Keycraft Gross Science Instructions EN

8+

7 activities

Dear parents and guardians Through play, children develop different cognitive skills. Scientific studies show that when we are having fun or making discoveries during an experiment, a neurotransmitter called Dopamine is released.

Dopamine is known to be responsible for feelings like motivation, reward and learning and that’s why experiences are related to positive feelings. So, if learning is a positive experience, it will stimulate the brain to develop various skills.

Therefore, Science4you aims to develop educational toys that combine fun with education by fostering curiosity and experimentation.

Find out below which skills can be developed with the help of this educational toy!

Motor skills

Creativity

Social skills

Reasoning

Learning

The educational feature is one of the key strengths of our toys. We aim to provide toys which enable children’s development of physical, emotional and social skills.

1st edition 2024, Lisbon, Portugal Author: Joana Horta Scientific review: Inês Martins; Joana Horta Conformity revision: Rute Cesário; Susana Ferreira Project management: Inês Martins; Joana Lemos Product development: Inês Martins; Joana Horta Design management: Marcos Rebelo Packaging design: Jorge Faria Pagination: Jorge Faria Illustrations: Eduardo Brito; Miguel Barradas

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Index 4 4 4 5 5 6 8 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

SAFETY RULES GENERAL FIRST AID INFORMATION ADVICE FOR SUPERVISING ADULTS LIST OF SUBSTANCES SUPPLIED DISPOSAL OF SUBSTANCES KIT CONTENTS 1. Experimental activities Experimental activity 1. Inside the stomach Experimental activity 2. Fake vomit Experimental activity 3. Toots and farts Experimental activity 4. Unusual poop Experimental activity 5. Sticky poo Experimental activity 6. Sticky brain Experimental activity 7. Disgusting ogre eye

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of Science4you Ltd., or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographic rights organization. Any unauthorised use of this book, or any violation of this book’s rights company, to be fairly compensated in legal terms, and not excluding criminal liability for those who are responsible for such violations.

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SAFETY RULES - Read these instructions before use, follow them and keep them for reference.

- Keep young children and animals away from the play area.

- Store this set out of reach of children under 8 years of age.

- Clean all equipment after use.

- Make sure that all containers are fully closed and properly stored after use.

- Ensure that all empty containers and/or non-reclosable packaging are disposed of properly.

- Wash hands after carrying out experimental activities.

- Do not use any equipment which has not been supplied with the set or recommended in the instructions for use.

- Do not eat or drink in the play area.

- Do not allow chemicals to come into contact with the eyes or mouth.

- Do not replace foodstuffs in original container. Dispose of immediately.

GENERAL FIRST AID INFORMATION - In case of eye contact: Wash out eye with plenty of water, holding eye open. Seek immediate medical advice.

- If swallowed: Wash out mouth with water, drink some fresh water. Do not induce vomiting.

Seek immediate medical advice.

- In case of inhalation: Remove person to fresh air.

- In case of skin contact and burns: Wash affected area with plenty of water for at least 10 min.

- In case of doubt seek medical advice without delay: Take the chemical and/or product together with the container with you.

- In case of injury always seek medical advice.

ADVICE FOR SUPERVISING ADULTS - Read and follow these instructions, the safety rules and the first aid information and keep them for reference.

- This set is for use only by children over 8 years.

- Because children’s abilities vary so much, even within age groups, supervising adults should exercise discretion as to which experimental activities are suitable and safe for them.

- The supervising adult should discuss the warnings, safety information and the possible hazards with the child or children before commencing the experimental activities.

- The play area should be kept clear of any obstructions and away from the storage of food.

It should be well lit and ventilated and close to a water supply. A solid table with a heat resistant top should be provided.

- If materials which have not been supplied with the toy are suggested and used, make sure that they are suitable for this purpose and that they are in good condition (i.e. storage and shelf life).

- This toy contains colourings (pigments). Colourings can stain. Keep it away from objects and fabrics.

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In case of poisoning by any of the components used in this toy, contact the anti-poison centre or the nearest hospital.

Please consult the following link for more information: UK https://www.npis.org/ EU https://poisoncentres.echa.europa.eu/appointed-bodies

In case of emergency dial:

EU 112 | UK 999 | USA & CAN 911 | AU 000 LIST OF SUBSTANCES SUPPLIED Green Colouring INGREDIENTS: WATER, PHENOXYETHANOL, SODIUM BENZOATE, CI 19140, POTASSIUM SORBATE, CI 42090

Fart Putty INGREDIENTS: WATER, GLYCEROL, ALCOHOL POLYVINYL, BORACIC ACID

Cornflour (CAS 9005-25-8) (C6H10O5)n Recommendations for substances and mixtures: Do not ingest. Avoid contact with the eyes and mouth. Use only according to the instructions. Store in tightly closed containers. Keep in a cool, dry place. Protect from moisture, direct sunlight and heat sources.

DISPOSAL OF SUBSTANCES Do not dispose of chemical substances and / or mixtures with domestic waste and household waste. For more details, contact a competent authority. To dispose of the packaging, use the collective collection points.

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KIT CONTENTS

Fart putty Green colouring

Plastic spatula

Brain mould

Googly eyes

6 6

Cornflour

Eye mould

Measuring cup

Pasteur pipette

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Mouth

Hi, Scientist! Are you ready to enter the world of Yucky Science and discover gross scientific facts of human body?

Salivary glands

Pharynx

Oesophagus Stomach Liver

Pancreas

Large intestine

The digestive system is one of the essential systems in our body, composed of several organs (image 1). It is here where most of these phenomena that we find repugnant occur. Throughout the experimental activities, you will simulate some of them, such as vomit and poop!

Rectum

Small intestine

This is going to be a really yucky adventure!

Anus

EWWWW

Image 1. The digestive system.

1. EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITIES EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITY 1 Inside the stomach What will you need?

Material included in the kit:

• Measuring cup Extra material: • Milk • Vinegar • Tablespoon • Bowl

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Steps: 1. With the measuring cup, measure 50 millilitres (ml) of milk and pour it in an bowl.

2. Measure 20 ml of vinegar, with the measuring cup, and add it to the bowl. Mix well with a tablespoon.

ATTENTION: when you finish the experimental activity throw away all used food.

BAH CURIOSITY! Wait half an hour and see how is the milk then.

What happens

The milk is composed of fat (lipids), lactose, mineral salts and proteins.

Acetic acid, found in vinegar, will cause the denaturation of casein, a protein found in milk.

The vinegar does the same as the gastric juice, produced by our stomach. Why? The gastric juice is composed of hydrochloric acid, mucous and enzymes, which, like vinegar, break down the large molecules of food into smaller particles.

GROSS ALERT: if you want to see the result even closer, use a strainer and separate the mixture.

PROTEIN

ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS

PEPTIDE

S

Bolus MOUTH

ESOPHAGUS

STOMACH

Peristaltic movements (mechanical action) + Gastric juice Hydrochloric acid + mucous + enzymes (chemical action)

Image 2.

The process of food digestion.

SMALL INTESTINE FAECES

Chyme

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EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITY 2 Fake vomit What will you need?

Material included in the kit:

• Cornflour

• Plastic spatula

• Pasteur pipette • Green colouring

• Measuring cup

Extra material: • Microwave • Fork • Oat flakes • Carrot • Knife • Freezer bag with ziplock • Water • Fridge • Vinegar • Bowl • Gelatine • Teaspoon ATTENTION: ask an adult for help.

Steps: 1. With the measuring cup, measure 40 ml of water and place it in a bowl.

4400

ml m l

2. Ask an adult to heat the water in the microwave and, carefully, add a teaspoon of gelatine to the bowl. Wait 2 to 3 minutes.

00.03

3. Now mix everything with a fork so that the gelatine dissolves.

4. With the Pasteur pipette, add a few drops of green colouring to the mixture.

5x 5. With the measuring cup, add 20 ml of cornflour to the mixture and 5 ml of vinegar, with Pasteur pipette.

You must take 5 measurements.

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6. Mix everything with the plastic spatula and place it in the microwave for 30 seconds.

PT

and other chunks with a little oat flakes 7. Sprinkle the mixture place the flattened ts cut into cubes, and of food, such as carro d take it to the fridge. an bag with a ziplock r eze fre a ide ins re mixtu

00.30

ATTENTION: when you finish the experimental activity throw away all used food.

BAH CURIOSITY!

Surprise your friends with this vomit! How disgusting!

The smell is due to the vinegar, which in this experimental activity simulates the gastric juice of our stomach.

But why do we vomit?

Vomiting, like other symptoms, is one . of our body’s defence mechanisms It is a way for the body to be able to get rid of substances that could be dangerous for us.

Wait about 30 minutes until the vomit is done!

BAAAAAH Vomiting, or vomit, is a forced and sted food, involuntary expulsion of partially dige a and saliv ground or liquid, that is mixed with the ugh thro , ach) gastric juice (from the stom ). nose the es etim mouth (and som

When the vomit comes up, the muscles of the stomach and intestine push the “food” up instead of down, so that it returns to where it came from - the mouth!

Image 3. The path of vomit.

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EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITY 3 Toots and farts What will you need?

Material included in the kit:

• Fart putty

Steps: 1. Open the fart putty and with your finger (index or thumb), press the viscous mass inside the pot.

DID YOU KNOW...

W YOUHAT D HEA O Doe s R? re the s

se o toot mble t und or a he fart ?

BAH CURIO

SITY!

Surprise yo ur friends with this so und that ca n be quite em barrassing, but which ca n also cause a lot of laug hs!

That a single person releases 10 to 15 farts a day, even if we don’t feel them?

What happens?

The fart putty contains a viscous mass and also air. When we press the viscous mass in the pot, the air escapes and creates a sound similar to that of a fart, toot, or also the so-called pump!

The science here is related to the sound and how this spreads!

DID YOU KNOW...

That farts can be loud or silent? Everything depend s on pressure that is exerted. Vib the ration and air pressure can create diff erent sounds, with high or low frequencie s!

The sounds are caused by small movements vibrations (waves), which travel through the air and the particles that surround us, to our ears.

Image 4. Sound propagation.

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Farts are the combination of various gases (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen sulphide) which are then expelled by the anus.

t t ou e le w Some of these gases travel from do ? way why our stomach to the anus, but most But rts any r body u a f ng so are produced by bacterial action in the doe methi How ces so bad?! large intestine, which is responsible for u o prod smells s the production of faeces. All these gases t tha in the digestive system have to “escape” in some way, and they do so in the form of farts!

As the anus is firmly closed, when these gases force their way out this way, they cause the vibration of the air and consequently we hear the noise of the fart.

Bacterial action

DID YOU KNOW...

Large intestine

Gas from: - Ingested air - Fizzy drinks - Bloodstream - Chemical reactions in digestion

Fart

Image 5. The production of farts.

STILL ABOUT VISCOUS MASSES...

The viscous mass of the fart putty is a slime!

Test its properties: observe its texture and stretch it!

That the gas that makes your farts smell bad is hydrogen sulphide (H S)? This is als o 2 the smell of rotten eggs!

Yukkk...! And that the foo ds you eat influence the smell?

Foods like beans or cabbag e cause very stinky farts!

SCIENTIST, don’t forget that the gases are a sign of a healthy body, also derived from food that is rich in fibre!

MONOMERS

POLYMER

Image 6. Polymerisation reaction.

Slimes are viscous substances which we call polymers! Polymers are very large molecules consisting of the repetition of small chemical units called monomers.

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EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITY 4 Unusual poop What will you need?

Material included in the kit:

• Cornflour

• Measuring cup

• Green colouring (optional)

• Pasteur pipette (optional)

Extra material: • Chocolate or coffee powder • Water • Tablespoon • Bowl

Steps: 1. Put 5 tablespoons of cornflour into a bowl.

2. Now add 1 to 2 teaspoons of chocolate or coffee powder.

3. In the measuring cup, measure 25 ml of water and add it to the bowl.

Is this lid poop so 4. Mix well with your hands or liquid? until you get the desired consistency.

BAH CURIOSITY!

- If you shake it slowly, it behaves like a liquid.

- But if you hit it hard, it’s going to be solid!

- If you hold it tightly, you can form a ball.

- If you let it go, it will become a liquid again!

Tip: if the unusual poop becomes very solid, add more water with the Pasteur pipette; if it becomes too liquid, add more cornflour.

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W W W EW

Scientist, you can add more or less spoons of chocolate or coffee, and even green colouring to make the poop have the colour you want!

ATTENTION: when you finish the experimental activity throw away all used food.

What happens?

The unusual poop, which is both liquid and solid, is a non-Newtonian fluid.

Meaning that its viscosity varies according to the force applied. When you apply a lot of force, the molecules bind and form a solid, but when you move it slowly, the molecules loosen and they behave like a liquid.

And is vis what cosit y?

Viscosity is a property of fluids (liquids and gases). The higher the viscosity, the more difficult it is for fluids to move.

Water is a low viscosity fluid.

Honey is a high viscosity fluid.

SCIENT

IST, when we ta ke a poop, it can also b e solid or liq uid.

Do you kno w why?

Poop, also called faeces, is one of the results of our digestion. Digestion begins the moment you put food into your mouth and only ends when you go to the toilet.

Substances that are not digested or absorbed by the blood and lymphatic vessels pass into the large intestine, where they are turned into faeces.

These are then pushed along the intestine until they are expelled through the anus.

DID YOU KNOW...

nding on That faeces float in the water or not depe ens happ This day? the t what you eat throughou or fat of unt amo the on nds depe it because food air inside the mass that results from the ume cons we n whe ple, exam For d. consume ases, incre es faec the in beans the volume of gas e. mor float to es faec the es which caus

SO SM

!

ELLY

Therefore, the appearance and consistency of the poop varies depending on our food.

Faeces contain 75% water and the solid part is a mixture of fibres, faecal bacteria, intestinal cells and mucous.

Image 7. The course of the faeces is called intestinal transit.

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EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITY 5 Sticky poo What will you need?

ATTENTION: ask an adult for help.

Material included in the kit:

• Cornflour

Steps: 1. Put 2 tablespoons of cornflour into a bowl.

• Plastic eyes

• Plastic spatula

2x

Extra material: • Cooking oil • Washing-up liquid • Tablespoon • Bowl

2x

2. Now add 2 tablespoons of cooking oil.

3. Mix well with the plastic spatula, until the mixture is homogeneous. lt, 4. Now, with the help of an adu p g-u shin wa of oon add a tablesp . mix and id liqu

shape from the bowl, make a ball and 5. Take the mass you created ss! ma r you to eyes it as you want. You can also add activity nts of this experimental Tip: double the amou k poops. stic even more amazing and have fun creating

M

OR

NSF

!

SS MAA S I TH INTO OO P CKY STI U

YO

CAN

TRA

What happens?

SITY! BAH CURIO to throw Scientist, try ass onto this sticky m rface! a smooth su s?

What happen k? ic st Does it

You created a mouldable mass, i.e., the structure of this mass is not fixed and that is why it is possible to rearrange the molecules so as to turn it into various shapes.

EWWWW 16 16

The washing-up liquid is what makes the mass sticky, allowing it to stick to the surface.

HOW YUCKY!

ATTENTION: when you finish the experimental activity throw away all used food.

Poo is another name that can be given to poop!

In this experimental activity, we created a sticky and mouldable poop.

On the Bristol scale (image 8), you can see the type of faeces that we can have according to the intestinal transit. Faeces of type 3, 4 and 5 are considered normal and ideal.

TYPE 1

Separate and hard balls

TYPE 2

Long, cylindrical and lumpy

TYPE 5

Well-defined soft drops

TYPE 3

Long, cylindrical and with some cracks on the surface

TYPE 6

Soft pieces without sharp division

TYPE 4

Long, cylindrical and soft

TYPE 7

Totally liquid

Image 8. Bristol scale.

As we h ave there are seen, various forms o f materi al being o rganise d:

SOLID LIQUID

DID YOU KNOW...

cles That a smell is composed of tiny parti and dogs that And air? the in that float smell? wolves have a super sensitive sense of the h touc cles parti the le, inha we When nose, millions of receptors that are inside the to ting reac ptors rece rent with diffe h different particles! So we can distinguis ! ones lly sme t mos the even lls, sme various

It all depends on how anised: the molecules are org

GAS

ES

S

LIQUID

SOLIDS The molecules are very close to each other, which causes them to be unable to move much.

That’s why most solids remain the same shape.

The bar of gold is solid.

The molecules can move because they are farther apart. That is why liquids do not have a defined shape and they can be poured into different containers, acquiring the shape of the container in which they are contained.

Drinks are liquids.

GASES The molecules are not connected with each other in any way, they are always in motion and at great speed. Therefore, gases do not have a shape of their own and quickly fill the container into which they are inserted. Gases can even be compressed so that they take up less space!

The air is composed of gases.

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EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITY 6 Sticky brain What will you need?

Material included in the kit:

• Pasteur pipette • Green colouring

• Plastic spatula

• Measuring cup

• Brain mould

Extra material: • Water • Microwave • Fridge • Porcelain mug • Gelatine

Steps: 1. Pour some water into the porcelain mug and ask an adult to heat it in the microwave.

ATTENTION: ask an adult for help.

2. Measure 40 ml of hot water, in the measuring cup.

40

ml

3. Add a teaspoon of gelatine to the measuring cup.

Mix well with the plastic spatula. a few drops of 4. Using the Pasteur pipette, place brain mould. the of green colouring on the bottom

tine

ela r and g the wate ould. r u o p 5. Now to the brain m in mixture ture in the mix h it w ld e mou 1 hour.

6. Put th idge for about fr e th t, g agen a gellin g in y ll a tu solvin e is ac Gelatin rms a gel, dis mixture fo l a h id ic o h ll w co dhesive id as a the liqu tes a slightly a a . re which c ternal structure in

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01.00

7. Make sure your sticky brain is solid.

8. Gently remove the sticky brain from the mould.

Look at its roughness!

IT? UT N O B RAI WA HO OUR B ?

IS Y TICKY S

experimental ATTENTION: when you finish the . food used all y activity throw awa

the lower part of the Tip: with the help of an adult, pass Then, carefully, tap. the from r wate m mould with war om so that the bott go pressing the mould again on the ly. brain can be removed easi

Note: keep your sticky brain in a bowl with a lid, in the fridge, when you are not using it.

GROSS ALERT: if you let it fall into dirty places, the sticky brain will pick up all the rubbish and particles. Really disgusting!

BAH CURIOSITY!

You can now have fun with the sticky brain! Try to toss it, for example, again st a window pane. Did it stic k?

AND HOW

IS IT

?

OUR BRAIN IN REALITY

The brain is a mass of nerve tissue located in the skull.

This organ is very important because it controls everything we do, from the urge we have to go pee to the calculations we do in maths tests! It weighs approximately 1,3 kg and consists of billions of neurons.

Image 9. Neurons.

ces stan made b u S are in are t ich wh gela lled a from ally c us! usu latino ge

Im

ag

e1

0.

Th

DID YOU KNOW...

eb

rai

n.

That if all the blood vessels of a brain were stretched out, you could reach half way to the moon (about 20 000 km)?

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EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITY 7 Disgusting ogre eye What will you need?

Material included in the kit:

• Plastic spatula • Green colouring

• Measuring cup

• Eye mould

• Pasteur pipette

Extra material: • Water • Milk • Porcelain mug • Bowl • Microwave • Fridge • Gelatine • Teaspoon ATTENTION: ask an adult for help.

Steps: 1. Ask for help from an adult and heat some water in the porcelain mug. You can use the microwave.

2. With the measuring cup, measure 10 ml of water and a teaspoon of gelatine. Mix everything well with the plastic spatula.

3. Place the eye mould base inside a bowl. Use the Pasteur pipette, and add one drop of green colouring to the centre of the mould.

4. Then, with the Pasteur pipette, add 2 ml of the gelatine mixture you prepared.

You must fill the Pasteur pipette twice.

2x

5. Close the mould with the other part and put it into the fridge for a few minutes.

Note: while you wait, try to keep the rest of the mixture in a warm environment, like the microwave, to keep it from solidifying. If it starts to get hard, you can reheat the mixture in the microwave.

6. Now, prepare the rest of your ogre eye.

With the Pasteur pipette, add 3 ml of milk to what is left of the gelatine mixture.

Mix everything well with the plastic spatula.

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7. Pour the rest of the mixture into the closed eye mould. t ve to wait! Pu 8. Now, we ha d an e dg the fri the mould in ur! ho 1 t ou ab t wai ether the Note: first check wh o the eye mixture you put int d. lid mould has so ifie

SITY! BAH CURwIO ith your

Have fun n you get it ogre eye! Ca e? ou to b nc

Note: store your ogre eye, in a bowl with a lid, in the fridge when you’re not using it!

ATTENTION: when you finish the experimental activity throw away all used food.

What happens

The gelatinous ogre’s eye is also a bouncy ball! Due to the properties of the structure of gelatine, as well as of milk, you can make it bounce!

The eye is a spherical structure that contains sensory receptors for vision.

THE ANATOMY OF THE EYE

Retina Iris

Optic nerve

Cornea Pupil

VITREOUS BODY

Lense

DID YOU KNOW...

That images reach our eyes (retina) upside down?

The images that we observe are then sent to the brain via the optic nerve, where all this information is processed so that you don’t see the world upside down.

Arteries and veins of the eye

Rays of light travel from the object to our eyes.

Lense

Some of the constituents of the eye: RETINA - an extremely active layer of nervous tissue, contains millions of light receptors (photoreceptors); SCLERA - protects the eyeball and is composed of dense fibrous tissue; CORNEA - acts as a window through which light passes into the eye; IRIS - the coloured part of the eye.

Retina

Image 11. Formation of the image in the human eye.

Optic nerve

The brain interprets the image so that we can see it correctly.

The image is inverted because the rays of light intersect inside the eye.

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