guidelines of the Campus are such that buildings provide mutual shading to the campus residents during day Wall is ready 2 toes in width ,the outer wall is fabricated from Stone , Inner Wall fabricated from Brick, Between them There is XPS insulation used. So that the general warmness benefit of the constructing reduced efficiently. This approach of wall Insulation is an awful lot greater Famous in regions of Jodhpur.[22]
3.2.4 Summary
• IITJ is a five supermegacelebrity Griha Rated Campus.
• IITJ average Impact is ready 17.7% , because of this the campus is even higher than five supermegacelebrity GRIHA LD rated development.
• Use of right techniques for Energy Efficiency.
• Better use of Orientation and Shading techniques.
• IITJ is a great instance for Net-Zero Building Study
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF NET ZERO BUILDING
4.1 ADVANTAGE
• Combat Climate Change
The aggregate of layout, constructing strategies, and technology that cross right into a 0 power domestic all bring about a domestic that produces internet 0 carbon emissions. That method that your Building isn't answerable for Climatic change & Environment pollution. [19
• Lower Your Cost of Home Ownership
A 0 power domestic has no Electricity bills, aside from a small month-to-month carrier fee, so from day one your Building charges much less to Live than a comparable widespread domestic. So that you may keep lot of cash because of internet 0 builing.
• Indoor Air Quality Built with airtight & Insulated walls, 0 power Building comprise very power green clean air structures. These superior air flow structures offer pre-heated or pre-cooled clean, filtered air – unfastened of outdoor pollution and allergens, which maintains you and your own circle of relatives healthy.
• More Durable Building
The constructing strategies and substances utilized in 0 power Building are greater long lasting than the ones utilized in widespread Building so that they final longer and require much less care
• Proper Daylighting Zero power Buildings are designed and constructed the use of passive sun layout principles, making the maximum of herbal sunlight hours and filling your constructing with warm, right sunlight.
• Comfortable Living in all climate Types
Jaisalmer to the bloodless climes of Kashmir. Using region precise data, 0 power houses are Zero power constructing are determined everywhere in the country, from the recent deserts of sync in your region’s weather pattern, presenting overall constructing consolation anywhere you live
• Enjoy Year Round Comfort
A 0 strength domestic has a especially strength efficient, quiet, and easy-to-use consolation machine for heating and cooling, making constructing incredibly satisfactory to stay in 12 months round.
• Be Healthier
Zero strength houses are built with non-poisonous finishes, substances and surfaces, and make use of superior sparkling air systems. The end result is a more healthy constructing to stay in.
• Relax in Peace and Quiet
A 0 strength domestic has thoroughly insulated walls, triple-pane home windows and is constructed to be airtight. As a end result Interior of the constructing is quiet, loose from out of doors noises and sounds
• Protect Building from Increasing Energy Costs
Energy prices always fluctuate and usually increase year after year. With a zero energy Building, you pay the same amount over time – zero or close to zero –because you generate all the energy you need on site only.
• Higher Resale Value
Durability, efficiency and advanced technologies are all factored in when you choose to sell your zero energy Building, securing a higher resale value.
• Clean Energy Source
Living in a zero energy building gives you freedom from polluting fossil fuels. The energy used in building is created from clean, renewable energy from the solar panels on your roof.
• Low Maintenance Building
Due to its durable, airtight construction and fresh air system, zero energy building are low maintenance and easy to keep clean. No moisture means no mold or water damage. Fresh filtered air means less dust and easier cleaning.
• Pay Less In Water Bills
Zero energy homes include energy and water saving appliances, washing machines and toilets which are equipped with “water sense” controls on faucets and showers to save on water and energy in Building.
• Get Instant Hot Water
By centrally locating the hot water heater or using an energy saving circulating hot water system, most zero energy buildings are designed to conserve hot water. The added benefit you get almost instant hot water for your shower, and also help in low energy bills.
4.2 DISADVANTAGES OF NET-ZERO BUILDING
• Initial costs of Net-zero building is higher.
• Lack of skills or experienced labors and contractors to build ZEBs
• ZEB may not reduce the required power plant capacity
• Solar energy capture using the building envelope only works in locations unobstructed from the sun
• Without an optimised thermal envelope the embodied energy, heating and cooling energy and resource usage is higher than neede.
Upfront costs: The initial costs of constructing a net zero building can be higher than those of a conventional building due to the need for specialized equipment and materials.
Maintenance costs: Net zero buildings require ongoing maintenance and monitoring to ensure that systems are functioning properly and efficiently. This can add to the operating costs of the building.
Occupant behavior: The energy performance of a net zero building depends heavily on the behavior of its occupants. If they are not educated about energy-saving practices or do not use the building as intended, the building may not perform as expected.
Site constraints: Net zero buildings require specific site conditions, such as adequate sunlight for solar panels and wind for turbines. If a site is not suitable, it may not be possible to achieve net zero energy performance.
Design limitations: Achieving net zero energy performance often requires specific design strategies and building orientation. This can limit the flexibility of the building design and may not be suitable for all building types.
Energy storage limitations: While renewable energy sources such as solar and wind can provide net zero energy performance during periods of good weather, energy storage systems such as batteries may be necessary to ensure consistent energy supply during periods of low renewable energy production.
Technology limitations: The technology required for net zero energy performance is rapidly evolving, and it can be difficult to keep up with the latest advancements.
RELEVANCE AND IMPLEMENT IN URBAN AREA
• Environmental Benefits:
Net zero energy buildings offer significant environmental benefits in urban areas. Buildings are responsible for around 40% of global energy consumption and 33% of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to the United Nations. By reducing energy consumption and generating renewable energy onsite, net zero energy buildings can significantly reduce their carbon footprint. This is particularly relevant in urban areas where buildings are often responsible for a significant portion of the city's greenhouse gas emissions.
Furthermore, net zero energy buildings can help to reduce air and water pollution, and limit the negative impacts of resource extraction and processing. This is particularly relevant in urban areas where pollution levels are often higher due to traffic congestion and industrial activity. By transitioning to net zero energy, urban areas can reduce their reliance on fossil fuels and promote sustainable development.[29]
• Economic Benefits:
Net zero energy buildings can also offer significant economic benefits in urban areas. By reducing energy consumption, buildings can lower their utility bills and save money on maintenance costs. This is particularly relevant in urban areas where energy prices are often higher than in rural areas. In addition, by generating renewable energy onsite, buildings can sell excess energy back to the grid and earn additional revenue.
Furthermore, net zero energy can promote innovation and job creation in the energy sector. By investing in energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies, we can spur the development of new industries and create new job opportunities. This is particularly relevant in urban areas where there is often a need for new employment opportunities.
• Social Benefits:
Net zero energy buildings can also offer important social benefits in urban areas. By reducing energy consumption and generating renewable energy onsite, net zero energy buildings can help to lower energy costs for residents and businesses, reducing energy poverty and improving access to basic services. This is particularly relevant in urban areas where low-income households are often disproportionately affected by high energy costs.[26]
Furthermore, net zero energy buildings can promote social equity by providing opportunities for local ownership and community participation in energy production. This can help to build trust and strengthen social cohesion, particularly in urban areas where there may be a greater sense of disconnection between residents.
Improved occupant health and comfort: Net zero energy buildings prioritize indoor environmental quality, ensuring proper ventilation, high-quality lighting, and optimal thermal comfort. This promotes the health, well-being, and productivity of occupants.
Enhanced occupant satisfaction: Net zero energy buildings often incorporate features that improve occupant satisfaction, such as access to natural light, views of the outdoors, and comfortable indoor temperatures. This creates a more pleasant and enjoyable living or working environment [22]
Affordable housing: Net zero energy buildings can help address the issue of affordable housing. By implementing energy-efficient design and renewable energy systems, these buildings can reduce energy costs for occupants, making housing more affordable and accessible.
Community engagement and education: Net zero energy buildings can serve as educational tools and community landmarks. They can host tours, workshops, and events to raise awareness about sustainable building practices and inspire others to adopt energy-efficient technologies.
Job creation and economic development: The construction and operation of net zero energy buildings contribute to job creation and economic development. These projects
require skilled labor and can stimulate the growth of industries related to renewable energy, energy efficiency, and green technologies
• Implementation: The implementation of net zero energy buildings in urban areas can be challenging, but there are several strategies that can be used to overcome these challenges.
Energy modeling and target setting: The first step is to conduct energy modeling and analysis to understand the building's energy consumption patterns and identify opportunities for energy efficiency and renewable energy generation. This analysis helps set realistic energy reduction targets and informs design decisions [13]
Integrated design approach: Net zero energy buildings require an integrated design approach where architects, engineers, and other stakeholders collaborate from the early stages. This approach ensures that energy efficiency measures and renewable energy systems are incorporated into the building's design and construction plans.
Building envelope and insulation: A well-designed building envelope with highperformance insulation is essential for minimizing heat transfer and energy loss. This includes proper insulation of walls, roofs, and windows to reduce the need for heating or cooling [6]
Energy-efficient systems and appliances: Selecting energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, as well as energy-efficient appliances, lighting fixtures, and controls, is crucial for reducing energy consumption. Energy-efficient equipment and appliances should be prioritized during the design and construction process.[12]
Renewable energy generation: Incorporating renewable energy systems, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) panels or wind turbines, allows the building to generate clean energy on-site. Proper sizing and placement of renewable energy systems should be determined based on energy modeling and local conditions.
• Building Design:
The design of net zero energy buildings is critical to their success. Buildings must be designed to maximize energy efficiency and minimize energy consumption. This can include strategies such as passive solar design, high levels of insulation, and efficient lighting and HVAC systems.
• Renewable Energy:
Net zero energy buildings must also generate renewable energy onsite to offset their energy consumption. This can include the use of solar panels, wind turbines, geothermal heating and cooling, or other renewable energy technologies.
• Energy Storage:
Energy storage is an important component of net zero energy buildings, as it allows excess energy to be stored for use during periods of low energy production. This can include the use of batteries or other energy storage technologies.
CHAPTER 6
ZERO ENERGY BUILDING VERSUS GREEN BUILDING
6.1 What are Zero Energy Buildings?
Zero Energy Buildings, also known as Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs), are designed and operated to produce as much energy as they consume over the course of a year. The goal of a ZEB is to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions to the greatest extent possible, with the ultimate aim of achieving net zero energy usage. This means that a ZEB must produce enough renewable energy onsite or off-site to offset the energy consumed by the building.
ZEBs achieve this goal through the use of advanced building technologies, including passive solar design, high levels of insulation, efficient lighting and HVAC systems, and the use of renewable energy sources. They also incorporate energy storage systems, which allow excess energy to be stored for use during periods of low energy production. The use of energy-efficient appliances and equipment further reduces energy consumption, and the installation of smart building systems allows for the optimization of energy usage and the identification of areas for improvement [27]
ZEBs are designed to be highly energy-efficient, with a focus on reducing energy consumption through the use of advanced building technologies and systems. By producing as much energy as they consume, ZEBs can significantly reduce the building’s carbon footprint and help to mitigate the effects of climate change.
Energy production: Zero energy buildings incorporate renewable energy systems, such as solar panels, wind turbines, or geothermal systems, to produce on-site energy. The goal is to generate enough energy to offset or exceed the building's energy consumption.
Energy efficiency: Zero energy buildings prioritize energy efficiency measures to minimize energy demand. This includes using high-performance insulation, energyefficient appliances and lighting, and optimizing building envelope design to reduce heat gain or loss [27]
Passive design strategies: Zero energy buildings employ passive design strategies to maximize natural lighting, ventilation, and thermal comfort. This reduces the need for artificial lighting, heating, and cooling, thereby minimizing energy consumption.
Advanced energy systems: Zero energy buildings often integrate advanced energy management systems and technologies to optimize energy usage. This includes automated controls, smart meters, and energy monitoring systems to track and manage energy consumption in real-time.
Energy storage: To ensure continuous energy supply, zero energy buildings may incorporate energy storage systems, such as batteries or thermal storage, to store excess energy generated during peak production periods for use during low production periods [21]
Efficient HVAC systems: Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in zero energy buildings are designed to be highly efficient. They may incorporate heat recovery systems, variable speed drives, or geothermal heat pumps to minimize energy consumption.
Grid interaction: Zero energy buildings can be connected to the electrical grid. They can draw energy from the grid during periods of low production or export excess energy back to the grid when production exceeds demand, ensuring a balanced energy supply.
Life-cycle assessment: Zero energy buildings consider the entire life cycle of the building, including construction, operation, and eventual demolition. This involves selecting durable and environmentally friendly materials, reducing waste during construction, and considering the environmental impact of materials over their lifespan.
Occupant behavior: Zero energy buildings promote occupant engagement and awareness to encourage energy-efficient practices. This includes providing energy consumption data, educational programs, and incentives to encourage occupants to adopt sustainable behaviors.
Certification and standards: Various certification programs, such as the Zero Energy Building Certification by the International Living Future Institute, provide guidelines and standards for assessing and verifying the performance of zero energy buildings. These certifications help recognize and promote buildings that achieve net-zero energy goals.
6.2 What are Green Buildings?
Green Buildings are designed and constructed with a focus on reducing their environmental impact, including reducing energy consumption, conserving water, and minimizing waste. The goal of a Green Building is to promote sustainability in the built environment through the use of environmentally responsible design and construction practices [19]
Green Building practices can include the use of energy-efficient lighting and HVAC systems, the use of sustainable building materials, the implementation of water conservation measures, and the use of green roofs and other landscaping strategies to improve energy efficiency and reduce urban heat island effects.
Green Buildings are designed to be sustainable, with a focus on reducing the environmental impact of the building over its entire life cycle. This includes not only the design and construction phase but also the operation and maintenance of the building.
Energy efficiency: Green buildings prioritize energy efficiency through various measures such as efficient insulation, high-performance windows, and energy-
efficient appliances and lighting. This helps reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
Water conservation: Green buildings incorporate water-saving features like low-flow fixtures, rainwater harvesting systems, and efficient irrigation methods to minimize water usage and promote sustainable water management.
Renewable energy: Many green buildings utilize renewable energy sources such as solar power, wind energy, or geothermal systems to generate clean energy on-site, reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
Sustainable materials: Green buildings use environmentally friendly and sustainable materials, such as recycled content, sustainably sourced wood, and low-emission products. This reduces the ecological impact of construction and promotes resource conservation.
Indoor environmental quality: Green buildings prioritize the health and comfort of occupants by ensuring good indoor air quality, proper ventilation, and natural lighting. This promotes productivity, well-being, and reduces the risk of respiratory problems.
Waste management: Green buildings implement waste reduction and recycling strategies during construction and operation phases. They encourage proper waste management practices to minimize landfill waste and promote recycling and composting.[18]
Site selection and design: Green buildings consider the site's ecological value, proximity to public transportation, and walkability. They aim to minimize the environmental impact of development and preserve natural resources.
Green roofs and walls: Some green buildings incorporate green roofs or living walls, which are covered with vegetation. These features provide insulation, reduce stormwater runoff, improve air quality, and enhance biodiversity.
Smart technologies: Green buildings often integrate advanced technologies for efficient monitoring and control of energy and water usage. Smart thermostats, occupancy sensors, and automated systems optimize resource consumption and reduce waste.
Certification and standards: Various certification systems, such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), provide guidelines and rating systems to assess the sustainability performance of buildings. Green buildings may aim to achieve these certifications to demonstrate their commitment to environmental responsibility.
Differences between Zero Energy Buildings and Green Buildings:
While both ZEBs and Green Buildings are sustainable building practices, there are distinct differences between the two approaches.
The primary difference between ZEBs and Green Buildings is their focus. ZEBs are primarily focused on achieving net zero energy usage, while Green Buildings have a broader focus on reducing the environmental impact of the building. While ZEBs aim to produce as much energy as they consume, Green Buildings aim to reduce energy consumption and promote sustainability in the built environment more broadly.
Another key difference between ZEBs and Green Buildings is their design features. ZEBs incorporate advanced building technologies, such as passive solar design and energy storage, to achieve net zero energy usage. Green Buildings, on the other hand, may incorporate a broader range of sustainable design strategies, including water conservation, waste reduction, and the use of sustainable building materials.
ZEBs are also designed to be highly energy-efficient, with a focus on reducing energy consumption as much as possible. This often involves the use of advanced building technologies and systems, which can increase the complexity and cost of construction. Green Buildings, on the other hand, may be more accessible and affordable for a wider range of building owners and developers.
The purpose of inexperienced constructing and sustainable structure is to apply assets extra efficaciously and lessen a constructing's bad effect at the environment.
Zero electricity homes obtain one key inexperienced-constructing purpose of absolutely or very significantly lowering electricity use and greenhouse fueloline emissions for the existence of the constructing.
Zero electricity homes can also additionally or might not be considered "inexperienced" in all areas, which include lowering waste, the use of recycled constructing substances etc.
COST EFFECTIVE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
7.1 Passive Design Strategies
Passive design strategies are an essential component of NZE building design, as they can significantly reduce energy consumption without the need for active systems. Passive design strategies include orientation, shading, natural ventilation, and thermal mass. These strategies work together to optimize natural light, reduce the need for artificial lighting, and minimize heat gain in the summer and heat loss in the winter.
Orientation is one of the most critical passive design strategies, as it determines the amount of natural light and heat that a building will receive throughout the day. The orientation of a building should take into account the site's location, climate, and prevailing winds. By orienting a building to face south in the northern hemisphere, it can take advantage of the sun's heat during the winter months, while proper shading can reduce the amount of heat gained in the summer.
Shading is another essential passive design strategy that can significantly reduce energy consumption in NZE buildings. Proper shading can reduce the amount of solar heat gain in the summer, which can reduce the need for air conditioning. Shading devices can be fixed or operable, such as louvers or shades, and can be placed on windows, balconies, or outdoor spaces.
Natural ventilation is another passive design strategy that can reduce energy consumption in NZE buildings. By using natural ventilation, buildings can take advantage of the natural flow of air to reduce the need for mechanical ventilation systems. Natural ventilation can be achieved through the use of operable windows, vents, and skylights, and can be enhanced through the use of building form, layout, and orientation.
Thermal mass is another passive design strategy that can help reduce energy consumption in NZE buildings. Thermal mass refers to the ability of a material to store and release heat. Materials with high thermal mass, such as concrete or masonry, can
absorb heat during the day and release it at night, reducing the need for heating and cooling systems.
Orientation: Design buildings to maximize solar gain in winter and minimize it in summer.
Insulation: Use insulation materials and techniques that minimize heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer.
Natural ventilation: Use windows, vents, and other openings to allow for natural air flow and cooling.
Thermal mass: Incorporate materials with high thermal mass, such as concrete or stone, to store and release heat.
Shading: Use shading devices such as overhangs, awnings, and trees to block direct sunlight and reduce cooling loads.
Daylighting: Use windows, skylights, and reflective surfaces to maximize natural daylight and reduce the need for artificial lighting.
Air sealing: Use air sealing techniques to minimize air leaks and prevent energy loss.
Heat recovery: Use heat recovery systems to recover heat from exhaust air and use it to preheat incoming fresh air.
Cool roofs: Use reflective roof materials to reduce the absorption of solar radiation and lower cooling loads.
Evaporative cooling: Use evaporative cooling systems, such as evaporative coolers or misting systems, to reduce cooling loads.
Green roofs: Install green roofs, which use vegetation to provide insulation and reduce the heat island effect.
Earth sheltering: Incorporate earth berms or underground structures to take advantage of the insulating properties of soil.
Thermal breaks: Use materials with low thermal conductivity, such as insulation or thermal breaks, to prevent heat loss through building components.
Passive solar heating: Use passive solar heating systems, such as south-facing windows or sunspaces, to capture and store solar energy for heating.
Natural lighting: Use light shelves, clerestory windows, and other techniques to increase natural light and reduce the need for artificial lighting.
Night ventilation: Use night ventilation to flush out heat and cool buildings during the cooler nighttime hours.
Trombe walls: Use Trombe walls, which are walls that absorb and store solar heat and release it slowly over time, to provide passive solar heating.
Solar shading: Use shading devices, such as louvers or vertical fins, to block direct sunlight and reduce cooling loads.
Ventilated facades: Use ventilated facades, which incorporate a gap between the building envelope and cladding, to promote natural ventilation and reduce cooling loads.
Natural landscaping: Use natural landscaping, such as trees and vegetation, to provide shading and reduce the heat island effect.
7.2 Energy-Efficient Lighting and HVAC Systems
Lighting and HVAC systems are two of the most significant energy consumers in buildings, and reducing their energy consumption is essential to achieving NZE goals. Energy-efficient lighting can be achieved through the use of LED or CFL bulbs, which use less energy and last longer than traditional incandescent bulbs. Lighting controls, such as occupancy sensors and daylight sensors, can also be used to reduce energy consumption by turning off lights when they are not needed.
HVAC systems can also be made more energy-efficient through the use of advanced technologies, such as variable refrigerant flow(VRF) systems, geothermal heating and cooling, and radiant heating and cooling. VRF systems use a single outdoor unit that can be connected to multiple indoor units, which can be controlled independently. This allows for more precise temperature control and can significantly reduce energy consumption compared to traditional HVAC systems.
Geothermal heating and cooling systems use the natural thermal energy stored in the ground to heat and cool buildings. This technology can significantly reduce energy consumption compared to traditional HVAC systems, as it uses less energy to transfer heat. Radiant heating and cooling systems use water or air to transfer heat, which can
be more energy-efficient than traditional HVAC systems, as they require less energy to operate.
LED lighting: LED (light-emitting diode) lighting is much more energy-efficient than traditional incandescent bulbs and can save up to 80% on lighting energy costs.
Occupancy sensors: Occupancy sensors detect when a space is occupied and turn lights on and off accordingly, reducing energy waste.
Daylight sensors: Daylight sensors adjust the lighting level based on the amount of natural daylight available in a space, reducing the need for artificial lighting.
Task lighting: Task lighting provides targeted lighting for specific activities, reducing the need for general lighting.
High-efficiency HVAC equipment: High-efficiency HVAC equipment, such as air conditioners and furnaces, use less energy than traditional systems and can significantly reduce energy costs.
Programmable thermostats: Programmable thermostats allow users to set different temperatures for different times of day, reducing energy consumption when buildings are not in use.
Demand-controlled ventilation: Demand-controlled ventilation adjusts the ventilation rate based on occupancy and air quality, reducing energy waste.
Variable speed drives: Variable speed drives adjust the speed of HVAC equipment based on demand, reducing energy consumption.
Geothermal HVAC systems: Geothermal HVAC systems use the earth's natural heat to regulate indoor temperature and are highly energy-efficient.
Energy recovery ventilation: Energy recovery ventilation uses heat exchangers to recover heat from exhaust air and use it to preheat incoming fresh air.
Zoning: Zoning divides a building into different areas and allows for separate temperature control in each zone, reducing energy consumption.
Thermal storage: Thermal storage systems use off-peak energy to store and release heat or cool air, reducing energy demand during peak hours.
Radiant heating and cooling: Radiant heating and cooling systems use radiant heat transfer to regulate indoor temperature, providing energy-efficient heating and cooling.
Natural ventilation: Natural ventilation systems use natural air flow to regulate indoor temperature and provide fresh air, reducing energy consumption.
Heat recovery ventilation: Heat recovery ventilation recovers heat from exhaust air and uses it to preheat incoming fresh air, reducing energy demand.
Heat pumps: Heat pumps use a refrigerant to move heat from one place to another and are highly energy-efficient.
Duct sealing: Duct sealing prevents air leaks in duct systems, reducing energy waste.
Cool roofs: Cool roofs reflect solar radiation and reduce cooling loads, making them more energy-efficient than traditional roofs.
Passive cooling: Passive cooling techniques, such as shading and natural ventilation, can reduce the need for air conditioning and lower energy consumption.
Insulation: Proper insulation can reduce heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer, making HVAC systems more energy-efficient.