徐華錚 Hua Cheng Hsu 1991/12/09
PROJECT 1
BedsideBuddy
Bed side service system design
p.52-p.59 2013-2014
2014-2015
PROJECT 2
Warning System Design
Research and design of warning system for elder scooter rider
p.18-p.31
EDUCATION
Bachelor / Industrial Design Department, NCKU Master / User Experience Research and Design Laboratory, NCKU
INTEREST
User Experience Research and Design / Healthcare Human Factors / Human Computer Interaction / Product Design / 3D Printing
SKILLS
Interface & graphic Design 3D Modeling & Rendering Administration
PROJECT 3
Axure / Adobe Illustrator / Photoshop / Indesign Solidworks / Creo / Keyshot / ATOM 3D Printer Microsoft Office / Minitab
Research of Social Interface
Research in social interface design for charities crowdfunding website
p.4-p.17 2015-2016
PROJECT 5
HP Engage One Pro Retail System Design On going project
2019-
2015-2018
PROJECT 4
Health Care Device Design
Research and design of rehabilitation device for stroke patients
p.32-p.51
Professor Yu Hsiu Hung
Social Interface Research Research in social interface design for charities crowdfunding websites
Conference Research 2015-2016
Research of Social Interface
Crowdfunding and Social Interface
The crowdfunding industry has been growing over the past few years. Individuals and businesses are increasingly looking to raise funds through crowdfunding. Nonprofits are now using crowdfunding to connect with supporters and/or to raise public awareness. Research showed that supporters’ willingness to donate to charities had been a key to ensure consistent growth in fundraising.However, little research was performed to uncover the influences of social user interface design on donation willingness for nonprofit crowdfunding projects. The purpose of this study thus was to investigate how social user interfaces – i.e., consumer touch points on social network platforms − influence donation willingness towards charities.
Crowdfunding
Ideators
Donors
Platform
How to increase the motivation of donation?
There are some study investigated the reasons influence the motivation of donation. For example, how "prestige" influence the motivation ( Ariely et al., 2009), how "fundraise progress visualization" impact people's donation behaviors ( Cheema & Bagchi, 2011; Cryder et al., 2008) and how "commiment" influence the donation motivation.
Few study focus on the interaction between social interface and behaviors of donation.
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UX Research & Design
We want to investigate how social interface influence the donation behaviors of people. Conduct a Study
Use the most followers and share times crowdfunding website, Crowdrise, as the template ( Annie Monigold, 2015). And use the charity issue as the crowdfunding theme to avoid personal preferences of donors.
We investigate the variable influence donor's motivation. According to literature review, we found that some elements will influence the motivation of donors. We redesign these elements to social interface. And sum up the independent variables of this study. Independent Variables: (1) Commitment, (2)Progress visualization, (3) Prestige. Level A
Level B
(1) Commitment
(2)Progress visualization
(3) Prestige
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Research of Social Interface
To avoid stereotype of race, we use charity crowdfunding for stray dogs as the theme of the study.
Interface design consist of (1) picture of stray dog (2) share button and numbers of likes (3) intruduction of the crowdfunding program (4) percentage of funds raised (5) progress visualization and (6) scrolling donors' name
We conduct a questionnaire study.
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UX Research & Design
Questionnaire Design
There are two part in the questionnaire: (A)Basic information of participants.( gender, age, occupation, charity donation frequency last year) (B)The impact of interface design on willingness to donate: Part 1: Participants gave a score according to the level of willingness to donate.(1-5 point, 1 point represents strongly disagree; 5 point represents strongly agree) Part 2: Participants recorded the reason for the score.
Variables
Independent Variables
Confounding Variables
(1) Picture of stray dog (2) Share button and numbers of likes (3) Colors of donate button and background
Participants
(1) Ramdonly sampling recruit at NCKU library and coffee shop. (2) 40 participants (20-46 years old, mead=25.8, SD=5.9) was recruited. (3) All participant should have at least one time donation in the past one year, and who donated more than four times will set to high commitment group, less than four times will set to low commitment group.
Procedure
Recruit Participants Questionnaire Part A Use the experience of charity donations in the past year as a screening. Those who have experience in charity donations will be include to further experiments. Questionnaire Part B The design of the interface is presented to participants in slide show on notebook computer for viewing and clicking. There is no limit to the duration of the experiment.
LATIN SQUARE
After the explanation for this study, we show the interface with different independent variables combination to participants one by one. To avoid Order Effect, we use Latin Square to arrange the interface order. And the interface with confounding variable were interspersed between interface with IV. Participants were awarded a 50$ gift 9
Research of Social Interface
Results
Descriptive Statistics
From the descriptive statistics, all the interface design were scored more than 3 point. The interface design got a highest score(Mean=3.65,SD=0.86) when it is combine with "heart Bar Chart ", "To-Date Information" and "With Scrolling Text"; The interface design got a lower score(Mean=3.18,SD=0.78) when it is combine with "Bar Chart", "To-Go Information" and "Without Scrolling Text";
Result of 3-way ANOVA
This study used Minitab 17 to conduct a 3-way ANOVA (fundraising progress, progress visualization, Donors name scrolling text) to investigate whether the variables have significant impact on the user's willingness to donate. We found that "Progress visualization"(F=5.76,p=0.037) and "Scrolling Text"(F=5.01,p=0.026) have significant effect to donation willingness.
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UX Research & Design
Discussion & Conclusions
The purpose of this study is to explore how social interface design of the charity fundraising website affects the willingness of donors. And use the fundraising interface of Crowdrise, the website with the largest number of users in the charity fundraising , as a template to Identify the most attractive interface to donors. And then increase the amount of charuty fundraising. The experimental results show that the design of the donor name marquee can increase the willingness of users to donate.According to the participant's answer, the reason may be that this can enhance the user's reputation. However, there are also some participants concern about personal privacy issues. The interface design of the public donorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s name and donation amount reduces their willingness to donate. Therefore, when designing a charity fundraising donation interface in the future, we may consider adding anonymity to the name of the public donor, or let the user choose whether or not they are willing to provide the name of the donation and the amount of the donation to meet the needs of some users' privacy considerations. On the other hand, the results also show that the amount of heart-shaped funds raised in line with the fundraising theme is expected to increase the willingness of users to donate. According to the respondent's answer, the reason is that there will be a specific feeling of filling with love. Previous study has also pointed out that if the visual target graphic is related to the theme, it can further enhance people's desire to achieve goals (Cheema and Bagchi, 2011). The results of this experiment were also significant in the Subject (f=2.07, p<0.001). This is because the experiment included participants with high and low commitment. The effect of different participants on the two types of participants was different. The overall donation willingness score for this experiment is not high (all no more than 4 points), the main reason may be that the participants was informed before the start of the experiment that the fundraising case is only experimental rather than real fundraising, and the questionnaire is only based on pictures. Non-whole web page presentation, the realism of fundraising is reduced, which in turn affects the willingness of the respondents as a whole. In addition, the fundraising theme of this experiment is limited to help stray dogs, and the willingness of the participants will be impact by the theme, thus limiting the final outcome of the experiment.
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Research of Social Interface
Re-Design
Interface Re-Design Progress Bar According to the result of study, it shows that visualize progress bar which match to the theme will increase the willingness of users to donate. Consequently, we re-design the progress bar, add the heart element to the theme of charity.
Donors' name scrolling text The result of study also shows that donors' name scrolling text will increase the willingness of users to donate when there has no privacy issue. Consequently, we add a scrolling text which show donors' name on the bottom of the progress bar.
We designed and added the donors' name scrolling text and heart progress bar into the interface of funding project page.
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UX Research & Design
Flow Modified
According to the users' feedback, we found that user would concern about privacy issue when their name are going to be shown on the website. Consequently, we add a check point before users' name be shown. Original flow chart
Modified flow chart (adding donors' name element)
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Research of Social Interface
Re-Design
Wireframe
We also modified the wireframe after clicking the donate button. The check point page show after the payment page, to keep the payment process going smoothly.
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UX Research & Design
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Research of Social Interface
Reference
Agrawal, A., Catalini, C., &amp; Goldfarb, A. (2011). Offline Relationships, Distance, and the Internet: The Geography of Crowdfunding. Retrieved, 2, 2013. Ahlers, G. K. C., Cumming, D., Günther, C., &amp; Schweizer, D. (2015). Signaling in Equity Crowdfunding. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(4), 955-980. Annie, M. (2015). FREE Webinar! #GivingTuesday Donation Platforms featuring Crowdrise. Retrieved from Ariely, D., Bracha, A., &amp; Meier, S. (2009). Doing Good or Doing Well? Image Motivation and Monetary Incentives in Behaving Prosocially American Economic Review 99(1), 544-555. Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T., &amp; Schwienbacher, A. (2010). Crowdfunding: An industrial organization perspective. Paper presented at the Prepared for the workshop Digital Business Models: Understanding Strategies’, held in Paris on June. Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T., &amp; Schwienbacher, A. (2013). Individual crowdfunding practices. Venture Capital, 15(4), 313-333. Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T., &amp; Schwienbacher, A. (2014). Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd. UNC Kenan-Flagler Research Paper, 29(5), 585-609. BOTTANELLI, G. (2015). Crowdsourcing sustainability. Evaluating the impact of crowdled strategies for the sustainable development of local lowincome communities in Brazil. Bruton, G., Khavul, S., Siegel, D., &amp; Wright, M. (2015). New Financial Alternatives in Seeding Entrepreneurship: Microfinance, Crowdfunding, and Peer-to-Peer Innovations. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(1), 9-26. Buckley, P. (2016). Harnessing the wisdom of crowds: Decision spaces for prediction markets. Business Horizons, 59(1), 85-94. Cheema, A., &amp; Bagchi, R. (2011). The Effect of Goal Visualization on Goal Pursuit: Implications for Consumers and Managers. American Marketing Association, 75, 109-123. Cryder, C., Loewenstein, G., &amp; Seltman, H. (2008). A Race to the Finish: Nearing Fund- Raising Goals Increases the Rate of Donation. Paper presented at the Behavioral Decision Research in Management, La Jolla, CA. Elkins. (1977). Toward A Positive Theory of Corporate Social Involvement. Academy of Management Review, 2(1), 128-133. Fishbach, A., Eya, T., &amp; Finkelstein, S. R. (2010). How Positive and Negative Feedback Motivate Goal Pursuit. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(8), 517- 530. Frydrych, D., Bock, A. J., Kinder, T., &amp; Koeck, B. (2014). Exploring entrepreneurial legitimacy in reward-based crowdfunding An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, 16(3). Gao, H., Barbier, G., &amp; Goolsby, R. (2011). Harnessing the crowdsourcing power of social media for disaster relief. IEEE Intelligent Systems(3), 1014. Gerber, E. M., Hui, J. S., &amp; Kuo, P.-Y. (2012). Crowdfunding: Why people are motivated to post and fund projects on crowdfunding platforms. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International Workshop on Design, Influence, and Social Technologies: Techniques, Impacts and Ethics. Griffin, Z. J. (2012). Crowdfunding: fleecing the American masses. Case W. Res. JL Tech. &amp; Internet, 4, 375. Harbaugh, W. T. (1998). The Prestige Motive for Making Charitable Transfers. The American Economic Review, 88(2), 277-282. Heminway, J. M. (2014). Investor and Market Protection in the Crowdfunding Era: Disclosing to and for the &#39;Crowd&#39;. University of Tennessee Legal Studies Research Paper(242). Henrich, J., &amp; Gil-White, F. J. (2001). The evolution of prestige: freely conferred deference as a mechanism for enhancing the benefits of cultural transmission. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22(3), 165-196. Howe, J. (2006). The rise of crowdsourcing. Wired magazine, 14(6), 1-4. Kardes, F., Cronley, M., &amp; Cline, T. (2014). Consumer Behavior: Cengage Learning. Koo, M., &amp; Fishbach, A. (2008). Dynamics of Self-Regulation: How (Un)accomplished Goal Actions Affect Motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 183-195. Koo, M., &amp; Fishbach, A. (2012). The Small-Area Hypothesis: Effects of Progress Monitoring on Goal Adherence. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(3), 493-509. Kuo, J. K., Chang, L. Y., ChangJuiChang, Shen, Y. C., &amp; YunChang, X. (2013). A Study of Agreement and Willing of Donation for Donators in Nonprofit Organization. Journal of NPO Management, 14, 46-83. Kuppuswamy, V., &amp; Bayus, B. L. (2015). rowdfunding creative ideas: The dynamics of project backers in Kickstarter. UNC Kenan-Flagler Research Paper. Leimeister, J. M. (2012). Crowdsourcing. Controlling &amp; Management Review, 56(6), 388-392. Long, N. E. (1989). Encounters at the interface: A perspective on social discontinuities in rural development. Lu, C.-T., Xie, S., Kong, X., &amp; Yu, P. S. (2014). Inferring the impacts of social media on crowdfunding. Paper presented at the ACM international conference on Web search and data mining. Majchrzak, A., &amp; Malhotra, A. (2013). Towards an information systems perspective and research agenda on crowdsourcing for innovation. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 22(4), 257-268. Mina, K. S., Martinb, D., &amp; Jung, J. M. (2013). Designing advertising campaigns for destinations with mixed images: Using visitor campaign goal messages to motivate visitors. Journal of Business Research, 66(6), 759-764. Monigold, A. (2015). FREE Webinar! #GivingTuesday Donation Platforms featuring Crowdrise. Monsuwé, T. P. y., Dellaert, B. G. C., &amp; Ruyter, K. d. (2006). What drives consumers to shop online? A literature review. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 15(1), 102-121. Moritz, A., &amp; Block, J. H. (2016). Crowdfunding: A Literature Review and Research Directions. Naylor, J. C., &amp; Ilgen, D. R. (1984). Goal setting: A theoretical analysis of a motivational technology. Research in organizational behavior, 6, 95140. Ordanini, A., Miceli, L., Pizzetti, M., &amp; Parasuraman, A. (2011). Crowd‐funding: transforming customers into investors through innovative service platforms. Journal of Service Management, 22(4), 443-470. Pavlou, P. A. (2003). Comnsumer acceptance of electronic commerce: Integrating trust and risk with the technology acceptance model. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 7(3), 101-134. Pham, L. B., &amp; Taylor, S. E. (1999). From Thought to Action: Effects of Process-Versus Outcome- Based Mental Simulations on Performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(2), 250-260. Rocheska, S., Angeleski, M., Nikoloski, D., &amp; Mancheski, G. (2014). Harnessing Innovation Potential of Crowdsourcing. Paper presented at the Proc. of the 8th International Scientific Conference CKS2014 “Challenges of the Knowledge Society”, Bucharest, Romania, May 16th-17th. Shiau, W.-L., &amp; Luo, M. M. (2012). Factors affecting online group buying intention and satisfaction: A social exchange theory perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2431-2444. Sivula, A., &amp; Kantola, J. (2015). Ontology Focused Crowdsourcing Management. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 632-638.
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Solemon, B., Ariffin, I., Din, M. M., &amp; Anwar, R. M. (2013). A Review of the Uses of Crowdsourcing in Higher Education. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(9), 2066-2073. Vroom, V. (1982). Work and motivation: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company. Zook, M., Graham, M., Shelton, T., &amp; Gorman, S. (2010). Volunteered geographic information and crowdsourcing disaster relief: a case study of the Haitian earthquake. Available at SSRN 2216649.
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Warning Helmet Design and Evaluation of an Professors Innovative Hazard Warning Yu Hsiu Hung Helmet for Elder Scooter Riders Conference Research 2016-2018
Warning System
20
Conference Research
Hazard Warning Helmet The global population of people ages 65 and older is growing at a fast rate. As population aging becomes a trend of the 21st century, the safety and mobility of all older road users deserves more attention. In Taiwan, senior citizens accounted for 11 percent of the total population; the country is now moving from an aging society to an aged society [1]. The most common motor vehicles are scooters. Scooters are allowed on most roads (except highways and expressways). Almost one-half of the total population owns a scooter and 70% of the registered vehicles are scooters [1]. The dense population and limited living spaces make scooter riding a convenient way to travel in and around the cities. The costs of riding scooters (including tax, gas, and maintenance) are lower than those of driving cars, making scooters becoming popular vehicles among adults and the elderly.However, the risks for riding scooters are much higher than those of driving automobiles [2]. According to You et al. [1], accidents involving scooters contribute more than 80% of fatalities in traffic accidents in Taiwan, resulting in more than 2,000 deaths annually. In fact, literature indicates that elder people are more likely to be involved in crashes, and that they are more likely to suffer serious injuries in crashes [3]. The probabilities and consequences of travel accidents occur on elderly people would be more than those occur on young people [2].
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Warning System
Challenges of Older Scooter Riders
1. Easily distracted by surroundings
Horberry et al. [5] found that, compared with young adults, elder adults are more easily distracted by surroundings. Braitman et al. [6] and Fofanova and Vollrath [7] also found that elder drivers are less able to deal with complicated road conditions than young drivers.
2. Decreased visual attention
The main causes of higher risks of road traffic accidents among senior road users are the decreased visual attention and physical and functional capabilities [4].
3. Easily failing to give right of way As to the riding behavior, senior road users are more easily failing to give right of way (due to attention degeneration), leading to traffic collisions [8].
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Conference Research
How Older Scooter Riders React? Studies indicate that, in order to drive safe, senior road users (being aware of their limitations) are able to compensate for their physical degeneration by driving slower, driving less at night or less during bad weather, or keeping a safe distance behind the vehicle in front [9][10].
Driving slower
Driving less at night or during bad weather
Keeping a safe distance from other vehicle
However However, these strategies may not always be able to avoid risks and hazards on the road. Traffic accidents happen constantly.
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Warning System
What actually happened? After followed and observed 5 elder scooter rider randomly on the road. We found that they have some riding patterns.
1. Autimobiles double park
In Taiwan, scooters are allowed to travel on the right/slow lanes, but not on the left/fast lanes. It is common that automobiles double park temporarily on the roadside with car signal lights flashing (for quick paying bills/buying groceries).
2. Forcing scooter riders to change the lane
However, it occupies a certain portion of the road/street, oftentimes (despite dangerous) forcing scooter riders to change the lane and pass through temporarily double parking automobiles.
3. Accidents happened during the lane changing
The problem is that traffic accidents/collision could have happened during the lane changing if the speed of the approaching vehicles behind is relatively high. In fact, the problem may get worse if the involved scooter riders are the elderly. The speed of the elder scooter riders typically is relatively slow. Elder scooter riders more vulnerable to be hit by any vehicles when changing the lane.
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Conference Research
Development of the Hazard Warning Helmet
The hazard warning helmet design was inspired by the fact that elder scooter riders might be hit by approaching vehicles from the back after being forced to change the lane (for passing through double parking automobiles on the roadside).
1. Obstacle detected
3. Apporching car detected
2. Backward detection on
4. Warning
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Warning System
An observational study Participants
Convenience sampling and snowball sampling were used by visiting the community centers in the Tainan city, Taiwan.
Procedure
A total of five volunteered male elder participants (over 65 years old) were recruited.
All participants ride scooters on a daily basis and have more than 5 year experiences of riding scooters.
In the study, no monetary rewards were provided to participants.
At the beginning of the study, participants were given the instructions and explanations of the features of our developed helmet. This study adopted a with-in subject design. Participants were required to experience both of the two helmets (the conventional helmet and the hazard warning helmet).They were asked to wear every respective helmet and ride their scooters in their pace passing through 50 obstacles (i.e., double parked vehicles) along the roadside. The obstacles in this study were defined as temporarily double parked automobiles or traffic cones on the roadside, or any slow moving vehicles (including cars, scooters, and bicycles). Because these types of obstacles were common in Taiwan, this study did not manipulate their locations and appearances on the road.
26
Conference Research
Results and Discussion Results of the study identified four types of behavioral reactions to roadside doubleparked vehicles: (1) reduced speed to pass through, (2) reduced speed, looked back and passed through, (3) looked in the side-mirror and passed through, and (4) passed through directly. As shown in Table 1, generally, it appears that when seeing obstacles or temporarily double parked vehicles, participants passed them through directly no matter which helmet they wore – averagely accounting for 66% of all behavioral reactions when wearing our proposed helmet and 91% of all behavioral reactions when wearing a conventional helmet. Few of the participants (no matter which helmet they wore) would look back or look in the side mirror to prevent approaching vehicles hitting them. The results revealed that three out of four behavioral reactions were related with keeping safe for avoiding possible collisions with fast approaching vehicles. However, the possibility of them happening was the lowest (no matter which helmet was worn). This suggests that safety awareness was poor among elder scooter riders and road safety education is necessary for elder scooter riders. Also, warning design and/or safety measures should be in place that help elder scooter riders prevent/avoid risks and hazards on the road.
Figure 1 compares the two helmet design on participants’ behavioral reactions when interacting with obstacles/double parked vehicles. From Figure 2, participants wearing our developed helmet, compared with those wearing a conventional helmet, are more likely to reduce speed of their scooters for passing through obstacles. On the other hand, participants wearing our developed helmet are less likely to pass directly through obstacles/ double parked vehicles than those wearing a conventional helmet. The results provided empirical evidence on the effectiveness of our developed hazard warning helmet in (1) promoting safe riding behavior, (2) inhibiting unsafe riding behavior, and (3) avoiding fast approaching vehicles. It is expected that elder scooter riders wearing our proposed helmet will ride safely on the roads.
Table 1. Participants’ behavioral reactions to and the corresponding # of obstacles (mostly double parked vehicles)
Figure 1. Comparisons of two helmet design on participants’ behavioral reactions when passing through double parked vehicles
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Warning System
3D modeling by Solidworks and rendering by Keyshot
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Conference Research
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Warning System
Conclusions
The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a hazard warning helmet that helped the elderly avoid traffic collisions and accidents. Our developed helmet was consisted of four hardware components (the LED lights, the Arduino UNO microcontroller board, and two ultrasonic sensors). The innovative helmet provided visual warnings of fast approaching vehicles when elder riders pass through double-parked vehicles. An observational study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed helmet design. Five elderly participants participated in the study. They were asked to wear our developed helmet and a conventional helmet and respectively interacted with 50 roadside obstacles (mostly double parked vehicles). Results of the study showed that participants wearing our developed helmet were (1) more likely to reduce speed and (2) less likely to directly pass through double parked vehicles. Our work demonstrated that our innovative hazard warning helmet is effective in (1) promoting safe riding behavior, (2) inhibiting unsafe riding behavior, and (3) avoiding fast approaching vehicles from the back. Our study found elder scooter riders had risk taking riding behavior. Road safety education is needed (for example, through posters and social media and community networks, etc.) to enhance safety awareness among elder scooter riders. In addition, from the perspective of product design, designers should also put more emphasis on designing products not only improve the overall wellbeing, but also the health and safety of the elderly. Our society is stepping into a digital and aging society. Leveraging the power of technology to develop senior friendly products and devices becomes an important issue for all designers. This study is limited by the number of participants, culture, traffic conditions, environment, and ambient situations (e.g., noises and lighting), etc. More in-depth investigations are required to verify the efficacy of the proposed helmet design in avoiding traffic collisions and hazards. Results of this study provide insight on designing warning signals for scooter riders.
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Conference Research
Reference 1. You, S. H., Chang, S. H., Lin, H. M., & Tsai, H. M. (2013, June). Visible light communications for scooter safety. In Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services (pp. 509-510). ACM. 2. Chang, H. L., & Wu, S. C. (2005). Exploring the mode choice in daily travel behavior of the elderly in Taiwan. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 6, 1818- 1832. 3. Guerrier, J.H. et al, (1999). The role of working memory, field dependence, visual search, and reaction time in the left turn performance of older female drivers. Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 30, 109-119. 4. Rodrigues, P. F., & Pandeirada, J. N. (2015). Attention and working memory in elderly: the influence of a distracting environment. Cognitive processing, 16(1), 97-109. 5. Horberry, T., Anderson, J., Regan, M. A., Triggs, T. J., & Brown, J. (2006). Driver distraction: The effects of concurrent in-vehicle tasks, road environment complexity and age on driving performance. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 38(1), 185-191. 6. Braitman, K. A., Kirley, B. B., Ferguson, S., & Chaudhary, N. K. (2007). Factors leading to older drivers' intersection crashes. Traffic injury prevention, 8(3), 267-274. 7. Fofanova, J., and Vollrath, M. (2011). Distraction while driving: The case of older drivers. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 14(6), 638-648. 8. Clarke, D. D., Ward, P., Bartle, C., & Truman, W. (2010). Older drivers’ road traffic crashes in the UK. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(4), 1018-1024. 9. Bauer, M., Adler, G., Rottunda, S., & Kuskowski, M. (2003). The influence of age and gender on the driving patterns of older adults. Journal of Women & Aging, 15(4), 3–16. 10. Charlton, J. L., Oxley, J., Fildes, B., Oxley, P., & Newstead, S. (2003). Self-regulatory behaviours of older drivers. Annual Proceedings Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 47, 181–194. 11. Vashitz, G., Shinar, D., & Blum, Y. (2008). In-vehicle information systems to improve traffic safety in road tunnels. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 11(1), 61-74. 12. Yu, S. H., Shih, O., Tsai, H. M., Wisitpongphan, N., & Roberts, R. (2013). Smart automotive lighting for vehicle safety. Communications Magazine, IEEE, 51(12), 50-59. 13. Green, M. (2000). " How Long Does It Take to Stop?" Methodological Analysis of Driver Perception-Brake Times. Transportation human factors, 2(3), 195-216.
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Professors Yu Hsiu Hung Yu Ching Lin
Developing Innovative Vibration Stimulation Device to Enhance Stroke Patients' Hand Motor Abilities. Master Thesis Design 2016-2018
GLove
Master Thesis Design Developing Innovative Vibration Stimulation Device to Enhance Stroke Patients' Hand Motor Abilities. Stroke is one of the most common diseases causing severe disability. Stroke can lead to impaired motor function and often affects the patient's upper limb and hand function. Most patients have impaired function cannot recover fully. However, recent studies have shown that sensory stimulation can enhance the integration of sensory and motor system. It can connect the complex sensory feedback and elaborate hand movements. Therefore, adding sensory stimulation during the rehabilitation process has a good chance of improving the effectiveness of the rehabilitation. Compared with other sensory stimuli, vibration stimulation shows many advantages. Vibration stimulation can activate the sensory cortex in the brain and affect the motor cortex, thereby helping to recover the motor function. In recent years, the use of vibration stimulation involved in the rehabilitation of stroke more on the muscles of proximallimbs , less on the muscles of hand. However, the recovery of hand function of stroke patients has a great impact on the ability of self-care in life. Therefore, this study will focus on the vibration stimulation intervention to hand muscles.
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Master Thesis Design
Common stroke rehabilitation
procedures come from the theory of motor learning. Patients conduct a repeated and simple movement during rehabilitation process to improve the motor function. The Brunnstrom Approach, Rood Approach, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) and Bobath Approach are common neurotherapeutic approaches used in occupational therapy(Early, 2013).
However
, there is few study show the evidence to prove the efficacy of these approaches.In addition, Different therapists use different approach. So it is difficult to compare these approaches and to prove the efficacy of them. Consequently, we need to find out a better way to do the hand rehabilitation for stroke patients. 35
GLove
Somatosensory stimulation It might improve motor function of patients with stroke (Celnik, Hummel, HarrisLove, Wolk, & Cohen, 2007). There is a complex and integral connection between somatosensory feedback and motor dexterity needed to perform complicated manual tasks (Demain, Metcalf, Merrett, Zheng, & Cunningham, 2013). Marconi et al. (2011) also indicated that one of the most effective modulators of cortical structure and function is repeated sensory input. Consequently, it is prospective that stroke patients can be recover more effective if apply somatosensory to the motor rehabilitation process.
Temperature Stimulation People are insensitive to temperature changes.
The electrical resistance of skin is affected by its moisture level, with resistance levels of 50–200 kΩ reported when dry, but less than 10 kΩ when hydrated (Szeto & Saunders, 1982).
Providing that a temperature remains within the natural range of 30-36°C, people may not notice changes of up to 5°C if the rate of change is less than 0.5°C per minute (Ho & Jones, 2006)
Electrocutaneous Stimulation It affected by skin moisture level and cause physically and mentally discomfort.
Vibration Stimulation It is a strong sensory stimulus that activates the Ia receptor in muscle spindles
Summary 36
There are many research show that vibration is beneficial to motor function rehabilitation for stroke patients in recent years (Caliandro et al., 2012; Cordo et al., 2009; Costantino et al., 2017; Paoloni et al., 2014).
Vibration stimulation is more practical and more acceptable for stroke patients.
Master Thesis Design
Benefits of Vibration Stimulation Proximal Extremities Vibration
Spasm Decreased After three days of vibration treatment, Stroke patients' symptoms of spasm decreased. (Caliandro et al., 2012)
Larger Cortical Map After three days of vibration treatment, Transcranial maganetic stimulation (TMS) showed a larger cortical map with signs of activation of the motor cortex. (Marconi et al., 2011)
Motor Function Improved
After three days of vibration treatment, Stroke patients' motor function has a short term improvement. (Caliandro et al., 2012)
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GLove
Benefits of Vibration Stimulation Wrist Tendons and Muscles Vibration Stretching Ability Improved Movement Stability Increased T h e s t a b i l i t y o f t h e p o i n t- t o - p o i n t displacement movements of patients with chronic stroke was increased in the process of vibration.(Conrad, Scheidt, and Schmit, 2011)
Motor Evoked Potential Improved
After one minute of vibration stimulation, the patient's motor evoked potentials had immediate improvement. (de Andrade Melo, 2015)
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Stretching motor function of patients with chronic stroke has a brief increase after 2 weeks vibration treatment.
Master Thesis Design
SUMMARY Vibration stimulation has many benefits for motor function rehabilitation as shown by above studies. However, most the research apply vibration on the forearm and wrist muscles(Caliandro et al., 2012; Conrad et al., 2011; Costantino et al., 2017; Paoloni et al., 2014; Tavernese et al., 2013), few studies used vibration stimulation on the hand muscles(de Andrade Melo et al., 2015). On the other hand, the quality of life is highly correlated to hand function recovery degree of stroke patients, Therefore, this study will focus on the stimulation and rehabilitation of hand-related muscles.
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Goal of GLove Develop an intervention equipment combined with real life activity that vibrates the muscles related to hand movement. Explore the effect of muscle vibration for stroke patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; hand function rehabilitation.
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Master Thesis Design
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GLove
Research Method and Design Process In this project, we investigated existing rehabilitation equipments, conduct literature review, design innovative rehabilitation equipment, and then conduct a preliminary assessment with a stroke patient to test the design of the study.
Review
Equipment Design
Current vibration equipment design Recent study using vibration
Co-Design (with doctor and therapist)
Assessment
Intervention assessment
Processes
Participants
Establish Design Principles
designer and doctor
Come up With Ideas
3 designers
2 stroke patients
Users Assessment
Experts Assessment
Modified Design
doctor and therapist
3 designers
We discussed and laid out the design principles in cooperation with the doctor of the department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in National Cheng Kung University (NCKU) Hospital. Three designers participated and deliberated in the design process. To test the feasibility of product, We recruited two volunteers. The study invited a rehabilitation doctor and an occupational therapist of NCKU hospital to participate the expert assessment. We recorded the process of the user assessment by video and showed the design module and videos to experts and discuss with them in non-structural interview after the user assessment. Eventually the three designers modified and designed the equipment based on the device and results of evaluation. 42
Master Thesis Design
Design Principles
1.The design must make patients perform rehabilitation movements of palmar grasping for 20 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 30 minutes 2.The equipment must provide vibration to the related muscles when patients are doing rehabilitation. 3.The size of equipment must correspond to the grasping ability of the patients in stage IV and V of Brunnstorm.
Initial Idea and User Assessment
The initial ides of this study used vertical tower with vibration cups. Stroke patients took different size of cups while doing the rehabilitation, and demonstrated the movements of grabbing, passing over, drinking, and retrieving the cups. The movements during the process are identical to the drinking situation in real life..
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Findings
1.Subjects need to do proximal actions, as well as to grasp at distal site. The flexible programs of rehabilitation depending on patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s situation would be a better design.
2. The initial idea focused on the movements of using vertical tower, and accompanied with practical training. The truth is that, however, not all the patients are suitable to do this kind of training. It is necessary that the design of rehabilitation is flexible for various patients based on their abilities.their abilities. 3.Because of the different hand functions in patients after stroke, the ability for palm to cover the cup varies from person to person. Hence it would affect the quality of vibration stimulation during the process of grasping the cups and practical training. As a result, the design of the equipment must make sure that stroke patients can receive complete vibration stimulation during the entire treatment course.
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Master Thesis Design
Modified Design
In favor of receiving vibration stimulation while preceding the rehabilitation, the form of modified vibration stimulation device designed for this project is a vibratory glove. It could apply to the hand of patients during vibrator 1 different rehabilitation assignments.
velcro
storage bag
velcro velcro
battery
vibrator 2
storage bag velcro
velcro There are two areas being vibrated. The first one is the flexor muscles group of hand. The velcro second one is the opponens pollicis muscle and flexor pollicis brevis muscle group. The glove The battery and was designed for one size. The debooster were stored tightness could be adjusted in the bag on the back by Velcro after putting side of wrist and arm. on it.
debooster
plastic piece m2 screw
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GLove
Evaluation
The study recruited 1 stroke patient. Researcher explained the details of the study design to the participant before enrollment. Inclusion criteria are as follow: 1.Unilateral weakness after stroke. 2.Proximal and distal parts of upper limb achieve the Brunnstrom stage fourth or fifth. 3.First time stroke , onset at least 6 months ago. 4.Spasticity assessment by Modified Ashworth Scale of upper limb scores less than 3. 5.Be willing to participate in this research and cooperate with the researcher's instructions.
Participantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s baseline information Gender: Female Age: 35 Time since stroke: 4 years Hemiparesis side: Left Dominant side: Right Brunnstrom stage: 4
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Master Thesis Design
Stroke participant received two 20-minutes vibration stimulations at 70 Hz and 120 Hz, respectively, for a total vibration time of 40 minutes, with a 10 seconds of rest per 10 seconds vibration during the course of 20 minutes. Stroke participant underwent a Box and Block Test (BBT) and Grip Strength Test before and immediately after the 40-minutes vibration session. She also received the pre-test of Motor Activity Log (MAL) before the 40-minute vibration and 5 days after the vibration. 47
GLove
Outcome
Box and Blocks Test Score Sides t0 Affected Side 6 Unaffected Side 51.5
t1 12 51
Scores of Box and Blocks Test are shown in Table 4.3. Participant scored 51.5 in unaffected side and 6 in affected side before the treatment. After vibration, participant scored 51 in unaffected side and 12 in affected side. The score of patient’s affected side increased 6 points.
t1 0.6 0.4
Scores of Motor Activity Log Scale are shown in Table 4.4. Participant scored 0.3 in Amount Scale and 0.2 in Quality Scale before vibration. Five days after the vibration, participant scored 0.6 in Amount Scale and 0.4 in Quality Scale. The score of amount scale increased 0.3 points and the score of quality scale increased 0.2 points
t1 3.5 25
Participant had a grip strength of 3 pounds for affected side, and 24 pounds for unaffected side before the treatment. After receiving vibration, it became 3.5 pounds for affected side, and 25 pounds for unaffected side. The grip strength test score of patient’s affected side increased 0.5 pounds.
t0: Before treatment, t1: Immediately after treatment
Motor Activity Log Scale t0 Amount Scale 0.3 Quality Scale 0.2 t0: Before treatment, t1: 5 days after treatment
Grip Strength Test Sides t0 Affected Side 3 Unaffected Side 24 t0: Before treatment, t1: Immediately after treatment
Motor Activity Log
The score of Motor Activity Log Amount Scale was 0.3 before receiving vibration. Five days after stimulation it became 0.6 points. The change of 0.3 points was not larger than the MDC of Motor Activity Log Amount Scale, which is 0.84 points (S. Chen, Wolf, Zhang, Thompson, & Winstein, 2012).The score of Motor Activity Log Quality Scale was 0.2 before the vibration. Five days after stimulation it became 0.4 points, neither exceeded the MDC of Quality Scale 0.77 points (S. Chen et al., 2012). Although these slight changes in scores cannot be sure to improve the function of upper limb of patient with stroke significantly, we could find from the questionnaire that both scores of Amount Scale and Quality Scale increased from 0 to 3 in the item of taking off socks and shoes. The participant never tried to use the affected side to take off socks and shoes before receiving vibration. But she tried to use the affected side to do so after receiving stimulation. The results indicated that vibration may facilitate the hand function.
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Box and Blocks Test
Participant didn’t feel unwell through the vibration of 70 Hz for 20 minutes and 120 Hz for 20 minutes. The BBT score of affected side increased from 6 blocks to 12 blocks per minute after vibration. The 6 scores change was larger than the minimal detectable change (MDC) of BBT, which is 5.5 blocks per minute (H.-M. Chen, Chen, Hsueh, Huang, & Hsieh, 2009).
Grip Strength Test
Participant’s pre-test result of grip test was 3 pounds (1.36 kg) in affected side. It became 3.5 pounds (1.59 kg) after the vibration. The change of 0.5 pounds (0.23 kg) doesn’t exceed the MDC of the grip test, which is 5.2 kg (Puthoff & Saskowski, 2013).
Master Thesis Design
Vision in The Future This project revealed the feasibility of vibration stimulation for the rehabilitation of hand. V i b ra t i o n s t i m u l a t i o n i s h e l p f u l fo r s t ro ke rehabilitation. And wearable design is a better way to give the vibration stimulation.
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GLove
Reference
Brunnstrom, S. (1970). Movement therapy in hemiplegia. A neurophysiological approach, 113-122. Caliandro, P., Celletti, C., Padua, L., Minciotti, I., Russo, G., Granata, G., . . . Camerota, F. (2012). Focal muscle vibration in the treatment of upper limb spasticity: a pilot randomized controlled trial in patients with chronic stroke. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 93(9), 1656-1661. Casale, R., Damiani, C., Maestri, R., Fundarò, C., Chimento, P., & Foti, C. (2014). Localized 100 Hz vibration improves function and reduces upper limb spasticity: a double-blind controlled study. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 50(5), 495-504. Celnik, P., Hummel, F., Harris-Love, M., Wolk, R., & Cohen, L. G. (2007). Somatosensory stimulation enhances the effects of training functional hand tasks in patients with chronic stroke. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 88(11), 1369-1376. Chen, H.-M., Chen, C. C., Hsueh, I.-P., Huang, S.-L., & Hsieh, C.-L. (2009). Test-retest reproducibility and smallest real difference of 5 hand function tests in patients with stroke. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 23(5), 435-440. Chen, S., Wolf, S. L., Zhang, Q., Thompson, P. A., & Winstein, C. J. (2012). Minimal detectable change of the actual amount of use test and the motor activity log: the EXCITE Trial. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 26(5), 507-514. Conrad, M. O., Scheidt, R. A., & Schmit, B. D. (2011). Effects of wrist tendon vibration on targeted upper-arm movements in poststroke hemiparesis. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 25(1), 61-70. Constantino, C., Galuppo, L., & Romiti, D. (2014). Efficacy of mechano-acoustic vibration on strength, pain, and function in poststroke rehabilitation: a pilot study. Topics in stroke rehabilitation, 21(5), 391-399. Cordo, P., Lutsep, H., Cordo, L., Wright, W. G., Cacciatore, T., & Skoss, R. (2009). Assisted movement with enhanced sensation (AMES): coupling motor and sensory to remediate motor deficits in chronic stroke patients. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 23(1), 67-77. Costantino, C., Galuppo, L., & Romiti, D. (2017). Short-term effect of local muscle vibration treatment versus sham therapy on upper limb in chronic post-stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 53(1), 32-40. de Andrade Melo, S., Iancu, A., Dyer, J.-O., & Forget, R. (2015). Effects of Hand Vibration on Motor Output in Chronic Hemiparesis. International Journal of Brain Science, 2015. Demain, S., Metcalf, C. D., Merrett, G. V., Zheng, D., & Cunningham, S. (2013). A narrative review on haptic devices: relating the physiology and psychophysical properties of the hand to devices for rehabilitation in central nervous system disorders. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 8(3), 181-189. Early, M. B. (2013). Physical Dysfunction Practice Skills for the Occupational Therapy Assistant-E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences. Ho, H.-N., & Jones, L. A. (2006). Contribution of thermal cues to material discrimination and localization. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 68(1), 118-128. Marconi, B., Filippi, G. M., Koch, G., Giacobbe, V., Pecchioli, C., Versace, V., . . . Caltagirone, C. (2011). Long-term effects on cortical excitability and motor recovery induced by repeated muscle vibration in chronic stroke patients. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 25(1), 48-60. Murillo, N., Valls-Sole, J., Vidal, J., Opisso, E., Medina, J., & Kumru, H. (2014). Focal vibration in neurorehabilitation. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 50(2), 231-242. Noma, T., Matsumoto, S., Etoh, S., Shimodozono, M., & Kawahira, K. (2009). Anti-spastic effects of the direct application of vibratory stimuli to the spastic muscles of hemiplegic limbs in post-stroke patients. Brain Injury, 23(7-8), 623-631. Paoloni, M., Tavernese, E., Fini, M., Sale, P., Franceschini, M., Santilli, V., & Mangone, M. (2014). Segmental muscle vibration modifies muscle activation during reaching in chronic stroke: A pilot study. NeuroRehabilitation, 35(3), 405-414. Perotto, A. O. (2011). Anatomical guide for the electromyographer: the limbs and trunk: Charles C Thomas Publisher. Puthoff, M. L., & Saskowski, D. (2013). Reliability and responsiveness of gait speed, five times sit to stand, and hand grip strength for patients in cardiac rehabilitation. Cardiopulmonary physical therapy journal, 24(1), 31. Saggini, R., & Bellomo, R. (2015). Integration to focal vibration in neurorehabilitation. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 51(4), 508. Sim, S.-M., Oh, D.-W., & Chon, S.-c. (2015). Immediate effects of somatosensory stimulation on hand function in patients with poststroke hemiparesis: a randomized cross-over trial. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 38(4), 306-312. Szeto, A. Y., & Saunders, F. A. (1982). Electrocutaneous stimulation for sensory communication in rehabilitation engineering. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering(4), 300-308. Tavernese, E., Paoloni, M., Mangone, M., Mandic, V., Sale, P., Franceschini, M., & Santilli, V. (2013). Segmental muscle vibration improves reaching movement in patients with chronic stroke. A randomized controlled trial. NeuroRehabilitation, 32(3), 591599.
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Bedside Buddy 體貼的床邊服務，讓人忍不住想要跟 床談一場戀愛
Bachelor Thesis Design 2013-2014
Bedside Buddy
BedsideBuddy 體貼的床邊服務，讓人忍不住想要跟床談一場戀愛
BedsideBuddy 床頭櫃有兩種 形式，當租屋族搬家的時候 可以搖身變成搬家模式。
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Bachelor Thesis design 2013-2014
Bachelor Thesis Design
BedsideBuddy 使用卡榫及旋轉的方式固定 , 不需使用螺絲釘或 任何工具就可以輕鬆拆解或組裝
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Bedside Buddy
床頭櫃功能包含 : 書籤架、收納盒、面紙盒、床上 桌、衣帽燈、水杯架、抽屜。桌 面的組件可以自由變換位置，讓 使用者自己安排桌面功能。
1 2 3
4 5
桌面突起的小書頁造型，翻起來便可以當成書籤架 使用。 抽屜把手觸的木頭材質暗示抽屜的位置。 床頭櫃上的衣帽燈可以掛置保暖衣，在較寒冷的早 晨可以馬上取得溫暖。而晚上關閉房間燈光準備睡 覺時，衣帽燈感應到室內光線消失將會自動亮起， 提供走回被窩的光明。 床頭櫃下方的空間提供床上桌的放置，當使用完畢 後可以將物品直接留在桌上放回收納處。 水杯丘的突起設計讓水杯的放置更加穩固
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Bachelor Thesis Design
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2
3
4
5
6
打包流程 1 2 3 4 5 6
將桌面的各個功能板放進抽屜。 旋轉拆卸衣帽燈。 拆下床頭櫃四個角落的卡榫並放進抽屜。 將床頭櫃桌面以及拆掉桌角的床上桌面置入床頭櫃 支撐板組成的收納箱。 將拆下的衣帽燈及床上桌腳置入收納箱裡的插槽。 打包完成。
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Bedside Buddy
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Bachelor Thesis Design
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