BEST FRIENDS celebrating our
DEBUNKING CAT MYTHS
UNDERSTANDING
CANINE BODY LANGUAGE
TIPS FOR SMALL ANIMAL HABITATS
EXOTICS ROUNDUP
It’s all about pets
Knowledge is power, especially when it comes to a best friend for life who doesn’t exactly speak “human.” In our “Celebrating Our Best Friends” special pets issue, you’ll learn key factors to weigh when you’re considering a new pet, how to decode cat and dog body language, the ins and outs of setting up a new freshwater fish tank and the best way to build a habitat for small animals. We’ll also talk about disaster preparedness and give you some hot weather tips for animals, learn about common pet pests and uncover why people go to the vet, and more.
Are you ready?
Nearly 60 million households in the U.S. include at least one dog, and 42.2 million houses are blessed with purring kitty cats. That’s before we factor in horses, fish, birds and pet chickens! If your household lacks a certain domestic-animal quality, how do you know when you are ready to add a furry (or scaly) friend to your mix? There’s a lot to consider.
Start by asking yourself these five questions!
1. Are you committed?
Pets are wonderful friends, and most of them will reliably keep your feet warm on a cold night, but they are living, breathing beings that need your love and attention. It’s not like they can run out to the grocers to grab a few things for dinner. They need you. And not just on good days or when you have the energy, but all the time.
Be prepared to get up early to take Fido for a walk when you’d rather sleep in. Understand that you are going to have to trim toenails and give baths. In other words, if you want the sweet little nose boops, you also have to scoop the poops.
2. Do you have the space?
Depending on the pet you’ve picked out, you might need a lot or a little space. Active-breed dogs need space to run. Guinea pigs should have 10 square feet of living space (and yes, you need two guinea pigs — they’re social!). Make sure you have the right amount of space to meet your new pet’s needs.
Photo by Walker Williams on
3. Is your family/roommate/partner on board?
Let’s say you’re mad for macaws. How does your partner feel about a bird that is beautiful but demanding and requires a ton of interaction? I hope they respond positively, as macaws can live for several decades. If you share your life with a person, make sure that person is on the same page about sharing both of your lives with the right pet friend.
4. Is your lifestyle compatible with your pet choice?
If you travel often for work, perhaps a dog isn’t the right choice. Dogs are pack animals who miss their human family. Too much time alone can cause emotional and behavioral problems. Are you looking for a cuddlewhile-watching-TV kind of pet or a daily jogging partner? Do some research into the needs of different breeds and species.
5. Have you thought about the cost of pet ownership?
The average amount spent on veterinary care per household per year is $580 for dogs and $433 for cats, according to the American Veterinary Medical Association. And then there’s food and treats, toys, habitats, etc. Check into pet insurance and clinics near you.
Adding a pet to your life offers ready rewards. Pets give unconditional love and can truly be your best friend. When the time is right to make your connection, be as prepared as you can be to make sure your new addition is a success!
Size matters
The best pet for every size home
Here’s a quick guide to the best pets for your space
• Studio/room (200-300 square feet): A small freshwater aquarium; small reptile cage (lizard or turtle); hamster or gerbil; or 1 toy/small dog (Chihuahua, Shih Tzu, Bichon Frise, etc.) or adult cat.
• Apartment (1 to 2 bedrooms, 500-900 square feet): Freshwater aquarium; reptile cage; one small- or mediumsize dog (Standard Poodle, Dachshund, Beagle, Basset Hound or Spaniel); one to two cats.
• Large apartment/house (3-4 bedrooms, 1,200-3,000 square feet): Any of the above; or one medium- to large-size dog breed (Labrador Retriever, Saint Bernard, Bernese Mountain Dog); one to two cats.
Thinking of getting a pet? Consider your home’s size when deciding which breed of dog or what kind of pet to adopt. 3 things to keep in mind:
2. A house with three, four or five bedrooms (the typical suburban home) can handle pets of any size. But if you’re living in a smaller abode — like a one- or two-bedroom condo, a studio apartment or even a rented room — size matters. A large dog (between 70 and 110 pounds) may be very uncomfortable in a studio.
1. Consider your overall living situation as well. Are you at home most of the day, or away at work? Do you travel frequently? Do you have the time and self-discipline to train a puppy, or keep an aquarium clean so that your guppies thrive? If you choose a dog, is there a space for them to run — either in your fenced yard or at a nearby dog park? Do you prefer an energetic or an even-tempered dog?
3. Are there any rules about keeping pets in your home, from the landlord, management company, condo association or HOA? Review them during the decision process. Some dog breeds are specifically not allowed by condo associations and HOAs. Some landlords forbid cats and dogs but allow fish or “pocket pets” like hamsters.
Photo by Zinah Insignia on Unsplash
Take stock of your living situation before deciding the type of pet you adopt. With planning and preparation, you’ll really enjoy life with a new pet.
Debunking common cat myths
Why do so many myths about cats persist? Is it because people believe they’re aloof and mysterious, and somehow connected to magic?
Pet experts have worked hard to dispel these common myths:
Demonic cats
Whether it’s stealing the breath of a baby or being present at dances with satyrs, cats are frequently pictured as coconspirators with the forces of evil. This is another harmful myth. In the Middle Ages, the cat population in Europe plummeted, giving rise to an infestation of rodents carrying bubonic plague. One-third of Europe’s human population was wiped out by this virulent disease.
Nine lives
The myth that cats have multiple lives dates back thousands of years, to ancient Egypt, where they were worshiped as gods. Sadly, cats are just like us; they only get one life.
Hating water
Not all cats hate water; some enjoy splashing around in shallow pools or tubs. However, all cats want to be in control of their environment. Hence, the discomfort and difficulty of bathing cats.
Cats always land on their feet
While cats are super-agile and can quickly twist around in the air to create an optimal landing position, they do not always land on their feet. Older cats and cats with mobility issues can land awkwardly and are at risk for injury.
Cats are nocturnal
Cats are most active at dawn and dusk, making them crepuscular. There, you learned a new word. However, the myth that cats are most active at night contributed to the medieval idea that they hung out with demons — and caused terrible harm.
Cats are loners
While a cat can often be aloof, they aren’t really loners. Cats are social creatures, but the way they socialize is heavily influenced by their early life experiences. Barn cats often prefer minimal interaction with humans; feral cats can be downright aggressive, hissing and spitting at an attempt to pet them. Your housecat may spend much of his or her day napping or ignoring you, but at least once a day, you’ll get that affectionate headbutt that says, “Drop your phone and pay attention to me. It’s time for cuddles!”
Cats are unloving
Cats express love and companionship differently than dogs. An attentive pet owner will quickly learn a cat’s positive signals and how to respond and build a strong relationship.
With these facts in hand, you can help the experts put these myths to bed once and for all — and help cats enjoy their one life as happy, healthy pets.
What’s my cat saying?
A guide to understanding feline body language
Cats are often described in literature as mysterious, unreadable animals. But this couldn’t be further from the truth. Our feline companions communicate with us in so many different ways — and learning to read their body language can help build your relationship with them, minimize negative interactions and even help you detect illness before it gets serious.
Here are the 10 most common cat behaviors and what they mean:
Hissing: Cats will hiss (and raise their hackles, or the hair on the back of their neck) when they feel threatened. If they do this to an owner they recognize, it’s most often because they are startled. Approach your cat from an angle where they can see you before reaching out to pet them or pick them up, especially when they’re eating or interacting with another pet.
I love you/I hate you — cuddles to scratches: Your cat is lying on his back, purring loudly as you scratch his belly, and then suddenly … yeow! They lunge at your hand with front claws and teeth! There are three potential causes here. One is “stimulation aggression.” Most cats have a threshold for belly scratches; it feels good for a while, but not forever. Once they’re annoyed, they signal in the way they would with other cats: with claws and a bite. The second is that a touch on the belly initiates play among litters of kittens; grown cats react instinctively and “play” the way they do with other cats. The third and most worrying cause is pain; a cat with an injury or illness may react very aggressively to a belly touch.
Stalking: Your cat creeps up behind you as you’re talking to a friend or playing video games. When you turn to look at them, they leap away. What’s up? They’re practicing their hunting skills by stalking you! It’s a game cats play.
Hiding illness: A normally social, cuddly cat who suddenly begins to hide in closets or under the bed is a warning signal. They are stressed out by something. If there’s no outside cause, like a robot vacuum or outdoor fireworks, they may be in pain or distress. Cats instinctively hide away when they’re sick to avoid predators.
Sharpening claws: Cats do this because it feels good; it stimulates claw growth and healthy paws. Rather than prevent the behavior, redirect them to a scratching pad as soon as they begin to scratch the furniture or door frame.
Stretching: Sometimes a stretch is just a stretch, but if a cat does this when you enter the room — especially while looking directly at you — they are greeting you as a family member. It’s a display of trust and a calm welcome.
Slow blink: Your cat walks into the room, looks at you and when you meet their eyes, they slowly blink (or sometimes wink), then walk away. This is a polite greeting, an acknowledgement that you’re part of the family. And this is a behavior you can emulate that they’ll understand! Try a slow blink back; you might see your cat arch his back and stand on tiptoe — a thrill of happiness.
Vocalizing with tail up: You just got home from work, and your cat is walking toward you, meowing loudly, with their tail straight up in the air. This is a big giant hello! I’m so happy to see you. When you left this morning, I thought you were never coming back. Now feed me!
Ignoring you: Your cat doesn’t want interaction right now, so he turns his face and body away and settles down (or leaves the room). Just like humans, cats have a “social battery” that gets depleted, and they need to relax and recharge before cuddling or playing again.
Walking slowly in front of you, and/or weaving around your ankles: Your cat wants snacks. And if you’re headed toward the place where the snacks live, they will lead the way (even if you had no intention of going to the pet food cabinet). If you stop anywhere else, they’ll weave around your ankles, trying to get your attention. Don’t give in. It’s not time for snacks. You already gave them a snack, didn’t you?
Your dog really is trying to talk to you
5 types of canine body language you need to know
Are we really able to communicate with our dogs? Yes, but dogs have a language that’s quite different from ours. Learn some of the most common ways they communicate with us — and other dogs — and you’ll be able to respond more intuitively to your dog’s needs.
Sniffing other dogs’ butts
You’ve seen this if you’ve ever walked a dog on a public sidewalk: Another dog approaches on a leash; your dog and the new dog quietly regard each other, then approach and — instead of a face-to-face — they sniff each other’s rear ends. Between dogs, this is the polite way to greet each other. As long as the interaction is calm, don’t jerk your dog away. Allow them to say hello, while you greet the other dog’s owner (the human way, please). Then, continue the walk.
Tail wagging
A dog’s tail can communicate so much information — and these details can prevent attacks from stranger dogs, disclose illness and help your pet through tough times. A dog who is relaxed and exploring its environment will have its tail almost straight out behind them; sometimes the tip of the tail will wag a bit as the dog sniffs around. When a dog is excited to see you or happy, their tail will be held high, often wagging furiously. A high or neutral tail is a good sign. On the other hand, a tail held low means you need to pay attention. Is your dog’s tail pressed
between its hind legs, almost hiding? Look around; somewhere a mess was made, a shoe chewed or an accident happened. If a dog’s tail is held low and flicks slightly, it could mean the dog is nervous — maybe an unfamiliar dog or human is approaching, and they’re not thrilled about an interaction. A tail-down dog is typically not relaxed.
Tail positions are a guideline, however, not a rule. Some dogs keep their tails low even when they’re happy and relaxed. It’s important to look at the dog’s entire body once you’ve noticed their tail position — are they relaxed or tense?
Tongue lolling out or mouth closed and head forward? These cues will help you determine if a dog is doing fine, or getting tense, scared or aggressive.
Yoga stretches
You walk up to your dog who’s relaxing on the floor. In response, he or she climbs to their feet, faces you and stretches deep, with their head low and tail high in the air. They’re not just stretching out after a nap, they’re saying hello after not seeing you for some time. Dogs who are relaxed around each other or other humans display this behavior — a long stretch then walking up to you (or the other dog) to say hello.
Showing their belly
A dog who rolls onto their back, exposing their belly when you approach is generally a good sign. A stranger dog is showing submissiveness; however, don’t rub their belly, as they may perceive this as either an attack or an invitation to play rough. If it’s your dog, they’re signaling that they accept you and are comfortable with you. Most will let you rub their belly for a few seconds; they’ll get up and leave when they’ve had enough.
Another behavior in this vein is when your dog sleeps on his or her back, paws up in the air. This is not just a comfortable position for some dogs. It’s also a signal that they feel secure and at ease around their family, trusting enough to rest in such a vulnerable position while they sleep.
Chasing their tail
Most dogs chase their tail from time to time. If they do it obsessively or seem distressed while chasing their tail, it’s time to find out what’s causing it. Fleas, for example, often gather at the base of a dog’s tail, causing all kinds of discomfort as they bite your dog. Sores and hot spots on their tail or hind quarters could also be the culprit. Stress is another factor; dogs can exhibit obsessive behaviors when they are sick or under constant threat. Talk to your pet’s veterinarian if your dog chases its tail frequently.
Photo by Gustavo Zambelli on Unsplash
The safest treats for pups, at every age
Puppies love treats! And they can be an excellent motivational tool for behavioral training. But which treats can you safely give them? That depends on their age, stage of growth and breed size. Let’s take a look at when and how to give puppies treats during their first year.
First: Remember that a puppy treat is just that: a treat. Their diet should mainly consist of nutrient-rich food formulated for puppies, given several times per day. Treats can be used for training rewards but shouldn’t be the biggest thing they’re eating all day — they shouldn’t be more than 10% of daily calories.
Birth-8 weeks: None. Newborn puppies get all their nutrients from their mother’s milk and are not yet weaned away to solid foods. Until they’re weaned and ready to be independent, treats are off the table.
9-12 weeks: Soft, single-ingredient treats. A dab of peanut butter, or even a single piece of kibble from their puppy food, is all you need at this stage.
3-4 months: You can introduce softer treats made specifically for puppies. Soft-baked biscuits, dental chews and soft chews are OK. You may need to break up the treats into smaller pieces, especially for smaller breeds. Boiled chicken, diced into tiny pieces, can be introduced one bite at a time. Avoid freeze-dried treats, as they are prepared from raw meats, and a puppy’s immune system is still developing.
5 to 7 months: This is a transitional period for food and treats. Soft treats are still recommended, but puppy-safe training treats, like cooked and dried liver treats, are OK. Fresh veggies like sliced carrots, green peas and frozen green beans given one at a time are a delicious, healthy treat.
8-12 months: All puppy treats and softer adult treats are fine at this stage for most puppies. Introduce new types of treats gradually and, as always, make sure they are given sparingly. Keeping your puppy at a healthy weight during their developmental years will help them stay at a healthy weight throughout their life.
Puppy care
Get on a vaccination schedule to protect your new pal
Dogs are naturally curious and get into everything. While there are a lot of good things out there in the world waiting to be discovered by your puppy, there are threats, too. Talk to your veterinarian about a vaccination schedule that is right for your family. If you intend to board your dog, or take him to doggy day care, he’ll need certain vaccines. Others are essential if you are the kind of family that lives in forested areas or enjoys a hike in nature. From the American Kennel Club, here’s a generally accepted schedule of vaccines for puppies by age:
6-8 weeks
Recommended vaccinations: Distemper, parvovirus
Optional vaccinations: Bordetella 10-12 weeks
Recommended vaccinations: DHPP (vaccines for distemper, adenovirus [hepatitis], parainfluenza and parvovirus)
Optional vaccinations: Influenza, Leptospirosis, Bordetella, Lyme disease (per lifestyle as recommended by veterinarian)
16-18 weeks
Recommended vaccinations: DHPP, rabies
Optional vaccinations: Influenza, Lyme disease, Leptospirosis, Bordetella (per lifestyle as recommended by veterinarian)
12-16 months
Recommended vaccinations: DHPP, rabies
Optional vaccinations: Coronavirus, Leptospirosis, Bordetella, Lyme disease (per lifestyle as recommended by veterinarian)
Every 1-2 years
Recommended vaccinations: DHPP, rabies (1-3 years; as required by law)
Optional vaccinations: Influenza, Coronavirus, Leptospirosis, Bordetella, Lyme (per lifestyle as recommended by veterinarian)
Aqua life
What you need to know about setting up a freshwater tank
Setting up an oasis of ocean life in your home is a tricky situation. Saltwater tanks can be notoriously difficult to maintain, and getting the right balance of pH and salination is critical. However, many fish can thrive in an easy-to-set-up and maintain freshwater tank. The basics are simple enough, and keeping the tank in tiptop shape can take as little as 30 minutes a week, according to the knowledgeable folks at Marineland. Start with a location in your home with a sturdy, flat surface that is out of direct sunlight. From there, design your tank to fit an array of fish and start enjoying the mesmerizingly peaceful scene.
Here’s what you’ll need: A freshwater tank – Get an aquarium kit that includes a filter! The size tank you need is determined by how many fish you want to have and what type.
Substrate – To properly line the bottom of your tank, you’ll need 1.5-2 pounds of coated or prewashed gravel for every gallon of water.
Decor – Rocks, castles or other ornaments, plus live or plastic plants create hiding spots and visual variety for your fish and make a beautiful aquascape.
Heat or lighting – If your tank kit doesn’t include a light, you may want to add a light kit. If you are stocking with tropical fish, you’ll want a heater to keep the water at the right temperature (75 to 80 degrees).
Water conditioner – Never use tap water, as it’s toxic to fish. You’ll need to treat the water according to package directions before use.
Food – Grab a cannister of the right mix of granules or flakes for your fish. Limit them to only what they will eat in 3-5 minutes, once or twice a day.
Cleaning supplies – Replace your tank’s filter according to the manufacturer’s suggestion, typically every two to four weeks. You’ll need to change out 25% of the water that frequently as well, to remove built-up nitrates. You’ll want a gravel vacuum and a bucket reserved only for this purpose. Get a water tester to check your pH and ammonia levels.
Setting up your tank
Set up your new fish tank by cleaning the tank itself thoroughly with plain water. Rinse the filter and filter components. Install the water filter in the tank. Rinse gravel if needed and add to the bottom of the tank, followed by about a half-tank of treated water. Then add decorations and plants before filling the rest of the tank. Pour water onto the back of a large spoon or small plate and let it disburse into the tank slowly. If you pour it directly in, your gravel and decorations will go all over the place!
Allow the water to rest for 24 hours and cycle through the filtration before bringing in fish. Add fish slowly, a few at a time, and be mindful of overcrowding.
Beginner fish friends
Choosing the right mix of starter fish is a real treat! Look for active, vibrant fish. Here are some popular and easy-to-carefor varieties:
Danios – Zebra fish, with distinctive stripes, and GloFish, with day-glow coloring, are both danios.
Neon tetras – Zippy blue and red thinbodied fish. They like to school, so get a few to hang together.
Rasboras – With a cute triangular black patch on a pinkish or orange body, these beauties are also schooling fish and would prefer to have a small group.
Cory catfish – These babies have the traditional whiskers of a catfish, and are bottom feeders who will scavenge (and clean up) the food that falls to the bottom of the tank.
Cherry barb – A pretty red fish that can grow up to 2 inches in length, the cherry barb is a playful and active swimmer.
THE BETTA FISH
Also called Siamese Fighting Fish, these beauties are easily adapted to smaller tanks. Males will fight with one another, so you cannot keep two males in the same tank. They are known for their large and showy vibrant colored fins. Despite their aggressive reputation, they are lovely and quite resilient fish that can be easily cared for. Alhough they are typically sold in tiny cups in pet stores, please don’t house your betta in a small bowl. A 2.5 gallon tank is a minimum for one fish, and 5 gallons is better. Tanks require a lid, as bettas will jump. Bettas have a unique way of breathing, using more than their gills only. This is one reason they require access to the water’s surface. They also are surface feeders, and carnivores, who require a specific protein-rich food. With care, you can have many happy years with your betta.
LIVE PLANTS THAT BETTAS (and other fish) LOVE
Like other fish, betta fish love a place in the plants to hide and rest. Live plants can be a great way to oxygenate tank water, control nitrites and just add stunning beauty to your tank. Try these live plants to get started. Anacharis, also called water weeds. These are easy to care for and have no root structure —s they just bob or can be anchored in place. Marimo moss ball. These cute little balls are a sponge for ammonia and act as a natural filter. Water wisteria. This fast grower requires very little light. It’s leafy, making it a wonderful hiding plant, but it needs regular pruning. Amazon frogbit. This little lily pad lookalike floats on the surface, making it a great bubble nest protector. Find more plants and more information about raising betta fish at bettafish.org/plants.
POCKET PETS
These cute critters often are seen as starter pets — and they can be — but they require thought and planning when bringing them home.
DO SMALL PETS NEED COMPANIONS? THAT DEPENDS
Hamsters, cavies (guinea pigs), rabbits, gerbils and even pet rats are great companions for humans, but some may benefit from having one or more members of their own species to share their habitat. This adds to their sense of security, improves their social and mental well-being, and keeps them overall healthy and happy. Which small pets do best with same-species companions? Almost all — with the exception of hamsters, who can be very territorial. Syrian and Chinese hamsters are definite loners who shouldn’t share their habitat. Other hamster breeds may be a little more laidback, and there are always exceptions to the rule, but companions should be introduced with care. Multiple hamsters may need to be kept in separate cages.
On the other hand, cavies and gerbils often do well together in pairs or small groups. Cavies will form little family groups, especially if they were reared together or with other cavies — though it’s recommended that male cavies be neutered before joining a habitat with a female cavy. Gerbils do best in same-sex pairs, especially if they are from the same litter.
Rabbits are very social, and while they’re happy with a second rabbit as a companion, the more rabbits, the better. Again, same-sex pairs tend to get along well, but male-female pairings are often fine, as long as both are spayed and neutered to prevent unintended pregnancy and potential aggression.
To introduce small pets, a gradual approach is recommended. A split-cage method is helpful. This provides a barrier between each small pet as they get used to each other. When they are more relaxed using the split cage, they can be carefully introduced — but still must be supervised to make sure they get along. You can find detailed instructions on The American Gerbil Society’s website at tinyurl.com/split-cage.
Photo by Kenny Eliason on Unsplash
The best snacks for your small pet
Rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters and gerbils all love a good snack. In fact, they often prefer snacks to their usual food — something you have to watch for. A healthy small pet enjoys at least a couple of their favorite snack foods each day.
Fresh treats are a big hit with these small friends. Crunchy carrots, crisp Romaine lettuce and fresh fruit like apples, strawberries, mango and blueberries, all make a great addition in a bowl next to their daily kibble.
Store-bought snacks like chew sticks (often with delicious seeds stuck to the outside) and processed treats add more variety to their lives, and promote gnawing — which is important to keeping their continuously growing front teeth naturally filed down. For rabbits, hamsters and gerbils, plain Cheerios are another tasty and healthy snack.
Like rabbits, guinea pigs enjoy fresh veggies and fruit. Lettuce, carrots and sliced bell peppers are favorites of these gentle pets. Apples, mango, banana and papaya are always a hit (in moderation). You can even make homemade baked treats by grinding up oat flakes, carrot and apple, mixing with a little water, shaping and baking until hard. Adding a digestive enhancer for herbivores (like Oxbow Critical Care) adds to the benefits of this treat. (Get the full recipe at tinyurl.com/ caveetreats.)
Keep in mind that snacks are just that: a little snack to supplement your small pet’s diet. Too much lettuce, for example, can cause diarrhea. An abundance of fruit may cause indigestion. If your pet doesn’t like a new snack, don’t leave it in the cage for more than a day. Fresh fruit can attract ants and flies, and it begins to smell after a couple of days. Remove the ignored snack and try a different treat — every pet has a favorite!
Habitats for small pets
An ideal habitat for a small pet — a rabbit, gerbil, hamster or guinea pig — contains elements that make sure your pet feels safe and comfortable, provides positive stimulation and has easy access to food and water. It’s essential that, before you bring a new small pet home, you create that environment. Otherwise, your pet could get stressed out, leading to illness.
Size: The habitat must be big enough to accommodate your small pet. Rabbits especially need space to roam, hop and stretch out. For example, a pair of rabbits need at least 10 feet by 6 feet by 3 feet, high enough for them to stand on their back legs without touching the top of the cage. Hamsters and gerbils, even though they’re smaller, need space, too. Their habitat should be at least 3 feet by 3 feet and 2 feet high. Importantly, all small pets’ habitats need specific areas to use the toilet, to sleep, to play and/or burrow, and to eat and drink.
Shelter: Small pets need a cozy place to curl up and relax, out of sight. A small hutch or other sheltered area will allow them to hide away and be alone, preventing them from getting stressed out.
Quiet: Small pets are very sensitive to noises, including ultrasonic frequencies that humans can’t hear. Place their habitat away from electronics. If you must run a vacuum or other loud appliance, move their habitat out of the room.
Stimulating: Chew sticks and healthy treats keep small pets chewing, so their front teeth don’t grow too long. Unscented bedding — wood shavings and paper bedding, for example — allow hamsters and gerbils to burrow and create safe little nests. Forage areas stocked with timothy hay and
leafy greens make cavies especially happy. And all small pets like having random places to hide.
Tasty: Fresh veggies like carrots and lettuce make small pets happy. Fresh fruits and berries are also great; try blackberries or apples in small amounts to see what they like.
Spend a bit of time designing an ideal, correctly sized habitat for your small pet, and they’ll have the best start in their new home.
Photo by Hitomi Bremmer on Unsplash
Birding bits
What to know about getting a bird as a pet
When it comes to bird ownership, it’s more than birdsong at dawn or a beautiful creature flitting around in an ornate cage. Birds have their own personalities and peculiarities. Consider these things when you think you’re ready to be a bird dad or mom.
• Size does not always equal level of interaction needed. All birds need basic care, and there are birds that need more social interaction than others. You should not assume that a small parakeet is less “work” than an African Grey parrot. Research the needs of the birds that interest you to make sure they align with your lifestyle.
• Birds can be a lively companion, but they are not meant as lap pets. Consider the type of bird and whether you are best off with a single bird, a pair or a small group.
• Many birds are long-lived. Larger parrot varieties can live as long as a humans — or longer. Cockatiels have an average lifespan of 16 years. You should be prepared and plan for a long time together.
• Birds need specialized veterinary care. Talk to your local vet to see if they handle birds as pet patients.
Find out much more at the American Veterinary Medical Association’s web resource at tinyurl.com/choosingpetbird. When you are ready, consider adoption. Look for an organization near you.
The folks at Feathered Sanctuary Exotic Bird Rescue in Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania, said it best: “We believe that the decision to bring a bird into your household is an important one that should not be undertaken lightly. You wouldn’t necessarily pick a person off the street as your spouse and seriously expect the relationship to last. Instead, you date — get to know different people, decide which one is right for you and hope the other person agrees. Then, with a mutual understanding, you work together to create a lasting bond. The process by which you bring a bird — that can live for 20-80 years — into your home should not be too much different.”
The Exotics
DON’T FORGET ABOUT THESE PET CHOICES
• Leopard geckos are low-maintenance reptiles that have interesting faces and unique spotted patterns along their body. They are generally considered to have a docile nature, although they certainly aren’t cuddlers. They’re great for people who have very little space for a pet. They do well in small enclosures, require minimal handling and feeding, and they are pretty cool to look at.
• Ferrets are playful, curious pets with SO MUCH energy. Although their cartoon-cute faces make them seem like a natural pet for kids, they are better suited to adult owners. Ferrets require daily interaction and tons of enrichment to keep them out of mischief. (According to the CDC, ferrets are not legal to own in all areas, so check local ordinances.)
• If you’re looking for a small-cage pet that’s intelligent and social, consider a mouse or fancy rat. Despite some negative associations, they’re incredibly social and can form strong bonds with their caretaking humans. They are inquisitive and love exploring their surroundings and playing with enrichment toys. Because they are food-motivated, they can be charming, easy-to-train little beggars.
• Ball pythons are gentle and low-maintenance snakes — ideal for beginners. They thrive in simple enclosures and are generally known as calm and easy-to-handle. If you’ve seen someone toting a snake around their neck while walking down the street, it was likely a ball python.
When disaster strikes
If you live in an area that’s prone to weather emergencies or power problems, you’ve probably been treated to a wealth of information about where to go and what to bring to keep your family safe. These lists don’t always include information about safeguarding pets, as not all shelters accept even dogs and cats, much less other animals!
The first place for you to gather information is your state, county or city’s Office of Emergency Management. Find out which local shelters allow you to bring your pets — and what restrictions they place on what you can bring. The rest is basic preparation.
Here’s a list of considerations to get you started!
Transport carrier: A cat carrier works for guinea pigs or rabbits as well. Bring a sturdy leash and harness for dogs (and cats, if they are into it).
Food and water: Plan for seven to 10 days’ worth. Store in sealed containers and be mindful of expiration dates. Bring a tip-resistant water bowl and an extra food dish. Prep a bag of treats.
A comfy house: You’ll need a collapsible crate that is big enough to house your pooch comfortably, or your cat plus litter box and food. Remember to bring disposable bedding for small animals.
A plan for waste and cleanup: For cats, this includes a small litter box, enough cat litter to last a week or more and a small litter scooper. For both cats and dogs, pack sealable plastic bags for disposing of solid waste. Soap and wipes or towels for cleaning up spills and wiping out litter boxes and drying food bowls are also helpful.
Identification: For cats and dogs, microchipping can provide a permanent solution to identification. Bring pictures of your animals just in case you get separated. Paperwork for vaccinations and boosters is a must. Give cats a breakaway collar for safety.
Comfort items: A few toys that your pet likes, as well as their favorite blanket or bedding.
Medication and first aid: Two weeks’ worth of medications. A small first aid kit, with gauze pads, cotton swabs, tweezers and antibiotic ointment. Consult with your veterinarian for the specific needs for your pets.
Thanks to the Cornell Feline Health Center and the American Humane Society for information and tips for disaster preparation.
Getting your pets ready for emergencies takes a little prep work! It’s better to be prepared than to be sorry when emergencies strike. Stay on top of local alerts, plan your evacuation routes and make a communication plan ahead of time.
Be prepared
The City of Philadelphia has a notification system called ReadyPhiladelphia to provide you with emergency information from multiple sources: National Weather Service, Philadelphia Police, Philadelphia Fire, SEPTA and the prisons in Northeast Philadelphia.
Alerts may include: evacuations and shelter-in-place instructions, and the locations of emergency evacuation shelters for the public. Most alerts are available in multiple languages.
There are two ways to sign up.
To receive text alerts to your phone on emergencies or severe weather, simply text ReadyPhila to 888-777.
To get more information sent as text or emails in addition to emergency and weather, like transit alerts, special events and sirens from Philadelphia prisons, select your preferences, including your preferred language, scan the QR code below.
Photo by chris robert on Unsplash
Tiny perils
Pests most likely to threaten popular pets
Dogs and cats
Fleas and ticks are the most common pests for warmblooded pets. But don’t sleep on preventing heartworm, either. This parasite is transmitted by mosquitos and is very common throughout many parts of the United States, particularly the South. Prevention is the best route for these three common pests, so keep current with your pet’s flea and tick treatment and heartworm pill.
Ear mites are another pest that our mammalian friends often deal with. Cats and rabbits seem especially vulnerable to these itchy critters. Mites feed on skin debris just inside the ear, causing inflammation and serious discomfort. Fortunately, medication is available from the vet or over the counter once a diagnosis is made. If you have multiple pets living close to one another (as in a rabbit hutch), the infected animal will need to be placed in a separate cage until treatment is complete.
Finally, intestinal worms are a big issue for dogs. Considering their affinity for sniffing and chewing on everything gross and weird on walks, it’s not surprising that dogs are at risk for tapeworms, roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, coccidia and Giardia. But cats and other pets can contract these parasites as well. The only way to confirm parasitic infection is through a stool sample test conducted by your pet’s veterinarian. Treatment depends on the type of parasite that the test confirms.
Goldfish
Pet fish can quickly become victims of parasites if their living conditions aren’t well maintained. Failing to change the water on schedule and clean the tank is one of the biggest reasons that pests get a S (literally) on goldfish and other pet fish. Other factors: overcrowding the tank; adding new fish without quarantining them first; failing to isolate sick fish from other fish; and improper pH and aeration.
Fish are vulnerable to pests like anchor worms, gill flukes and fungal infections like white spot disease (ichthyosis or ich — pronounced “ick”).
A sick fish will behave differently than usual: Its fins will be held close to its sides, its body may look thinner, and you may notice red patches on its fins and body. It may swim erratically, hover at the top of the tank gasping or sink to the bottom for long periods. A goldfish may lose its vibrant color, and its scales may become slimy. A clear indication that something is wrong is that the fish may show little to no interest in food.
Fungus and some parasites are visible in a sick fish. Look for white patches on its fins and scales (fungus), pinhead white spots on scales and fins (parasite) and newly frayed or split fins with red veins at the edges.
Reptiles
Like fish, reptiles must have a clean and well-maintained environment to prevent parasites. A poor environment causes stress and weakens the reptile’s immune system, making infestation and illness a high risk. Mites can infest the eyes and skin folds of snakes and lizards. Ticks aren’t picky about what animal they latch onto, and so they’re a problem for exotic pets kept outdoors. Tapeworms can take hold in the intestinal tract. Nematodes (roundworms) are a common issue, as they’re present in healthy soil (they have an important function in agriculture, killing insects). As with all closed environments (like aquariums), it’s important to quarantine new reptiles for several days before allowing them to join your slithery reptile family.
There’s
a common theme among all pets: Good cleaning practices and regular veterinary check-ups help prevent parasites and minimize the health dangers if they do contract a parasite.
Then and now
Top 10 reasons people take their pets to the vet
Pet owners take their pets to the veterinarian for two common reasons: preventive care and illness. But in between are the details, such as the many types of illnesses that dogs and cats show up with, and the frequency with which they are diagnosed with illnesses.
What’s really interesting is how, in the past 18 years, the frequency of these illnesses among dogs and cats has changed. Data from two pet insurance providers — Nationwide and Veterinary Pet Insurance Company (now part of Nationwide) — collected in 2005 and 2023 gives us a glimpse into the top reasons that people took their pets to the vet nearly 20 years ago versus today. Nationwide insures more than 1.2 million pets, so their database is pretty substantial.
For dogs, skin allergies are at the top of the list — just as they were in 2005. However, cats today are brought to the vet for intestinal upset/ diarrhea most often, and slightly less often for urinary tract infections (UTIs) — the top reason for visits in 2005.
However, kidney disease still ranks as the third most common reason that cats are brought in to the vet, just as it did in 2005. For dogs, ear infections held their strong position in the top three reasons. Arthritis also still ranks in the top five for both dogs and cats.
Top 10: Common conditions that prompted vet visits
2023-Dogs
Skin allergies
Diarrhea
Ear infection
Arthritis
Trauma
Dental disease
Urinary tract infection
Heart disease
Respiratory infection
Liver disease
2023-Cats
Diarrhea
Urinary tract infection
Kidney failure
Dental disease
Arthritis
Hyperthyroidism
Respiratory infection
Diabetes
Inflammatory bowel disease
Skin allergies
Sources:
2005-Dogs
Skin allergies
Ear infections
Upset stomach
Bladder infections
Benign tumors
Osteoarthritis
Sprains
Eye infections
Enteritis
Hypothyroidism
2005-Cats
Urinary tract infection
Stomach upsets
Kidney disease
Skin allergies
Respiratory infections
Diabetes
Ear infections
Colitis
Eye infections
Wound infections
2023 results: https://news.nationwide.com/most-common-conditions-that-prompt-veterinary-visits-2024/ 2005 results: https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2006-09-01/top-10-reasons-pets-visit-veterinarians
Also of note is the cost of treatment for each disease today. The cost of treating a cat’s respiratory illness averages $1,575. Dental disease is the most expensive diagnosis among the top 10, with average treatment costs of $1,072 for dogs and $1,300 for cats. While the 2005 study didn’t report average costs, today’s costs to pet owners are certainly significant.
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Anya Prygunova on
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Care considerations
4
key factors when choosing a veterinarian
Congratulations! You’ve adopted a new pet, or you’ve moved to a new area. And now you need a veterinarian. What’s the best way to locate the perfect vet for your pet? Word of mouth is a good way to start — ask a neighbor, relative or friend — but make sure you take the following factors into account, too.
Location, location, location
One of the biggest factors in ensuring that a pet receives regular veterinary check-ups is ease of access. How far away is the veterinary office? Is there enough parking? If you must take public transportation to the vet, how long will it take to get there? If a vet’s office is inconvenient to get to, you may be less inclined to take your pet for routine visits.
Another factor is the hours they’re open. If you work 9 to 5 and the vet’s office is only open during those hours, you’re going to have to take time off to bring your pet in.
Hopefully you’ll never have an emergency with your pet, but knowing that your vet is available for emergency visits — or a 24-hour emergency clinic is within reach — can bring peace of mind.
Veterinary specialty
The vet you choose should be able to treat your specific pet. This seems like a no-brainer, right? A majority of vets are trained to care for dogs and cats. But not all of them treat other types of pets, like birds, fish, reptiles or small/pocket pets (rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils and the like). These pets require more specialized care and knowledge. Some owners who have a specific breed of dog or cat (think, brachycephalic bulldogs who have difficulty breathing) need a vet who specializes in that breed to ensure they get the best care. Always call the vet’s office first and find out what types of pets they will see.
Payment options
How much does the vet charge for routine check-ups and vaccinations? Do they take your pet insurance? What kind of financing do they offer for expensive procedures? Find out before scheduling your pet’s first visit.
Evaluate the entire veterinary team
From the front office staff to the technicians to the veterinarians themselves, a well-run office works because it has a well-run team. Take note of how the humans who work in the clinic behave. Do they seem stressed, curt or downright rude? How does the veterinarian talk to their technicians in front of pet owners?
Take note, also, of how your pet is treated on their first visit. The vet and technician should both be comfortable and relaxed around your pet, even if your dog or cat is stressed out (because no pet likes a vet visit). They should handle your pet safely, without losing patience, jerking the leash or otherwise being rough with your pet.
Ask questions, too. How long has the vet been practicing? How long has the technician worked at the practice and worked with animals? If specialist care is needed, where will they refer your pet?
The best vets take your pet’s comfort and health seriously and want to make you a part of the process. Find a veterinary team that you are happy with, that is not too difficult to get to, and that helps you cover the cost of keeping your pet healthy and happy for many years to come.
TNR: Trap, Neuter, Release
A humane solution for stray cat colonies proves its worth
Apersistent problem in many communities across the U.S. is the growth of stray and/or feral cat colonies. Stray, lost and abandoned cats survive by living as a social group in sheltered areas near food sources (like school cafeterias). Their offspring are often feral; most can never be habituated to domestic life as housecats.
With the growth of feral cat colonies, health and environmental risks expand as well. Rabies, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), flea and tick infestations, and other diseases are common among this population — and outdoor cats are at risk of contracting any of these when they encounter a feral cat.
How can communities humanely reduce the population of stray/feral cats (also referred to as community cats)? A workable solution was developed over 30 years ago — TNR, or Trap, Neuter, Release. Stray cats are trapped by rescue workers, transported to a shelter and spayed or neutered. Most are then released back into the area where they were captured.
So, does TNR work? In a program conducted by the University of Central Florida from 1991 to 2019, the stray/ feral cat population around the campus was reduced by 85%, largely through TNR, and has remained low, with only 10 cats in the area. Prevention and awareness are big elements of the program; students are not allowed to adopt pets to reduce the risk of abandonment.
In Hillsborough County, Florida, a number of TNVR (Trap, Neuter, Vaccinate, Release) programs were implemented by groups concerned about the high euthanasia rate (90%) for stray cats. These programs faced strong pushback from some members of the community and even some veterinarians. Despite this opposition, TNVR got results: From 2007 to 2017, euthanasia rates plummeted, while more than 81% of TNVR cats were released from one shelter alone. At the same time, area shelters saw a 51% decrease in cat intakes.
These results show that education and activism in the community, partnered with support from municipal or private resources, can make a huge difference in reducing community cat numbers — and doing so in a humane way.
What’s with the tipped ear?
Community cats who have been sterilized and released back into their home areas often have a tipped ear. This is an easy way for rescue organizations and volunteers to identify cats who have already been fixed.
Hot weather safety
Straight from the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, here are a few tips for enduring record-breaking heat
Photo by Sneaky Elbow on Unsplash
• Get your pet on heartworm preventative meds, and get them tested if they are not already on a year-round pill.
• On days when it’s going to be super-hot and/or humid, exercise pets earlier in the day, before temps soar. If they are outdoor pets, make sure they have a cool place to lie down out of the sun, with plenty of fresh water. If it’s just too hot, bring them inside.
• According to the ASPCA, “excessive panting or difficulty breathing, increased heart and respiratory rate, drooling, mild weakness, stupor or even collapse” are symptoms of overheating. Major symptoms — seizure, vomiting, elevated body temperature — represent an emergency! Be aware of the state of your pet.
• Parked cars — even with windows cracked — can rise to a dangerous temperature in minutes. Do not bring your pets with you for a ride unless you are taking them with you inside your destination.
• Pugs, Persian cats and any animal with a flat face is at an increased risk
of heatstroke, since they cannot pant effectively. Atrisk animals — i.e., those with medical conditions, elderly or overweight — should be kept in temperaturecontrolled environments.
• Unscreened windows represent a danger to pets (and kids). Keep unsecured windows closed, or install tightly secured screens. Don’t let your pet fall out of a window trying to catch a breeze.
• When walking your pet, even in early morning and after sundown, test the temperature of the pavement. Hot asphalt burns paw pads. If you can’t stand on bare feet, don’t ask your dog to.
PET OWNERSHIP BY THE NUMBERS
Number of U.S. households owning pets, by species
Dogs
million Cats
million Fish 3.9 million Reptiles 2.3 million Birds 2.1 million Small mammals (gerbils, hamsters, etc.) 1.3 million Rabbits 0.9 million Horses 0.7 million
Poultry 0.7 million
Source: 2024 AVMA Pet Ownership and Demographic Sourcebook
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Tim Mossholder on Unsplash
BEST FRIENDS ANIMAL SOCIETY
The story of Best Friends started way back in 1984 with a group of, well, best friends. Like-minded do-gooders took a patch of desert and turned it into a sanctuary for animals at risk of being euthanized. Their mission: Save them all.
That mission stands today, as the scrappy patchwork of outbuildings and rough roads turned into a network of partners and a movement that is striving to affirm that all animals are loved and deserve a home.
It all began with the sanctuary.
Although the organization is larger than the work they do at the sanctuary in Kanab, Utah, it’s at the center of their mission. It’s the “world’s largest no-kill animal sanctuary for homeless pets,” nestled into the red-rock canyons of Southern Utah.
There are specialized areas for all manner of animals, and where every animal friend is treated with respect and loving care.
Visiting and volunteering
The animal sanctuary isn’t that hard to find. It’s big! Best Friends owns nearly 4,200 acres in Angel Canyon and leases about 17,000 additional acres. If you find yourself in Southern Utah (or just decided that you’ll find your way there), you can stop in for a visit!
The welcome center is located five miles north of Kanab, just off Highway 89. There you can sign up for a tour, get a map of locations that are available to the general public, inquire about membership to help the sanctuary and shop at the store.
The welcome center also includes Roxy’s Room, your first stop with a daily dose of adoptable doggies. You’ll find the cattery at the back of the Sanctuary store, if you are feline inclined.
If your itch hasn’t been scratched, you can sign up for a Grand Tour or tours of individual areas when available. This is a working sanctuary, after all, and drop-ins in business areas are not accommodated. However, volunteers are welcomed!
Sign up for a volunteer shift on the Best Friends website, and join the thousands of vacationing do-gooders who help out every year at the Sanctuary. You can even take a dog on a hike or sign out an animal friend to bring back to your pet-friendly accommodations for a sleepover.
And yes, the animals are available for adoption. That’s what Best Friends is for!
Find out more about these options at bestfriends.org/sanctuary/plan-your-visit.
Can’t go in person? Watch video tours of all the animal areas on the Best Friends website.
DOGTOWN: Some 400 canines in specially chosen pairs and groups live and thrive with indoor and outdoor access, including room to run and play.
CAT WORLD: Spread over 11 buildings, Cat World is home to 600 felines who frolic through a wonderfully built world of enrichment toys and spaces designed just for them, including catio access.
HORSE HAVEN: Provides a home to horses of all stripes, as well as donkeys, mules and goats whose families could no longer afford their upkeep.
MARSHALL’S PIGGY PARADISE: Giving pot-bellied pigs the life they deserve, filled with mud baths, exercise and individual attention.
THE BUNNY HOUSE: For small animals who were abandoned, this haven celebrates “fabulous fluffy friends.”
PARROT GARDEN: These long-lived pets can play out their days in the comfort of temperature-controlled tropics with toys and the social stimulation they need!
WILD FRIENDS: A state-approved rehab for wild animals that houses those locals taking a pit stop to rest and recover, as well as some adoptable friends (ducks, for example).
INCREDIBLE INK
Obsessed with your pet? Seal the deal with a tattoo.
Plenty of pet owners would consider themselves in love with their pet. And more than you think would double down on that claim by memorializing their baby forever on their arm, leg, back, etc. Here are some wonderful examples of what happens when pet+ink turns into art!
“Angel,” courtesy of Bunny Emerich
“Brutus,” courtesy of Dani Christ
“Rowdy,” courtesy of Krissi Franzen
From left to right, “Sebastian,” “Bella” and “ Rascal,” courtesy of Shana Crisan
“Cat,” courtesy of Shannon Jernigan
“Madame Schatzi VonJohnguchi,” courtesy of Robin Noguchi
“Pepe versus the Dementor,” courtesy of Cristina Ortiz
“Maverick,” courtesy of Amy Esklesen “Buttso,” courtesy of Krissi Franzen