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ON THE COVER: Illustration of an astronaut done by Guen Ramirez
BACK COVER: Illustration done by Guen Ramirez
ABOUT
The Ke Alaka‘i began publishing the same year the University, then called Church College of Hawaii, opened. It has continued printing for more than 70 years.
The name means “the leader” in Hawaiian. What began as a monthly newsletter, evolved into a weekly newspaper, then a weekly magazine and is now a magazine published 8 times a year with a website and a social media presence. Today, a staff of more than 20 students work to provide information for BYU–Hawaii’s campus ohana and Laie’s community.
For as long as I remember I have been fascinated by the Earth. I grew up in a very outdoorsy family and you could most often find us in the mountains or in the ocean - snorkeling, camping, picnicking, stargazing.
As I got the chance to experience living or serving in or visiting different countries with very different landscapes - from tropical jungles to snowy mountains to hot deserts - my admiration for God creations grew considerably. That’s probably what drew me to photography because I want to capture it all and keep it forever. My favorite feeling in the world is being in awe - standing in front of a world so full of beauty it could only have been God made, and every time I look back at these photos, I remember the feeling.
This special issue is full of discoveries as we dive deep into the awe-inspiring Earth and the science behind it. It will educate, entertain and perhaps surprise you. Hopefully you will learn a thing or two, like I did. So buckle up- we are going on a wonderful, wild ride through Earth and space.
Moevai Tefan
Lead Photographer
TEAM members
John Andrew Quizana Editor in Cheif
Bella Chimedbaatar Managing Editor
Marlee Palmer Young Yen Art Director
LeeAnn Lambert Advisor
Moevai Tefan Lead Photographer
CJ Shinihah Notarte Copy Editor
Winslette Quiray-Santiago Copy Editor
Linda Laulu Multimedia Journalist
Kilihea Kanekoa Burke Multimedia Journalist
Guen Ysanth Ramirez Illustrator
Bilguun Enkhbaatar Photographer
Gene Cymmer Ramirez Multimedia Journalist
Tay Kang Multimedia Journalist
Ice Cesario Graphic Designer
Naomi Saenz Photographer
Abigail Adams Multimedia Journalist
Myco Chillian Marcaida Multimedia Journalist
France Valerie Lucillo Multimedia Journalist
Ann Goebel Multimedia Journalist
Samantha Faith Satorre Multimedia Journalist
Cho Yong Fei Graphic Designer
Hiroki Konno Photographer
Pimwara Hootini Multimedia Journalist
CONT ENTS
looking through the yellow hibiscus
hawaiian endangered species sustainability through solar panels when nature takes it’s toll a choir of avian voices the immense heaven, lankiakea a celestial guide best stargazing spots on oahu discovering exoplanets
mirroring humanity so you want to go to space?
Photo from Unsplash.
Earth is a mosaic of life, culture and discovery. This section invites readers to reflect on the intricate systems that sustain people on the planet and the diverse landscapes that inspire wonder. From the gentle rustle of leaves to the vast expanse of oceans, the natural world tells a story of resilience and harmony. It’s a call to cherish the planet’s beauty and acknowledge people’s responsibility to protect it.
Through a deeper understanding of Earth’s history, its sacred places, and the delicate balance supporting life, humans can appreciate all things are interconnected. This section isn’t just about exploring and fostering a profound connection with the physical world. Let’s embark on a journey celebrating what it means to call Earth home.
earth
SPF 101: Everything you need to know about
Chemical sunscreens floating on the surface of the ocean can block the sunlight coral reefs in Hawaii need to survive, says professor
BY FRANCE VALERIE LUCILLO
Two types of sunscreen, chemical and mineral, are available to protect the skin from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays, but chemical sunscreen is more popular although it can negatively affect coral reefs, said Esprit Saucier, an associate professor in the Faculty of Sciences. “If people don’t let the chemicals [contained in sunscreens] soak into their skin and go swimming,” she said, “it flushes off and you can see the oil chemical like a film on top of the ocean.”
She explained the chemicals block sunlight from passing through the water and reaching the corals. Corals are dependent on the sun for photosynthesis, which makes food for them to live off, and having chemicals from the sunscreen can disrupt this, she added.
Dr. Ember Christensen, a physician at the BYU–Hawaii Health Center said Hawaii banned sunscreens with oxybenzone and octinoxate in 2018, as both were harmful to the corals. Saucier also agreed, saying they are the disruptors in the marine ecosystem. “They’ll stop metabolic pathways and kill off the larva so [corals] end up not thriving,” she explained.
Mineral versus chemical
Christensen explained chemical sunscreen is less pasty to apply than mineral sunscreen. While mineral sunscreen tends to come off easier, she said it forms a protective barrier on the skin against the sun and
offers better protection. “However, it’s heavier and can make you feel hotter when you sweat,” she said.
Mineral sunscreen contains zinc oxide or titanium dioxide, Christensen explained. These oxides make up the thick, white cream people apply to the skin, but she said it does not budge off the skin if used as directed.
In contrast, she said chemical sunscreens are lighter, often available as sprays or thin lotions, and it effectively protects the skin from the sun but can cause inflammation.“Would you rather have an inflammation reaction on your skin that will protect you but could cause rashes and allergic reactions,... or just that thick, heavy pasty stuff?” Christensen emphasized.
She said one common misconception about sunscreen she often addresses is the lack of understanding about SPF and its function. SPF, or sun protection factor, helps shield the skin from harmful sun exposure.“SPF 30 will block 97 percent of [harmful] sun rays,” Christensen said. She explained that using SPF 50 or 100 will not give us as much protection as an SPF 30. “It usually costs more money to buy the higher SPF sunscreens,” she said.
Skin cancer prevention
Lynae Lambert, a freshman from Colorado majoring in psychology, said she has been using sunscreen daily since her childhood due to being on a soccer team. She said she became aware of the risk of long sun expo-
sure without sunscreen such as sunspots, wrinkles and skin cancer because of her father’s skin cancer diagnosis. Living in Colorado’s high elevation, closer to the sun, made sunscreen even more essential, she added.
Christensen said second-degree burns with blisters and wrinkling of the skin could lead to skin cancer eventually. “Just burning your skin is damaging to the DNA that can potentially cause cancer,” said Christensen.
Lambert recalled a time she forgot to pack sunscreen for a vacation in Fiji, and she had the worst sunburn. “I didn’t have a blister, but I had a really bad mark,” she explained. “I prefer reef-safe, but as a college student, I don’t have a lot of money,” she said. The term reef-safe typically means the sunscreen contains only mineral UV-blocking ingredients like oxide and titanium dioxide, says Save the Reef website, a non-government organization aiming to preserve the reefs. She explained she used reef-friendly sunscreen instead as it is much cheaper although it is not as effective as the reef-safe sunscreen.
Saucier said one thing to do to preserve the reefs is to wear rash guards instead of using sunscreen to limit the chemicals in the ocean. She said it takes a lot to educate people, especially tourists, to take care of the reefs through their choice of sunscreens. “Wear mineral sunscreen instead even if it’s hard to rub in, if putting one on cannot be helped,” Saucier explained. •
Page Design by Moevai Tefan.
Photos by Naomi Saenz.
Lynae Lambert holds up and shows how to apply sunscreen.
LOOKING THROUGH THE
YELLOW HIBISCUS
The Yellow
Hibiscus
is a representation of Hawaii's community because it adapts to challenges, says BYUH students
BY TAY KANG
The native Yellow Hibiscus or Hibiscus Brackenridge A. Gray, also known as the Pua Aloalo or Ma‘o hau hele, was named the official state flower of Hawaii in 1988, according to the official capitol website. The Division of Forestry and Wildlife: Forestry Program website says it is federally listed as an endangered tree species and endemic to Hawaii. The website says the flowers are 4 to 6 inches wide with five crinkled, egg-shaped petals and early Hawaiians planted this species for ornamental uses because of its distinguishing bright yellow flowers.
Moanilehuakaualeima’ohulani Shimose, a freshman from Hawaii majoring in Hawaiian studies and biology, said the flower perfectly represents Hawaii because “it is as resilient as the Hawaiians.” Like them, the flower can adapt to and overcome challenges.
AN EMBLEM OF RESILIENCE
Shimose said Hawaiian culture has a deep association with flowers. Because the Hawaiian language is a language of context, she said there are numerous translations, both directly and indirectly, for the word pua, which means flower, forming a deep connection with the
culture. She said, “It symbolizes children as well as feelings of love and adoration in many songs, chants and hula.”
The Native Hawaiian Garden website says the plant ma ‘ o hau hele is often called the green traveling hau, which refers to its connection with the hau plant, a hibiscus. When the ma ‘ o hau hele plant dies, the website says its branches tend to break off and spread out on the ground, similar to how rose petals fall as they age. According to the website, sometimes one of these fallen branches will take root and grow into a new plant. The website says this process can repeat, with the plant dying, sprouting new branches and continuing the growth cycle.
Bruce Koebele, a native plant expert at Ka’ala Farm, explained this cycle of life and death can give the appearance of the plant “moving” or “traveling” across the ground over time.
Koebele explained another interpretation of the word hele as “to go,” but it can also mean “similar.” Both ma‘o, Hawaii’s native cotton, and ma‘o hau hele have large bright yellow flowers, he explained. He said, “Both hau and ma‘o hau hele have a stringy bark that, in ancient times, Hawaiians made into cord.” The alternative meaning of the name
is “the plant that has a yellow flower similar to ma‘o and bark similar to hau,” he continued.
Shimose described yellow hibiscus’ resilience and robustness as similar to Hawaiian’s characteristics. Even though it is an endangered flower, she said it can grow back from the fallen branches, thriving through seemingly impossible situations. “We went through a lot of cultural and language loss, but we’re coming back from that, just like the plant,” she said.
Even though the Hawaiian language and culture experienced a massive resurgence since the 1970s, she said it is still not commonly found today just like the ma‘o hau hele but she said she believes it will continue to grow and florish in the islands. “I know the Hawaiian language will be as commonly heard as English,” she shared. Similarly, she explained if the comunity focuses on the ma‘o hau hele, it will also make a comeback.
“The pua [flower] ma‘o hau hele is not just an endemic flower of Hawai‘i but a symbol of the resilience and beauty of its culture and people, reminding us of the importance of preservation and education,” she shared.
A SYMBOL OF CULTURAL BEAUTY
Thummin Dollete, a junior from the Philippines majoring in biology, said, “From a biological point of view, the flower’s unique appearance and wideness attracts insects to help pollination and is similar to how the islands of Hawaii continuously attracts people.” She said the flower also symbolizes love, inclusivity and hospitality among the Hawaiian community.
Gracelyn Fotuaika, a junior majoring in anthropology from Tonga, shared the bright yellow color represents Hawaii’s brightness and happiness. “I think the color of the flowers really relates to the people and their Aloha spirit,” she said.
Referring to the Yellow Hibiscus’ name ma‘o hau hele, Dollete explained its connection to the Hawaiians. “It's like a never-ending journey as if the spirit of the Hawaiians are continuously trying to connect with the community,” she explained.
Fotuaika said the ma‘o hau hele represents the bond that native Hawaiians have with their land. She said, “It represents how the land provides.” She also shared it reminds her to respect and learn more about the land, showing appreciation for Hawaiian culture. •
From left to right: Mahealani Hunter and Poerava Ah Sing pose with yellow hibiscus.
Photos by Moevai Tefan.
Graphics by Marlee Palmer.e
The limitless perils and impossible possibilities of AI
Reflecting on Elder Bednar’s talk on artificial intelligence, 3 members of BYUH’s ohana highlight the importance of using AI responsibly
BY FRANCE VALERIE LUCILLO
Elder David A. Bednar, of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, emphasized in his talk, “‘Things as They Really Are 2.0,’” the limitless perils and impossible possibilities” of the use of AI, as it continuously spreads throughout the world in this dispensation. He said, “Innovations such as artificial intelligence [can] both assist you in receiving magnificent blessings and diminish and suffocate your moral agency.” He encouraged people not to be afraid of AI or attempt to hide from it because “the righteous possibilities of this amazing technological tool can be realized only if we are aware of and guard against its perils,” said Elder Bednar.
Inspired by the apostle’s voice, BYU–Hawaii community members said AI is replacing
the process of what humans should do and think through to get final results using AI in any project. They shared the most important thing is not the product alone but the process itself. “We have developed a little bit more because of the process,” Alisi Langi said.
AI and personal agency
Langi, a professor in the Faculty of Religious Education, said people have their own agency on how they use AI. Using AI in ways that harm personal development or result in the abdication of agency creates a perilous position, she added. “But if we are careful with how we’re using it and … use it appropriately, then it’s something that can be empowering,” Langi continued.
As an educator, she said she often asks herself, “How can I help my students to use advancing technologies more effectively and appropriately?” She emphasized the importance of mentors who understand both the benefits and challenges of technology to guide students.“Because if not, we will end up having a whole group of students who are experimenting with AI and learning how not to be disciplined on their own,” Langi said.
Langi said there are certain things AI is appropriate to use but it is not for everything. She said she doesn’t want her students to use AI, especially when writing reflections in class. “AI cannot reflect. It wasn’t in class… It’s an algorithm and an equation… It can’t tell me what [they] learned and how [they] learned it,”
she emphasized. By becoming too dependent on technology, she said, people would not be able to think for themselves anymore because they haven’t developed the appropriate or necessary skills. “That is why I think discernment is important, especially when evaluating ourselves,” Langi explained.
AI cannot replace authentic human connection and emotional intimacy, said Elder Bednar. “Always remember that an AI companion is only a mathematical algorithm. It does not like you. It does not care about you. It does not really know if you exist or not… , do not let this technology entice you to become an object.” Langi agreed with Elder Bednar, saying AI is something that has been created as an object, and it is one’s agency to use it effectively or “become the object and [let] the tech… be acted upon [us],” she added.
Elder Bednar said the Holy Ghost is needed for discernment and wisdom in AI use. He encouraged people not to allow “the supposed accuracy, speed and ease of modern technologies to entice you to avoid or circumvent the righteous work that invites into your life the blessings you will need.”
Ann Springer, an assistant professor in the Faculty of Business and Government, said the Holy Ghost will never lead people astray. Living worthy of that guidance will help people make wise decisions and exer-
cise good judgment about AI and all things in our life,” Springer emphasized.
She further said AI can be used in endless ways to deceive others. She said people should use discernment in both the use of AI and their consumption of information. “There’s more emphasis right now on using AI instead of on how individuals are consuming information,” she explained. This echoes what Elder Bednar said about how artificial intelligence cannot simulate, imitate or replace the influence of the Holy Ghost in people’s lives, she continued.
At the end of the day, advancements in technology will not go away, Langi shared. She said everyone has a responsibility to learn how to use it appropriately for themselves in their fields and in their lives. “I am still in my journey doing that even though I am old enough now,” Langi shared. She said she has to take actual classes and workshops to better herself in using these advancements.
Professor Jesse Kohlert teaching a class.
AI in professional development
Being heavily involved with AI as part of her academic research and professional development, Springer said AI plays a huge role in marketing, and it is essential to understand how it is both beneficial and possibly dangerous.
She said she presented research entitled, “5 Things Students Wish Their Professors Knew About AI.” There’s a lot of academic research about AI but not a lot written from a student perspective, she shared. Student perspectives must be heard and understood so instructors can better serve students, Springers added.
Springer shared AI could resonate with changes of the business world. “We are capable of ‘Thinking Celestial,’ while AI only has the ability of ‘Thinking Telestial,’” Springer shared.
“I frequently share with my students AI is a solid C student, but the only way to earn an A is to combine their human, divinely created intelligence with AI.”
Springer said the role of AI in BYUH is imminent, especially in the role of teaching students to responsibly develop and use AI in their careers. She said the world will continue to see AI play a huge role in the job market throughout Asia and the Pacific. For example, the Philippines is the top user of AI in the world, and it’s essential students understand
to feel dread and fear. “AI won’t replace most human job functions, but it’s up to humans to prove their human intelligence combined with AI creates better outcomes and efficiency,” Springer said. With Elder Bednar’s counsel, she said moving forward with curiosity and caution could be of help. “Other leaps into technology—cell phones, the internet, etc.— have led people to share fear-filled narratives that caused people to worry unnecessarily.” At the same time, Springer said, “There are reasons to not jump in with both feet until we know more information. ”
Springer also said there are some potential pitfalls for businesses relying on AI. Yet, she emphasized the principles of the gospel to navigate these challenges. “AI is a great tool,
Messie Khermelice Dengani-Mampaka holding her laptop.
but that’s all it is. It doesn’t replace face-toface contact, personal study, prayer, etc.
Learning with AI
Reece Lee, a senior majoring in computer science from Hawaii, said he realized how the Lord’s influence has been evident throughout history, shaping innovation and progress across the globe. In one of his classes, Lee said he uses AI for debugging. While the overall code may be accurate, he explained small, hard-todetect errors can arise. AI helps identify those minor mistakes and provides assistance, he said. He added AI has become an invaluable tool, sparking his curiosity and deepening his interest in computer science. He likened AI to a second wind during a race. When you run, he said, “you get tired, but you pick up at the end of the race.”
It has been interesting and eye-opening for him to recognize his own use of AI for his spiritual growth aside from his academic growth, Lee shared. To understand this doctrine, he said people have to put in the effort to find the answers the Lord has in store for them to find personal revelation. The Lord doesn’t just say, “Ask... [like we do with AI]. It’s three different words: Ask, seek and knock,” emphasized Lee.
Similarly, Elder Bednar said understanding faith in the Savior is a principle of action, a fundamental expression of reliance on Christ and a source of learning and growth. “For these reasons, work is essential for our spiritual progression,” said Elder Bednar. Lee cautioned AI can pose risks by removing the value of the process. “It takes away the small steps that might seem insignificant but
are crucial in building understanding,” he said. Relying too heavily on AI could become problematic if it infiltrates every aspect of people’s lives, Lee added.
“Losing our ability to think critically and exercise common sense is a significant danger,” Lee added.
Lee shared he has a positive relationship with AI when it comes to assignments and projects. “It helps me appreciate the process of seeking and discovering answers on my own,” he said.
Reflecting on Elder Bednar’s talk, Lee noted a key takeaway: Heavenly Father didn’t create us to be flawless like robots that can be debugged. “At the end of the day, we are children of God… We have a divine identity to fulfill—to become like Him and strive to be the best versions of ourselves,” he said. •
Page Design by Cho Yong Fei. Illustrations by Guen Ramirez. Photos by John Andrew Quizana.
Reece Lee looking at his phone..
Hawaiian Endangered Species
BY ABIGAIL ADAMS
Crested Honeycreeper
‘Akohekohe
Palmeria dolei
• Critically Endangered since 1967
Hawaiian Crows
‘Alalā
Corvus hawaiiensis
• Extinct in the wild since 2002
• About 100 living in captivity
• Lifespan of about 20 years
• Threatened by habitat loss, avian diseases, non-native predators (cats, rats and small Indian mongoose) and hunting
• Lives in ‘ōhi‘a and acacia koa forests between 1,000 and 8,200 feet elevation
• Consumes native fruits such as ‘ōlapa, ‘ie‘ie and hō‘awa, nectar, flowers, insects, dead animals, eggs and nestlings of other birds
• Population estimated between 3,000 and 4,500
• Unknown lifespan
• Threatened by avian diseases, habitat loss, small population sizes and climate changes
• Lives in wet and damp forests containing ‘ōhi‘a, ‘ōlapa, acacia koa and kāwa‘u
• Consumes insects and nectar from ‘ōhi’a, lehua and other flowers
Sources: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Millennium Challenge Corporation; World Wildlife Fund; Hawai’i Wildlife Fund; Sea Turtle Conservancy; Hawai’i Department of Land and Natural Resources; U.S. National Park Service; Pacific Rim Conservation; Bat Conservation International; Animal Diversity Web; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Cornell Lab’s All About Birds; Hawai’i Public Radio; American Bird Conservancy; Native Plants Hawai’i; and the Center for Plant Conservation.
Hawaiian Hoary Bat ‘Ōpe’ape’a
Lasiurus semotus
• Endangered since 1970
• Population estimated a few hundred to a few thousand, but overall unknown
• Lifespan of about 2 years
• Threatened by habitat loss, pesticides, structure collision (wind turbines, barbed-wire fences) and predation
• Lives in native and non-native plants such as ‘ōhi’a, pu hala, coconut palms, kukui, kiawe, avocado trees, shower trees and cook pine at low elevations in Hawaii
Hawaiian Monk Seal
‘Īlio holo i ka uaua Monachus schauinslandi
• Critically Endangered since 1976
• Population of about 1,600 worldwide
• Lives about 30 years
• Threatened by food limitation, pollution, disease, human-seal interaction (feeding, fishing, disturbance, boat/vehicle strikes, etc.), habitat loss, shark predation and male seal aggression
• Lives in warm, subtropical waters of Hawaii
• Consumes fish, squid, octopuses, shrimp, crabs, lobsters and eels
Hawaiian Moorhen
‘Alae ‘ula Himantopus mexicanus knudseni
• Endangered since 1967
• Population of about 450
• Lifespan is unknown but estimated about 10 years
• Threatened by habitat loss, avian diseases, pollution, climate change and non-native predators (dogs, cats, rats, small Indian mongoose, cattle egrets, barn owls, and American bullfrogs)
• Lives in lowland wetlands and river valleys on Oahu and Kauai
• Consumes water plants and seeds, grasses, algae, insects and mollusks
Native Yellow Hibiscus
Ma’o hau hele
Hibiscus brackenridgei
• Endangered since 1994
• Population of about 100-300
• Lives for over 5 years
• Threatened by invasive plant competition, non-native species predation (deer, cattle, Chinese rose beetle, rats) and wildfires
• Grows in lowland damp or dry forests on Oahu
Ko’oloa’ula
Abutilon menziesii
• Endangered since 1986
• Population of less than 500
• Lives for over 5 years
• Threatened by invasive plant competition, habitat loss, nonnative fungus, wildfires and drought
• Grows in lowland coastal plains and dry forests on Oahu, Maui, Hawai’i and Lanai
O’ahu Tree Snails
Kāhuli
Achatinella
• Critically Endangered since 1981
• Less than 1,000 of A. mustelina living, population of other species unknown
• Lives about 11 years
• Threatened by habitat loss, non-native predators (wild boars, rats, rosy wolfsnails) and low reproductive rates
• Lives in native trees and bushes in Ko‘olau and Waianae on Oahu
• Consumes fungus from the leaves of native plants
Hawkbill Sea Turtle
Honu’ea
Eretmochelys imbricata
• Critically Endangered since 1970
• Estimated 20,000 to 23,000 nesting females living worldwide, less than 100 living in Hawaii
• Estimated lifespan of 50 years
• Threatened by habitat loss, pollution (fishing gear, plastic materials, oil), climate change, poaching and predation of eggs
• Lives in offshore coral reefs and mangrove estuaries during nesting, algal mats in the open ocean after hatching; found in oceans worldwide
• Consumes sea sponges, corals, algae, small fish, jellyfish, mollusks, crustaceans and sea urchins
False Killer Whale Pseudorca crassidens
• Endangered since 2012
• Less than 200 worldwide
• Lives about 63 years (females) and 58 years (males)
• Threatened by overfishing, hunting, pollution and small population size (reduced genetic diversity)
• Lives in tropical to subtropical waters below 3,300 feet, found around Hawaii, American Samoa, Pacific remote islands, the Gulf of Mexico, the United States West Coast and the Mariana Archipelago
• Consumes fish (tuna, billfish, wahoo, mahimahi) and squid
Page Design by Cho Yong Fei. Illustrations by Guen Ramirez.
Hawaii’s endangered ecosystem
BYUH alumnae discuss how several species in Hawaii become endangered and how they can be protected
BY ABIGAIL ADAMS
Hawaii is the “extinction capital of the world” because numerous native species have gone extinct or are at risk of extinction throughout its seven islands, said BYU–Hawaii alumnae, J. Ungos and Lexi Humpherys. Ungos, a 2023 marine biology graduate from Florida, said learning to “malama ‘aina,” or care for the land, is a crucial part of protecting endangered species.
Humpherys, a 2024 conservation biology graduate from Utah, shared, “Here in Hawaii, many species are endemic, which means this is the only place in the world where they can be found.”
She continued, “If it can’t survive in this one habitat, it can become endangered, then possibly extinct and lost forever.”
Ungos also said native species in Hawaii were untouched by predators for millions of years. “There wasn’t much competition… So when you bring all of these new plants and animals that are suddenly trampling them and harming them, they have no defenses,” she explained.
Additionally, factors such as urbanization, agriculture, overexploitation through hunting or fishing, diseases and climate change also make the island uninhabitable for native species and contribute to their decline, Ungos said.
“One loss can have a bigger impact than you’d think, but so can one success.”
-Lexi Humpherys
An interconnected environment
Humpherys shared, “Ecosystems are this complex, living, breathing, beast and each species doesn’t only affect itself… One loss can have a bigger impact than you’d think, but so can one success.” Because there are several contributors to a single ecosystem, Humpherys said protecting all endangered species is important, even if their direct effects are unseen.
Referring to kahuli, or O’ahu tree snails, as an example, Ungos shared, “You have to care for the snail to care for the whale.” Kahuli eat the fungus that grows on native trees, she explained, which protects the trees from infection. She continued, healthy native plants keep the soil intact, preventing it from eroding into the ocean, subsequently protecting coral reefs. “[If] you lose a healthy coral reef, you no longer have a food supply for these whales… It’s all interconnected,” Ungos explained.
Humpherys said despite being the extinction capital of the world, “We also have so many people who care, and are putting in so much effort” to protect endangered species in Hawaii.
Humpherys said this could be observed even in ancient times with the ahupua‘a system, a Hawaiian method of land division. “The Hawaiians believed the land, the sea, the clouds and all of nature had a certain interconnectedness, which is why they used all of the resources around them to reach the
desired balance in life,” explains information on nationofhawaii.org.
Protecting endangered species through conservation
Ungos said one of her first introductions to conservation was helping to start the Habitat Restoration Site with Dr. Spencer Ingley in 2021. “[A] big part of that was, one, it used to be a dumping site, so taking out all the trash, but two, making sure invasive species weren’t growing there,” she explained. They filled two dumpsters with trash and invasive plants, Ungos said, but it was incredible to watch the site turn into what it is now.
Although she loves cats, Humphreys said, “They are not great for the ecosystem here. They hurt native bird species.” In an effort to help with this problem, Humpherys said she’s participated in Trap, Neuter, Release programs. “It’s completely free. It will help native birds and help reduce overwhelming shelters,” she explained.
During her internship with Kupu ‘Aina Corps at Malama Loko Ea Fishpond in Waialua, Ungos said, “My days were just teaching keiki and students about the fish pond, the restoration and the native and invasive species,” planting native plants and building rock walls. Through the project, Ungos said they have observed the growth of native bird and fish populations like the ae’o, or Hawaiian stilt,
and the ulua, or giant trevally. “I learned just how much the ‘aina cares for us and why we need to reciprocate it,” she said.
Small actions with a big impact
The first part of protecting endangered species is to know what is native and what is invasive, Ungos explained. “Invasive species are species that have been brought somewhere new by people and negatively affect native species,” shared Humpherys. When invasive plants or animals have been recognized, Ungos said, one should make an effort to remove them from areas where native species are. “It also makes it really special to see native species thriving when you do find them,” she shared.
Humphreys shared other ways to protect endangered species such as, “Cleaning your shoes and clothes, [by] picking off seeds,” or with rubbing 70-percent alcohol before and after you go hiking. This will prevent invasive species and diseases from spreading to areas where native plants grow, she explained.
Ungos also said conservation organizations are found in every corner of Hawaii in a wide range of specialties. “If you can give an hour, if you can give two, if you can give two days a week - every little bit counts for these organizations, and you can be such a big help,” she said.•
Page Design by Ice Cesario.
Photos of the ocean and seal from Adobe Stock.
THE PACIFIC OCEAN’S PHENOMENAL CREATURES
Thousands of the world’s unique marine creatures are found in the Pacific Ocean
BY WINSLETTE QUIRAY-SANTIAGO
Hailed as the largest ocean in the world
according to the World Atlas website, the Pacific Ocean is home to thousands of marine creatures, some of which are found nowhere else on Earth. According to the A-Z Animals website, the ocean provides a rich feeding ground for different types of wildlife, from killer whales at the top of the food chain to sea slugs at the bottom.
According to The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency website, the Pacific Ocean
occupies an area of 168.723 million square kilometers, about a third of the earth’s surface area and about 15 times the size of the United States. The World Atlas website also states, “Its depth ranges from shallow waters near coastlines to the Mariana Trench, which plunges 35,797 feet below the ocean’s surface.”
According to the A-Z Animals website, there are 228,450 known species in the ocean. “The exact number [of the species in the Pacific Ocean] is unknown because scientists say
more than 90 percent of ocean life remains unknown and unexplored,” the website says.
Here are some of the marine creatures found in the waters of the Pacific Ocean:
1 (Carcharodon carcharias)
Some of the Pacific Ocean’s most dangerous, aggressive animals are sharks. “The great white shark is one of the largest and deadliest predators in the ocean and causes one-third of all shark attacks on humans,” says the A-Z Animals website.
2
3
PACIFIC SEA NETTLE (Chrysaora fuscescens)
According to the Aqua website, the Pacific sea nettle has a bell-like shape that is yellow to reddish-brown and tentacles that are yellow to dark maroon. The website says its tentacles are also covered with stinging cells, lethal to prey and can be as long as 16 feet on giant specimens.
SEA SNAKES (Hydrophiinae)
The Pacific Ocean’s sea snakes, also known as coral reef snakes, are long and colorful. They are one of the world’s most venomous snakes because their bites, though often painless, can be fatal, according to the A-Z Animals website.
4
BLUE WHALE (Balaenoptera musculus)
The Pacific Ocean is also where the largest animal on earth lives.The blue whale can grow up to 100 feet long and weighs about 200 tons, says the A-Z Animal website. “A blue whale’s tongue weighs as much as an elephant and its heart weighs as heavy as an automobile,” says the website.
5
VAQUITA (Phocoena sinus)
According to the A-Z Animals website, the Vaquita was first discovered in 1958 and is considered the rarest animal in the Pa-
6
DUGONG (Dugong)
Dugong, or sea cow, is a large, gentle creature closely resembling the manatee, according to the World Atlas website. Found in the warm regions of the Western Pacific, adult dugongs can weigh up to 926 pounds and have a length of 9.8 feet, says the website.
7
PACIFIC SEAHORSE (Hippocampus ingens)
According to Ocean Animals website, this species of seahorse are small fishes with a distinctive horse-like head and a flexible, prehensile tail that can be grasped stably onto objects like coral and seaweed. “It can grow up to 14 centimeters in length and range in color from yellow to brown, with a variety of stripes and spots,” the website says.
8
LEATHERBACK SEA TURTLE (Dermochelys coriacea)
According to the World Atlas, “The leatherback turtle is the largest of all sea turtles with adults attaining an average weight of 1,500 pounds.” According to the NOAA Fisheries, they hold the deepest recorded dive reaching depths of nearly 4,000 feet and hold their breath for over an hour.
GIANT MANTA RAY (Mobula birostris)
According to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the giant manta ray is the largest of all rays with a wingspan of up to 26 feet. According to the Great Barrier Reef Foundation, they are completely harmless to humans and “their underside markings are unique to the individual, like a person’s fingerprint.”
STELLER SEA LION (Eumetopias jubatus)
Found in the Northern Pacific Ocean, the Steller Sea Lion is the most prominent member of the Otariidae family, says the World Atlas website. It says the male adult can grow to weigh 1,199 pounds with an average body length of 9.8 feet.
Page Design by Ice Cesario. Illustrations by Guen Ramirez.
CULTURAL PRESERVATION VERSUS EVOLUTION
BIG ISLAND OF HAWAI’I
ANN GOEBEL
Perspectives on the proposed Thirty Meter Telescope at Maunakea BY
Over a decade ago, native Hawaiians began protesting the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope on Maunakea on the Island of Hawai‘i, also known as Big Island, but the protests continue in 2025. From its base to the peak, Hawai‘i’s Maunakea is the tallest mountain in the world, said Lihau Thielk from Maui, and for native Hawaiians, it holds significance of being the “piko” or center of Hawai‘i.
Tevita Ka‘ili, a professor in the Faculty of Culture, Language & Performing Arts who has been to Maunakea about three times during the protests, said even though there are many conflicting values contributing to this issue, primarily framing it as science versus indigenous culture, “really muddies the water … because that’s not really what it is.”
He said though people simplify it as being the scientific community against native Hawaiians, there are scientists who support the Maunakea movement, such as those in the field of environmental sciences who are concerned about the impact of telescopes on the land.
Ka‘ili said he believes astronomers “are caught up in the corpo-
rate elements [of this] because astronomy is a very expensive kind of science.” Since astronomers depend on large donations for research, he said astronomers might be less concerned with conservation issues.“It’s to do with corporations and money involved in this particular project,” he said.
The tension between wealthy corporations and the native Hawaiian community, who has less economic and political power, is a fight seen among indigenous communities all over the world, said Natali Segovia at the Water Protector Legal Collective, an indigenous-led legal organization. Though being a Quechua woman, an indigenous group of South America, she shared, “We are Maunakea … Protecting the sacred is a vital part of who we are.”
She explained because Maunakea touches the sea floor, the “mauna” connects to all of planet Earth. “What Maunakea shows us daily is that all of our struggles are connected.” In 2023, 196 environmental protectors around the world were killed, 43 percent being indigenous, said
MAUNAKEA
Photo of MaunaKea from Unsplash.
Segovia. “We have to stand. It’s not an option … This is a fight for all indigenous peoples.”
Even though the term “science” usually makes people think of Western scientific epistemology, Ka‘ili explained science at its core is about using observations of the material world to notice relationships and draw conclusions. “[Indigenous peoples] observed their nature,” he said, one example being “they saw particular stars that were associated with the growth of something.” He further explained, “Western science does that but also indigenous science because it’s important for survival. If you don’t base [decisions] from some sort of empirical observation of the world, you’re not going to survive very long, right?”
Addison Arlint, a junior political science major from Montana, said she thinks indigenous communities from an outsider perspective are often judged as not being modern enough. Outsiders might think indigenous communities should support projects like the TMT to help society move forward, she explained. “It is framed almost one or the other. Culture or modernization,” but she said there are ways for people to not sacrifice their heritage while still promoting modernization.
Maui has telescopes on its mountain, and Thielk said he “was in opposition to that development … What the military has done is literally nothing that benefits anyone.” He explained he is not for or against the Maunakea TMT because he thinks the management of Maunakea’s telescopes compared to those on Maui and the potential benefits of building the TMT make it something worth considering. “When we have an opportunity to be on top, we should seize the moment.”
Great discoveries have been made from Hawaii, including, “galaxies millions of light years away [that] have Hawaiian names. The first black
hole ever seen with the naked eye has a Hawaiian name,” he said. “We are losing the opportunity to conquer space.”
However, he said though he and other native Hawaiians are okay with the building of the telescope and he thinks it is an amazing opportunity, “the telescope should not go up. It is the responsibility of the government to respect the will of the people when you have such an overwhelming negative response.” He said even if the majority of native Hawaiians support the telescope, since those against the TMT are the most passionate to the point of returning to protest even after being arrested. “It is irresponsible for the government to prioritize money in a land where we have had to surrender so much,” Thielk said, “ … The people’s voice should come first.”
A supporter of the Maunakea movement, Arlint shared, “I feel like seeing others gain wins show everyone can, especially when it comes from a marginalized and oppressed group.” She said it is important to find things to be inspired by, and Maunakea can be a beautiful example to indigenous communities around the world. •
Page Design and Illustration by Marlee Palmer.
Photo from Unsplash.
“We are Maunakea … Protecting the sacred is a vital part of who we are.”
- Natali Segovia
Taking steps toward sustainability through solar panels
BYU-Hawaii’s ongoing solar energy project is one of the campus’ sustainable efforts
BY WINSLETTE QUIRAY-SANTIAGO
To reduce its high electrical costs, lower carbon footprint, and improve power quality around the campus, BYU–Hawaii continues to take steps to achieve its sustainable goals through its solar energy project.
Following the completion of the project’s phase one in May 2021, Kevin Schlag, university operations vice president, said, “This project has made BYU–Hawaii more eco-friendly and reduced our environmental impact,” according to the university’s official website. The rest of phase two is expected to be completed by 2026, said Jaxon McCloy, mechanical engineer from the university’s Facilities Management.
The benefits of renewable energy
According to McCloy, the power quality of the solar energy project is a major advantage. “With the power quality of the solar system, it helps us avoid issues with equipment and systems that often result from poor-quality power.”
He said the electrical costs in Hawaii are also extremely expensive. “We have one of the higher utility rates in the country, and it’s tough to get quality power on the island, especially in our location,” he said. Being far from power plants meant the voltage and power quality often suffer, he explained.
To address these challenges, BYUH decided to install solar panels designed to meet the university’s power needs and to also minimize its dependence on local utility providers. “It makes sense financially for us to go the solar route. We can produce our power, reduce our utility demand, and benefit from tax incentives,” he explained.
BYUH has implemented a two-phase solar system construction project, said McCloy. He said Phase One was completed in 2021, which generates a third of the university’s annual energy needs. The rest of the remaining demand, he said, will be completed through Phase Two by 2026 and the additional solar panels will be installed on higher ground to lessen its vulnerability to flooding.
“To self-sustain BYU–Hawaii’s electrical needs is really exciting,” expressed Schlag in a university news article written by Leilani Guerrero, manager of digital communications. “We will improve our ability to sustain our facilities.”
“Laie is a beautiful, unique and special place,” said Schlag. “This project is a big step in fulfilling our kuleana as caretakers of this area,” he said.
In expanding the campus’ solar energy collection, President John S.K. Kauwe III said, “As a university, we strive to be good stewards over our resources. We are very proud of the
Left: Solar panels located in the university’s parking lot.
progress we’ve made towards becoming a sustainable campus.”
The solar system panel’s design is based on the university’s high-energy consumption which is 15.7 megawatts annually. Its size is also based on power loads from 2019, which McCloy said were the highest load the university had in the past decade. “We expect to be 100 percent solar-powered, providing sufficient energy needs for not only the campus but also for the Laie Hawaii Temple and the Polynesian Cultural Center as well,” he said.
Overcoming challenges and looking ahead
Due to the island’s climate and geography, McCloy said designing and planning solar energy faces unique challenges.
“Our solar systems are built to withstand up to 140 mph winds, and we’ve also taken tsunami risk into account by positioning panels higher up on the hill to get them away from the tsunami zone,” he said. While it’s impossible to design for every natural disas -
ter, McCloy said they’ve done what they can to mitigate the risks.
Despite having multiple benefits, he said the solar energy project has also generated discussion within the community. “Anytime you change something, the initial reaction is resistance,” he said. “But once we explain its environmental benefits, the support has been extremely positive.”
He said the community now understands the impact of reducing the campus’ reliance on the Hawaii power grid.
McCloy said the university also has other sustainability initiatives, including water conservation practices and upgrading energy-efficient systems, in addition to the solar project. “We’re constantly looking for ways to reduce waste,” he said. “We’ve improved lighting controls, mechanical controls and optimized irrigation systems.”
“There’s a lot to do and there’s a lot of work,” he expressed. McCloy said they consider anything funded through the university to be sacred. Since the university uses tithing
funds from the church, “we want to make sure we’re using that in the wisest way,” he said.
McCloy also encouraged students to contribute to the campus’s sustainable efforts as well. “We’re asking students to be mindful of their energy use, like keeping doors closed to conserve air conditioning, and reporting water leaks or waste,” he said. Anything students can do to conserve energy can make a big difference, he added.•
“Anything that students can do to conserve energy can make a big difference.”
- Jaxon McCloy
Page Design by Ice Cesario.
Photos by Bilguun Enkhbaatar.
Wahi pana: Havens of power
Hawaii’s most sacred sites flow with legends and mana
BY GENE CYMMER RAMIREZ
From birthing sites to godly realms, the islands of Hawaii have perpetually stored spiritual energy called mana in places of cultural significance, according to information from the Department of Land and Natural Resources. These wahi pana are celebrated until today for the feats of power, wonder and admiration within them.
Kūkaniloko, the cradle of mana
According to the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, this domain of stones was once used as a birthing site for the royal families of O’ahu. A chiefess would lay down on a ‘birthstone’ at the center while chiefs would surround her to witness the childbearing. Traditionally considered as the island’s spiritual center, anyone of royal blood who is born in Kukaniloko with the proper rituals was described as a chief, a god, and a blaze of heat.
Papahānaumokuākea, the beginning and end
Some150 miles northwest of the main Hawaiian Archipelago is an isolated cluster of low-lying islands and atolls spanning some 1,200 miles with its vast ocean called Papahanaumokuakea, as reported by the UNESCO World Heritage Convention. According to the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, traditional Hawaiian songs and artifacts point to Papahanaumokuakea as the primordial darkness from which all life originated from and will return to after death.
Haleakalā, the house of the sun
The legendary achievements of Maui are marked across all the islands of the Pacific, but it is in Haleakala where he performs one of his greatest feats—snaring the sun. Literally meaning the house of the sun, Haleakala is said to be the place where the great demigod caught the sun to make it go slower using 15 strong cords, according to information on the National Park Service website.
Maunakea, the bridge to the heavens
This snow-capped dormant volcano, serving as the highest point in Hawaii, is home to the legendary origins of Hawai’i. Based on information from the Center for Maunakea Stewardship, Maunakea is the first-born mountain son of Wakea and Papa who are the forerunners of the Hawaiian people. It serves as the piko, or the umbilical cord, of the island-child Hawai’i, and the connection between the land and the heavens. Today, the summit hosts the largest astronomical observatory in the world, per information from the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. •
Graphics by Ice Cesario. Illustrations from Adobe Stock.
WHEN NATURE TAKES ITS TOLL
Natural disasters intensify as Earth’s temperature rises
BY CJ SHINIHAH NOTARTE AND FRANCE VALERIE LUCILLO
People frequently worry about the future of the climate, but unfortunately, its effects are currently seen today, according to information from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The changes in the climate have different effects on people and the environment, and its effects vary from one place to another across the globe, NOAA information says.
Wildfire
A catastrophic wildfire happened on the island of Maui in August of 2023 taking at least 100 lives, according to earth.org, and federal officials estimated damages at $5.5 billion, with over 2,200 structures destroyed.
Rainfall in Hawaii decreased by 18 percent over the last 30 years, reports the earth.org website. “Although Maui generally enjoys wet and
rainy weather conditions, climate change is having a negative impact on how rainfall occurs, triggering rare drought conditions and water shortages,” the site continues.
Heatwave and drought
Haley Thiem, a meteorologist and science writer for climate.gov said in an article, Mexico is experiencing a long-term drought because of lack of rain. Thiem said this occurrence intensified the heatwaves, which caused agricultural distress water scarcity.
In June 2024, Mexico and its neighboring regions experienced high temperatures causing heat-related deaths of 125 people, says the World Weather Attribution’s website. Along with its effects on the community, it also led to power outages and the decline of water availability, says WWA.
“Burning of fossil fuels made the 5-day maximum temperature event about 1.4 degrees hotter and about 35 times more likely,” says WWA information. The website also says heatwaves are among the deadliest events [in nature]. In addition, the ongoing drought intensifies the effects of climate change, the website continues.
Flooding
In September 2024, several countries in Europe experienced flooding from Storm Boris, which “dropped a month’s worth of rain in 24 hours,” says the Center for Disaster Philanthropy’s website. Homes and establishments were destroyed, thousands of people were evacuated and displaced, and there were about 26 casualties from the disaster, the website continues.
According to Melissa Denchak from an article on the Natural Resources Defense Council’s website, flooding can be caused by heavy
rains, storm surges, sudden snow melt, overflow of coastal or inland waters and how humans manage and maintain their waterways.
Typhoons and hurricanes
In November 2024, several typhoons hovered around the Philippines in less than a month, says WWA. According to an article written by HHI Resilient Communities from Harvard Humanitarian Initiative’s website, 151 lives were lost and about 8.8 million Filipinos were impacted from this disaster.
The National Centre for Atmospheric Science says typhoons gain strength in warmer temperatures. “The higher the humidity in warmer air, the warmer sea surface temperatures and the changes in large-scale circulation, could lead to stronger storms,” NCAS explains.
Coral bleaching
According to Coral Guardian’s website, the main cause of coral bleaching is ocean warming. Derek Manzello, a NOAA CRW coordinator, said in an article, “As the world’s oceans continue to warm, coral bleaching is becoming more frequent and severe.” Along with the rising temperature, overfishing, pollution and coastal development are some of the causes of corals, says Coral Guardian information.
Since 1860, the temperature of the ocean’s surface has increased by 0.5 celsius, reports the Coral Guardian. “The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts an increase in average air temperature of 1.5 celsius by 2030 to 2050,” the website continues.
Sea level rise
In an article from climate.gov, Rebecca Lindsey, a senior science writer and editor, explained the sea level has risen globally for about 8-9 inches since 1880. She said it is caused by the glaciers and ice sheet melting due to the warming of seawater. “In 2023, [the] global mean sea level was 101.4 millimeters above 1993 levels, making it the highest annual average in the satellite record,” she said.
Alyssa Parry, a senior from Utah majoring in marine biology, said there are two different ways people can look at the condition of the climate. As a Latter-day Saint, she said there will be a lot of natural disasters as poeple near the final days.
From a scientific perspective, “We’re causing a lot of natural disasters, more worse than they have been in the past,” she explained.
Parry, who also serves as the Ocean Stewards Club president said, “We do beach clean-ups, and we collect over 20 lbs of waste.” Doing so makes a little difference, but being a steward and being sustainable is part of the solution, she continued. “Every piece of plastic you pick up is one less plastic on the beach,” Parry added.
Parry said she hopes people will have the mindset of a good steward by taking care of all the things around them. “Heavenly Father gave us dominion, and we have to treat [the world] with respect, and we have to use [it’s resources] wisely,” she said.
“It starts with you,” said Dean Murcillos, a senior from the Philippines majoring in business management, supply chain. People can make a great difference in the world with a small action like recycling, he said. “I hope people will be active and proactive” in taking care of the environment, he continued.
Angela Kate Cruz-Murcillos, a senior from the Philippines majoring in biology, said she also hopes people would practice stewardship and accountability as they use the resources available to them. She said they do not have to be advocates, but they should be more aware of their actions to take care of the environment.
Cruz-Murcillos also emphasized being mindful in taking care of the environ-
ment would let people better appreciate what the environment can give them. “If we give something positive to the environment, it will have a positive impact on us too,” she said. Sharing a quote from Mahatma Gandhi, she said, “Earth provides enough for every man’s needs but not every man’s greed.”
Gerome Romero, an alumnus from the Philippines who majored in biochemistry, said there is nothing wrong with being involved in helping conserve the Earth. “Be proactive and have the initiative to do small things to make a differencence, “ he continued. •
Illustrations by Guen Ramirez. Page design by Yong Cho.
Sharing aloha with shakabots
PCC employees highlight the Gateway restaurant’s innovative use of robots
BY MYCO MARCAIDA
The purpose of using robots at the Gateway Buffet is to enhance guest experience and help students develop skills working with technology, said Greg Maples, vice president of Culinary Services at the Polynesian Cultural Center.“There was a 13 percent increase in customer survey scores since the arrival of the robots. Our mission is all about labor,” he explained.
Making the job easy
According to the Yelp website, Gateway Buffet is one of the largest restaurants in Oahu. The buffet is known for its space and flat surface floors perfect for the robots to roam on, said Maples. “I visit the restaurant daily and one of the things I noticed is our servers spending a lot of time putting the food waste on the tubs and onto the cart and pushing the cart back,” he added.
Maples expressed how the task takes a long time to do.“I wanted our student employees to spend more time with our guests. The students love the robots because [we’ve] taken out a job of unloading those heavy tubs, taking a lot of work on their part,” he added.
There are currently five robots in operation, said Maples.“We got the robots from a local company here in Hawaii called ‘Shakabots.’ We worked with them and they made a promotional video with us,” he continued.
Shakabots
According to the Shakabots website, the company is the only Hawaiian robotics company in the Hawaiian Islands. “The robots operate on GPS and Wi-Fi, and it guides itself through the restaurant. Another feature is at 3 p.m., they come off of their charging stations and go to the place where we’ve designated them to be,” he added.
The robots end their day at 8 p.m., placing themselves in their charging stations and getting ready for the next day, said Maples.
Two professors research titled, “Robots and Jobs,” MIT Professor Daron Acemoglu and Boston University Professor Pascual Restrepo, reports for every robot added per 1,000 workers in the United States, wages declined by .042 percent and employment-to-population ratio goes down by 0.2 percent. “This means the loss of about 400,000 jobs,” says Brown.
But PCC’s experience using robots hasn’t brought about a reduction in employees, said Maples.
“We have become so efficient with their help so we decided to make our serving areas smaller and add more servers instead of reducing,” he added.
In a YouTube video made by Shakabots and the PCC, Caden Hansen, a server and BYUH student from Idaho said he liked the efficiency of the robots in the workplace.
“They can carry more than I can carry. I think I have loaded more than 55 pounds in one robot and it has been fine,” he added.
Lendon Mediado, a server and BYUH student from the Philippines said having the robots helps them connect with their guests more. “We can serve and attend to their needs better because all of our time is given to them,” he added.
Moving forward
Misty Keanu, director of Dining Services at PCC, said she first saw the robots in an exposition. Keanu said, “This is the world we are moving in now. The student workers just have to push the buttons. Nobody felt like they were going to lose their jobs.”
Keanu said incorporating the robots into their staff training was easy. “The company was easy to work with, and we could contact them at any time. They trained one of our full-time workers, Leni, and we call him our robot expert,” she added.
Maples said there are other technologies PCC is looking forward to using. “We have ovens in our kitchen that are run from an app. They can cook three different products at three different temperatures at three different times. Putting those ovens in our kitchen was a game changer to how we do buffet cooking. The robots are just the beginning,” he added. •
Top right: Jan Jeush Aries works with a Shakabot at the PCC Gateway. Below left: Misty Keanu, the director of Dining Services for PCC, is pictured in her office. Below right: Greg Maples, vice president of Culinary Services at PCC stands in the Gateway dining room..
Photos by Moevai Tefan. Page Design by Cho Yong Fei.
THEN Inventions in Science:
Sources from entrepreneur.com, time.com and businessInsider.com.
Photos from Unsplash.
Graphics by Marlee Palmer.
& NOW
A timeline of human inventions in science from 2000-2025
BY FRANCE VALERIE LUCILLO
Camera phone, iPhone, Tesla X and medical surgicalAR, which means augmented reality, are just some of the things have be developed through science during the last 25 years, says Time website. As the years evolve, humans become more equipped to create inventions that change lives. “[We] are changing how we live, work, play and think about what’s possible,” the website information says.
Fuel-Cell Bike
Italian bike maker, Aprilia, invented a bike that would use pollution-free hydrogen gas to generate an electric current.
Camera Phones
Sharp’s J-SH04 is the first camera phone that became commercially available. This led to users taking images on the go and using “Sha Mail” or “MMS.”
Solar Tower
The Australian government built a greenhouse with a turbine to generate electricity across 200,000 houses in Australia. This led to cheap, green electricity.
Fever Finder
The Singapore Technologies Electronics and the Singapore Defense Science and Technology Agency invented a system because of the recent SARS scare, allowing to check a temperature through a color-coded thermograph.
Selfhelp
Panasonic invented a robotic suit for stroke patients who have lost strength and sensation in one arm. This robotic suit helps with the movement of the healthy limb to help rehabilitate the damaged one.
SeaLife DC 500
The underwater digital camera captures ultrasharp, highresolution pictures for underwater photography. This invention can withstand water down to 200 feet.
Perfect Aim
This vein contrast enhancer by Conenhill Biomedics navigates veins with a virtual map, reducing errors regarding getting blood.
iPhone
The precursor of all iPhones today. This invention led to developing high-quality phones that eventually became a platform for more than 1 billion people.
Sunscreen for Plants
Plants need sunscreen too to avoid the harmful UV rays of the sun, which led to this invention, allowinng for higher food yields and better-quality food.
AIDS Vaccine
After more than 20 years of AIDS virus being detected, the first immunization has been invented by scientists for HIV infection, consisting of two shots reducing infection by 31 percent.
Google Glass
A computer projected onto a pair of glasses. Google created this device to make augmented reality part of our daily lives.
Siri
Now an integral part of the iPhone as a virtual helper, which set a precursor for all the upcoming Apple products that came [and are to come].
Bloom Box
California’s startup started a container called Bloom Box, which generates electricity through solid oxide fuel cells, allowing for cleaner sources in the future.
Rewalk
The exoskeleton or bionic suit for paraplegics. It relies on sensors that anticipate shifts in the user’s balance, allowing freedom for paraplegics.
Hemopurifier
As the spread of the Ebola virus was at its peak, this invention has a specially designed cartridge that attaches to a dialysis machine and can find and clean out the Ebola virus while a patient is going through regular dialysis.
Tesla Model X
As said by the CEO and developer Elon Musk, “any kind of car can go electric”– and that is how Tesla Model X has been unveiled, being the first luxury SUV car that goes up to 250 miles on one charge.
Allbirds Sweetfoam
Many shoe parts are made out of petroleum. To change it up, retail startup, Allbird, created a new material of flip flop made from sugarcane.
Mars InSight
NASA launched a spacecraft to give a best look of the Red Planet or Mars, which will study the planet’s thermal history and geological temperature.
The Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato
Developed by the International Potato Center and HarvestPlus, the production of vitamin A-rich sweet potatoes in sub-Saharan African continent helps combat vitamin A deficiencies, malaria, blindness and other health problems.
GE Haliade-X 12 MW
Offshore
Wind Turbine
Known for being the largest offshore wind turbine, this invention offers to move the world towards clean energy.
Arbor Power Station
Developed by former SpaceX rocket scientist, Brad Hartwig, this tech converts C02 from organic waste, like from agriculture products and food, into low-cost, clean energy.
Heliogen HelioHeat
Bill Gross founded Heliogen, a high-temperature solar technology that can cost-effectively replace fossil fuels with sunlight in a range of industrial processes through the use of a huge magnifying glass and the sun.
COVID-19 Vaccines
After the pandemic, vaccines have been produced to reduce rates of severe COVID-19 related hospitalization and deaths. Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson are one of the leading companies to create this vaccine.
Medical SurgicalAR
The augmented reality headset allows surgeons to pivot their way through a patient’s body, through improved visualize medical imaging data. It’s designed to improve surgical precision and patient safety.
Oscilla Power Triton Wave Energy Converter
The hydrokinetic energy is creating an offshore powergrid. A pilot version of this invention was deployed in Hawaii off of the Marine Corp. base in Kaneohe. •
A CHOIR OF AVIAN VOICES
BYUH students and a professor work to protect the biodiversity of the Pacific’s bird species
BY ANN GOEBEL
Photo of Ann Goebel by Naomi Saenz. Graphics by Marlee Palmer.
Ecosystems worldwide are highly interconnected, so the loss of one bird species can greatly impact the balance of the other plants and animals including humans in the area, said Winston Poh, a senior majoring in biology from Papua New Guinea. “If you remove native birds, then you remove the pollinators for some plants, so you then remove the trees…. Research shows diminishing bird populations actually impact coral reefs and fish populations,” he said.
In the last few months, Poh said he has frequently hiked deep into Oahu’s mountains to find and photograph native birds including the ‘elepaio, ‘amakihi and ‘apapane. On his last six trips into the bush, he said, “It’s void of all noise. You can never see them or hear them.” Hundreds of years ago, Poh said the sounds of different bird species’ voices would loudly fill the air. Though he shared his passion for sciwence, on a more personal note, he added, “It is sad to visit a place and see it missing a piece.”
On Palmyra Atoll, a refuge among the remote islands of the Pacific and about 1,000 miles south of Hawaii, Poh said research shows deforested areas of land lack stingrays and manta rays in the surrounding water because birds like to sit in the trees where they poop. When it rains, the water carries the nutrients from the feces to the ocean where it ultimately is ingested by fish and later the rays, he said. “When we disrupt that chain, we lose nutrients in that system and everyone is affected, including all of us,” he added.
Simple actions to safeguard native birds
Non-biology students can get involved with birds not only through volunteering with different organizations but also by being aware of the current laws, he said. For example, he said he signed an international petition to help safeguard bird trainer’s work in Scotland with golden eagles. He said voting in elections is also influential.
Keeping cats indoors can protect native Hawaiian birds, Poh said, especially during fallout season when seabirds like Hawaiian petrels (‘ua‘u), Newell’s shearwaters (‘a‘o) and wedge-tailed shearwaters (‘ua‘u kani) use moonlight to navigate and young birds migrate for the first time between the land and sea. Artificial lights can disorient them, causing the birds to fall to the ground from exhaustion, he continued.
The Hawaii Audubon Society recommends keeping a box and a clean towel in vehicles to rescue downed birds and then delivering them to Feather & Fur Animal Hospital in Kailua. He said, “Gently toss a towel on the bird and put it in a box.” To identify downed birds as opposed to birds just sitting on the ground, he said, “Usually they’ll try to get away from you, but they’re too exhausted to fly … Any quick Google photo search will figure out for you [what kind of bird it is].”
He also said, “Learning the native birds of the area [where you] live doesn’t take a lot of effort. The Internet will pop up with a list.” The websites iNaturalist and eBird are great places to report bird sightings, he added. “All of that data gets verified by real scientists and helps us map data and use it for conservation and research, ” he said. “Snap a photo. Put the date you saw it and the time you saw it.”
Oahu’s birds
New bird species have been introduced to the islands in the last centuries, said Phillip Bruner, an associate professor in the Faculty of Sciences and a former president of the Hawai‘i Audubon Society. Some invasive bird species like egrets, munias, zebra doves and even pigeons might be familiar to BYU–Hawaii students from walking through the front of campus to class. Bruner said many introduced species, like myna birds, came as caged birds. He said they were originally introduced to control insects. “They’ve been here a long time, but they haven’t evolved into a distinct species.”
Despite the introduction of bird species, Bruner said Hawaii’s natural biodiversity has declined in the last few hundred years as birds have gone extinct or become endangered. When Europeans first arrived here, he said, “There was a great variety of types, particularly forest birds,” but most of them are now extinct due to changes to Hawaii’s forests and the introduction of mosquitoes.
Bruner specializes in migratory shorebirds, including Pacific golden plovers, or “kolea,” and ruddy turnstones, known as “‘akekeke.” While these birds are familiar in Laie, he said the shorebirds don’t spend all their time in the Hawaiian Islands. “While they are here in Hawaii, it’s every bird for himself. There’s no pair bonding or reproducing,” he added.
During breeding season, the shorebirds fly to the Arctic, where abundant insects hatch despite the cold and predators in Alaska. “It’s like they’re living in the middle of a grocery store.” When the adult birds have newly hatched chicks to feed, those insects become important for survival, shared Bruner.
Researching migratory shorebirds
Back in the early 1970s, Bruner went with Oscar “Wally” Johnson, an ornithological researcher, and Johnson’s son, to Nome, Alaska, in hopes of observing the birds there. “We were so naive,” laughed Bruner. Their first time there, they crammed into a small tent with no vehicle or weapon, he shared. They weren’t prepared for the large mosquitoes, rough roads and rapidly changing weather, he said.
Though passionate about shorebirds, he said researching them can
be difficult. Due to the small gap of time between the snow melting and the mosquito population booming, the work is time sensitive, he added. In Nome, with few people and seasonal road conditions, he said stuck vehicles mean researchers may have to walk 40 miles back, relying on satellite phones for communication.
In the years since, Bruner, Johnson and Bruner’s late wife have gone back with others to learn about the birds and mark the birds’ nests. While the researchers needed help in relocating the nests each year, he explained the birds “will always come back to the same area, sometimes to the same nest.” In the beginning, he said the researchers would mark a nest with rocks and record the distances between nearby nests as footsteps, with his wife’s gift of total recall to help. However, he said they eventually switched over to marking nests using GPS signatures and had to mark “over 2,000 nests spread over 10 miles of area.”
Work with falconry
When Poh was 12, he said his family “rescued a bunch of wild kites in PNG … I fell in love with them.” He had previously cared for a wild parrot, but working with the birds of prey introduced him to falconry, he shared. To learn more, he was virtually mentored under an English master falconer. Since then, “I have worked with six to seven different species and over 20-plus birds,” Winston Poh said.
In 2017, he said he represented PNG and Oceania in the United Arab Emirates as a delegate at the International Festival of Falconry. PNG is special because it is the only Pacific Island nation that practices falconry, he shared. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Hawaiian hawk or “‘io” is a kind of raptor found only in Hawaii. However, Poh said while Hawaii offers avian rehabilitation and veterinary care services, it lacks Hawaiian hawk training programs.
Though some animals depend on humans for survival after being cared for while young, Poh explained falconry is different. “Birds used in falconry are always wild animals. Though they work with us to hunt, it is by their choice that they stay … At any point while we are out hunting, [they can] choose to return to the wild.” He said a falconer’s relationship with their bird is mutually respectful.
Along with being an art form and cultural practice, he said falconry
also serves an environmental function. “We often work with young birds … These birds are inexperienced and on average 70 percent of them won’t survive their first year,” he explained.
After training the young birds and hunting with them for a year or two before returning them to the wild, he said, “research has shown 95 percent of the birds … will successfully breed in the wild and live for a long time.” Falconry can help maintain a healthy population of wild birds of prey, especially in places like Hawaii where they are threatened, he shared, bringing balance to other bird populations.
He also shared, “falconers live and work with their birds of prey on a daily basis, which gives the falconers an intimate understanding of birds of prey.” He said, “This knowledge … is useful as it gives us insights into how to better conservation efforts for wild bird of prey populations.” In the time he has been a falconer, Poh said the techniques he learned are also valuable for helping rehabilitate other injured birds.
Art, birds and relationships’ healing power
Beka Poh, Winston Poh’s younger sister and a junior majoring in English, said growing up around a lot of animals was a blessing because having caring relationships with animals helped her family work through their emotions from a complicated family dynamic. For some of her siblings, connections with cats and dogs were healing, she said, while Winston Poh was more drawn toward wild birds.
She used to hate painting, but she shared one day her brother showed her a sketch of a bird and asked her to paint it. After that, she said she loved art and found emotional healing through visual art and poetry. “I feel like art has been a great way to express myself without having to write words,” she said.
Though she has written poems about and painted a variety of things, she said she is regularly inspired by birds. As she got older, she noticed painting birds of prey is “a niche art a lot of people don’t explore. We could use more.” She said she hopes her art “brings awareness to birds.”
From a young age, she said she and her brother tried to find ways to protect native birds since, “there is a lot of logging on the island we ended up on,” she shared. With Winston Poh in their teenage years, she
A photo of a Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva).
Photo by Naomi Saenz.
said they worked together, “him doing falconry and me painting,” to help birds threatened by deforestation. Recently, Beka Poh said she has worked with Winston Poh on paintings. “He will help me with the base sketch because he is good at bird anatomy.” He also does lots of photography of birds that she uses, she said.
Though she said she loves poetry, she has found, “more people are willing and eager to look at my art than to sit down and read a poem.” She said birds are sometimes seen as less personable than dogs or cats, so art “can be the leveling ground for people to learn about science” and engage with birds. She also found working closely with her brother through their love of nature and art has been both productive and healing, she said, because they have been able to deepen their sibling relationship using their shared passions. Beka Poh explained art has made both engagin with threats to native bird species and their complicated private emotions “less threatening.”
As she has joined the editorial staff for the Kula Manu literary journal this semester, she said she hopes they will “use birds in [their] advertisements” since kula manu in Hawaiian is a gathering place of birds.
Kolea are a protected species of bird that can be seen all over the BYUH campus, said Winston Poh. Even though kolea are not apex predators like the ‘io, Winston Poh said he has learned useful skills, such as bird tagging and GPS tracking techniques, through working with Bruner, Johnson and other researchers. As he plans to return to PNG for his internship to work with birds, he said he will continue to draw upon his experiences with kolea.
Since Bruner and Johnson began marking nests with GPS, research has expanded to include attaching GPS trackers to caught kolea to monitor their journeys from Hawaii to the north and back again. “I think the exciting part is when we get to retrap a bird and remove the satellite tag,” he said. “A year ago we had it in our hands,” he said talking about a bird that then flew all the way to Alaska to breed, “and then it flew all the way back to this tiny little plot at Punchbowl Cemetery” where they were able to recapture it and download the bird’s flight information. •
Winston’s involvement with birds in Hawaii
“Pixie” painted by Beka Poh.
Photo from Unsplash.
The cosmos has always sparked humanity’s imagination, offering a glimpse into the infinite possibilities beyond this world. This section delves into the mysteries of space, where every star, planet and constellation invites people to dream bigger and reach further. It reminds humans of the vastness surrounding them and human curiosity’s boundless potential.
Space represents exploration and reflection—a chance to uncover new worlds while contemplating our place in the universe. This section celebrates that duality, combining wonder with the quest for understanding. Let the stars guide as readers venture into the unknown, reminding them of the limitless possibilities beyond the horizon.
space
IMAGINING WHAT LIES BEYOND
The immense heaven, LANIAKEA
Explore Earth and its relationships with a plethora of planets, stars and galaxies in its cosmic family, Laniakea, the immense heaven.
BY GENE CYMMER RAMIREZ
Sources: NASA, Space.org, University of Hawaii of Manoa, Britannica.com, Earthsky.org, European Space Agency, and Astronomy.com.
Our planet’s ohana expands farther beyond the Solar System.
According to NASA, the first few decades of space exploration is merely the beginning as humans continue to reveal the secrets of the cosmos with ever-advancing technology and no shortage of imagination.
We begin with Earth, our home... Diameter: 12,760km
It is the only habitable planet that scientists know, about thereby making it the only place where people can live. While it does indeed look majestic and everlasting, humans each have a responsibility to take care of it. As Robert Swan stated, “The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.”
Using radiometric dating, lunar rock samples, and meteorite analysis, scientists estimated the Earth to be over 4.54 billion years old.
The largest living structure on Earth is known as The Great Barrier Reef. It stretches for more than 2,300 kilometers and hosts 1,625 species of fish.
The first person to circumnavigate the globe was Juan Sebastian Elcano, after Ferdinand Magellan’s death in the Philippines. They completed the three-year journey in 1522.
The Oort Cloud is considered to be the edge of the Solar System. It is a distant spherical shell of icy objects that could be as large as mountains. It is also thought to be the source of long-period comets.
We are part of the Solar System, our closest ohana. Diameter: 1.58 - 3.16 light years (one light year is 9.461 trillion kilometers)
Including Earth, there are eight planets in our little space family, starting with Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The outer planets begin with Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The Sun’s light can essentially reach an infinite distance in space, as there is no theoretical limit to light.
The Heliosphere is a bubble-like shield built of solar wind that protect the Solar System from cosmic rays that could otherwise enter. This helps protects the planets from high-energy radiation. Beyond it is interstellar space.
Alpha Centauri is the solar system’s closest neighbor. It has three stars: Alpha Centauri A and B, which are among the brightest stars you can see at night, and Proxima Centauri, which has a planet that could potentially host life.
Our solar system is just one of thousands in the Milky Way.
Diameter: 120,000 light years
The Milky Way galaxy currently consists of 3,916 discovered solar systems. That means we have more than 3,000 families just like ours with more to be found.
At the center of the Milky Way is a super massive black hole the galaxy orbits around. It is known as Sagittarius A* and is 4.3 million times more massive than the Sun.
Our solar system is located in what’s known as the Orion Arm. This is just one of the branches or spurs of the four main arms of our galaxy. It is about 27,000 light years away from Sagittarius A*.
In about 4.5 billion years, the Milky Way will collide with its neighboring galaxy, Andromeda. Together, they will form a new galaxy. Our solar system will survive this but will take a new position in the universe.
The Local Group is part of a larger family that we call the Virgo Super cluster.
Diameter: 110,000,000 light years
Containing at least 100 galaxy groups, the Virgo Super cluster is a colossal network of around 45,000 galaxies all being pulled by a gravitational force.
...And the Milky Way is just one in more than 50 galaxies in what we call the “Local Group.”
Diameter: 10,000,000 light years
The Local Group is an ohana of galaxies bound together because of gravity. There are three major galaxies in the local group: Andromeda, Milky Way, and Triangulum. Many more are still unconfirmed.
The Virgo Super cluster was thought to be the largest cosmic ohana that we belonged to, until in 2014 a team of astronomers in the University of Hawaii discovered...
LANIAKEA, THE IMMENSE HEAVEN...
Diameter: 520,000,000 light years
Can you still see the Milky Way? It is just a tiny dot in this vast map of super clusters. With approximately 100,000 galaxies, this family potentially holds billions of stars.
Laniakea itself is part of an even larger cosmic family called the cosmic web. Today, the cosmic web is what’s considered to be the largest known structure of organized matter in the observable universe. The observable universe is approximately 93 billion light years, and as the name suggests, that’s the part of the universe that we can currently study because of the limitations in our technology. All in all, our cosmic family has an estimated number of 2 trillion galaxies, 200 sextillion stars, and quadrillions of planets.•
Photos by Andrew Z. Colvin. Graphics by Ice Cesario.
EMBRACING BOTH FAITH AND SCIENCE
Exploring both fields of study, says BYUH professors and a student, people learn how the two coexist and better navigate the complexities of life
BY PIM HOOTINI
Illustrations by Guen Ramirez. Page design by Moevai Tefan.
he said.
The false dichotomy
Dr. Daniel Sharp and Dr. Georgi Lukov highlighted how their professional fields align with their faith, while BYU–Hawaii student Bessie Fabia shared her personal journey of reconciling scientific theories with gospel principles. Although some see these fields as opposing forces, Sharp said, “Both are tools for understanding the world and they’re not necessarily in opposition… God gave us intelligence and reason to understand our surroundings. Science is one way to do that,”
By studying early Christian texts and reflecting on his own conversion journey, Sharp shared he has developed a perspective that sees science and religion as complementary rather than competing forces. “Many great scientists, such as Isaac Newton, have been deeply religious throughout history. These two realms have often worked in harmony,” he said.
Sharp said faith is often misunderstood as being entirely separate from evidence. He compared the process of faith to scientific
experimentation, citing Alma 32 in the Book of Mormon: “If ye give place, that a seed may be planted in your heart, behold, if it be a true seed… it will begin to swell within your breasts.” “This passage encourages readers to experiment with the word, observe its effects and assess its truth. It’s very much like a scientific method applied to spirituality,” he said.
Sharp also said scriptures should be viewed as theological texts rather than historical or scientific records. “The authors of the Bible weren’t writing history books. They were writing testimonies,” he continued. He emphasized the importance of understanding the intent behind the writings in the scriptures. “If you fact-check someone’s testimony for historical accuracy, you miss the point of their spiritual message. It’s the same with scripture,” Sharp said.
The history behind science
Sharp highlighted the Enlightenment, an intellectual movement that emphasized reason, science and individual rights as a turning point in the relationship between science and religion. During this period from the late 1600s to the early 1800s, he said thinkers began emphasizing reason and natural theology to explain God’s existence. “However, the rise of theories like Darwin’s natural selection challenged these ideas,” he said.
“The tension wasn’t about science disproving religion,” said Sharp. “It was about how people had used nature to prove God’s existence by using the complexity and design of living organisms as evidence of a creator. When alternate explanations like evolution arose, it created conflict.”
Historically, Sharp added, science and religion have worked together harmoniously, especially before the Enlightenment. He said figures like Thomas Aquinas and John Calvin saw the universe’s structure as evidence of divine design.
“Even Galileo, often portrayed as a victim of science versus religion, was more about differing interpretations of scripture than a direct conflict,” Sharp explained.
Sharp said he sees science as a tool for exploring the world that complements faith. He said, “By recognizing the unique roles of science and religion, we can create a dialogue that fosters deeper understanding,” he added.
God’s intelligent design
When asked about the co-existence of science and religion, Lukov, a professor in the Faculty of Sciences from Bulgaria with a medical degree and a doctorate in biochemistry, said, “Truth is truth, whether discovered through scientific inquiry or spiritual insight.”
Lukov said he teaches courses ranging from introductory chemistry to advanced biochemistry labs, and he applies the scientific method not only in his research but also in his daily life. “Science helps us understand how things work, while faith helps us understand why,” he said. By exploring both fields, Lukov said individuals can discover the
complementary nature of science and religion, using both to navigate life’s complexities. “Faith is acting without complete knowledge and learning from the outcomes,” Lukov said. “It’s a process of experimentation, much like the scientific method and it builds conviction over time,” he added.
As someone who came to religion later in life, Lukov said his faith strengthened through personal experience. “I don’t separate science and faith because both seek to uncover truths about our existence,” he said.
Lukov also said challenges often arise when people misunderstand the purpose of either science or religion. “Some people see scientific discoveries as disproving God, but to me they’re evidence of intelligent design,” he said. He emphasized understanding natural laws enhances, rather than diminishes, his view of God.
While science relies on measurable data, Lukov said faith requires a different kind of
proof. “Faith is deeply personal and built through individual experiences,” he explained. He likened trust in the scriptures to trust in scientific research, highlighting that both requires belief in principles and ideas that may not always be immediately tangible.
In guiding students who struggle with the intersection of science and faith, Lukov said he encourages them to act on trust and evaluate the outcomes. “Faith and action are inseparable. You must be willing to step forward without full knowledge and in doing so, you learn and grow,” he said.
Science leads to truth
Fabia, a junior majoring in marketing and business management at BYUH, said she used to believe science and faith couldn’t coexist, but she was wrong. “I used to think they’re completely different,” Fabia said. “But the more I learn about the gospel, the more I can see they really go well together. You can
“The more I learn about the gospel, the more I can see that they really go well together.”
- Bessie Fabia
explain a lot of things with the support of science and at the same time, there’s evidence from the gospel,” she added.
Fabia said she learned science and religion complement each other through general conference talks. “Elder Bednar, in his October 2018 General Conference talk, said, “The methods of science lead us to what we call scientific truth. But ‘scientific truth’ is not the whole of life.” Fabia shared this talk helped her see how the two can coexist.
Fabia said she believed the schools do not necessarily address the relationship between science and religion, but it should be left to individual students. “Religion is more of a personal learning experience rather than something that should just be taught in schools,” she said. “If schools want to include it, that’s fine, but it’s not necessary. It’s up to
the student to understand,” she added.
Fabia shared how she has encountered conflicts between scientific discoveries and religious beliefs, particularly regarding creation. “In church, we’re taught about creation—that the Earth was created little by little over six days. But in science, it’s taught that everything was a coincidence, like the Big Bang happened and then we have the Earth,” she said. Fabia said it’s totally different, but it helped her think critically about both perspectives.
Balancing science and religion can benefit society by providing both purpose and innovation, said Fabia. “Religion makes you feel human and gives you a sense of belonging and purpose,” she explained. “Science, on the other hand, is professional and focused on discovery, but religion reminds you there’s
more to life and you have a purpose.”
Fabia mentioned President Russell M. Nelson, a heart surgeon and leader of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as an example of someone who bridges science and religion. “President Nelson is so good at what he does, but he knows all his gifts and talents come from God,” she said. “It’s about learning as much as you can while keeping an eternal perspective.”
Fabia said she is optimistic about the future relationship between science and religion. “With all the technologies we have and how the church approaches them, I think science and religion will continue to complement each other in the future,” she said. •
A CELESTIAL GUIDE
Discover the four constellations early navigators use to guide their way across the seas
CJ SHINIHAH NOTARTE AND MYCO MARCAIDA
According to Hawaiian Voyaging Tradition, wayfinders memorize and use the positions of the stars to give them directional clues.
The website says Nainoa Thompson [CEO of the Polynesian Voyaging Society and a pwo navigator, a student navigator who became master], has “organized the sky into four-star lines, each line taking up about the fourth of the celestial sphere.”
According to ‘Imiloa’s website, these four-star lines are called “Nā ʻOhana Hōkū ʻEhā” or the Four Star Families. On the Polynesian Voyaging Society’s website, Thompson said, “You cannot look up at the stars and tell where you are… It all has to be done in your head.” He said the principle is easy, but it is difficult to do.
According to Ka’ahele Hawai’i, the navigator can see where they are on the ocean “by knowing the angles of the Star Lines compared to the celestial equator. The North Star, or Hokupa’a in Hawaiian, will always be in the North, said Mark Ellis, director of the voyaging experiences at the PCC. “If it is behind you, you’re heading south. If you look at Hokupa’a and stick out your right hand, to the right of your hand will always be east, and the left will always be west,” he added.
To remember or to memorize the Four Star Families, Kaimana Barcarse, an apprentice navigator at PVS created a chant:
Ka Ipu Ho’okele
Ka Ipu Hoʻokele
Kāhea: E ʻohiʻohiināpono!…
Pane: He kā, he iwi, he makau, he lupe!…
Kākou: Ualako ka ipu a ka hoʻokele!…
The Navigator’s Gourd
Call: Gather up your tools!
Reply: A bailer, a bone, a fishhook, a kite!
All: The gourd of the navigator is provisioned!
(chant from ‘Imiloa’s website)
Kauluakoko
Ka Hei Hei o na ka
Ke Kā O Makali’i (The Bailer of Makali’i)
Formed by five stars across the sky from the north to the south, Ke Ka o Makali‘i is in the shape of a bailer, says the HVT website. The site says it rises in the east and sets in the west. The website also says similar to a cup, a pour is made from the contents of the cup to the North Horizon.
Kaiwikuamo’o (The Backbone)
The HVT website says Kaiwikuamo’o runs from the north celestial pole to the south celestial pole. Metaphorically, the stars in the line along the backbone are its vertebrae that represents a generation of genealogical line, says the website. It follows Ke ka o Makali’i into the sky, the site continues.
Makali’i
Keiki
Puana-kau
Ke Ali’i o Kona i ka Lewa
Hokupa’a (North Star)
Na Hiku (Big Dipper)
Hokulea
Hikianalia
Me’e
Hokulei
Hanaiakamalama
Na Kuhikuhi
Mānaiakalani (The Fish hook of Maui/ The Chief’s Fishline)
According to information on the HVT website, Manaiakalani was the name of Maui’s fish hook that he used to catch a giant fish deep in the ocean. The website says, “In Hawai‘i, Maui is said to have used the fishhook to try to pull the existing islands closer together.” The website also says, Manaiakalani’s star line is visible in the summer season.
Ka
Lupe O Kawelo (The Kite of Kawelo`)
Translated in English as the “Great Square of Pegasus,” the start line includes the Kite and the constellation Cassiopeia as well as Aries and Cetus and Fomalhaut and Achernar, the bright stars from the south, says HVT website information. •
Pi‘ilani
Graphics by Moevai Tefan.
Illustrations by Guen Ramirez.
Lehuakona
Ka Maka
Keawe
Kakuhihewa
Manokalanipo
The Chinese Zodiac signs and their significance
Discover the meanings behind the 12 Zodiac signs
BY MYCO MARCAIDA
According to creativeartsguild.org, each Chinese Zodiac animal is believed to represent distinct personality traits such as the Rat’s cleverness or the Horse’s leadership shaping the characteristics of those born under its sign. These zodiac animals repeat in a 12-year cycle, with each year associated with a specific animal, the website information says.
History of the Chinese Zodiac Signs
Although there is no clear history of where the Chinese Zodiac Signs originated from, Britannica says it can be traced to the Warring States period (475-221 BCE) or the Qin and Han dynasties.
There is also a popular legend about the Chinese Zodiac Signs, Britannica says. Legend says the Jade emperor initiated a race inviting all animals to participate. The first 12 to cross the finish line
across the river would earn their places in the calendar according to the order they finished the race in.
According to Britannica encyclopedia, the first to cross the river was the rat. It used the ox as its ride before jumping off at the last second to win the race. The ox came in second followed by the tiger, the rabbit and the dragon. The dragon could’ve easily won the race, but according to some versions of the story, the dragon flew to save villagers from a fire. The snake came next, followed by the horse. The sheep, monkey and rooster came all together helping each other get across the river. The dog nearly came in last after playing in the river and the pig came in last because it stopped to eat and rest along the way.
Also known as Shengxiao meaning “born resembling”, the Chinese Zodiac is a cycle repeating every 12 years, says Britannica.•
Rats are smart, charming and imaginative.
Dragons are warmhearted and enthusiastic.
Oxes are determined, generous and patient.
Tigers are adventurous, confident, and competitive.
People born in Rabbit years are smart, kind and docile.
Monkeys have good social skills and are humorous.
Snakes are curious and wise.
Horses are leaders, generous, talented and energetic.
Goats are gentle, decent and a little timid.
Roosters are reliable, consistent, and brave.
Dogs are loyal, playful and selfless.
Pigs are loving, happy, direct and persuasive.
BEST STARGAZING SPOTS ON OAHU
BY BELLA CHIMEDBAATAR
Background art done by Marlee Palmer.
TIPS FOR STARGAZING IN HAWAII
Choose quiet and less-populated areas away from city lights and buildings. Check the weather forecast to avoid cloudy spots.
Try to go when the moon isn’t too full or bright as it can make the stars harder to see.
Higher places, like volcanoes, often have viewing spots above the clouds, which makes for better stargazing.
If you’re heading off the main paths, bring a flashlight, wear sturdy shoes and dress for the weather.
BEST PLACES TO STARGAZE ON OAHU:
ALA WAI CANAL
The Ala Wai Canal is a serene stargazing spot located in the heart of Oahu’s bustling urban center. It offers unobstructed sky views despite being surrounded by city life. With relatively low light pollution compared to nearby areas, the canal is a convenient location for both visitors and locals to enjoy the night sky.
WAIKIKI BEACH
While Waikiki Beach has some light pollution, certain areas at the south end or nearby parks still offer opportunities for stargazing. Bring a telescope or use a stargazing app to identify celestial objects visible above the iconic shoreline.
BISHOP MUSEUM
The Bishop Museum in Honolulu is a hub for science and culture, hosting astronomy-themed events such as stargazing nights, expert-led lectures and interactive activities. Its central location and open courtyard make it a fantastic place for all ages to learn about and observe the stars and constellations.
TANTALUS SUMMIT
High above Honolulu, Tantalus Summit offers sweeping views of the city and the night sky. Its elevated location and clear atmosphere make it a favorite for stargazers seeking panoramic celestial views.
CHINA WALLS
China Walls, located near Hawaii Kai, is a hidden gem for stargazing. This rugged coastline boasts rocky cliffs and expansive views over the ocean. It is ideal for telescopic observations or simply lying back to enjoy the starry night away from city lights.
DIAMOND HEAD STATE MONUMENT
Famous for its volcanic cone and hiking trails, Diamond Head offers stunning stargazing opportunities from its summit or park areas. With easy access and ample parking, it’s a must-visit for those seeking celestial views combined with breathtaking landscapes.
DILLINGHAM AIRFIELD
This North Shore airfield is home to regular stargazing events hosted by the Hawaii Astronomical Society. These gatherings offer telescopic views of planets, constellations, and nebulae, guided by knowledgeable enthusiasts.
HALONA BLOWHOLE
Halona Blowhole on the southeastern coast is a perfect spot for combining a spectacular sunset with nighttime stargazing. Arrive early to secure a vantage point, then stay as the stars emerge, creating a magical experience alongside the sounds of the ocean.
HANAUMA BAY
Famous for its marine life, Hanauma Bay transforms into a peaceful haven for stargazing at night. The combination of clear skies, ocean views and minimal artificial lighting makes it a unique destination for celestial observations.
HOKULANI IMAGINARIUM
Located on the campus of Windward Community College, the Hokulani Imaginarium is a state-of-the-art planetarium that offers immersive stargazing shows and educational programs. Its high-tech dome provides a detailed and up-close view of the universe, perfect for visitors of all ages.
KA’ENA POINT STATE PARK
Situated at Oahu’s westernmost tip, Ka’ena Point State Park is an ideal location for stargazing due to its remote setting and vast open skies. Its rugged trails and natural beauty provide the perfect backdrop for a night of celestial exploration.
LANAI LOOKOUT
Lanai Lookout offers a dramatic vantage point on Oahu’s southeastern coast, with panoramic views of the Pacific and the night sky. This spot is ideal for stargazing or enjoying the sunrise and sunset in a tranquil setting.
MOKULE’IA BEACH PARK
Known for its long stretches of sand and serene atmosphere, Mokule’ia Beach Park on Oahu’s North Shore offers minimal light pollution. It is an excellent destination for both stargazing and peaceful evening walks along the beach.
PU’U O MAHUKA HEIAU
This historic Hawaiian site on the North Shore provides a unique cultural and natural setting for stargazing. Regular events hosted by the Hawaii Astronomical Society add educational value to your celestial experience.
ROYAL HAWAIIAN CENTER ROOFTOP
In the heart of Waikiki, the Royal Hawaiian Center offers rooftop stargazing events with unobstructed views of the sky. These monthly gatherings combine educational activities with a prime location for urban astronomy.
SANDY BEACH
Sandy Beach, known for its picturesque shoreline and powerful waves, offers clear skies for stargazing on Oahu’s southeastern coast. Its remote location and minimal light pollution make it an ideal nighttime retreat.
Sources: Astrorover and Waikiki Resort Hotel.
DISCOVERING
BYUH students share their understanding of exoplanets and what humanity’s enduring hunt for life outside the solar system means to them
BY SAMANTHA FAITH SATORRE
Photos from Unsplash.
BYU–Hawaii students communicated feelings of fascination, excitement and hope regarding the growing field of exoplanet discovery. “Are we alone in the universe?” they reflected, calling it one of the most thought-provoking questions humanity has ever asked. They also shared how uncovering deeper truths about Earth’s planetary system and the wider universe is an exciting development in human history.
“We know there are more planets than stars in the galaxy,” reports NASA. According to NASA’s website, the very first exoplanet orbiting a star like Earth’s Sun was discovered in 1995, and ever since then, humanity’s quest to determine the existence of life out there has been gaining more traction, making it one of the fastest growing areas in astronomy today.
Jethro Sumiran, a sophomore from the Philippines studying computer science, expressed, “I believe there are worlds besides our own. For me, space and life as a whole is a near incomprehensible concept, and I find excitement in believing in life beyond our bubble.” He said in this grand cosmic mystery, the more humanity learns, the more they realize how little they understand.
Visions of cosmic neighbors: Is Earth truly alone?
Currently, NASA reports there are more than 5,800 confirmed exoplanets, constituting only a small portion of the billions of Earth’s cosmic neighbors that astronomers believe exist.
According to NASA’s account, recent developments in humanity’s long history of astronomical speculation are significant steps taken to-
ward getting a more precise answer to the big question regarding Earth’s cosmic loneliness.
“So far, our home is unique in the universe,” shares NASA on its website. They say obtaining data about worlds beyond the solar system only ever bred more questions that get more complex by the day. “We stand at a crossroads in search [of] life,” NASA’s website adds. NASA explains although humanity’s technology continues to get more powerful, the only life humankind can ascertain is still right here at home.
Jared Wong, a sophomore from Malaysia studying computer science and intercultural peacebuilding, shared, “I feel like there’s a species out there somewhere, somehow, very far from Earth that either has a lower intelligence or higher intelligence.”
Abish Casilen, a freshman from Utah majoring in communication, also said, “There’s so much space in the universe. I feel like it’s a little hard to believe that we’re the only ones who exist.”
What are exoplanets?
NASA’s website officially defines an exoplanet as any planet beyond the solar system. At least one planet on average is estimated to orbit every star in the galaxy, and most of the discovered exoplanets so far only lie in a “relatively small region” of the Milky Way, it explains.
The first discoveries of planets around other stars were from the 1990s, but according to NASA, scientists did not realize the sheer number of exoplanets that existed until the launch of the Kepler space telescope in 2009.
NASA information says Kepler’s detection of billions of hidden exoplanets in our galaxy alone further fanned humanity’s thirst to explore outside Earth’s space pocket.
EXOPLANET MISSION TIMELINE:
Hubble, NASA, and ESAInvestigated the composition of exoplanet atmospheres; probe the skies for over 30 years
investigated the composition of exo-
1990 2003
2006
Corot, ESA, and CNESPioneered stellar seismology and exoplanet hunting missionsinvestigated the composition of exoplanet atmospheres; probe the skies
Spitzer and NASAStudying exoplanet signatures in infrared light investigated the composition of exoplanet atmospheres;
2013
Gaia, ESAAll-sky survey of position, brightness and motion of over a billion stars nvestigated the composition
2009
Kepler/K2, NASASearching for terrestrial and larger planets in or near the habitable zone investigated the composition
Wong said, “I feel like humans are sometimes so self-absorbed that we don’t look beyond. As the human species, I believe we are naturally born explorers, so this astronomical exploration is just something we are meant to do.” He said it’s fascinating to see all the wonders humankind performs to try and explore what lies beyond.
Why study exoplanets?
Expressing her interest in the existence of exoplanets, Casilen shared, “If we were to find other planets, we could study them and maybe learn how to take care of ours.” She said although Earth is so unique, these potential out-of-this-world systems might be able to help deepen humankind’s understanding of the world or even how the Earth was created.
Sumiran also said, “Discovery of dead planets may aid scientists in understanding how we can prevent the death of our planet.” He emphasized the comparative perspective exoplanets could offer to make humans better understand the uniqueness of Earth.
On its website, NASA says each new planetary system discovered contributes to humanity’s assessment of how the universe works and how the Earth, the sun and its system fit into the whole. Karl Stapelfeldt, chief scientist for NASA’s exoplanet exploration program, shares, “Exoplanet exploration bridges the heavens into human consciousness, and that’s why we do it.”
Meanwhile, Wong expressed he finds no pragmatic benefit in exoplanet discovery. “It does give us more ingredients to make stories out of,” he stated. Referring to the Star Trek franchise, he shared how in awe he was of the vibrant planets humans can inhabit in a fictional universe. “Maybe it also just gives us a better idea of how small we are,” he added.
Recent Developments
According to NASA, several space telescopes are still probing the heavens. NASA says humanity has come a long way from traditional and error-prone planet detection methods. NASA is now taking bolder steps towards its grand survey of the cosmos, first marked by the launch of the James Webb space telescope in 2021, humankind’s largest and most complex space science observatory, the agency explains.
“The years and decades ahead will bring us ever closer to the ultimate in self-reflection: a mirror image of our planet Earth,” NASA shares on its website.
Just about a month ago, on Dec. 12, 2024, NASA announced the Roman mission had finally entered one of its most exciting stages, keeping the observatory on track for completion by Fall 2026. Roman will be the most stable large telescope that ever graced the field of astronomy, with a field of view that is 10 times larger than the James Webb space telescope and 100 times more so than the Hubble space telescope, NASA information explains.
“[It] will unveil the cosmos in ways that have never been possible before,” NASA states. The agency confirms on its website the mission is scheduled to launch by May 2027. They also says Roman will survey the skies and reveal cosmic secrets a thousand times faster than any other space telescope.
Sumiran expressed although he is thrilled to learn more about discoveries and has high hopes for humanity’s progress in this field, he also has mixed feelings about it. “I find it somewhat unsettling to learn [about] how expansive our universe is and how microscopic my existence is in comparison,” he shared.•
Page Design by Marlee Palmer.
Information on the timeline from NASA and ESA.
2019
Cheops, ESACharacterization of known Earth to Neptune-size exoplanets
Plato, ESAStudying and characterizing terrestrial planets in orbits to the habitable zone of Sun-like stars
2018
TESS, NASAFirst transit survey satellite
2021
Webb, NASA, ESA, CSA/ASCStudying the details of exoplanet atmospheres
2027
Roman, NASAStudying exoplanets, dark energy, and infrared astrophysics
Ariel, ESAAnalyzing exoplanets’ atmospheres and doing a chemical census of a large sample of exoplanets
SO YOU WANT TO GO TO SPACE?
Six things that astronauts need to have and do to prepare for their space mission, as shared by NASA
BY GENE CYMMER RAMIREZ
1 NASA has qualifying degrees
In order to be qualified, one must hold a master’s degree from a STEM field, such as engineering, biological science, physical science, computer science or mathematics, given by an accredited institution.
2
Applicants need to have prior related experience to their field
Applicants must have a minimum of three years of related experience in their field after their academic completion.
For pilots, they have to fly at least a total of 1,000 hours in their career.
For doctors, experience in residency is needed and must be completed at a specific date set by NASA.
3 Applicants have to be fit
Applicants have to be able to endure strenuous conditions, which is why NASA is strict with basic vital signs like heart rate, respiratory rate and even skeletal integrity.
Applicants also have to be able to move flexibly and comfortably inside a spacecraft. NASA checks for an applicant’s height and weight to make sure of this.
Applicants have to be in a healthy state of mind. NASA requires a mental examination to check for any past mental disorders or difficulties to ensure there are no such risks when in operation.
to sharpen their wits by participating in simulations that test their academic and technical skills while under pressure.
Launching Into Orbit: Candidates need to get used to being a part of a team by training communication skills, cooperation and coordination.
5
Candidates become active astronauts by passing mission-specific trainings
Spacewalking: Astronauts train how to walk and navigate in zero gravity in a facility called Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory that can create an environment that feels like space.
4
Once accepted, candidates need to gain what NASA calls “expeditionary skills”
Self-Care and Team-Care: Candidates have to maintain physical exercise, psychological evaluations and team-building activities.
Embarking on Pilgrimages: Candidates have to participate in long-duration simulations to practice resource management and problem solving in environments with harsh surroundings.
The Challenge of the Quest: Candidates have
6
Spacecraft Training: Astronauts need to adapt to high-altitude and high-speed situations by training in a jet aircraft called T-38.
Systems and Experiments: Astronauts need to know how to operate robots and conduct experiments in space, so they also undergo scientific equipment training and robotics training.
Finally, astronauts prepare to leave
When astronauts are chosen for specific missions, they are given time by NASA to mentally prepare their families for their long absences.
Astronauts have to be mentally and physically ready for the mission, which is why diet and mental health exercises are even more crucial in these moments.
Finally, astronauts say their goodbyes and prepare to leave Earth by sharing hugs with family and friends and taking a moment to reflect on their incredible achievements and goals. •
A photo from Adobe Stock. Page design by Ice Cesario.
MIRRORING HUMANITY
Photos from Unsplash. Page Design by Marlee Palmer.
Space movies educate us about ourselves, stretch our imaginations about the universe
BY MYCO MARCAIDA
While some view science as dull, films about space can spark curiosity and encourage a deeper interest in understanding how science works, said Kevin Clyde, a senior majoring in communications from the Philippines. He said curiosity is a theme he sees in space exploration films. “We really wouldn’t go up there if we weren’t curious,” he added. Science fiction and space exploration films help one’s mind be free…It helps us see that nothing is impossible. It shows how creative our minds can be. It has no limitations, ” he added.
Tumaliuan said a film he admires is the Martian. “After conquering the moon, man’s next big step was to set foot on Mars. ‘The Martian’ allowed me to appreciate the possibilities of mankind’s pursuit of evolution.” He said he admires the film showing examples like growing potatoes on Mars, using a spacesuit while in space and how boundless the human mind can be.
Space films show the reality
Jesse Cassandra Crank, a junior majoring in biology from California, said space movies push the “what-if” answers to the “what-if” situations with realism and scientific accuracy. For example, she explained some space movies show racism in an unexpected way. In the Alien-Romulus series, she said there are synthetic humans. “Other characters were looking down on them because they were not real people. That is why I like the Alien series as it includes real-life problems, ” she added.
She said she prefers Star Trek over Star Wars because it offers scientific insights, and her organic chemistry class teacher often references it in class. Although some parts in space films can be overly dramatic, she explained she enjoys the portrayal of aliens and the exploration of diversity, including the contrasts with humanity.
Brent Cowley, an assistant professor in the Faculty of Arts & Letters, said his master’s thesis was on Christopher Nolan, a film director known for the use of realism within his movies as a branding point. He said, “I think people are realizing just how important this science is with the entertainment they are seeing. Although space movies are fun, they are not always realistic.” The death star explosion in “Star Wars: A New Hope,” a space opera, created in 1997, showed there’s no sound in space, he shared as an example. Interstellar is all about immersion, he said, adding when the movie premiered in theaters, some viewers complained they couldn’t hear the dialogue in certain scenes.
Defining a great space film
A great space movie has to have a unique visual storytelling factor, Cowley said. The visual aesthetic and story outside the norm of space movies separates it from other genres people love, he added.
He said the most important factor in these movies is showing the fragility of humankind on earth. “The [movie] Martian brings up the
question, ‘Why do we have to find these other planets to try to save humanity when all we have to do is save what we already have?’” he added.
Cowley said there is a notion of collaboration with space movies.“‘The Martian’ where we have Matt Damon, and he’s on Mars and everyone is trying to help him come back to earth. But who is it that actually provides the method for him to survive? It’s China,” he added.
He said another example is the Chinese International space station providing Sandra Bullock, who starred in the space film, “Gravity,” helped her to survive. He explained the collaboration between industries is driven by China’s strict quota that permits only 34 foreign films to be shown in theaters annually. However, he explained films co-produced with China are exempt from this restriction because they involve Chinese funding. This partnership ensures such films gain automatic access to theaters in China, making co-productions a strategic choice for filmmakers.
According to IMDB, “Passengers” is a film about a starship during its 120-year voyage transporting 5, 258 people, but the spaceship is having a malfunction with one of the sleeping pods causing one person to wake up, still 90 years from his destination. “As far as filmmaking goes, the out-of-this-world music and sound make a great space movie. One thing I loved about ‘Passengers’ was the music that Thomas Newman worked on,” he added.
Further, Cowley said technology, specifically, AI has been an important factor in science fiction and space movies for a very long time. “Not just AI being science fiction. It’s science fact. We are living it now,” he added.
Historical and allegorical relevance
The movie “Interstellar” will stand the test of time because it is a piece of history, said Cowley. “ It’s already happened before. It is an allegory for things that already happened here on earth, and what our future may be if things don’t change,” he added.
He said the perfect example is the “dust bowl.” In the United States in the 1920s, he said when agriculture had come in, farmers had taken out trees and made the plains one sweeping wind-filled dust bowl. “It destroyed crops and was destroying humanity’s ability to live,” he added.
Interstellar shows exactly what happened in the past, Cowley said. “If you look at the end of the film, there was a documentary made by Ken Burns called the ‘Dustbal,’ and the interview footage where he’s on a space station talking of that era of the earth dying. That was actual footage from the documentary, the dust bowl, describing where we have already been,” he added.
When it comes to space exploration, Cowley said it is the frontier. “Space is a way we can move forward and teach ourselves about ourselves,” he added.•
SPACE MOVIE RECOMMENDATIONS
Professor Brent Cowley’s List
Arrival
Dune 1 and 2
First Man
Gravity
Guardians of the Galaxy
Interstellar
The Martian Moon Rogue One Wall-e
Kevin Clyde’s List
Interstellar
The Martian Wall-e Gravity Startrek Mars Needs Moms Zathura
Prometheus Passengers
Jessie Crank’s List
Alien
Hidden Figures
Interstellar
Star Trek
Wall-e
Ender’s Game
Guardians of the Galaxy
Zathura
Treasure planet
Star wars
A photo of Matt Damon in the move, The Martian (2015).
Launching into interstellar space Launching into interstellar space Launching into interstellar space
Defy gravity with out-of-this-world space trivia collected from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
BY WINSLETTE QUIRAY-SANTIAGO
“The universe is everything. It includes all of space and all the matter and energy that space contains. It even includes time itself and, of course, it includes you.” - NASA
The universe is nearly 14 billion years old, our solar system is 4.6 billion years old, life on Earth has existed for 3.8 billion years, and humans have only been around for a few hundred thousand years.
Our solar system has one star, eight planets, five officially named dwarf planets, hundreds of moons, thousands of comets and more than a million steroids.
Dwarf Planets: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and Eris.
Did you know that Neptune’s giant, spinning storms could swallow the whole Earth? Neptune’s winds are the fastest in the solar system, reaching 2,575 kilometers per hour, or 1,600 miles per hour.
More than 1,300 Earths would fit into Jupiter’s vast sphere.
There’s a high chance you’d be able to dunk the basketball on a Martian court because gravity on Mars is approximately one-third that on Earth.
To detect the tiny signals from space, the Deep Space Network uses dish antennas with a diameter of up to 70 meters (230 feet), almost as big as a football field.
The Milky Way is our home galaxy. It’s a spiral galaxy with a disk of stars spanning more than 100,000 light-years. Earth is located along one of the galaxy’s spiral arms, about halfway from the center.
The black holes aren’t holes.They’re vast concentrations of matter packed into very tiny pieces. It is so dense that gravity beneath its surface, the event horizon, is strong enough that nothing – not even light– can escape.
Spaghettification - a real term that describes what happens when matter gets too close to a black hole. It’s squeezed horizontally and stretched vertically, resembling a noodle.
The Sun doesn’t have a solid surface because it’s a ball of plasma. The part of the Sun we see from Earth –the part we call the surface –is the photosphere.
Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets, are rocky remnants left over from the formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago.
Approximately 30 meteor showers occur each year that are visible to observers on Earth. Some of these showers have been around longer than 100 years. For example, the Perseid meteor shower occurs each year in August, was first observed about 2000 years ago, and recorded in the Chinese annals. •
