Haydn Edition liner notes I. JOSEPH HAYDN (1732-1809)
Joseph Haydn: Craftsman and Genius by Richard Wigmore Symphonies Haydn has long been dubbed ‘the father of the symphony’. Taken literally, this is absurd. The symphony had evolved out of the Italian opera overture in the first decades of the eighteenth century. From the 1730s composers such as G. B. Sammartini in Milan, Johann Stamitz, Ignaz Holzbauer and F. X. Richter in Mannheim, and M. G. Monn and Christoph Wagenseil in Vienna turned out a regular supply of chattering ‘sinfonias’ and ‘overtures’ (the terms were interchangeable). Haydn will have played and studied symphonies by Monn, Wagenseil and others before he wrote his own earliest symphonies, by which time the symphony was bidding to eclipse the concerto in popularity in Austria and southern Germany. Yet Haydn can be regarded as the father of the symphony in the sense that he was the first to realise fully the genre’s dramatic potential. For all their slightness, his earliest symphonies already reveal a taut logic, a sense that each phrase implies its successor, unequalled by his older contemporaries. From the mid-1760s his symphonies grew in scale and individuality ; and the finest works of the years around 1770 combine inspired eccentricity, impassioned rhetoric and unprecedented structural sophistication. By the 1790s Haydn’s late symphonies and the last four symphonies of Mozart had made the genre, with the string quartet, the supreme touchstone of instrumental composition. In the 1750s and 1760s the lingua franca in southern Germany and the Habsburg lands was the Italianate buffo style: frivolous, shortbreathed, staking much on surface bustle. The 20 or so works Haydn wrote between 1757 (the probable date of his earliest symphonies, Nos 1, 18 and 37) and 1760 for his first full-time employer, Count Morzin, add to this his own brand of nervous energy and a taste, more pronounced than that of his contemporaries, for the comic and the wayward.
Immediately after his appointment at the Esterházy court in 1761 he produced his celebrated ‘Times of Day’ triptych, Nos 6-8. In these fetching programmatic works (No. 6, ‘Le matin’, opens with a sunrise, while No. 8, ‘Le soir’, closes with a genial storm that to our ears sounds more like a hunt) Haydn crosses the symphony with the concerto grosso, writing extended solos for virtually everyone in his crack orchestra right down to the lowly double bass. There is even more flamboyant solo writing in the so-called ‘Hornsignal’, No, 31, of 1765, with its extravagant virtuoso writing for a quartet of horns. In the resonant hall of the Esterházys’ Eisenstadt palace the effect will have been sensational. During the late 1760s and early 1770s Haydn composed a whole series of sorrowful or agitated symphonies in the minor mode. Most famous of these are No. 49, ‘La passione’, No. 44, ‘Mourning’, and the ‘Farewell’, No. 45, the latter more famous for the finale’s charming disappearing act (the players literally voting with their feet for a return to their families in Eisenstadt) than its revolutionary originality. This outburst of minor keyed angst has spawned the label ‘Sturm und Drang’ (Storm and Stress), after the slightly later German literary movement of that name. Few of the major-keyed works from around 1770 could be described as stormy or stressful. One exception is the fiery and eccentric No. 46, in the outlandish key of B major, which in an astonishing structural twist brings back part of the minuet in the finale – a foretaste of Beethoven’s use of the same ploy, in a very different context, in the Fifth Symphony. Yet whether turbulent, playful or (as in the amply scaled No. 48, the so-called ‘Maria Theresa’) ceremonial, virtually every symphony of these years is intensely individual, reflecting Haydn’s restless exploration of the genre’s potential. Haydn’s production of symphonies peaked in the years 1774-5, with works such as No. 56 in C – another C major work resplendent with pealing
95594 Haydn Edition
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