Spring 2018 SURF posters

Effects of Simulated Herbivory on Naupaka (Scaevola taccada) Makamae Kaupu, Samay Primm, and Nicole Yarbrough Professor Mike Ross - Botany 101 Lab Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Scaevola taccada (Naupaka Kahakai) is an indigenous plant to Hawaiʻi. There are 130 species of Scaevola of which 10 are native to Hawaiʻi. This shrub-like plant has white flowers that produce white fleshy fruits for reproduction.

It’s green leaves have white hairs on the epidermis, near axillary buds, and apical meristem regions for protection. The leaves are moderately succulent which help it to tolerate drought, wind, salt spray, and heat. It grows best in coastal environments. Unlike other species of Scaevola, S. taccada produces seeds that can handle floating through salt water currents and will only germinate once they get to fresh water.

Scaevola plants have been distributed widely around the world and have become very adaptable. Indigenous people over time have found great uses for several varieties of S. taccada. In South Pacific, people are using S. taccada to treat coughs and TB8. Early Hawaiians used parts of the plant for refreshment on long journeys and to care for cuts, wounds, and skin diseases6. On Cousin Island, S. taccada is aiding habitat restoration efforts for the threatened Seychelles warbler3. This plant is extremely versatile and useful.

Simulated herbivory was tested on the Naupaka Kahakai plant, or Scaevola taccada, by making three groups, each consisting of a sample size of three. Our control group (A) was left untouched, group (B) received three hole punches in exactly half of the plant’s leaves (following Barton 2016 method)1, and group (C) got exactly half of its leaves pulled (following the Raghu et al.

2006 method)7. Each group was treated twice; on January 31st, 2018, the start of the experiment and midway through the experiment on February 28th, 2018. To measure plants we placed a 12 inch plastic ruler horizontally on the rim of the pot and used this as our measurement baseline (0 cm). We placed another ruler atop this baseline, measured to the apical meristem region, and recorded the growth (in cm). To get the most accurate measurement, we repositioned plants observed with curved stems to counter the effects of auxin on stem growth. All nine plants were measured Monday-Friday around 10:40-12:00pm (HST) for 10 weeks. Results were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with Tukeyʻs Multiple Comparisons in XLSTAT 2014.

Figure 1. S. taccada prior to treatment 01/31/18. (Rows top to bottom: groups (C), (B), and (A).)

Figure 2. Measuring S. taccada (B1).

RESULTS

Effects of Simulated Herbivory on the Growth of Scaevola taccada

Figure 4. Graphical results of simulated herbivory on the growth of S. taccada utilizing methods such as (B) Hole Punch and (C) Leaf Removal. P-value <0.0001

Figure 3. S. taccada at the end of our experiment 04/12/18. (Rows top to bottom: groups (C), (A), and (B).)

CONCLUSION

Based on our data, we concluded that utilizing both simulated herbivory methods, (B) Hole Punch on the leaves or (C) Leaf Removal, did affect the growth of Scaevola taccada. We suspect the results from the use of method (B), reflect damage that was inflicted on the vascular tissues found in the leaves.

We presume the results of method (C) are due to changes in the concentration of growth promoting hormones near the apical meristem.

BIBLIOGRAPHY HYPOTHESIS

Simulated herbivory on Scaevola taccada would slow the growth rate due to less surface area of leaves for photosynthesis.

Acknowledgments: We would also like to acknowledge Wun Ni Chen for aiding in the collection of growth measurements.

1) Barton, Kasey E. "Low Tolerance to Simulated Herbivory in Hawaiian Seedlings despite Induced Changes in Photosynthesis and Biomass Allocation." Annals of Botany, vol. 117, no. 6, May 2016, pp. 1053-1062.

EBSCOhost, doi:10.1093/aob/mcw021.

2) Hjalten, Joakim, et al. “Effects of Simulated Herbivory and Intraspecific Competition on the Compensatory Ability of Birches.” Abstract, Ecology Science Of America , 1 June 1993, esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2307/1940483.

3) Komdeur, Jan, and Mariëtte D. Pels. “Rescue of the Seychelles warbler on Cousin Island, Seychelles: the role of habitat restoration.” Biological Conservation, Volume 124, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 15-26, ISSN 0006-3207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.12.009. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320705000145) 4) Maron, John L, and Elizabeth Crone. “Herbivory: Effects on Plant Abundance, Distribution and Population Growth.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273.1601 (2006): 2575–2584. PMC. Web. 14 Mar. 2018.

5) Messing, Russell H. “Invasive aphids attack native Hawaiian plants.” Biological Invasions. Vol. 9, Issue 5, pp.601-607.July 2007. SpringerLink. 14 Nov. 2016. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9045-1 Accessed 30 Jan. 2018.

6)“Native Plants Hawaii - Viewing Plant : Scaevola Taccada.” University of Hawaii. Copyright 2009. nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Scaevola_sericea.

7) Raghu, S. K. Dhileepan, and M. Treviño. “Response of an invasive liana to simulated herbivory: implications for its biological control.” Acta Oecologica, Volume 29, Issue 3, 2006, pp. 335-45, ISSN 1146-609X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2005.12.003 Accessed 24 Jan. 2018.

8) Sharifi-Rad, Javad, Bahare Salehi, Zorica Z. Stojanović-Radić, Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokou, Marzieh Sharifi-Rad, Gail B. Mahady, Majid Sharifi-Rad, Mohammad-Reza Masjedi, Temitope O. Lawal, Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi, Javid Masjedi, Razieh Sharifi-Rad, William N. Setzer, Mehdi Sharifi-Rad, Farzad Kobarfard, Atta-ur Rahman, Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary, Athar Ata, Marcello Iriti. “Medicinal plants used in the treatment of tuberculosis - Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological approaches.” Biotechnology Advances, 2017, ISSN 0734-9750, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.07.001.

Effects of allelopathic leaves on Scaevola taccada Randi Spray and Chayote Tomdasa

Introduction

Invasive plants have many tools for outcompeting Hawaii’s native plants and one of the most malicious is allelopathy. Many invasive species have been suggested as having allelopathic properties, including ironwood (Casuarina equisetifolia) and banyans (Ficus spp.) [5]. We looked at the allelopathic properties of C. equisetifolia and F. benghalensis on the native beach naupaka (Scaevola taccada).

Casuarina equisetifolia L. was introduced to Hawai’i in 1882 [5,6].

The characteristic needles are actually highly reduced leaves. Casuarina is very tolerant to sea salt and forms associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, allowing it to thrive in the same beach habitats as S. taccada.

One study found the needles, especially the fresh needles, of C. equisetifolia contained high levels of allelochemicals and that extracts had negative effects on germination, seedling length and weight [7]. A study of the related C. pauper found that extracts only negatively impacted one of the two species studied, whereas the litter prevented the germination of both. However, the litter did not effect the growth of established plants [8].

Ficus benghalensis L. was among many Ficus species introduced as ornamentals to Hawai’i, and it’s relative Ficus microcarpa has become invasive on the islands [5, 9].

According to research on F. benghalensis, the leaf and bark extracts at different concentrations had an allelopathic effect on various plants.

Higher concentrations were correlated with a decrease in seed germination and reduction of growth in a number of plants that were tested [10,1].

However, in two studies on Vigna radiata lower concentrations demonstrated a positive effect on seed germination and growth [11,12]. These studies suggest that the allelopathic effect of F. benghalensis may be either beneficial or harmful depending on the species.

Materials and Methods

We randomly assigned our nine S. taccada plants to three groups: those with F. benghalensis leaves added to the pot, those with C. equistefolia needles added to the pot and the control group. They grew in the KCC greenhouse from Jan. 24, 2018 until April 16, 2018 and measurements were taken each weekday. We measured from the lip of the pot to the top of the newest leaf.

We added the cut up pieces of five large F. benghalensis leaves and 50 C. equistefolia needles at two week intervals five times or until the leaves reached the lip of the pot.

At the end, each pot contained 25 F. benghalensis leaves or 250 C. equistefolia needles.

Data was analyzed using a oneway ANOVA with Tukeyʻs Multiple Comparisons in XLSTAT 2014.

Faculty advisor: Mike Ross, BOT 101L Kapiolani Community College, Honolulu, HI

What is allelopathy?

Allelopathy is the production by plants of chemicals which have a “direct or indirect harmful or beneficial effect” [1] on other plants.

There are many of these allelochemicals; one article notes 26 different types [2, 3]. Leaves, roots and bark are frequently mentioned as the source of allelochemicals but they can be present in all plant tissues where they can be leached or secreted into the environment [1].

Allelopathy can be difficult to demonstrate in natural ecosystems [4].

Hypothesis

The growth rate of Scaevola taccada will be affected by the presence of leaves from the allelopathic species, Casuarina equisetifolia and Ficus benghalensis within the same pot.

Conclusion

Figure 1.

Figure 1: Casuarina equisetifolia needles cause dieback to a Scaevola taccada shrub along a beachwalk in Kailua. Casuarina equisetifolia needles, Figure 2, and Ficus benghalensis leaves, Figure 3, added to pots growing Scaevola taccada. Figure 4: The Ficus benghalensis, Casuarina equisetifolia, and the control groups growing the KCC greenhouse. (Photos by Randi Spray)

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

The increase in growth of the S. taccada treated with F. benghalensis leaves was the most dramatic result of our research. It is possible that S. taccada is one of those species beneficially affected by the F. benghalensis’ allelopathic chemicals.

The C. equisetifolia treatment also showed growth but at a rate similar to the control. It is possible C. equesetifolia’s allelochemicals are secreted by the roots, not the leaves, or that the suppression of growth frequently seen underneath C. equisetifolia trees is due to the dense physical covering of leaves, rather than any chemicals released.

Another explanation for the results was the order in which the plants were placed in the greenhouse, which is walled off on the west side and doesn’t get much afternoon light. Closest to the east window were the F. benghalensis treatment, C. equisetifolia treatment and control; growth increased in the same order.

In future studies, it would be helpful to determine the chemical composition of the leaves and be able to control the concentration of allelochemicals.

Figure 4.

Results

Effect of allelopathic leaves on Scaevola taccada growth

Figure 5: Growth over time of S. taccada plants treated with F. benghalensis leaves, C. equisetifolia needles and control (n=3). P-value <0.0001 Sources: [1] Manikandan, M. and Jayakumar, M., “Herbicidal effect of Ficus bengalensis on Ipomoea pentaphylla.” International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 1(2): 128-131, 2011. [2] Chengxu, Wang, Zhu Mingxing, Chen Xuhui and Qu Bo. “Review on Allelopathy of Exotic Invasive Plants.” Procedia Engineering 18 (2011) 240 – 246. [3] Latif, S. and Chiapusio, G. and Weston L.A. “Allelopathy and Role of Allelochemicals in Plant Defence.” Advances in Botanical Research, vol. 82: 19-54, 2017. [4] Allaby, Michael. Oxford Dictionary of Plant Sciences. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 2004. [5] Hall, John B. A Hiker’s Guide to Trailside Plants in Hawai’i. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu, Hawaii. 2004. [6] Herbst, Daniel R. and Warren L. Wagner, “Alien Plants on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.” Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawai’i: Management and Research. Edit.

Charles P. Stone, Clifford W. Smith, J. Timothy Tunisom. 1992. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii Manoa. [7] Batish, D.R. and H.P. Singh and R.K. Kohli, “Vegetation exclusion under Casuarina equisetifolia L.: Does allelopathy play a role?” Community Ecology, 2(1): 93-100, 2001. [8] Barritt, Andrew R. and Jose M. Facelli. “Effects of Casuarina pauper litter and grove soil on emergence and growth of understorey species in arid lands of South Australia,” Journal of Arid Environments, 49:569-579, 2001. [9] Wong, Melvin. “Ficus Plants for Hawai‘i Landscapes.” Ornamentals and Flowers. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Manoa, May 2007, OF-34.[10] Sobiya, Shafique and Bajwa, Rukhsana and Javaid, Arshad and Shafique, Shazia “Biological Control of Parthenium IV: Suppressive Ability of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Some Allelopathic Trees Against Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Parthenium hysterophorus L.” Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res, 11(1-2): 75-79, (2005). [11] Mohsin, Namra and Tariq, Marium and Zaki, Muhammad and Abbasi, Muhammad Waseem and Imran, Muhammad, “Allelopathic Effect of Ficus benghalensis L. Leaves Extract on Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Maize, Mungbean and Sunflower.” International Journal of Biology Research, 4(1): 34-38, 2016. [12] Jayakumar, M. and Eyini, M. and Manikandan, M. “Allelopathic Effects of Extracts from Ficus benghalensis L.” Korean Journal of Ecology, 21(2): 133-137, 1998.

Acknowledgments: Katerina Imamura helped take measurements during the first half of the semester.

The Effects Of Varying Levels of Salinity On Scaevola taccada Kekoa Minoyama, Wythe Braden, Eri Kitaji, Kevin Deng Michael Ross BOT101L Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction: Scaevola taccada or naupaka kahakai is a highly versatile plant used widely in Hawai'i for commercial and landscaping reasons. S. taccada is a plant belonging to the Goodenia family or Goodeniaceae. It is an herbaceous dicot and can grow up to 10m tall.

The name Scaevola originates from the greek scaevus which is believed to mean left handed or awkward. S. taccada is indigenous to the Hawaiian Islands and is also found throughout tropical and subtropical Pacific and Indian ocean coasts. They are known for their resilience to salt water and spray, often being found on coastlines.

One thing we wanted to investigate in this research is that we wanted to know how salt affects S. taccada.

Figure 1. Nine S.taccada plants from the KCC Greenhouse were used in the experiment

Hypothesis If we spray six plants of S. taccada with salt spray then the growth rate will negatively affected because the addition of salt spray will result in symptoms of drought.

Methods/ Materials 1. Experiment took place in the greenhouse at KCC 2.Divided nine S. taccada into three groups, control group, treatment group number one and treatment group number one 3.Prepared two spray bottles of 3.2% and 3.7% of salt water and tap water.

4. We sprayed the control group five times of spray of tap water.

5. We sprayed treatment group number one five times with spray of 3.2% salt water.

6. We sprayed the treatment group number two five times spray of 3.7% salt water 7. Data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA with Tukeyʻs Multiple Comparisons in XLSTAT 2014.

Figure 2. Growth of Scaevola taccada under different regimes of salt concentration

Results After monitoring the growth rates of S. taccada for 46 days, we noticed that salt spray varying in levels of 3.2% and 3.7% interferes with the growth of S.taccada. .P-value <0.0001 (Control vs. 3.2%), P-value <0.0001 (Control vs. 3.7%), P-value = 0.903 (3.2% vs. 3.7% salt).

Conclusion As the results of our experiment suggest, salt spray deters growth of S. taccada. This supports our hypothesis that S. taccada is negatively affected by salinity spray. We would like to see how salinity spray effects other species of Scaevola. We do not advise growers of S.taccada to use salt spray as it has weak effects on S.taccada.

1.Bornhorst, Heidi L., and Fred C Rausch. “Native Hawaiian Plants for Landscaping, Conservation, and Reforestation.” Cooperative Extensive Service, Mar. 2003. University of Hawaii. 2.Lesko, G. L., and R. B. Walker. “Effect of Sea Water on Seed Germination in Two Pacific Atoll Beach Species.” Ecology, vol. 50, no. 4, 1969, pp. 730–734. 3.Goldstein, G. and D.R. Drake. "Growth and Photosynthetic Responses of Scaevola sericea,.."International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 157, no. 2, Mar. 1996, p. 171. 4. Allaway, WG, et al. “Water Relations of Coral Cay Vegetation on the Great Barrier Reef: Water Potentials and Osmotic Content.” Australian Journal of Botany, CSIRO PUBLISHING, 1 Jan. 1984. 5. Paquin, Daniel, et al. "Bench-Scale Phytoremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Marine Sediment with Tropical Plants." International Journal of Phytoremediation, vol. 4, no. 4, Dec. 2002, p. 297. 6. DAMSKI, DANIEL J., et al. "Genetic Differentiation and Diversity of Acacia Koa Populations in the Hawaiian Islands." Plant Species Biology, vol. 27, no. 3, Sept. 2012, pp. 181-190. 7. Ares, A. and J.H. Fownes. "Genetic Differentiation of Intrinsic Water-Use Efficiency in the Hawaiian Native Acacia Koa." International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 161, no. 6, Nov. 2000, 909. 8. ” Native Plants Hawaii - Viewing Plant : Scaevola taccada, nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Scaevola_sericea.

A Cocktail of Two Parts: The Production of a Novel Bacterial Vector Fox Kajiwara Kapi‘olani Community College, University of Hawai‘i INTRODUCTION

METHODS/RESULTS

METHODS/RESULTS (contd.)

Molecular Biology looks at the science of life on a molecular scale. It is a science of minute interactions at a scale invisible to the naked eye. Molecular Biology looks closely at the interactions of molecular machinery and chemicals not only between our cells, but between foreign elements like bacteria as well. This study delved into a narrow slice of that subject known as recombinant DNA technology, the combining of genetic material into new and potentially beneficial configurations not found in nature. This subject has been mired in negative conceptions partly in fault because of the lack of communication between researchers and the broader public. But for the synthetic qualities associated with the subject and the skewed visions of creating molecular Frankenstein’s monsters, it is a natural process that has been adapted and utilized for the good of humanity.

This study uses an adapted natural bacterial process called plasmids or vectors that are circular loops of DNA that often confer an advantage to the bacteria that use them. In this study two sequences of DNA (genes) of interest were inserted through adapted natural processes into a vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. These target genes are two fluorescent proteins, Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP). In nature these proteins are used in a form of bioluminescence by jellyfish or corals, but are used as excellent non-toxic tags or indicators of biological interactions in biomedical sciences. GFP is around 715 base pairs of DNA long and RFP is a littler smaller around 675 base pairs. These sequences contain no introns as they are being expressed in a prokaryotic model organism. This study was performed as a proof of concept for the linking of two distinct proteins and to create a platform through which additional research may be carried out by the Kapiolani Association of Research in Microbiology.

1) Minipreparation of pFN18-A vector to serve as backbone for the final product.

Vector is replicated in a stock of E. coli and harvested.

Optical density is measured for quantity and purity.

2) Vector undergoes restriction digest with AsiSI and AscI enzymes.

Fig. 1. Visualization of final product. RFP and GFP linked and expressed as a single molecule Calf Intestinal Phosphatase is used to dephosphorylate the sheared ends.

Optical density is measured.

3) GFP and RFP sequences are amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to be inserted into the pFN18-A vector. b a Restriction sites are added to the target genes by special DNA polymerases.

Optical density is measured for each.

4) The restriction sites added to the end of Fig. 2. Gel Electrophoresis of Digested GFP are digested with AsiSI and AscI to and Dephosphorylated pFN18-A Vector create complementary ends to the a. Uncut Vector b. Vector cut with pFN18-A vector. Optical density is AsiSI and AscI measured.

5) The pFN18-A vector and GFP insert are glued together with the help of Ligase, a binding protein. This creates the first viable vector pFN18A-GFP that confers ampicillin resistance and the production of GFP in the presence of a sugar called Rhamnose.

6) The completed pFN18A-GFP is introduced to a stock of E. coli and allowed to transform, the bacteria taking in and utilizing the vector’s products.

Cultures of E. coli are grown on agarose plates coated with ampicillin and rhamnose to select for colonies that successfully transformed.

7) Colonies were selected based on their successful transformations and underwent minipreparation to extract the ligated vector and insert. These were verified through PCR and gel electrophoresis (Fig. 3). One was chosen to be the new stock moving forward and was grown out. Optical density was measured for quantity and purity of sample.

8) The pFN18A-GFP vector was digested with the AscI restriction enzyme to create complementarity to the RFP insert. Optical density was measured.

9) Restriction exonucleases are used to perform Gibson assembly on the RFP insert and pFN18A-GFP vector, thus creating the final desired vector.

10) Final vector is introduced into E. coli stocks. Colonies are grown on selective plates coated with Ampicillin and Rhamnose. Colonies were picked and underwent PCR for verification of vector and assembly.

Data suggests that colony D on Fig. 4 was transformed with the correct vector.

PROJECT WORKFLOW

Minipreparation of Vector, Optical Density (OD)

Digestion and Dephosphorylation of Vector, OD

GFP/RFP Amplification, OD

Double Digestion of GFP, OD

Ligation of Vector and GFP Insert

Transformation of E. coli with Vector, OD

Minipreparation of Vector + GFP, OD

AscI Digestion of Vector, OD

Gibson Assembly of RFP into Vector

Transformation of E. coli with Final Product, Screening

Fig. 3. Gel Electrophoresis of transformed E. coli verifying ligation of GFP and correct orientation within vector

L

A1 A2

B1

B2

C1 C2

D1 D2

Key A1- Green Colony w/RFPR A2- Green Colony w/BR B1- Red Colony w/RFPR B2- Red Colony w/BR C1- No Color w/RFPR C2- No Color w/BR D1- Wildcard w/RFPR D2- Wildcard w/BR Fig. 4. Gel Electro Electrophoresis of transformed E. coli to verify transformation and assembly of final vector

Sample Vector Miniprep Digestion/CIP GFP Amplification RFP Amlplification GFP Double Digest

Date 2/8/2018 2/15/2018 3/8/2018 3/8/2018 3/15/2018

Nucleic Acid Amount (ng/µl)

260/280 151.8 108.8 14.4 449 93.7

1.88 1.69 1.79 1.87 1.84

pFN18A-GFP Miniprep

4/5/2018

96.7

1.88

pFN18A-GFP Digestion

4/5/2018

37.8

1.75

Table 1. Optical Density data throughout course of study

CONCLUSIONS This study incorporated a number of biological processes through which a significant novel vector was created. The original backbone vector, pFN18-A, was cut by two restriction endonucleases to allow for the insertion of a PCR modified GFP amplicon. This new plasmid was verified through PCR and gel electrophoresis and was cut again by a restriction endonuclease to allow for the insertion of PCR modified RFP amplicon through Gibson assembly. The final vector was transformed into E.. coli and cultured. Select colonies were harvested and verified through PCR and gel electrophoresis. The data gathered indicates that the production of the novel vector was successful, though phylogenetic representation in the bacteria is lacking. Further imaging of the colonies were in agreement with the conclusions reached in these experiments. The successfully transformed colonies will also undergo sequencing to obtain the exact genetic code for this vector.

The impact on the research efforts of the Kapiolani Association of Research in Microbiology because of the creation of this successful vector are significant and will propel their efforts to new discoveries. The continuation of research with this vector will be using it as a backbone for future vectors of varied configurations. The fluorescent proteins can be removed and replaced with many useful genes and the remaining color will act as phylogenetic screening for transformed bacteria. Overall a successful production of a novel vector for further exciting research opportunities.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF pFN18A PLASMID CONTAINING GFP AND RFP FOR DOWNSTREAM EXPRESSION OF SINGLE CHAIN VARIABLE FRAGMENT ANTIBODY Nghi Dam, Draven Aquino, Matthew Tuthill Kapi‘olani Community College, University of Hawaii INTRODUCTION ● Molecular biology is the study of biology at the molecular level such as the structures, functions and interactions of macromolecules that essential to life such as nucleic acids and proteins. ● Recombinant DNA technology is the joining of DNA molecules from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that would not naturally occur but its functions are valuable to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry. ● Plasmid is a double stranded circular DNA molecule in bacteria that is separated from the host chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. The genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance and commonly used in the laboratory manipulation of genes. ● GFP-Green fluorescent protein was originally isolated from the luminous organ of the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. It is composed of 238 amino acids (714 base pairs) that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to UV light. ● RFP-Red fluorescent protein was isolated from Discosoma sea anemones.

It is composed of 225 amino acids (675 base pairs) that fluoresces redorange when excited. ● GFP and RFP do not contain introns, and they are biological markers for monitoring physiological processes, visualizing protein localization, and detecting transgenic expression in biomedical research. ● For those reasons, we use GFP and RFP as target genes to build a vector construction that containing GFP and RFP that exhibit different colors when either of the genes present or both of the genes present in the plasmid. This newly created vector will be useful not only for monitoring the insertion of antibody’s antigen binding fragment heavy chain and light chain into the plasmid, but also link the heavy chain and light chain together with the ultimate purpose of expression it into Escherichia coli to produce Single chain variable fragment (scFv) monoclonal antibody as immunotherapeutic agents for infectious diseases and cancer treatments.

DATA RESULTS A. pFN18A Plasmid prep pFN18A Mini prep Digestion/CIP

OD(ng/ul) 255.8 191

260/280 1.86 1.84

3000 bps

2-log 2-log

∆AsiSI

uncut

1000 bps

GFP RFP GFP∆/∆

OD(ng/ul) 72.6 526.9 205.6

260/280 1.96 1.86 1.87

WTC

GFP

Taq

2-log

NC

WTC

RFP

Taq

b.

a.

c.

2-log No ligase Ligase

Positive control

d.

Negative control

pGEM + Amp + Xgal

No Ligation

2-log

Colony 1

Colony 2

Colony 3

2-log

Colony 4

Colony 5

Figure 4. a. Ligase control. b&c. Transformation of E. coli with pFN18A plasmid contains GFP. The colonies contain these plasmids will exhibit the bright green fluorescence color under UV light. d. Colonies PCR amplification to confirm the plasmids were uptake by the E. coli.

Figure 1. Methodology workflow for the construction of pFN18A vector containing GFP and RFP

OD (ng/uL) pFN18A GFP 207.6 pFN18A GFP ∆AscI 94.2

260/280 1.9 1.86

GFP Blue light

RFP Green light

GFP + RFP Blue light

GFP + RFP Green light

GFP + pFN18A Ligation

METHODOLOGY AsiSI-C-GFP-NarI-3xlinker-AscI-RFP-HindIII-C-FLAG-PmeI

Colony 4

Figure 6. Transformation of E. coli with pFN18A plasmids contain GFP and RFP . The colonies appeared to have a few colonies with bright green color under UV light, a few visible red colonies, white colonies and slightly pink colonies. The slightly pink colony appeared to carry the genes of interest by PCR amplification for confirmation.

Figure 3. PCR Amplification of GFP and RFP

C. Ligation and Transformation

Colony 3

Figure 5. Gibson Assembly RFP into pFN18A plasmid contains GFP. Transformation of E. coli contains these plasmids. Colonies PCR amplification to confirm successfully ligation and transformation occurred.

500 bps

NC

Colony 2

∆AscI ∆AsiSI-AscI-CIP

Figure 2. pFN18A plasmid Double Digestion

B. GFP and RFP prep

Colony 1

Figure 7. Transformed E. coli under Fluorescence Microscope

CONCLUSION The pFN18A plasmid had been successfully modified to contain GFP and RFP. The construction of the pFN18A-GFP-RFP vector is useful for downstream application for expression of antibodies of interest. The utility of using GFP and RFP expression of colors and the change in color to confirm the insertion of antibody heavy chain and light chain to replace GFP and RFP. The linker was built in between GFP and RFP will be used as a linker to link heavy chain and light chain together to form Single chain variable fragment (scFv). The future work will be focused on insertion of functional antibody heavy chain and light chain and express it in form of scFv by E. coli.

Creation of a GFP-RFP Positive Plasmid Vector and its Expression in E. coli Peter Fee Instructor: Matthew Tuthill Kapi‘olani Community College, University of Hawai‘i INTRODUCTION

RESULTS CONTINUED

METHODS/RESULTS

Molecular biology is a field that studies life at the molecular level. The molecules of interest include proteins, DNA, RNA, and lipids, as these are the building blocks of all living organisms. One of the tools used to study these molecules is recombinant DNA technology. This involves taking a portion of one organisms DNA and inserting it into the genome of another organism, allowing for the creation of new, novel organisms that have different functions than their wild-type counterpart. The main organism used in recombinant technology are bacteria, because of their ability to take in and express exogenous DNA in the form of a small circular molecule called a plasmid. Plasmids can be artificially created and altered to include specific DNA sequences, genes, which the bacteria will then express as a protein.

Fluorescent proteins have the ability to glow, or fluoresce, under excitation from specific wavelengths of light. They naturally occur in organisms like jellyfish and sea anemones, but their purpose there is not known. They are used in biomedical research as reporter genes; they’re tagged on to other genes of interest as a way to visualize whether the gene is being expressed.

Our aim was to insert both green and red fluorescent protein (GFP, RFP) into the plasmid vector pFN18A, and express this plasmid in E. coli.

We hypothesized that the resulting GFP-RFP protein would appear green under blue-light excitation and red under normal light conditions. The GFP-RFP plasmid could be used in the future to visualize expression of other non-reporter genes through knockout. The replacement of a fluorescent gene with another gene would result in a lack of color expression, verifying that the target gene is being expressed.

PROJECT WORKFLOW

L

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Figure 1: pFN18A plasmid double digested with AsiSI and AscI restriction enzymes, then treated with CIP. 134.4ng/ul, 260/280: 1.87 L: DNA Ladder 1-8: Uncut supercoiled plasmid, along with large, and small (red box) cut-outs.

3000 1000 500

Figure 5:GFP positive E. coli under green light.

L

1

2

Figure 2: Ligase control demonstrates that our ligase enzyme is able to reattach cut pieces.

L: DNA Lader 1: Plasmid cut with restriction enzymes 2: Plasmid cut first, then ligase was added.

3000

1000

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Figure 3: pFN18A GFP Clone Screening.

This image represents 3 primer sets that were used with 5 fluorescent colonies to check for the presence of GFP. 62.6ng/ul, 260/280: 1.92 L: DNA Ladder 1, 4, 7, 10, 13: GFP forward to backbone reverse 2, 5, 8, 11, 14: GFP forward and reverse 3, 6, 9, 12, 15: Backbone forward to GFP reverse

3000 1000 500

L

1 3

1 4

1 5

3000 1000

Plasmid prep • a.) pFN18A-FLAG plasmid miniprep  OD • b.) Digest/CIP  OD

Figure 6: RFP positive E. coli under blue light.

500

Figure 7: GFP positive E. coli under blue light.

Figure 8: RFP positive E. coli under green light.

Figure 9: GFP RFP positive E. coli under blue light.

Figure 10: GFP RFP positive E. coli under green light.

CONCLUSIONS L Insert prep • a.) GFP/RFP PCR  OD • b.) Double digest GFP  OD

3000 1000 500 Ligation/Transfection • a.) Ligated GFP to pFN18A • b.) Transform E. coli, screen via dirty PCR • c.) Miniprep GFP positive plasmid • d.) Digest RFP with AscI  OD • e.) Gibson assembly to insert RFP into pFN18A GFP • f.) Transform E. coli with GFP-RFP plasmid, screen via PCR • g.) Sequence

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

L

Figure 4: pFN18A GFP RFP Clone.

The positive clone did not display green or red fluorescence to the naked eye.

L: DNA Ladder 1-6: No results 7: Backbone primer 8: RFP Reverse

We were able to isolate the genes for GFP and RFP, and insert them side by side into an expression vector. This vector was transformed into E. coli, verified with PCR, and expression was seen under the fluorescent microscope. We were able to verify each step in the process by the use of PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis, as well as spectroscopy to obtain the concentration and purity of the samples we were working with.

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) could explain why our GFP-RFP positive cells emit a lower intensity of light than the cells with just a single fluorescent color. FRET occurs when two fluorophores are in close enough proximity that when one is excited by a certain wavelength of light, some of its emitted photos will be instantly absorbed by the nearby fluorophore.

Constructing Vector With Recombinant Proteins for Future Antibody Development Ryan Luce Kapi‘olani Community College

INTRODUCTION Molecular biology can be described as the study of life processes at the molecular level, including the structure, function, and interaction of various cellular molecules. Recombinant DNA technology is the joining of DNA that would not occur in nature. Molecular biologists copy genes and clone them into vectors in a process known as gene cloning. Vectors are replicative vehicles for the expression of foreign DNA within an organism. Plasmids are commonly used vectors and are generally small double-stranded, circularized, extrachromosomal DNA. Gene subcloning involves moving a gene, or genes from a parent vector to a destination vector. The target genes for this project are Green fluorescent protein (GFP), and Red fluorescent protein (RFP). GFP was sourced from jellyfish Aequorea Victoria. RFP was sourced from Driscosoma striata, an oceanic mushroom anemone. Bioluminescence is expressed in ~90% of deep sea life, usually for the purposes of communication and reproduction, attracting prey, and for defense or to confound predators. Fluorophores are used in the biomedical industry to localize different types of molecules, such as structural proteins, within a cell. The GFP gene consists of ~707 base-pairs (bp) and 239 amino acids, and RFP consists of ~675 bp and 225 amino acids (no stop codons). Introns have been removed to allow for expression in bacteria. Our goal is to construct a vector later used to better understand and develop specific antibody variable light-chain (VL) sequences.

METHODS/RESULTS After successfully transforming competent E. coli cells, results were confirmed via PCR and epifluorescence using fluorescence microscope. Although we were successful in recombining two differently emitting fluorophores into one protein, no colonies were expressing significant amounts of both proteins. While both red and green colonies were distinguishable in transformed E. coli, no colonies were di-colored, as expected.

(b)

(a) 1

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Lane 1: Ladder, 2, 3, & 4: GFP, 5: Taq A, 6: Ladder, 7, 8, & 9: RFP, 10: Taq B

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Lane 1: Ladder, Lane 2: Green colony 1, Lane 3: Green colony 2, Lane 4: Red colony 1, Lane 5: Red colony 2, Lane 6: Non-colored colony 1, Lane 7: Non-colored Lanes 1, 11, 12 & 19: Ladder, Lanes 2, 5, 8, colony 2, Lane 8: Pinkish colony 1, Lane 9: Pinkish colony 2 13 & 16: Primer pool 1, Lanes 3, 6, 9, 12 & 17: Primer pool 2, Lanes 4, 7, 10, 15 & 18: Primer pool 3 ~500 bp

Figures 1 (a). Original plasmid map of pFN18A, backbone of construct (b). 3-D rendering of GFP (c). Antibody structure

Plasmid Prep: pFN18A vector prepared by performing miniprep on screened E. coli containing vector. Backbone was then cut by restriction digestion at AsiSI site and an added AscI site. Newly cut ends were dephosphorylated using Calf intestinal phosphatase (CIP) to prevent self-ligation. Insert Prep: PCR of GFP/RFP. GFP amplicon then cut at AscI and AsiSI sites to reveal sticky ends & prepare for ligation with vector. Ligations/Transformation: Ligated prepped GFP insert and double-cut, dephosphorylated vector via T4 DNA Ligase reaction. Following transformation of competent Escherichia coli cells via heat shock method, miniprep performed on transformed E. coli to purify vector. AscI digestion performed on plasmid to prep for insertion of RFP insert via Gibson Assembly. After Gibson Assembly, competent E. coli transformed via heat shock method. Newly transformed E. coli screened for new vector via PCR, as well as epifluorescence via fluorescence microscope.

Plasmid Preparation

Insert Preparation

Ligation / Transformation

• Miniprep → OD

• GFP/RFP PCR → OD

• GFP + vector ligated

• AsiSI & AscI Δ / Δ & CIP

• AsiSI & AscI Δ / Δ → OD

• Transformed & screened via PCR

→ OD

• Miniprep • AscI Δ → OD • Gibson • Transformed & screened via PCR

Figure 2 Workflow chart

Lanes 1 & 2: Neg control, 3: GFP, 4:GFP w/ Taq, 5: Ladder, 6 & 7: Neg control, 8: RFP 9: RFP w/ Taq

Figures 3 (a). Chart consisting of OD readings using Thermo Nanodrop. Pure DNA has a 260/280 OD of 1.8 nm. (b). Agarose gel of GFP and RFP PCR purification (c). GFP and RFP PCR re-do (d). GFP insert with 3 different primer pools (Pool 1: ~750 bp, pool 2: ~723 bp, pool 3: ~900 bp) (e). Different colored colonies with 2 sets of primers (primer group 1: ~1200 bp, group 2: ~1400 bp

PROJECT WORKFLOW

PCR and fluorescent microscopy validate that a vector containing both GFP and RFP has been successfully constructed and transformed competent E. coli cells. Some issues did occur along the way. In more than one attempt, I was not successful in confirming a GFP amplicon using gel electrophoresis. I was also unsuccessful in amplifying constructs consisting of either GFP/RFP and homemade Taq. This could be due to error in methodology, or due to primer degradation.

~1000 bp

~1000 bp

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CONCLUSIONS

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Figures 4 Transformed cells under Fluorescent Microscope (a). GFP & RFP + under blue light (b). GFP & RFP + under green light (same field as (a)) (c).

GFP + under blue light (d). RFP + under blue light (e). RFP + under green light (same field as (d)

(d)

Overall, I believe this was a small breakthrough for a beginner researcher, like myself. I was not sure what to expect of the results. To find no transformed colonies were multi-colored was somewhat of a let down, and I assumed I was unsuccessful at constructing and transforming with project vector at that point however, after quick tests to validate the transformation, I was surprised to learn I was successful. The fundamental goal driving biotechnology to use living organisms, or their products, to improve human condition. Honing a deep understanding of the molecular tools at hand within the scientific community is integral for continued breakthroughs that glean a better understanding of the world around us. In the future, researchers may use a construct like the one created to better understand the nature of antibodies. A future endeavor of this project is to have the target genes switched out for antibody variable sequences, in hopes of being able to one day sequence and build designer light-chain variable regions of antibodies, with the goal refining immunotherapy techniques for future generations.

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Figures 5 (a).

Germline DNA sequence of antibody heavy- chain and light-chain variable regions (b). A conceptualized construct of a future vector used to develop designer antibodies

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Using Recombinant Technology to Express Virulent Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 11168 Genes in Escherichia coli Christopher Holley Kapi‘olani Community College, University of Hawai‘i

INTRODUCTION

METHODS/RESULTS

Campylobacter jejuni is a spiral shaped gram-negative bacteria that thrives in low oxygen environments. It is most commonly found in livestock, most notably poultry. Up to 90% poultry are colonized by C. jejuni. They can be found in the intestines where they cause no harm. C. jejuni is that cause of most gastroenteritis in the world and it can be contracted by eating uncooked meat, most commonly, chicken meat. It is not known how exactly C. jejuni can survive well in high oxygen environments.

CONCLUSIONS

Vector was first grown to high concentration and extracted from host bacteria. The DNA was then digested to free the filler gene (Taq) and disable both segments from reannealing and/or self annealing. CadF & CiaB were isolated by PCR of C. jejuni genome using specific primers. The primers for CiaB were not specific enough at 55C so a 2nd PCR was conducted at 57C (annealing phase) which resulted favorably. The supposed CadF and CiaB genes were then processed with matching restriction sites for attachment to digested vector. The completed vectors were then added to E. coli that were coaxed into accepting the DNA into their cytoplasm. Although E. coli inserted with CiaB are showing negative results of gene insertion, a possible CadF gene appears to be in a colony of E. coli

Sequences show that CadF was successfully transformed into the KRX E. coli. Although the not all the amino acids do not match the CadF sequence stored on GenBank. It is difficult to determine whether our CadF is a less viable version until monoclonal cultures are produced from our CadF antigens.

There are two genes of interest that may be virulence factors of C. jejuni, CadF (Campylobacter fibronectin binding protein) & CiaB (Campylobacter invasion antigen B). CadF is thought to code for an outer membrane protein that facilitates attachment to intestinal lining. This inhibits the infected host from being able to flush out the bacteria. CiaB is a gene that is suspected to facilitate in the secretion of 8 proteins that enable the bacterium to gain entry to epithelial cells.

Successful expression of these genes could lead to antibody production and serum that can be used for those afflicted by C. jejuni. Especially children, who have the highest mortality rate from this disease.

Figure 1. Campylobacter jejuni

PROJECT WORKFLOW pFN18A-Taq is a useful vector system that contains HaloTag, TEV, and Taq. The first thing that must be done is to extract the Taq gene and disable the segments from rejoining or self-ligating. Genes CadF and CiaB are amplified by PCR of C. jejuni. The genes are added to the solution of digested vectors ligated with vectors for a new complete vector that is ready to be expressed. The pFN18A-CadF & pFN18A-CiaB are given to competent genetically modified E. coli to uptake the vector and maintain the DNA extrachromosomally. The bacteria are given ampicillin to select for the vector carrying bacteria as the vector contains an ampicillin resistance gene. Those that do not uptake the vector are eliminated. Rhamnose is then added to enable the expression of CadF & CiaB. If successful, the proteins will be synthesized with a HaloTag bound together by a TEV cut site.

Sequences revealed that only CadF was successfully transformed into E. coli. From this point only CadF was expressed. The protein was express in high amounts before lysing the cells. Halolink was then added to capture the Halotag+CadF. The super was discarded. The CadF was then cut away from Halotag with TEV protease, releasing the CadF from the Halolink beads. The TEV protease was then isolated with Hislink beads, leaving CadF in the super.

Figure 2. Electrophoresis gel of digested/cip pFN18ATaq. The higher band is the vector backbone and the lower is the extracted Taq polymerase gene

Figure 3.

2nd round electrophoresis gel of amplified Cadf & CiaB with 2-log ladder.

Column 2 is CadF 2nd amplification. Column 3 is CiaB reamplified amplicon. Column 4 is CiaB 1st round PCR with 57C annealing phase.

Figure 4. Electrophoresis gel of modified vector pFN18A-CadF in E. coli with 2-log ladder. Columns 1-5 are CadF amplicons. Columns 6-10 are of vector backbone. Columns 2 & 6 show a favorable vector. *Data from J. Mattos

Gene CadF is amplified from C. jejuni then inserted into pNF18A

The plasmid is inserted into E. coli

The CadF is expressed with Halotag attached to it

Figure 4. SDS-Page 12% acrylamide silver stain. Lanes: Kaleidoscope marker, non-induced total lysate, induced total lysate, discarded supernatant, super after 1 wash with beads, TEV protease, super from washing HaloLink, TEV protease+CadF, purified CadF, Supersignal Date Fig 09/26/17 n/a 09/28/17 n/a

The E. coli are lysed. The Cadf protein are isolated by adding beads that attract Halotag

Super is thrown away. CadF are cut away from the Halotag using a TEV protease. CadF is collected in the supernatant

OD Miniprep unpurif ied stock vector Miniprep purif ied stock vector

10/05/17

3 Post digest and cip of vector

10/31/17

5 PCR of CadF

10/31/17

5 PCR of CiaB amplicon

10/31/17

5 PCR of CiaB at 57C annealing T

Figure 5. SDS-Page 12% acrylamide silver stain. Lanes: Kaleidoscope marker, non-induced total lysate, induced total lysate, TEV Protease, purified CadF, Supersignal

Unit 39 ng/µl 5.6 ng/µl

Nucleic Acid C.

A280 A260 0.779 0.445 0.113 0.057

24.2 ng/µl

0.485

0.249

186.1 ng/µl

3.721

2.021

89.4 ng/µl

1.789

0.951

224.6 ng/µl

4.492

2.434

11/07/17 n/a

Digest of CiaB

101 ng/µl

2.02

1.105

11/07/17 n/a

Digest of CadF

1.5 ng/µl

0.031

0.016

11/16/17

7 Vector w ith CadF

16.1 ng/µl

0.323

0.137

11/16/17

8 Vector w ith CiaB

107 ng/µl

2.14

1.162

Table 1. ODs of vectors and genes throughout the project.

CiaB was not successfully transformed into the KRX E. coli, according to the cultures that we sequenced. This can be addressed by starting from scratch. We can have a better probability of cultivating a pFN18A-CiaB culture because our bench skill have improved significantly and by using lessons learned from the first attempts, such as modifying PCR primers and raising the annealing phase temperature to 59C to raise specificity.

The process for protein purification is quite a simple but long protocol. The process should have been easy but that was not the case. The very first protein purification led to no purified product and possible contamination of protein in the TEV protease. The contamination was addressed by using a different batch of TEV protease, which proved to work. As far as the result of no CadF captured, it was thought that the protein wasn’t properly created, or it was unstable in the E. coli, so the E. coli was reincubated at room temperature instead of 37C. The induced culture was also grown at 10x the quantity from the first experiment.

Fig. 4 shows what should be pure CadF in lane 9. The faint mark looks to be either 40-50kDa or 37-50kDa according to the Supersignal and the Kaleidoscope respectively. This is interesting because the weight of HaloTag is ~33kDa, CadF is ~37kDa, and modified TEV protease is ~52kDa. Unfortunately it looks like only the TEV protease could be found in what should be only TEV protease.

Fig. 5 looks to be more promising. The TEV protease is still very faint in lane 5 but there's also another marker at just about 15kDa. This might be CadF, but a fragmented version. This could be due to proteases cutting the protein and/or difficulties in codon optimization between E. coli and C. jejuni. Moving forward it might help to do a 2nd TEV protease wash with HisLink and to lower the acrylamide in the protein gel to 11%. Another option is to attempt to transform C. jejuni so that it will mass produce CadF in it’s native state. However that could lead to so many other complications such as a suboptimal HaloTag, which would make it difficult to isolate the CadF.

Figure 6. Summary of comparison of GenBank CadF and CadF that we transformed.

Hislink is used to capture the TEV protease. What left is the isolated CadF

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to my peers J. Mattos, L. Kawakami, S. Virojanadul for sharing data and product. Thank you M. Tuthill, R. Oda, D.Aquino and C. Allen for guidance contributions to this project.

Can Hermit Crabs Tell the Difference Between a Normal and slightly Weaker Shell Caused by Climate Change?

By Adrian Wong

Bio265L: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Lab. Faculty Mentor: Wendy Kuntz Ph. D Introduction Climate change is a highly publicized issue in today’s society, with humans discussed as the major cause of its accelerating change (Fay 2017) The science has been proposed, and properly tested and so the case has been made; as we use more and more fossil fuels more Carbon Dioxide or CO2 gets released into the air.

CO2 is a green house gas, which means an increase in CO2 = an increase in earth’s temperature. Besides the amazingly hot summers we get to look forward to and the melting of the polar ice caps; increasing CO2 also has an unfavorable interaction with our oceans. When CO2s enters the ocean it begins to combine with carbonate and water to form Carbonic Acid, with the formula as shown: (CO2+CO32-) + H20 —> 2HCO3An increase in ocean acidity will have negative effects on calcium carbonate dependent organisms leading to the dissolution of CaCO3 based material (Marshall 2008). To what extent, is for humans to decide. For my experiment I wanted to test the hermit crabs decision when presented with a normal shell while in a shell that had been slightly dissolved by acid. I hypothesized that hermit crabs will be able to tell that one shell is weaker than the another an switch shells, choosing to switch from an overly dissolved shell acidified shell to a normal one.

Methods and Materials: First I had to select Nerita picea shells that matched my Calcinus laevimanus Hermit crabs shells, so the would more easily accept the shells presented. Using 20 Hermit crabs I selected 20 pairs of closely matching shells. I then separated the pairs into group A and group B. Weighing the groups I came out with 9.98g for group A and 10.01 for group B.

(Pairs being separated).

Group A: Normal

Group B: Acidified

I then ran group B in an acetic acid concentration at 2M for 30 mins. So that the smell of the acid was not a factor I ran group A in a 0.2M concentration for 30 mins.

To counteract the reaction I soaked both groups in a 1% sodium bicarbonate solution overnight. I aimed for a dissolution factor of about 15-20%. Group B weighed in after the acid process at 7.6g so about a 24% calcium carbonate dissolution. Group A remained at 9.98-.9.97g.

After being coerced the to leave their shell using heat, I placed a hermit crab in a isolated partitioned unit cell with an acidified shell from group B. (One that matched their original shell closely in size) . Once all the hermit crabs had accepted the acidified shells my experiment commenced. I placed a shell from group A (normal) of matching size in with each crab. The hermit crabs were then given 24 hours to switch shells. I analyzed for difference in shell switching using a CHI-Test, determine if crabs were able to determine that shells from group A were stronger/of better condition than those they were in (group B).

Results: After the 24 hour choosing process in-which the crabs in the acidified shells (Group B) were given a normal shell (Group A ) most chose to switch (Figure 1).

14 12

Figure 1. The graph to the right represents the data collected from the experiment, with the amount of crabs recorded in normal shells in black.

Those who did not switch are in green.

10 8

Hermit crabs that switched to a Normal Shell

6

Hermit crabs that did not switch.

4 2 0

Hermit crabs that switched Hermit crabs that did not to a Normal Shell switch.

I omitted four crabs from the experiment as they had left their unit cell and entered another, since a time before leaving their partition could not be determined. I was able to determine that hermit crabs did not switch randomly (p-value of 0.0455, Table 1).

• 12/16 crabs had switched from the more advanced acidified shells into normal shells • 4/16 Hermit crabs did not switch shells and remained in the acidified shells.

• 4/20 Hermit crabs had made it into another Hermit crab’s partition, these were the Hermit crabs that were excluded from the experiment.

• 2/4 of the partitions with invasions had Hermit crabs that switched shells.

• 4/4 partitions that did not have a Hermit crab in them had the normal shell in them. Meaning all 4 Hermit crabs that made into another unit had not switched before doing so.

• 2/12 Hermit crabs with non-invaded partitions, had not switched shells. normal shell o (observed) 12 e (expected) 8 0-e 4 (0-e)^2 16 (0-e)^2/e 2 p-value 0.045500264

Discussion:

My experiment supported my hypothesis that Hermit Crabs are able to tell the difference between a normal and an acidified shell. They chose more often to switch from the acidified and structurally weaker shell to a normal shell. Ocean acidification impacts may be more than just less protection for the crabs. In a study with increased acidity found that Nerite snails used more energy in repairing the shells they formed (Orr 2005). If this happens we may see reduced mollusk shell production and thus less shells available for Hermit crabs.

Future research could include populations of the same species of hermit crabs from different areas of the globe. It would also be interesting to add in new factors including using a lower pH than that of sea water, to see if ocean acidity itself affects Hermit crab behavior when selecting a shell.

In summation the raising levels of ocean acidity are predicted to dissolve calcium carbonate shells over time, reducing shell quality. As a result, hermit crabs will have to find new shells more often. Given the choice, it is clear that they would choose a shell produced in today’s ocean environment rather than one in the future, with shells having been dissolved by increased ocean acidity.

References:

Fay, G, J.S.Link, J.A.Hare, 2017. Assessing the effects of ocean acidification in the Northeast US using an end-to-end marine ecosystem model. Ecological Modelling; 347,1-10 Marshall, D.J., J.H.Santos, K.M.Y.Leung, W.H.Chak, 2008. Correlations between gastropod shell dissolution and water chemical properties in a tropical estuary. Marine Environmental Research: 66 (4) pp.422 Orr, J.C., L.Bopp,S.C., Doney, R.Feely, 2005. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twentyfirst century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature; September 2005.

acidified shell 4 8 -4 16 2

Table 1: includes the data I collected, along with a statistical frequency x^2 test also known as a Chi-test .

Above is a picture of the hermit crabs in their partitions with a normal shell, taken before the 24 hour switching period.

A few observations from the four crabs that invaded other partitions are: Of the 16 shells the Hermit crabs were first put in four of the acidified shells had holes in them, of which during the experiment all four crabs with these shells had switched. Regarding 2 crabs who’s partitions were breached, 2 of the 4 had switched shells either before or after being invaded .

Acknowledgements :

To KCC and its wonderful and helpful staff.

W. Kuntz – lab instructor Colleen Allen– Lab and safety overseer Kayli Ching – Lab Assistant Yosh Uyeda (made this experiment possible by proving extra shells) Lastly to the Left-handed Hermit Crabs, who soldiered on throughout the ordeal.

Hermit Crab Preference: Beef vs Banana Chantel Agpaoa – BIOL 265L Kapi‘olani Community College

Introduction:

Results:

Discussion:

Intertidal hermit crabs live in an ever-changing environment, but tides and wave action ensure a constant influx of food (Reese 1969). Hermit crabs can be described as generalist scavengers, willing to consume novel food choices never before encountered, an attribute that gives them an advantage in the absence of familiar, but irregular food sources (Tran 2015).

Hermit crabs have an affinity for carrion, prized for its high protein content in an environment with an abundance of carbohydrate resources such as algae (Tran et al. 2014). I hypothesized that given a choice between beef or a banana, foods exotic to their normal diet, an intertidal hermit crab species will choose the protein option, as their evolutionary nature to obtain any available protein should determine their food drive.

• 13 individuals (35%) had a preference for beef.

• 7 individuals (19%) had a preference for the banana.

• 17 individuals (46%) had no preference. (Figure 1)

A surprising amount of crabs did not show any food preference (46%). Of the individuals that had definitive preference, more hermit crabs chose beef over the banana; however, this was not significant, so my hypothesis that the crabs would choose protein was not supported. It’s possible that protein is not limited in their intertidal environment, so there would not be as big a drive to procure meat.

Conversely, there was a trend towards hermit crab preference for meat, so perhaps my study design did not allow for optimal detection of this pattern. Starving the crabs for 48 hours may not have been enough time for them to get hungry enough to eat a novel food. I also may not have given the crabs enough time to acclimate to the small bowls of saline water, as a lot of them ignored the food and spent their five minutes walking along the edge of the bowl. The overall sample size of crabs that had a definitive preference was relatively small, but due to time constraints and the number of crabs available, I was not able to continue more trials. Future research could implement 72 hours of starvation to better encourage a food choice and/or access to more hermit crabs to ensure more opportunities for trials.

the given options: a beef stick and a banana

Analyzing only the 20 trials where crabs showed a definitive food preference, the chi-squared test gave a p-value of 0.1797.

Calcinus laevimanus

Methods: • I collected the species Calcinus laevimanus from a beach in south O‘ahu, HI. • The crabs were starved for 48 hours prior to experiment.

• Individuals were randomly selected and tested until 20 definitive results were observed. Individuals were placed in a small bowl of shallow saline water for each test and allowed to acclimate for one minute.

• Small samples of each food choice were placed at an equidistant point from the hermit crab.

• Individuals were given a five minute limit choose a food.

• I used a chi-squared test to determine if one food was preferred over another. Tests with no clear results were discarded from final statistical analysis.

Figure 1: Bar graph depicting C. laevimanus food choice

Tank of C. laevimanus hermit crabs

References:

Reese, E. S. 1969. Behavioral Adaptations of Intertidal Hermit Crabs.

American Zoologist. 9:343-355.

Tran, Mark V., et al. 2014. Aggression and Food Resource Competition between Sympatric Hermit Crab Species. PLoS ONE. 9:1-7.

Tran, Mark V. 2015. Behavioral reactions to novel food odors by intertidal hermit crabs. Behavioural Processes. 113:35-40.

C. laevimanus in a bowl with a choice between beef or banana

C. laevimanus that chose beef and then flipped onto its back

Acknowledgements: Thanks to Dr. Wendy Kuntz, Kayli Ching, Colleen Allen, Eric Welch, and Marissa Vinberg for their help and guidance throughout this project.

Behavioral Hierarchy of Hermit Crabs Christian Headrick Biology 265 Lab, Kapi‘olani Community College

Introduction The study of behavioral hierarchy looks at different behaviors of an organism and attempts to explain why that organism would prioritize certain behaviors over others in an evolutionary context (Laidre 2008). This experiment aims to provide an understanding of the fascinating behavior hierarchy and to establish how hermit crabs prioritize feeding and shell selection. The question that I aim to answer in this experiment is can certain conditions lead to a change in behaviors and where do those priorities rank in their hierarchy?

Previous research indicates that hermit crabs prioritize shell selection over other behaviors, as this is likely an evolution adapted behavior to protect themselves from predators (Billock 2011). I predicted that hermit crabs that have had food withheld for one week are likely to prioritize food over shell selection; meanwhile, the group that has been fed normally, will prioritize shell selection as expected.

Methods The hermit crab species Calcinus laevimanus was collected from various beaches on the island of O‘ahu. Twenty hermit crabs were chosen at random and separated into 2 groups of 10. The first group was fed normally, with a scheduled feeding a day before the experiment. The second group of 10 had food withheld for one week before the experiment was conducted. On the day of the experiment, the hermit crabs were removed from their shells by heat from a soldering iron. The 20 crabs were kept separate and allowed to rest for one hour to recover from any stress from the shell removal. The experiment was then conducted within petri dishes filled with seawater with a single hermit crab at a time. The shell that each crab had previously occupied was placed in an equidistant position from a commercial crab food pellet. The reaction from each hermit crab was then recorded whether the hermit crab chose the food or the shell first. The reactions were. These results were analyzed using a proportions test in order to ascertain if starved crabs prioritized shells or food.

Results

Figure 1. These two contrasting pie charts show the results of the experiment. The pie chart on the left shows the result of hermit crabs that were regularly fed; the pie chart on the right shows the results from the trial of hermit crabs that had food withheld.

The results showed that 7 out of 10 hermit crabs that had food withheld (starved group) chose food before selecting a shell. Conversely, in the group that was fed 8 out of 10 selected a shell before feeding. The Z-Score is -2.2473 and the pvalue is 0.02444. The result is significant at p <0.05.

Discussion The data supports that hermit crabs that have had food withheld prioritize food over shell selection.

Significantly more of the starved group of crabs chose food over selecting shells; whereas the control group chose shells over food as expected.

The results support that behaviorial hiercarchies can fluctuate depending on different environmental variables. This supports the research done that shows that shell selection behavior can be impacted by the presence of predators (Rotjan 2004).

Although the evolutionary adaptation of shell selection is strongest under normal conditions or in the presence of predators, hunger or perhaps other variables can reprioritize their normal behavior hierarchies. Further experiments should be done to see if other variables combined with hunger, such as predator effluent or competing hermit crabs would have an effect on this behavior.

References • Billock, & Dunbar. 2011. Shell and food acquisition behaviors: Evidence for Contextual Decision Hierarchies in hermit crabs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 398(1-2), 26-32.

• Laidre, & Elwood. 2008. Motivation matters: Cheliped extension displays in the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus, are honest signals of hunger. Animal Behaviour, 75(6), 2041-2047.

• Rotjan, R., Blum, D., & Lewis, J. 2004. Shell choice in Pagurus longicarpus hermit crabs: Does predation threat influence shell selection behavior? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 56(2), 171-176.

Acknowledgements Figure 2. A Calcinus laevimanus hermit crab with its mollusk shell removed (image from: Teng-Wei Wang, http://taibif.tw/zh/namecode/310923

Figure 3. A hermit crab with its shell removed was placed equidistant from its shell and food.

I would like to thank our wonderful professor, Dr. Wendy Kuntz and our laboratory TA, Kayli, as well as the KCC Biology Lab.

Parental Care in Manu-o-ku on the Kapi‘olani Community College Campus Katie Gipson Biol265L; Dr. Wendy Kuntz Kapiʻolani Community College

Introduction The White Fairy Tern (Gygis alba) or the Manu-o-Kū is a threatened seabird indigenous islands throughout the Pacific (Vanderwerf 2003). While it commonly resides in less populated islands, the only recorded population within the main Hawaiian Islands has been observed on O‘ahu since 1961 (Niethammer et.al. 1998, Vanderwerf 2003). As of 2007, the Manu-o-Kū is the official bird of the City and County of Honolulu, is listed as threatened by the State of Hawai’I, and is protected under the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Manu-oKū in Honolulu lay one single egg directly on a tree branch, the parent forage at sea for fish (Vanderwerf 2003) Since 2014, Kapi‘olani Community College (KCC) students have been monitoring Manu-oKū nesting locations and behavior on campus. My project is monitoring parental care behaviors. By better understanding parental care behavior, we can better understand how to conserve this incredible species and give others monitoring the Manu-o-Kū and tree trimmers a better idea of when the nest will be considered inactive and could possibly open up some conservation pathways to help preserve this incredible species. I wanted to document if parental care lessened as the chick matured and if parental visits and visit durations have an inverse relationship with age (i.e. as the chick gets older number of parental visits increase, but duration of visits decrease).

Map of KCC campus nesting sites 2014-Present the red circle representing the recorded nests

Materials and Methods Observations of the Manu-o-Kū were done at a minimum distance of ten meters using binoculars. Activity was recorded following sunrise on KCC campus where nests were monitored and location were noted. I set up a video camera within a building to monitor the parental care behaviors of Manu-o-ku for two chicks at one nest site during different breeding events on KCC Campus. The cameras were connected to a computer which then recorded and livestreamed video. One camera was attached to a spotting scope for a close up picture of the chick while the other was mounted to a railing to get a view of the entire branch. The videos were then reviewed at a later date and the activities of the adults were documented. Behaviors that were recorded included: when parent(s) returned or left the nest site, allopreening (when parent preens chick), courtship behaviors (when parents preen each other or foot stomping), feeding events and duration, and if the parent is sitting on the chick and for how long. I also noted when the chicks leave the screen and whether or not an adult is present off screen (off screen being when the chick or adult is on the larger screen).

When documenting behaviors, I noted the time the behavior occured at for more in depth review and for a record of time of day. To better understand changes in parental care behavior over time, I compared young chicks, chicks that are between 0 to 21 days old, and old chicks, chicks that are 22 to 44 days old. A breakdown of the adults activities is broken into “standing with chick” meaning the adult is on screen while exhibiting no notable behaviors, “away from nesting branch” meaning that the adult is off screen, and “exhibiting courtship behaviors” meaning that the adults are allopreening or foot stomping (those are the only courtship behaviors that were observed).

Results The videos totaled to over 1,000 hours of video, only about 95 hours (about 4 days) of video between the two chicks were able to be analyzed. Half of the analyzed videos ( about 2 days) was for the young chicks while the other half (about 2 days) was for the old chicks and that is broken into half (about 2 days) for the Spring 2017 chick and half (about 2 days) for the Summer 2017 chick. The videos of the chicks showed that with new chicks, there was an adult on screen with the chick through a good portion of the night (~36.76% night is the time between sunset and sunrise) while with old chicks, the adult was hardly present at night (~6.62% of the night). On top of that, feedings would not occur at night, but showed no other pattern. Feedings seemed to occur whenever and with whatever the parents could catch with no pattern to age of chick or time of day which was observed across all the videos that I analyzed. Between the young chicks one received 4 feeding totaling 15 fish and the other received 9 feeding totaling 23 fish, between the old chicks one received 18 feedings totaling 24 fish (1 fish was dropped and 1 feeding has an unknown amount) and the other received 6 feedings totaling 6 fish (3 feedings have an unknown amount) all during a 24 hour period. There are noticeable difference in other behaviors which can be seen in Figures 2 and 3. You can see that the adults no longer sit on and spend less time standing with the old chicks and instead begin exhibiting courtship behaviors such as allopreening and foot stomping, a behavior not present with the young chicks.

Figure 1: Shows the average time sadults pent with the chicks in a 24 hour period with the two age groups side by side. Time is shown in Hours : Minutes : Seconds

By looking at Figure 1, you can see that, on average, the parents would spend more time with the new chicks than they did with the old chicks. This is broken down in Figures 2 and 3 into the types of activities that occur. Figures 4 and 5 show that although older chicks received over half as many visits than younger chicks, the duration of their visits totaled to over 9 times shorter. Analysis of the videos also showed that parents did not return at set times, sometimes returning in the middle of the night or the middle of the day with no food to offer and staying away from the chick.

Discussion and future research Figure 2: Break down of the activities that the adults spent their time doing in a 24 hour period - averaged across the two young chicks.

Figure 3: Break down ofthe activities that the adults spent their time doing in a 24 hour period - averaged across the 2 old chicks.

It is exciting to be able to see how the parents treat the chick as it ages and I can’t wait to go through all the videos to see how the behaviors vary between chicks with presumably the same nesting pair. The data that has been collected has given better insight into white tern behaviors, nesting habits, and growth. In the future, I would hope to gather data on more nests and to improve my data collecting procedures so I can gather more accurate data that gives a more accurate representation of the care behaviors as well as being able to identify the fish being fed. My project can also include documenting the Manu-o-kus specific diet, creating a care guide, and if the tides/moon phases could have an effect on when the Manu-o-ku return to land and/or their nests.

Literature Cited: Abramoff, M.D., Magalhaes, P.J., Ram, S.J. Image Processing with ImageJ. Biophotonics International, volume 11, issue 7, pp. 36-42, 2004.

Figure 4: Shows the totaled average duration of the adult visits for both age group side by side. Time is in Hours : Minutes : Seconds

Figure 5: Shows the average number of adult visits in a 24 hour period with both age groups side by side.

Niethammer, Kenneth R. and Laura B. Patrick. (1998). White Tern (Gygis alba), The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/whiter DOI: 10.2173/bna.371 VanderWerf, Eric A. September 2003. Distribution, Abundance, and Breeding Biology of White Terns on Oahu, Hawaii. The Wilson Bulletin, 115(3), 258-262.

Left: Set up for recording the nest in the tree across the walkway Right: Analyzing data - Adult is sitting on the chick Mahalo nui to Dr. Wendy Kuntz, Brian Deis, Mackenzie Manning, Eric Vanderwerf, Rich Downs, Alex Awo, Kristen Feato, Ka’iulani O’Brien, Jayson Gose, Mackenzie Jahnke, Li-Anne Delavega, Keomailani Eaton and the KCC STEM Program.

Investigating The Effects of an Unknown Coral on the Growth of Native Hawaiian Corals Kyle Aukai Biology 265 Lab, Dr. Wendy Kuntz Kapi‘olani Community College

Introduction:

Results:

The Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR) Coral Restoration Nursery biologists recently found an unknown Porites coral in Honolulu Harbor (“Harbor Porites”). This non-described coral can tolerate murky water with low light and high run-off of pollutants from nearby stream run-off and it excels in conditions not favorable to native Hawaiian corals (C. Wolke, DAR, pers com). I hypothesized that Harbor Porites likely is filling open niche in manmade harbors and may pose little competition with native corals. I predicted that Harbor Porites will not overtake surface area from the native corals in ideal conditions for native corals.

Methods:

Figure 5: Close to proportional growth between the native M.capitata and the Harbor Porites.

Figure 1: The total amount of growth each set of corals took in contrast to the Harbor Porites

Corals were collected in the summer of 2016 with a hammer and chisel under the supervision of DAR staff and permits. Montipora capitata and Montipora patula were collected from Kaneohe Bay. Pavona varians, Pocillopora damicornis, and Porites lobata were collected from Ke‘ehi Harbor. The unknown Harbor Porites was collected from Honolulu Harbor. All corals went through quarantine for a month.

Substrate for the experiment was a ceramic unglazed bath tile cut to 3.7cm by 4.5cm with a Ridgid© wet tile saw. After quarantine, one colony of each coral was photographed with a ruler and then micro-fragmented into 1cm squared pieces using a Gryphon© diamond band saw. Three fragments of each native coral and 21 fragments of Harbor Porites was obtained. A fragmented native coral was placed onto a cut tile partnered with a Harbor Porites 0.5cm away using bsik instacure IC gel glue. The process was replicated 14 more times for all native coral fragments. The control was two Harbor Porites fragments per tile for three tiles. Each tile of a set was labeled with a number 1, 2, and 3. Each set was photographed in corresponding number with a ruler. Tank conditions for the experiment were a medium-low to medium-high wave action, PAR of 50-700 micromoles per square meter seconds, salinity of 34-36 ppt, temperature ranging between 68-75 degrees Fahrenheit, and tank depth of 2 feet. The experiment was suspended off the tank bottom to 5 inches below water surface. A 50% shade cloth was placed above the tank.

Photos of each set were taken each week for the first month and every other week for the next s or until signs of interaction occurred.

I analyzed for growth by using a computer program called ImageJ©.

The difference between the average amount of growth of a native coral and the unknown coral showed the difference in growth rates.

By using ImageJ© for multiple dates of the experiment, a graph over time of different stages of gained surface area was made.

Figure 2: Close to proportional growth between the native M. patula and the unknown Harbor Porites.

Discussion: Overall, the hypothesis that the Harbor Porites will not overtake the surface area of the native corals is supported. One factore is the different growth rates of each coral. M. patula and Harbor Porites show about the same growth rate and both corals showed signs of competition with the unknown Harbor Porites coral bleaching on the edge closest to M. patula. P. lobata is known to be a very slow growing coral and for this reason, it could be why the Harbor Porites showed more dominance in obtaining surface area over time. However, the two grew into contact with no signs of bleaching or competition. P. varians was the stand-out of the competition with Harbon Porites. Shortly after the beginning of the P. varians experiment, the Harbor Porites began to bleach and die off rapidly except for one tile. P. varians eventually killed off the unknown coral on all tiles and began to grow over the remnants.

M. captiata showed similar growth rates as the Harbor Porites.

Slight bleaching occurred over the experiment on both corals, but no significant losses were seen. P. damicornis showed no bleaching or competition. P. damicornis grew upwards and the Harbor Porites grew out to the sides along the substrate. Future research should focus on identifying the origin and species of the unknown coral we call Harbor Porites.

Figure 3: The slow growth pattern of the native P. lobata is overtaken by the unknown coral.

References: • C. Wolke, DAR, pers com • N. Chan, DAR, pers com • S. Ranson, DAR, pers com

Acknowledgments: Thank you to Dr. David Gulko, Stephen Ranson, Norton Chan, Chelsea Wolke, Dr. Wendy Kuntz, and Mackenzie Manning for the opportunity, continuous support, and patience.

Figure 4: The native P. varians overtook the unknown coral early in the experiment and eventually killed off the unknown Harbor Porites coral.

Community Efforts Drive Positive Change in Maunalua Bay By: Mackenzie Jahnke Dr. Wendy Kuntz (Faculty Advisor) Kapi‘olani Community College

Introduction:

Results and Discussion:

A. amadelpha is a species of algae that thrives in warm, shallow water and multiplies with alarming speed. If left unchecked, this species outcompetes native algae .Perhaps the most harmful effect of A. amadelpha is its ability to create anoxic bottom waters, or ‘dead zones’ and to trap sediment.

- By determining the percent cover for each algae species in the bay over the past nine years, we established that A. amadelpha was in fact, and still is, the most prevalent algae species.

In the early 1980’s a foreign species of algae was observed off the coasts of Oahu, Hawaii. One of the places this algae was first discovered was in Maunalua Bay. Throughout the next two decades this algae, which was identified as Avrainvillea amadelpha or Leather Mud Weed, seemed to take over portions of the bay. It covered the bay floor and washed up onto its shores in giant heaps.

- By comparing the percent cover from the first four semesters to that of the final four semesters, we discovered that although the invasive algae populations are still predominate in the bay, the pulls seem to have helped the native algae populations increase. The native species now make up more than a quarter of the algae species in Maunalua Bay.

- The data shows an overall decrease in the percent cover of A. amadelpha due to the community lead algae pulls. The decrease in the Mud Weed population is significant, diminishing from 85% coverage in 2009 to a mere 27% coverage in 2017. With the greatest reduction in population occurring in the year following the Great Huki in 2012 at a 20% coverage.

- The total algae biomass in the bay has dwindled since the beginning of the data collection in 2009. Before the 2012 Great Huki, students were removing an average of 159lbs per hour, now that number has declined to an average of 10lbs per hour.

- By compiling our data we now know that, a total of 32,425 lbs. or 16.21 tons of algae has been removed from the bay by the BIO124 Lab students in the last nine years and that together the students volunteered 656 hours of their time to pulling the algae from the bay.

Avrainvillea amadelpha, AKA: Leather Mud Weed

- Through analysis of the BIO124 data, it is evident that the community pulls led by Malama Maunalua have had a significant effect on the algae populations within the bay.

- The A. amadelpha population has had a notable decline, as well as the overall biomass of algae within the bay. These changes seem to have allowed for other native algae species to increase.

In 2005 the non-profit Malama Maunalua was formed. Their plan was to pull the invasive A. amadelpha in hopes of restoring the bay’s health. For the past nine years, Dr. Wendy Kuntz has collaborated with Malama Maunalua. She has tasked her BIO124 Lab students with quantifying as well as removing the invasive algae. The students worked in areas designated by Malama Maunalua as having the highest invasive algae populations. Therefore the student’s data was always taken from the sections of the bay which were considered the worst of the worst, the areas with the highest infestation rates.

In 2010 to 2011, Malama Maunalua implemented the “Great Huki”, a giant group effort in which over three million pounds of algae were removed. from Paiko region of the bay. It wasn’t until the fall of 2012 that the BIO124 Lab students returned to these areas where the Great Huki took place to continue their work on recording the different algae species and pulling the invasive algae populations.

- With the decrease in A. amadelpha, native species should be able to have a better chance of thriving. All the ecosystems of Maunalua Bay have most certainly benefitted from the removal of the Mud Weed, as less run-off sediment is able to be trapped on the floor of the bay.

Management/ Implications:

This Spring semester, 2018, Dr. Kuntz and I have worked to gather all of the data recorded by the BIO124 Lab students from the past 17 semesters. We have organized and analyzed the information in hopes of understanding what the impacts of the algae pull efforts led by Malama Maunalua have been.

We hypothesized that our data would find that the community pulls in Maunalua Bay have resulted in a decrease in population of the invasive A. amadelpha, an increase in the native algae populations, and an overall decrease in algae throughout the bay.

- It is evident that the pulls are making a significant impact on the invasive algae populations.

It is difficult for members of the community to remember how different the conditions of Maunalua Bay were just ten years ago. However, the data clearly shows that the algae populations have notably decreased. Even in the areas considered to have the highest invasive algae infestations, the aggressive and extremely detrimental A. amadelpha species has decreased by almost 70%.

- Continual community pulls in the bay are necessary in order to keep the invasive algae populations from increasing. Analysis of the class data from after the Great Huki shows that the percent cover of the A. amadelpha begins to rise as soon as pull efforts subside in intensity.

Methods:

- In the areas with the highest algae infestation, the BIO124 Lab Students recorded the algae percent cover using the quadrat method. They would then pull the algae from the bay in sessions taking on average 75 minutes; after each pull the weight of the removed algae would be recorded.

- The data collected by this students over the past 9 years and 17 semesters was compiled into two spread sheets. One pertaining to species population and one pertaining to biomass removed from the algae pulls.

- We isolated the pre-removal population data from the post removal, as we felt pre-removal would give us a more accurate account of the algae populations before human interference.

- We determined the percent cover for each population of algae species, with the following equation: (Total times species was observed/total amount of intercepts used in the quadrat analysis). This information was organized by semester in order to see the variation in population over time.

- A similar process was used when determining the amount of biomass removed from the bay. We decided that the best way to determine if the total amount of algae in the bay had changed was to focus on the amount of algae each student was pulling per hour each semester, as this would give us an idea of how much algae was present and therefore available to be pulled.

- To calculate the average amount each student pulled per hour, we used the equation: (Total lbs. pulled/# of people). We then took this number and used the equation: ((lbs. pulled per person/Time of pull)/60) and divided this answer by the number of pulls conducted. This gave us an average of how many pounds each person pulled per hour.

Acknowledgements: Post Great Huki

Thank you so much to Malama Maunalua for helping us in gathering this information and for all that you do for the bay. Thank you to all of the BIO124 students, your data has been invaluable.

Does it feel foggy to you? pH’s effect on Hawaiian intertidal hermit crabs’ ability to locate food Marissa Vinberg ◍ Kapi‘olani Community College ◍ BIOL 265L

Introduction

Discussion

Ocean acidification is a phenomenon caused by the absorption of CO2 into the ocean where CO2 and H2O combine to form carbonic acid, thereby lowering the oceans pH (Figure 1). Currently, the average global ocean pH level is around 8.1, which has decreased ~0.1 in the past century and is on track to continue decreasing (Kitidis et. al. 2017).

Changing ph effects hermit crabs because they utilize chemoreception via their antennules to smell and sense food (de la Haye et. al. 2012).

They also utilize shells for protection. Both are affected by ocean acidification. However, for the purpose of my research my focus was only on the amount of time it took Calcinus laevimanus hermit crabs to locate food in differing pH levels. Due to pH’s ability to disrupt olfaction in hermit crabs, I proposed that in the presence of decreasing pH levels the amount of time it takes to locate food would increase.

So can the hypothesis for longer foraging times in decreasing pH be supported? Based on the averages of the data, it suggests there is almost a 50% correlation between pH and the time it took to locate the pellet of food. However, the overall data set suggests a lower correlation of only 9%. Given the nature of the experiment, and taking into account outliers in the data, the averages of the time it took appear to be the better method for analysis. So does a 50% correlation support the hypothesis? It would seem the data is somewhat inconclusive at this time. While a 50% correlation shows a strong trend, I cannot concretely say the hypothesis is supported.

However, it should be noted that the pH could not be decreased below 6.25 due to the size of the flasks used. In addition, other factors affected the foraging times, such as individuals stumbling upon the food and therefore not necessarily locating it. Some individuals were also extremely stressed and did not appear to be hungry. Hermit crabs were also shared with other students, so the length of time each crab went without food may have varied slightly.

Time constraints also were an issue, so each crab was only given five minutes to acclimate. An interesting detail to note, is that as pH decreased, the number of times a crab walked past a pellet of food without locating the pellet also appeared to increase. Since hermit crabs live in environments with fluctuation pH, I propose that even larger decreases in pH need to be explored.

Figure 3. Average time in seconds to locate food for each trial at differing pH levels.

Figure 1. Process of Ocean Acidification (UC-Davis School of Biological Sciences)

Methods Twenty-five Calcinus laevimanus hermit were collected in Honolulu.

A glass bottle containing 1 liter of seawater was used in each trial, with five trials total (Figure 2). Using a straw to blow carbon dioxide output from my lungs, the pH was lowered in 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 minute increments. Twenty-five experiments were then conducted using 200ml of seawater and 1 hermit crab per experiment. A correlational regression model was used as the methods for data analysis.

Figure 4. Average time in seconds to locate food for each trial, with pH represented as 10-pH in order to represent a logarithmic expression.

Calcinus laevimanus (left-handed hermit crab). (Image courtesy of the Waikiki Aquarium. )

Results

Figure 2. One-liter glass bottles used for all twenty-five trials with pH readings marked .

A correlation test was conducted on the relationship between pH and time (in seconds) spent foraging for food (Figure 3). The averaged time for pH values were found to have a correlation of 0.685 and an rsquared value of 0.49. These averages were then analyzed again, this time converting pH to 10^-pH to get a logarithmic scale. The correlation the log scale was found to be 0.69 with an r-squared value of 0.47 (Figure 4). Additionally, the correlation for all data was 0.30 and the rsquared value was 0.09. It should be noted that values for logarithmic regression were calculated utilizing the excel graphing functions, as the data analysis functions only calculate linear correlations.

Literature Cited • •

• •

Reese, E. S. 1969. Behavioral adaptations of intertidal hermit crabs. American Zoologist 9: 343 355. de la Haye, K., Spicer, J.I., Widdicombe, S., & Briffa, M. 2012. Reduced pH seawater disrupts chemo-responsive behavior in an intertidal crustacean. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 412: 134 - 140.

Briffa, M., de la Haye, K., & Munday, P.L. 2012. High CO2 and marine animal behavior: Potential mechanisms and ecological consequences. Marine Pollution Bulletin 64: 1519 - 1528.

Kitidis, V., Brown, I., Harmand-Mountford, N., & Lefevre, N. 2017. Surface ocean carbon dioxide during the Atlantic Meridional Transect (1995 - 2013): evidence of ocean acidification. Progress in Oceanography 158: 65 - 75.

Acknowledgements Thank you to Dr. Kuntz, our TA Kayli Ching, and Professors Anderson, Tomosada, Pandya, and Beard for all your help!

Environmental Restoration in Hawai‘i: Case Study of Lana‘i Island Kyle Aukai, Katie Gipson, Han Quach Dr. Wendy Kuntz (faculty advisor)

Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

I n t r od u ct i on : Th e Ecol ogy Cl u b at Kapi ‘ol an i Com m u n i ty Col l ege tr avel s ar ou n d th e state gi vi n g ou t h el pfu l h an ds wh er e ever it i s appr eci ated an d ar e al ways i n a sear ch for n ew pl aces to r estor e.

Pu l am a Lan a‘i is a r estor ati on or gan i zati on on th e i sl an d of Lan a‘i wi th a m i ssi on to m ai n tai n an d r estor e cu l tu r al si tes wh il e al so pl ayi n g a r ol e in en vi r on m en tal r estor ati on ar ou n d th e i sl an d (Lan a’i Cu l tu r e & H er i tage Cen ter ). Th ese ar e th e oppor tu n i ti es th e ecol ogy cl u b l ook for an d, i n Jan u ar y 2018, off we wen t to h el p r estor e a fishpon d wal l , r em ove i n vasi ve Ki awe wi th ou r bar e h an ds, cl ear tr ash th at wash ed ash or e, an d m ai n tai n a r estor ed h ei au . W e al so l ear n ed abou t th e en vi r on m en tal h i stor y an d r estor ati on effor ts of th e i sl an d.

Cu r r en t En v i r on m en t al St at u s, I ssu es an d Rest or at i on :

Recom m en d at i on s M ov i n g For w ar d f or Rest or at i on on L an a‘i :

Lan ai ‘i ’s cu r r en t en vi r on m en t i s n ot ver y stabl e or h eal th y. Th e soi l is ver y degr aded an d stil l h as m an y ch em i cal s i n i t fr om wh en th e pi n eappl es wer e pl an ted an d th er e ar e m an y i n vasi ve pl an ts an d an i m al s (m ai n l y u n gu l ates) th at ar e over tak i n g th e i sl an d. Becau se of th e cattl e r an ch er s an d th e pi n eappl e er a, on l y sm al l ar ea of th e i sl an d wer e u n tou ch ed an d sti l l har bor vi abl e seed ban k s, bu t th ese ar eas ar e over gr own wi th i n vasi ve eu cal yptus an d al bi zia tr ees. W e vi si ted to two of th e 8-10 si tes m ai n tain ed by Pu l am a Lan a‘i . Th e gr ou p i s al so h opi n g to pu t i n a fen ce u p th e m ou n tai n ar ou n d th e fi sh pon d so th ey can r em ove th e u n gu l ates an d i n vasi ve pl an ts so th ey can star t ou tpl an ti n g n ati ve speci es. Th ey al so tak e stu den ts fr om th ei r l ocal sch ool (th e on l y sch ool on Lan a‘i ) an d en gage th em i n to a su m m er pr ogr am wh er e th ey can l ear n abou t th ei r cu l tur e an d h el p m ai n tai n th ese beau ti fu l si tes.

At th e fi sh pon d r estor ati on si te on Lan a‘i we r ecom m en d th at after r em ovi n g excess sedi m en t, Pu l am a Lan a‘i ou tpl an t n ati ve cor al an d al gae, an d cl ose ar eas off fr om u n gu l ates. Th ey m ay al so wan t to m i m i c th e O‘ah u com m u n i ty gr ou p M al am a M au n al u a an d star t an “ adopt-a-pl ot” pr ogr am in th e fishpon d an d safe par ts of th e for est. Th i s wou l d al l ow th e cr ew to focu s th ei r effor ts on l ar ger r estor ati on pr ojects si n ce th ey won ’t h ave to ch eck on an d m ai n tai n som e ar eas as often . You can al so l essen th e cr ews wor k l oad by h osti n g l ar ge com m u n i ty wor k days wh er e peopl e can h el p wor k on th e fishpon d an d, at th e en d, be fed deer or m u ffl on (in vasive u n gu l ates) th at ar e cook ed by k i awe (i n vasi ve pl an ts).

L ef t i s the H i ‘i H ei au an d Dr ylan d Agr i cultur al Com plex. Ri ght i s the W ai a‘ōpae L oko wall

En v i r on m en t al H i st or y : In th e 1800s Lan a’i was a l ar ge su ppl i er of sh eep, h or ses, h or n ed cattl e, goats, an d h ogs wer e i n tr odu ced to th e i sl an d to gr aze u pon th ei r gr asses. Un gu l ates qu i ck l y becam e a pr obl em wh en th ey al m ost str i pped th e i sl an d bar e of pr otecti ve n ati ve for ests, wh i ch r esu l ted in dam age i n th ei r water sh ed. Besi des r an ch i n g, Lan a‘i was on ce th e l ar gest pi n eappl e pl an tati on in th e wor l d for 70 year s. W h en th e pl an tati on bu si n ess l eft, th ey l eft beh i n d i n fer til e an d pl asti c fil l ed soi l . Thi s h as l eft Lan a‘i str uggl i n g to pr odu ce th ei r own cr ops.

L ef t i s K alan aki la Chur ch, K eōm oku Vi llage, Pāl āwai Ahupua‘a. Ri ght i s a boat the wen t between L an a ‘i an d L ahai n a, the boat washed ashor e an d the beach li n e has si n ce exten ded due to r un -of f .

L esson s f r om L an a‘i f or ot h er i sl an d s i n H aw ai ‘i on En v i r on m en t al Rest or at i on : On e l esson th at we l ear n ed i s per sever an ce. Restor ati on i n H awai ‘i i s ver y di ffi cu l t. Su ch an exam pl e was th e wor k th e fol k s on Lan a‘i ar e faced wi th dail y. Th ey h ave on l y two to th r ee ti n y n ati ve pl an t pl ots su r r ou n ded by h u n dr eds of acr es of K i awe an d m an y oth er i n tr odu ced or i n vasive pl an ts. To accom pl ish su ch a task , on e n eeds per sever an ce. H ar d wor k , pl en ty h an ds, good attitu des, an d a goal . Oh , an d th i ck gl oves becau se k i awe th or n s ar en ’t fu n to gr ab i n bu n dl es.

To r em ove m an gr ove, it m ay be possi bl e to dr i l l h ol es in to pl an ts l i k e m an gr ove an d th en i n ject an h er bicide i n to th e pl an t/ r oot system i n or der to k i l l th e pl an t, a sim il ar m eth od is u sed on th e Bi g Isl an d to k i l l th e i n vasi ve gor se. Th er e ar e som e h er bi ci des th at cl ai m to n ot h ar m th e fish / m ar in e l i fe. On ce a per i m eter fen ce i s i n stal l ed, al l ow peopl e to h u n t with in th e per i m eter an d k eep th e m eat i f th ey h el p wi th m ai n tai n in g th e fen ce, fi sh pon d, or for est.

For ti m es wh en wor k days ar en ’t possi bl e you can h ost days wh er e you tal k to th e pu bl i c abou t i ssu es, goal s, an d pr ojects in or der to r ai se awar en ess. Sch ool s on n eigh bor in g i sl an ds su ch as Kam eh am eh a sch ool s or col l eges/ u n i ver siti es th at ar e abl e to fu n d th e tr i p can com e ou t to wor k th e l an d an d l ear n abou t Lan a‘i ’s u n i qu e i ssu es. Pu l am a Lan a‘i cou l d al so wor k wi th th e l ocal sch ool to m ak e r estor ati on of th e Ah u pu a’a an academ i c r equ i r em en t, i .e. so th at stu den ts can fu l fil l a “ H awai i an di ver si fi cati on sch ool su bject” .

L ef t i s our gr oup of K apCC studen ts an d f aculty super vi sor lear n i n g about the H i ‘i H ei au on L an a‘i I slan d. Ri ght i s the gr oups di n n er bei n g cooked over the i n vasi ve K i awe wood

Ref er en ces:

● ●

Ri ght i s a gr oup of K apCC studen ts pr epar i n g to place r ocks on the f i shpon ds wall.

● ●

L an a’i C u ltu r e an d H er itage C en ter www.lan aich c.or g E m or y , K . P. (19 24). The I slan d of L an a‘I , A Sur vey of N ati ve Cultur e. B er n ice P. B ish op M u seu m , H on olu lu , H awaii, U SA .

M u n r o, G . C . (20 0 7). The Stor y of L an a’i . N ati ve Books, H on olu lu , H awaii, U SA .

M aly , K ., an d M aly , O. (20 0 7). To K n ow L an a‘i On ce Agai n : A H i stor i cal Ref er en ce an d Gui de to the I slan d of L an a’i . L an a‘i C u ltu r e & H er itage C en ter , L an ai C ity , H awaii, U SA .

L ef t i s what L an a‘i looks li ke n ow. Ri ght i s a H alapepe, en dem i c to L an a‘i i slan d.

Mahalo nui to Dr. Wendy Kuntz, Lana‘i Culture and Heritage Center and Pulama Lana‘i staff, KCC Librarian A. Thomas, and KCC Student Congress for travel funding!

.

Macroalgae Composition after the Initial Removal of Invasive Algae in Maunalua Bay Tina Huynh-Nguyen, Professor Wendy Kuntz BIO265L Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI INTRODUCTION

RESULTS

In Hawaii, invasive species continue to devast and threaten the stability of nearshore ecosystems (Smith et al., 2002). The shallow reef flats of Maunalua Bay are dominated by the invasive algae, Avrainvillea amadelpha (leather mudweed), which is a foundation species that provides secondary substrate for epiphytic algae and habitat space for marine invertebrate (Martinez, 2009). A. amadelpha hinders the ecology of the bay by reducing water flow and accumulating sediments (Minton and Conklin, 2012). This process promotes eutrophic environmental conditions that prevents native marine organisms from flourishing. To mitigate the spreading of A. amadelpha large scales removal of invasive algae has been executed by non-profit organizations, The Nature Conservancy and Mālama Maunalua.

This research investigated the recovery of native algae species within four 10m x 10m plots that were initially removed of invasive algae species A. amadelpha, Gracilaria salicornia and Acanthophora spicifera, 8 to 20 months prior in Maunalua Bay. I hypothesized that the average percent cover of native algae species will be higher in the plot cleared 20 months prior compared to the plot cleared 8 months prior. This hypothesis assumes that native algae species can better reestablish their population as time progressed after the removal invasive algae species.

• The percent cover of invasive algae species shows a positive trend as time progressed from date of manual removal (Figure 1) • The percent cover of invasive algae growth best fits a linear model (R2=0.9714) and the percent cover of native algae growth best fits a polynomial model (R2=0.2504) (Figure 2) • Population proportion tests calculated significant differences in the percent cover of invasive algae species, A. amadelpha and A. spicifera and native algae, Spyridia sp. in the 8 month plot compared to the 20 month plot, where the trend is positive (Table 1) • A population proportion test calculated significant difference in the percent cover of native algal species, Halimeda sp. in the 8 month plot compared to the 20 month plot, where the trend is decreasing (Table 1)

Average Algae Percent Cover in Eight Plots within Maunalua Bay

Average Percent Cover

Invasive algae, Avrainvillea amadelpha

Invasive algae, Gracilaria salicornia

Invasive algae, Acanthophora spicifera

40 30 20 10 0

MATERIALS AND METHODS Site Selection: To determine the current prevalence and regrowth of three main invasive algae, A. amadelpha, G. salicornia and A. spicifera in Maunalua Bay, quantitative studies was conducted on March 2, 2018 and March 16, 2018. All the plots in this study were provided by Mālama Maunalua and are located on the reef flats of Paiko Beach in Maunalua Bay. Each plot was 10m x 10m in parameters and the GPS coordinate represented the center point. Four experimental plots (n=1) were subjected to manual removal of invasive algae by students from Kapi‘olani Communty College, 6 to 20 months prior to this study. The plots were in different stages of vegetative regrowth and no post removal occurred after the initial. Four control plots (n=4) were not subjected to any manual removal of invasive algae and the average was taken.

Invasive Average

Control (PreRemoval) n=4

40

Average percent cover was collected using a 61 cm2 quadrat and the point-intercept method.

Data Analysis: Data analysis used the 100 random points collected from each plot to compare the overall average percent cover between invasive and native algae species. In addition, two population proportions tests (two-tails) were performed to see significant differences between the sum of individuals per species from the 8 and 20 month plots.

y = 1.4735x + 1.3084 R² = 0.9714

20 y = -0.0309x2 + 0.8109x - 1.4087 R² = 0.2504

10 0

0

10

20

30

Months Invasive Average

Native Average

Linear (Invasive Average)

Poly. (Native Average)

Total 20 Month

P-value

Invasive

Avrainvillea amadelpha

14

29

>0.01

Invasive

Gracilaria salicornia

13

22

0.09

Invasive

Acanthophora spicifera

15

40

>0.01

Native

Caulerpa sp.

8

6

0.58

Native

Spyridia sp.

3

22

>0.01

Native

Halimeda sp.

19

1

>0.01

Table 1: Population proportion tests were conducted to find significant difference between the total percent cover of invasive and native algae species in months 8 and 20.

• This study supports the hypothesis that the average percent cover of native algae species were higher in the plot cleared 20 months prior (2.67%) compared to the plot cleared 8 months prior (2.27%) (Figure 1) • However, the overall average percent cover of native algae species is generally low compared to the overall average percent cover of invasive algae species (Figure 1) • The linear growth of invasive algae demonstrates their capability of rapid growth as time progressed from initial removal (Figure 2) • Invasive algae species are dynamic and exhibits adaptive strategies that aids their ecological success in various habitats (Smith et al., 2002) • The data collected in this study found that the method of initial removal of invasive algae did not promote the regeneration of native algae populations as initially predicted I will continue this research by investigating the effectiveness of continuous, monthly removal of invasive algae species within a 10m x 10m plot over a year duration.

REFERENCES

Average Algae Percent Cover in Eight Plots within Maunalua Bay 30

Total 8 Month

FURTHER STUDIES

Native Average

Figure 1: Average percent cover of invasive and native algae species in designate plots.

Error bars are SEM (standard error of mean).

Percent Cover

Survey: To estimate the percent cover of invasive and native benthic algae communities, a 61 cm2 quadrat was randomly tossed ten times in the observed 10m x 10m parameters for a total of 100 intersection points. At the quadrat cross-interactions, the macroalgae community was identified to the lowest possible taxonomy. If more than one species of algae was present, all species were identified. However, when algae was not present, the substratum (e.g. sand, silt, and limestone) was recorded.

8 Month Post n=1 10 Month Post n=115 Month Post n=120 Month Post n=1

Scientific Name

DISCUSSION

50

.

Status

Figure 2: Average percent cover of invasive and native algae species in relation to month of invasive algae removal. Invasive algae percent cover shows a linear growth and native algae growth shows a polynomial growth.

Godwin, S., K. S. Rogers, and P. L. Jokiel. 2005. Reducing Potential Impact of Invasive Marine Species in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument. Report to NWHI Marine National Monument Administration.

Martinez, J. A. (2009, November 13). The Effects of an Alien Invasive Alga on Sediment Retention and Resuspension in Coastal Hawaiian Waters and the Influence of Community Based Restoration. Honolulu, Hawaii.

Minton, D. and E. Conklin. 2012. Recovery of a Hawaiian reef flat community following the removal of the invasive alien algae Avrainvillea amadelpha in the Paiko area of Maunalua Bay, Hawaii. The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii.

Peyton, K. A. 2009. Aquatic Invasive Species Impact in Hawaiian Soft Sediment Habitats (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Hawaii. 138 pp.

Smith, J. E., C. L. Hunter and C. M. Smith. 2002. Distribution and reproductive characteristics of nonindigenous and invasive marine algae in the Hawaiian Islands. Pac. Sci. 56: 299-315.

ACKNOWELGEMENTS: Mahalo to my field partner Mackenzie Jahnke and my mentors, Wendy Kuntz and Mackenzie Manning for supporting me through this research study. Another big mahalo to my friends from Mālama Maunalua, Ralph Dykes, Pam Weiant, Nolan Pho, and Maci.

Inner Shell Preference of Calcinus laevimanus Yashiro Uyeda Kapi‘olani Community College: Biology 265 Lab Introduction Can phenotypic traits in organisms serve dual purposes for both camoflauge and competition? In the intertidal left-handed hermit crab (Calcinus laevimanus ) the size and brightness of its left chela has been shown to have an agonistic advantage in male-to-male combat and Dunhan (1977) concluded that the left chela had a single purpose for competition.

However, hermit crabs depend on marine mollusk shells for protection (Reese 1969). The white chela of C. laevimanus could also serve another function as an adaptive defense from predators.

In its intertidal environment, C. laevimanus is vulnerable to two groups of predators; marine and terrestrial. These include true crabs and birds that are prominent in intertidal environments in Hawai‘i. Reese (1969) reported that hermit crabs, such as C. laevimanus can use their enlarged left chela to block of entry by predators and other hermit crabs.

In this experiment, the relationship between the white chela and inner shell preference was tested to investigate if the white chela offers a camouflage adaptation beyond an agonistic advantage.When offered empty shells with dark or white inner shell colors, I predicted C. laevimanus would prefer the white color.

Methods Twenty hermit crabs, Calcinus laevimanus, of varying sizes were used to determine their inner shell color preference. Nerita picea were measured for their length, width, and depth. Similar sizes were paired, they were sacraficed and and their interior was painted either white and black with enamel spray paint. The colored shells were then placed equidistant from each other in a plastic jewelry box with dividers. The hermit crabs were measured and placed in a compartment with their respective empty shells of a slightly larger size. A 48 hour allotment of shell switching was given and I recorded final shell choice. I used a proportions test to anaylze for difference in shell choice.

Results

Discussion

Figure 1. Proportion of 20 hermit crabs choosing shells with the inner walls painted white, black, or neither

After the allotment of 48 hours for shell switching, 5 hermit crabs chose the white inner shells, 1 chose black, and 14 did not switch (Fig. 1). A proportions test resulted in a Z-score of 1.7712 with a p-value of 0.07672. The results aren’t significant at 0.05. Only 9 hermit crabs attempted to switch shells, of which were at varying times during the experiment (Table 1).

Table 1: Raw data of shell selection of C. laevimanus.

The results of the experiment indicate the inner shell preference of C. laevimanus as inconclusive if a white chela offers a camouflage adaptation beyond an agonistic advantage. It is possible that there is no advantage for C. laevimanus in having a white chela for predator avoidance. However, twenty five percent of the crabs did show a preference for white than black. The drawbacks of the experimental design may have influenced the results.

It was difficult to change the interior shell color, in part due to the structure of the N. picea shells. In pre-experiment trials, three types of paint used: acrylic, permanent marker, and car paint. These paints did not stick to the inner shell walls when submerged in salt water. In addition, the foreign presence of odor from the paint may have drawn the crabs to not select shells. This unforeseen drawback limited the time for the crabs to acclimate to its new environment and time for shell switching. The hermit crabs were kept in captivity for two weeks prior to the experiment and some were subjected to other experimental treatments. This may have influenced the shell switching capabilities in a 48 hour time. A longer experimental time allotment of fresh crabs may lead to different results.

Future research is needed to distinguish the inner shell preference of C. laevimanus. A behavioral adaptation in camouflage based on inner shell walls is not fully tested. This may lead to a better understanding of the color scheme of hermit crabs in their natural habitat. Moreover, the change in environment and new predators may indicate the process of adaptation. This experiment should be conducted with freshly caught hermit crabs, and it should utilize fish safe paint to avoid chemical cues.

References Dunham, D. W. 1978. Effect of chela white on agonistic success in a diogenid hermit crab (Calcinus laevimanus). Marine Behavior Physiology 5: 137-14 Hazlett, B.A., and C.E. Bach. 2012. Does shell species occupied influence individuality and behavioural syndromes in the defensive behaviour of three Hawaiian hermit crabs?.

Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 45:111-120 Reese, E.S. 1969. Behavioral adaptations of intertidal hermit crabs. American Zoologist.

9:343-355

Acknowledgments I wish to thank Dr. Wendy Kuntz for her guidance in the experiment set-up and development. I also want to thank our Lab Manager Coleen Allen and Lab Assistant Kayli Ching for assistance with monitoring the experiment.

Enlarged left chela used to block entry way.

Experimental set up with painted shells faced up for color identification.

On-going experiment of shell inspection and selection. Subject 1-20 from top left.

Do Hermit Crab Like Red or Blue Light?

Michael Wadas KCC Biology 265 Lab

Introduction:

Phototaxis, or movement towards or away from light, is a common phenomenon in marine organisms. However light is made up of different wavelengths, as you go deeper the amount of light will drop off. Red is the first color of the light spectrum to disappear underwater (Marshall et. al. 1999). So, for marine organisms, blue may be a more attractive environment. Hermit crabs have a maximum light absorption near wavelengths that correspond what humans see as blue and green and seem to be more active in blue light (Ping et. al. 2015). This is thought to be because they live in a shoreline environment, which tends to be rich in blues and greens but not reds (Marshall et. al. 1999). The Figure 1 Shows the setup for the experiment purpose of this study was to find out whether the hermit crabs exhibit phototaxis towards blue or red light. I predicted that the hermit crabs would be more attracted to the blue light because it is a more abundant type of light in their environment.

Results:

Methods:

My initial hypothesis that the hermit crabs would prefer blue light was not supported. In both trials the hermit crabs eventually significantly preferred the red light over the blue light. The phototaxis preference of red light over blue light shows that they do not feel threatened in the red light environment and do not prefer the darker spectrum of the blue light. If conducting research in the future, it would be advantageous to lengthen the time trials and change up the light to different color spectrums.

I collected Calcinus laevimanus hermit crabs the intertidal, island of Oahu. I started with 20 crabs and put up a solid color divider made from waterproof plastic material cut to fit a 5gallon tank. This divider only allowed one light color to shine on each side. A 1.5 cm opening on the bottom allowed crabs access to whichever light they preferred. I used a high power stage light with a output of 6750 Lumens (Figure 1). I put crabs in one side and see if they move to the other side, noted the time of day, recorded the number of crabs on each side at random intervals over a 24 hour period. In trial 1 crabs were started on red light side; in trial 2 crabs were started on the blue light side. I analyzed for final differences in light preference using a chi-square test .

Acknowledgements: This project could not have been completed without the support and encouragement of faculty advisor Dr. Wendy Kuntz, as well as help From Kayli Ching, Colleen Allen, Marissa Vinberg and New Hope Windward Thank you.

Figure 2 Graphs of hermit crab movement over time

In both trials, after 24 hours the hermit crabs showed a preference for the red light. In Trial 1 which started on red light side, by the second interval two thirds of the hermit crabs showed a preference for the blue light area and at the 23 min. mark there were 15 crabs on the blue side. However, as the experiment progressed, the hermit crabs eventually all migrated back to the red light. At the 24 hour mark all of the hermit crabs crawled back under the divider into the red light side. During Trial 2, I began with all 20 hermit crabs on the blue side and as time progressed the numbers on the blue side declined to zero. This resulted in all crabs on the red side (p-value = 0.0000077.

Conclusions:

Literature Cited: • Marshall J.,Kent J.,and Cronin,T. 1999.Visual adaptations in crustaceans: spectral sensitivity in diverse habitats. In: Archer, M.B.A., Djamgoz, E.R., Partridge, J.C., Vallerga, S. (Eds.), Adaptive Mechanisms in the Ecology of Vision. Springer, Netherlands • Ping X, Lee JS, Garlick D, Jiang Z, and Blaisdell AP. Behavioral evidence illuminating the visual abilities of the terrestrial Caribbean hermit crab, Coenobita clypeatus.

Behavioural Processes. 2015;118:47–58.

Save the Bay! Removing Invasive Algae By - Rene Suehiro, Taehui Kim, Jiyeon Hwang, Taehyeon Kim Biology 124 Lab Kapi‘olani Community College

Introduction

Results

Discussion

Maunalua Bay’s native algae is being taken over by invasive algae. We came to the bay (Wailupe Beach Park) to remove the invasive algae. We found three types of invasive algae that is growing in the bay: “Gorilla Ogo”(Gracilaria salicornia) “AA”(Avrainvillea amadelpha) “AS”(Acanthophora spicifera) Our Environment and Ecology Lab Class hoped to make room for native algae by hand-removing invasive algae.

As a group, we managed to remove invasive algae in Maunalua Bay with a total of 32 bags and a total of 144.5 lbs. The invasive algae removed was sent to the Otsuji farm to be used as compost for our community to buy locally grown food.

We found that the class was able to pull a lot of invasive algae. It was hard work because it can be hot work outside and there is a lot of unknown creatures in the ocean. However, we have found that the native algae has a chance to grow more with more help removing and controlling and monitoring Maunalua Bay. We recommend that future lab classes should keep pulling because invasive algae will continue to grow and students can learn about the Hawaiian ocean and its problems.

Acknowledgements Gorilla Ogo (Gracilaria salicornia)

Leather Mudweed (Avrainvillea amadelpha)

Prickly Seaweed (Acanthophora spicifera)

Methods 1 Put on gloves and booties.

2 Went in the water to 10x10 m removal plot.

3 Pulled out invasive algae with our own hands.

4 Put them in bags.

5. Counted bags and weighed them.

Malama maunalua ● Ralph Dykes ● Alex Awo ● Holly Baily ● Maci Abrams ● Nolan Pho Community Help ● Kimo Franklin (provided us a tour of Otsuji's Farm) Kapi‘olani Community College ● Colleen Allen (KCC Lab Manager) ● Dr. Wendy Kuntz

Native Algae at Wailupe Beach Park By: Jessica Linster and Jade Wright-Shidaki Biology 124 KapiĘťolani Community College

Introduction: Over the course of the 2018 spring semester at KCC, our BIOL 124 class teamed up with Malama Maunalua to study and reduce the invasive algaes prevalent in Maunalua Bay. Up until this semester,Malama Maunalua had primarily pulled invasive algae from the Paiko region. We were the first group to start pulling from Wailupe beach park. The main invasive algae we tried to get rid of were Gracilaria salicornia, Acanthophora spicifera, and Avrainvillea amadelpha.

Results:

In Wailupe Beach park, there were not as many native species as we expected based on previous biology 124 students who pulled at Paiko.

Out of all 14 possible native species, there was only Chondria found and one unknown algae.

In the future, we suggest that Malama Maunalua and other volunteers continue to pull invasive algae as much as possible through more work days/ volunteer events. Also, since sea urchins help eat gorilla ogo, we could possibly introduce more sea urchins to the bay in order to decrease the population of one of the invasive algaes, so more native ones would have space to grow. Lastly, we could introduce more native species back into the bay in order for them to have the potential to grow.

The primary reason for this team effort of removing invasive algae from the bay stems mostly from how much healthy reef has died because of these algae. It not only suffocates them, but takes over and kills the healthy, native algaes that are beneficial to the reef. We wanted to know what native algae species were present and if removing invasive algae would increase the native species.

Methods:

Discussion:

Only one known native algae, Chondria spp. and one unknown algae were recorded. None of the other 13 species of native algae and seagrass that Malama Maunalua has listed on their recording sheet were observed. There were no appreciable changes in either species. Sand and Rubble did increase following removal.

Using global positioning systems (GPS), we located and marked our control and removal plots with ropes and weights.

Each plot was 10x10 meters.

For collecting our data, the tool we worked with was quadrats, and we used the point intercept method. For this method, there are set sizes of quadrats that have 10 random intercept points marked with a white ball. We then gently placed the quadrats in random spots and pulled the algae from those random intercepts and recorded our observations on our data sheet.

We recorded invasive species and the fourteen native species known to occur in the area. We also recorded the presence of sand and limestone rubble.

Acknowledgements:

Mahalo to the following folks from MÄ lama Maunalua: Ralph Dykes, Alex Awo, Holly Baily, Maci Abrams and Nolan Pho. Mahalo to Kimo Franklin for our video tour of Otsuji Farm. Mahalo to folks at KapiĘťolani Community College: Colleen Allen (KCC Lab Manager) and our Professor, Dr. Wendy Kuntz.

Getting Rid of Gorilla Ogo at Wailupe Beach Park By: Jay Abrigo and Josh Matsushita Biology 124L Kapiʻolani Community College

Introduction During the Spring 2018 semester our class had the opportunity to work with the community-based conservation group Mālama Maunalua to restore one of Hawaii's cultural and environmental treasures, Maunalua Bay. After years of successful algae removal at Paiko beach, it was time for the organization to expand its efforts to other areas of the bay, and our class was the first to observe and remove algae growing at Wailupe Beach. The main alien invasive algae species that plague Maunalua Bay are Avrainvillea Amadelpha “Leather Mudweed”, Gracilaria Salicornia “Gorilla Ogo”, and Acanthophora Spicifera ““Spiny Seaweed”, but after just our first day in the field we could tell that Gorilla Ogo was the dominant species of the area. Our goal was to collect data before and after removing the invasive alien algae, and to reduce the percent cover of invasive algae in the area.

Discussion Species

Gracilaria Salicornia “Gorilla Ogo”

Acanthophora Spicifera (Spiny Seaweed)

Avrainvillea Amadelpha (Leather Mudweed)

Control Plot PreRemoval Percent Cover

79%

30%

0%

Control Plot PostRemoval Percent Cover

85%

22%

0%

Removal Plot PreRemoval Percent Cover

56%

24%

0.32%

Removal Plot PostRemoval Percent Cover

64%

11%

0%

We began collecting data by finding our two 10m x 10m offshore plots designated to us by Mālama Maunalua using GPS systems and marked off them with buoys and ropes.

In our removal plot we did the same, but also took three trips between our initial and final monitoring to remove as much algae as we could from the area. We were careful not to let pieces of algae drift away while removing it, especially the Gorilla Ogo, as even small pieces that drift away can grow again when it settles.

We think some reasons for our findings were that: 1. Our class had very small effect or not enough to make a real difference in the Gorilla Ogo density.

2. Gorilla Ogo just grew faster than our class could remove.

The species also breaks apart easily and we could have been spreading as we removed.

3. Some aspects of the methodology do make it difficult to measure change in Gorilla Ogo. The point-intercept method uses a present/not present and doesn’t account for size. In addition, This species is branching and we observed it growing in small crevices and spaces between the rubble, making it difficult to remove everything. Even a tiny piece of algae can regenerate.

Moving forward, we think that Malama Maunalua should continue the pulls at Wailupe Beach Park, as long as the project is not spreading the Gorilla Ogo. More research on how it spreads is needed. We also suggest, maybe looking for new ways for removing Gorilla Ogo and methods that might better quantify its abundance.

Methods

One plot was our control plot and the other was our removal plot.

In our control plot we observed and recorded the percent cover (using point-intercept quadrats) of the various types of algae at the beginning of the semester (initial monitoring) and at the end of the semester (final monitoring).

As shown in our data, Gorilla Ogo was the dominant algae in the area and actually increased in percent cover in both the control and removal plot, even though we removed 144.5 lbs of invasive algae throughout the semester. Upon initial observation during our final monitoring we thought that we had achieved our goal of reducing the percent cover of Gorilla Ogo, but after analyzing our data we found that was not the case.

Results We found that Gorilla Ogo was the most common invasive species. Post-removal both the control and removal plots showed an increase in percent cover. For Spiny Seaweed the percent cover went down in both plots, but more in our removal. Leather Mudweed was not found in the control plot and was very small in removal plot, dropping to zero.

Gorilla Ogo

Invasive Algae in Field

Spiny Seaweed

Acknowledgements We would like to thank Mālama Maunalua, a non-profit stewardship organization that dedicates it’s time and resources to conserving and restoring Maunalua Bay at places like Paiko Beach and Wailupe beach park, just to name a few. From Malama Maunalua we would like to thank Ralph Dykes, Alex Awo, Holly Baily, Maci Abrams, and Nolan Pho who gave us guidance and help as we tried to remove invasive algae from Wailupe beach park. From the community we would like to thank Kimo Franklin who provided us a tour of the Otsuji’s farm. Lastly, we would like to thank Colleen Allen our KCC lab manager and Dr. Wendy Kuntz. Dr Wendy Kuntz, even though our class is small and sometimes hard to handle, we appreciate your passion and effort you put into every single student and teaching us how we can strive for success in our own ways.

Behavioral Hierarchy of Hermit Crabs Christian Headrick Biology 265 Lab, Kapi‘olani Community College

Introduction The study of behavioral hierarchy looks at different behaviors of an organism and attempts to explain why that organism would prioritize certain behaviors over others in an evolutionary context (Laidre 2008). This experiment aims to provide an understanding of the fascinating behavior hierarchy and to establish how hermit crabs prioritize feeding and shell selection. The question that I aim to answer in this experiment is can certain conditions lead to a change in behaviors and where do those priorities rank in their hierarchy?

Previous research indicates that hermit crabs prioritize shell selection over other behaviors, as this is likely an evolution adapted behavior to protect themselves from predators (Billock 2011). I predicted that hermit crabs that have had food withheld for one week are likely to prioritize food over shell selection; meanwhile, the group that has been fed normally, will prioritize shell selection as expected.

Methods The hermit crab species Calcinus laevimanus was collected from various beaches on the island of O‘ahu. Twenty hermit crabs were chosen at random and separated into 2 groups of 10. The first group was fed normally, with a scheduled feeding a day before the experiment. The second group of 10 had food withheld for one week before the experiment was conducted. On the day of the experiment, the hermit crabs were removed from their shells by heat from a soldering iron. The 20 crabs were kept separate and allowed to rest for one hour to recover from any stress from the shell removal. The experiment was then conducted within petri dishes filled with seawater with a single hermit crab at a time. The shell that each crab had previously occupied was placed in an equidistant position from a commercial crab food pellet. The reaction from each hermit crab was then recorded whether the hermit crab chose the food or the shell first. The reactions were. These results were analyzed using a proportions test in order to ascertain if starved crabs prioritized shells or food.

Results

Figure 1. These two contrasting pie charts show the results of the experiment. The pie chart on the left shows the result of hermit crabs that were regularly fed; the pie chart on the right shows the results from the trial of hermit crabs that had food withheld.

The results showed that 7 out of 10 hermit crabs that had food withheld (starved group) chose food before selecting a shell. Conversely, in the group that was fed 8 out of 10 selected a shell before feeding. The Z-Score is -2.2473 and the pvalue is 0.02444. The result is significant at p <0.05.

Discussion The data supports that hermit crabs that have had food withheld prioritize food over shell selection.

Significantly more of the starved group of crabs chose food over selecting shells; whereas the control group chose shells over food as expected.

The results support that behaviorial hiercarchies can fluctuate depending on different environmental variables. This supports the research done that shows that shell selection behavior can be impacted by the presence of predators (Rotjan 2004).

Although the evolutionary adaptation of shell selection is strongest under normal conditions or in the presence of predators, hunger or perhaps other variables can reprioritize their normal behavior hierarchies. Further experiments should be done to see if other variables combined with hunger, such as predator effluent or competing hermit crabs would have an effect on this behavior.

References • Billock, & Dunbar. 2011. Shell and food acquisition behaviors: Evidence for Contextual Decision Hierarchies in hermit crabs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 398(1-2), 26-32.

• Laidre, & Elwood. 2008. Motivation matters: Cheliped extension displays in the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus, are honest signals of hunger. Animal Behaviour, 75(6), 2041-2047.

• Rotjan, R., Blum, D., & Lewis, J. 2004. Shell choice in Pagurus longicarpus hermit crabs: Does predation threat influence shell selection behavior? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 56(2), 171-176.

Acknowledgements Figure 2. A Calcinus laevimanus hermit crab with its mollusk shell removed (image from: Teng-Wei Wang, http://taibif.tw/zh/namecode/310923

Figure 3. A hermit crab with its shell removed was placed equidistant from its shell and food.

I would like to thank our wonderful professor, Dr. Wendy Kuntz and our laboratory TA, Kayli, as well as the KCC Biology Lab.

Shifting the Balance in a Lowland Mesic Forest: Hand Removal of Invasive Saplings to Increase Native Species Natural Regeneration David Clements1, Devon Gordon1, Kyle Clarkin1, Dr. Wendy Kuntz1, Mike Ross1, Jason Misaki2 1Kapi‘olani

Introduction:

Working with the Hawai‘i Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), we have built a partnership that allows Kapi‘olani Community College (KCC) students to work alongside community members restoring a two hectare exclosure in Wailupe Valley constructed by DOFAW in November 2013.

This student opportunity allowed for first hand experience with establishing a restoration site in its beginning stages and the complex factors involved with field work ecology. Our goals are to establish a transect grid, document current forest composition as a baseline for comparison prior to invasive species removal and establish removal comparison plots, to determine the most efficient restoration techniques.

The primary target monitoring species was Strawberry Guava (Psidium cattleianum), but all native and introduced species were recorded.

Removal of invasive species was initiated through the help of community partnerships. Creating opportunities for the community to volunteer is vital for the contingency of Wailupe and is becoming one of the projects’ focuses in 2018. These efforts are to restore native plant species and restore natural habitat for the endangered native bird the ‘Elepaio.

Community College, 2HI Division of Forestry and Wildlife

Methods: To provide a more accurate representation of the forest, we changed our methodology in 2018. We looked for adjacent plots with similar topography and species so that we have control plots to compare later removal efforts to. We monitored and recorded everything within 10x10m plots of our choosing. We monitored the plots by measuring the diameter at breast height (DBH) of everything above 1 meter and record the number of plants under 1 meter. We then calculated the basal area [BA=π(DBH/2)²] of the recorded flora and summed the total basal area for each species. Next we removed introduced species that were able to fit into weed wrenches and their seedlings. Comparing the basal area of all species pre removal with post removal basal area helps us determine if hand pulling introduced species alone is an efficient reforestation technique for the exclosure.

We want to know if using just hand-tools is an efficient method to remove invasive species in order to increase the populations of native tree species.

Over time this will provide the ‘Elepaio with a native tree canopy that is a natural and sustainable habitat.

Pre Invasive Removal in Plot 9

Post Invasive Removal in Plot 9

Results: This semester three plots were established, pre monitored, removed in,

and post monitored. In Figure 1, out of 300m2 the five most common species’ total basal area shows that 69% of flora greater than 1 meter is Psidium cattleianum while Araucaria columnaris is only 0.2%. In Figure 2, the five most common species’ total count of saplings shows that 80% of flora less than one meter is A. columnaris and only 9% are P. cattleianum. There are far more P. cattleianum >1m than A. columnaris >1m, but more A. columnaris <1m than P. cattleianum <1m. Schinus terebinthifolia <1 m did not show regeneration post removal, those >1 m declined in basal area. The number of native species <1m , Diospyros sandwicensis and Psydrax ordorata seedlings, slightly increased in the post monitor data and little to no change in the basal area for >1m.

The data also shows us in Figure 1 the difference of P. cattleianum pre removal (5746cm2) and post removal (4111cm2). This tells us that only 30% of all P. cattleianum were able to fit into our weed wrenches to remove the roots.

Alternative methods will be needed to remove the remaining P. cattleianum within the 300m2.

Figure 1

Discussion: The new areas that were established and worked in this semester

had substantially larger P. cattleianum than large A. columnaris, but A. columnaris had eight times more seedlings than P. cattleianum. Neighboring A. columnaris affect the area we work in by dropping their seeds in our plots which reduces the ground area available for native species to germinate. This suggests that areas like Wailupe with A. columnaris that are too large to remove by hand, will take more resources to keep numbers down after initial species removal. However the slight increase in the native species, D. sandwicensis and P. ordorata seedlings, in the post monitor data is likely because of the limited amount of time we had to work on these plots and if we return in the fall we would expect to see an increase in the number of native seedlings. Removal of invasive saplings has relieved pressure on natives, allowing the native species to benefit from more available resources.

Future research will continue to monitor pre and post removal plots. Over the next year, we plan to involve more community members and school groups to participate in the removal process.

O‘ahu ‘Elepaio (Chasiempis ibidis) Photo: Tim Kroessig

Figure 2

Acknowledgements: We thank the prior Wailupe Project students, the staff of DOFAW, Nick Vargas, Ati Jeffers-Fabro, the KCC STEM program, Alex Lum, Steve Brier, Eva Zafrano, Amanda Hardman, and all the community members.

Investigating the Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance from Campylobacter jejuni to Escherichia coli Melissa Takaaze (Faculty Advisor: Dr. John Berestecky, Kapi`olani Community College, University of Hawaii) 2. Verification of Starting Materials

INTRODUCTION Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), is now the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. Another pathogen that is attributed to human digestive disease is Escherichia coli (E. coli). Given that these germs may be proximally located and are both gram negative bacteria, it may be possible that antibiotic resistance may be passed between them. Until recently, it was assumed that conjugal horizontal DNA transfer occurs most readily between closely related species, but recent data suggest that gene transfer may also occur across very distant species. For example, E. coli is able to conjugate with C. jejuni and transfer plasmids (Davis et al., 2008). Other studies have successfully performed conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance from Helicobacter pylori to C. jejuni (Oyarzabal et al., 2006), and from C. jejuni to Campylobacter coli (Pratt et al., 2005).

Based on these reports, conjugation between C. jejuni and E. coli was examined using reporter genes within the laboratory. If successful, this working model would allow for further investigations into C. jejuni mechanisms of pathogenicity.

Additional exploration could also lead to greater understanding of naturally competent bacterial species and their interactions with non-competent species.

Fig. 1. C. jejuni

Fig. 2. E. coli

C. jejuni • Inoculate Brucella agar plates containing kanamycin with transformed C. jejuni strains 11168T (Fig. 3) and 81176T (Fig. 4) in microaerophilic conditions (37C, 10% CO2).

• After 48 hours, confirm GFP expression by viewing bacterial samples from each plate under Olympus BX41, UV microscope.

A.

B.

D.

C.

E.

F.

Fig. 4. 81176T under UV microscope.

D. GFP expression. E. Contrast lighting.

F. Visible organisms in full view.

Fig. 3. 11168T under UV microscope. A. GFP expression. B. Contrast lighting. C. Visible organisms in full view.

E. coli • Streak KRX E. coli onto TSA plate (without kanamycin).

• After 24 hours, view bacteria via UV microscope and examine for fluorescence (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. KRX E. coli

3. Inoculation & Growth

A.

• Inoculate (2) biphasic slants- one with 11168T and the other with 81176T. • Incubate for ~48 hours in microaerophilic conditions (37C, 10% CO2).

• After ~48 hours, add E. coli to each of the biphasic slants, and return to microaerophilic conditions.

Aerobic Series Purpose: To isolate E. coli from mixture.

• After ~5 hours, ~24 hours and ~48 hours, inoculate plates (TSA; TSA with kanamycin) with mixture from the strains in the following quantities, for a total of (6) plates per mixture: 1uL mixture + 100uL TSB 10uL mixture + 90uL TSB 50uL mixture + 50uL TSB • Incubate in aerobic incubator.

PROJECT WORKFLOW DNA TRANSFER Verification of plasmid expression in C. jejuni

Grow in biphasic media

Add untransformed E. coli

Microaerophilic Series Purpose: To promulgate the growth of the co-culture in conditions preferential to C. jejuni.

• After ~24 hours and ~48 hours, inoculate plates (Brucella agar; Brucella with kanamycin) with 100uL of each co-culture for a total of (2) plates per mixture.

• Incubate in microaerophilic incubator.

4. Post-Combination: Gauging Antibiotic Resistance in E. coli Visualization using fluorescence microscopy

Examine selective media

Inoculate coculture in new selective media

Growth of E. coli on isolating media After incubation, plates were examined for growth. As expected, plates without kanamycin had prolific growth throughout, while plates with kanamycin had no growth in the center. However, on these latter plates, minimal growth was present on the perimeter, where kanamycin may have been omitted during application.

A.

METHODS 1. Vector Utilized in Conjugation Experiments Figure 1. Map of pWM1007 vector.

Plasmid provides kanamycin resistance and green fluorescent protein (GFP). It contains 8974 base pairs.

Samples from each plate were examined using the UV microscope.

Varying degrees of autofluorescence was visible in a few of the cultures, but none displayed the bright green fluorescence like that of the starting transformed C. jejuni strains (Fig. 8A). Surprisingly, the greatest vibrant autofluorescence came from E. coli that had been grown on TSA plates without kanamycin. This autofluorescence was bright enough to outline the shapes of individual E. coli. Those isolated from the 81176T co-culture (Fig. 8B) had the brightest autofluorescence, followed by those isolated from the 11168T coculture (Fig. 8C). Overall the majority of E. coli grown on kanamycin plates displayed no autofluorescence; however, a few showed extremely minimal autofluorescence. Also of note was the observation of bright yellow inclusion bodies in E. coli that had been isolated on a TSA plate without kanamycin, from a 5 hour 81176T co-culture (Fig. 8D).

B.

C.

D.

Figure 6. Growth of E. coli from co-culture on TSA plates in aerobic conditions. Each photo represents the growth of E. coli from a 50uL aliquot taken from a ~48 hour mixture. A. From 11168T; kanamycin. B. 11168T; no kanamycin. C. 81176T; kanamycin. D. 81176T; no kanamycin.

A.

B.

C.

D.

Figure 7. Growth of E. coli from co-culture on Brucella agar plates in microaerophilic conditions. Each picture represents the growth of E. coli from a 100uL aliquot taken from a ~52 hour mixture. A. From 11168T; kanamycin. B. 11168T; no kanamycin. C. 81176T; kanamycin. D. 81176T; no kanamycin.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Thank you to D. Aquino, R. Oda, C. Allen, and the Munchkins for their guidance and support.

B.

C.

D.

E.

Figure 8. Comparison of Fluorescence. A. Original 81176T fluorescence. B. Strong autofluorescence of E.coli isolated from 50uL aliquot of a 25 hour, 81176T mix grown on TSA plate with no kanamycin. C. Autofluorescence of E. coli isolated from 10uL aliquot of a 25 hour,11168T mix, grown on TSA plate with no kanamycin.

D & E. Fluorescent yellow inclusion bodies from two separate areas of slide taken from a 50uL aliquot of a 5 hour, 81176T mix, grown on TSA plate with no kanamycin.

CONCLUSION The transfer of plasmid from C. jejuni to E. coli appears to be unsuccessful. Two slightly modified series (aerobic and microaerophilic) were conducted but neither appears to have resulted in the uptake or explicit expression of GFP and/or kanamycin resistance.

There was some degree of fluorescence indicated by the distinctive outlines of individual E. coli in samples from TSA plates grown without kanamycin. However, at this time, it is unclear whether this fluorescence was due to autofluorescence or passage of the plasmid from C. jejuni to E. coli. If it was indeed due to GFP expression, it is possible that only the GFP gene is being expressed since GFP and kanamycin resistance have two separate promoters.

Going forward, there are several ways to determine whether this potential phenomenon is simply strong autofluorescence or actual GFP expression due to the transfer of the pWM1007 plasmid from C. jejuni to E. coli. These options include: PCR, a Western blot, and/or fluorescent intensity quantification on imaging software. In addition, it would also be useful to perform the experiment going the other way, specifically to verify if transformed E. coli is able to transfer the pWM1007 plasmid to C. jejuni. I would like to have two different antibiotic selection cassettes on the vectorone that works in E. coli and another that works in C. jejuni. I also want to incorporate flow cytometry as a means of counting potentially transformed, GFP expressing bacteria.

In short, it appears that per current experimental design, C. jejuni does not transfer genes coding for antibiotic resistance and green fluorescence to KRX E. coli via conjugation.

Finding the Geometric Center of Ahupua‘a Honolulu Rob Shikina Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction: How do you find the center of an area

What is an ahupua‘a?: Ahupua‘a were land

of land, such as an ahupua‘a, a land division created by Native Hawaiians?

divisions created by Native Hawaiians with borders often based on mountain ridges or streams. Communities within the ahupua‘a were overseen by lower ali‘i, who collected taxes for the royal family.

The answer involves finding the centroid, or center, of a 2-dimensional object. But why would you need to know the centroid of a piece of land?

If you were setting up a sprinkler system on a small plot, a sprinkler at the centroid would provide the most coverage. Of if you were looking at a large area and you wanted to find the location that balanced the walking distance from all points on the land, you would want to find the centroid.

Method: Finding the centroid of any 2-D shape, including an ahupua‘a, can be done with these formulas:

A shape of the ahupua‘a was placed on an xy-coordinate system, then divided into rectangles and triangles. Along the x-axis, I found the distance from the center of each rectangle to the graph’s origin. That distance was multiplied by the area of the corresponding rectangle.

Same for the triangles. The products from the rectangles were added together, while the products from the triangles were subtracted. The total was divided by the area of the ahupua‘a. Same for the y-axis.

The results are the centroid’s coordinates, relative to the graph’s origin. I chose this method because it could have been done without a computer, such as in pre-modern times. I confirmed the results with a design program called AutoDesk Fusion 360.

Images of ahupua‘a Honolulu:

While the ahupua‘a system is no longer in use today for legal purposes, many of the boundaries are still being used for school, judicial, or tax districts. I chose to look at ahupua‘a Honolulu because it is where I live.

About apuhua‘a Honolulu: The ahupua‘a starts at the Nu‘uanu Pali Lookout and runs to the ocean, between the ahupua‘a of Kapālama and Waikīkī.

Hawaiian proverb of ahupua‘a Honolulu: "Light the fire for there is life-giving substance. Only the houses stand in Honolulu; the vegetable food and meat are in Nu‘uanu."

One interpretation of this proverb is that in old Hawai‘i, the homes of Honolulu received food from Nu‘uanu, which harbored taro lands and freshwater shrimp.

About the centroid of ahupua‘a Honolulu: The centroid sits in a mountainous area about 3.5 miles north of Fort DeRussy Beach Park in Waikīkī and between Puiwa Road and Pauoa Stream, which merges into Nu‘uanu Stream in Chinatown.

About a half-mile northwest of the centroid is Queen Emma Summer Palace on Pali Highway, the queen’s summer retreat from the 1850s to the 1880s. She was married to King Kamehameha IV, ruler of the islands from 1855 to 1863, and helped found St. Andrew's Cathedral in downtown. The palace is on the National Historic Registry.

On the left is the ahupua‘a and its centroid, which looks like a white and black circle. On the right is an image showing how rectangles were used to find the centroid.

The centroid’s coordinates are based on the graph’s origin, which appears in the lower right.

Results: The centroid coordinates computed by hand were (31.46, 39.21), while the coordinates by AutoDesk Fusion 360 were (32.6, 38.9).

Conclusion: The manual method for calculating the centroid had less than 3% error for both axes. Thus, it’s pretty accurate to calculate the centroid by hand.

References: Pukui, Mary K., (1983) ‘Olelo No‘eau: Hawaiian Proverbs & Poetical Sayings. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press Kipuka database search results: Honolulu. Retrieved from http://kipukadatabase.com/kipuka/#view3

Analysis of Honolulu Ahupua‘a Sam Jung Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Results

Methods

The island of Oahu contains six moku: Wai‘anae, Waialua, Ko‘olauloa, Ko‘olaupoko, Kona, and Ewa. Within each moku, there are several ahupua‘a, which further divide the lands. In the Kona moku, there are six ahupua‘a: Moanalua, Kahauiki, Kalihi, Kapālama, Honolulu, and Waikīkī. I grew up in the Kona moku, more specifically the Honolulu ahupua‘a. The purpose of this project is to find the centroid of my ahupua‘a.

The method I used to find the centroid of the ahupua‘a was to find a map of O‘ahu and trace the ahupua‘a onto Autocad. To do this, I took a picture and uploaded onto AutoCad. From there, using the drawing tool, I traced the Honolulu ahupua‘a. After tracing the ahupua‘a, a screenshot of Google Maps of O‘ahu was uploaded to AutoCad and placed over the tracing. After finding the right scale, I gave the ahupua‘a a small thickness and I was able to use the “centroid” tool to find the centroid of the ahupua‘a.

Significant Landmark

Hawaiian Proverb of Honolulu

One significant landmark at the centroid of my ahupua‘a would be Tantalus. Tantalus is more of a tourist attraction now that is about an 8 mile drive. The drive was built over a 25 year period from 1892 to 1917 and the round top is one of Hawai‘i’s most beautiful scenic spots. This mountain also consists of multiple hiking trails.

Figure 2: O‘ahu Moku and Ahupua‘a

"ʻUʻuku no ka ʻuwiki, pipī no ka ʻā ana."

When the wick is small it gives a tiny light.

(When one does little work, he should expect little gain.)

Conclusion When finding the centroid, the mass and topography of O‘ahu were not taken into consideration. The geometric shape was simply given a small thickness to find the centroid. Centroids are used to calculate various things like center of gravity and moments of inertia.

References

Figure 3: Honolulu Ahupua‘a with Centroid Figure 1: Tantalus mountain

1.http://manoa.hawaii.edu/coe/kulia/resources/ahupuaa _maps/OahuAhupuaa.pdf - Map of O‘ahu with Moku and Ahupua‘a 2.Google Maps 3.https://tantalusoahu.com/about/national-historic-road/

ʻĀina Analysis: Locating the Two-Dimensional Area-Centroid of Kailua Mahea Kini Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction The Hawaiian Islands had a traditional land division system in order to sustain its inhabitants. The land was divided into Moku, major land divisions. The Moku can be partitioned into smaller boundaries of land that ran from the mountain to the ocean, this is an ahupua‘a.

Excerpt from mo‘olelo (story) Hi‘iakaikapoliopele[2]: Ka ua kapua‘i kanaka o Pālāwai The rain of Pālāwai, like footsteps

The shape of an ahupua‘a follows the lands’ natural topography [3]. Thus, being able to quantify these areas could reveal vital information. For this project, the researcher’s ahupua‘a was used to calculate the areaweighted mean, or centroid.

Moku: Ko‘olaupoko Ahupua‘a: Kailua

Auwee! Ku‘u hoa o ke Ko‘olau, mai ka Malanai O Kailua ē, ke ahe wale lā i ke oho o ke ‘uki Alas! My companion of Ko‘olau, from the Malanai winds Of Kailua, which constantly fan the leaves of the ‘uki

I luna o Kōnāhuanui, i ka makani anu he Kēhau Above Kōnāhuanui, in the cold wind, a Kēhau breeze

In the traditional epic of Pele, these verses reference Kailua.

Generating a 2D Centroid Formulas for the center of mass were used to get an approximation of the location of the centroid.

Image 1: Individual ahupua‘a boundaries in Ko‘olaupoko Moku

Background Evidence shows that Kailua’s shorelines and marshes were inhabited as early as 400 AD from natives of the Marquesas [1]. It wasn’t until 1100 AD that people from other islands sought to live in Kailua as well [1]. In the late 16th century, Chief Kakuhiewa designated Kailua to be the residential seat of the ruling class, Ali‘i Aimoku [3]. Kailua’s cool winds, fertile land and access to salt and freshwater ponds made it a very attractive agricultural area.

Image 4: Map overlay used to obtain exact coordinates of centroid

Once done, the software Autodesk Fusion 360 was used to draw a trace of the Ahupua‘a. This was done by attaching an image with the boundary lines of Kailua and using it as a guide. A small extrusion was added to the trace to give it negligible depth. The program then automatically generated a centroid.

Finally, a map with a coordinate system was lined up to the trace to pinpoint the location of the centroid. The location was cross checked with the online database the map was obtained from.

Results The coordinates are 21°22'30.0"N 157°45'18.2"W. Interestingly enough, this location is at the bend of Ulupi‘i Street, a residential area near Maunawili Stream.

This discovery could imply that Native Hawaiians may have lived in that area prior. Seeing that it was conveniently located near fresh resources.

Image 5: Kailua Beach, pre-widespread exposure to tourism (unknown, early 1900’s)[2].

References 1. Highlights of Kailua’s history: from way back when till now. (n.d.). Kailua, HI: Kailua Historical Society.

2. Kailua: in the wisps of the Malanai breeze = Kailua i ke oho o ka Malanai. (2009). Kailua, Hawaiʻi: Kailua Historical Society.

3. Mustapha, G. P. (1985). Kailua, Oʻahu, a community history.

Honolulu: G.P. Mustapha.

Image 2 (left): attaching canvas as a guide to trace Image 3 (right): generated trace of ahupua‘a

Acknowledgments Mahalo to Aaron Hanai, Kapi‘olani CC STEM Center, and the Hawaiian Collection Library at Windward CC for their guidance and resources.

Locating the 2D Area Centroid of Waikīkī Using Computer Aided Design Software Alan Tupou Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapiʻolani Community College, Honolulu, HI Moʻolelo - A Stone in Pālolo Valley

Introduction The purpose of this project was to find the centroid of the ahupuaʻa that I live in. Ancient Hawaiians had a land division system that divided islands into moku, which were then subdivided divided into ahupuaʻa and then further divided into ʻili. The most important of these divisions were the ahupuaʻa which were usually strips of land the ran from the mountain to the sea, narrow near the mountain, gradually widening through the valley towards the sea. This natural irrigation system was not only sustainable, but highly efficient as well, even to the point of occasional surpluses.

Where I Live Moku: Kona Ahupuaʻa: Waikīkī ʻIli: Pālolo

Figure 2: Center of Mass Formulas

Instead of trying to find a curve or series of curves to the model the shape of our ahupuaʻa as seen in the figure to the right, Fusion 360, a CAD software was used to trace out the Figure 3: Waikīkī Ahupuaʻa ahupuaʻa with the line and spline tools. This software automatically generates a centroid at the click of a button after tracing.

Results and Conclusion

Figure 1: Where I Reside

Methods

In Pālolo Valley were two moʻo wahine, named ʻAwapuhi Melemele and ʻAwapuhi Keʻokeʻo (Yellow Ginger and White Ginger). They quarreled over the affections of some kāne, and one turned the other into the stone, which may be seen in the Pālolo stream to this day.

The stone is near the middle of the stream and resembles the seated torso of a woman. When the water rises in the stream, two streamlets flow over the “thighs”, meet in the center, and flow down.

This stone is located some distance below the “first bridge”.

References 1. Seiden, A. (2001). Waikīkī: Magic beside the sea.

Waipahu, Hawaiʻi: Island Heritage Pub. 2. Sterling, E. P., & Summers, C. C. (1978). Sites of Oahu. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.

3. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ulukau.org/elib/cgibin/library?e=d-0english-000Sec--11en-50-20frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.5&toc=0 4. Pukui, M. K. (1983). ʻOlelo Noʻeau Hawaiian Proverbs & Poetical Sayings. Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press

Materials: Laptop, Autodesk Fusion 360, Maps Figure 4: Fusion 360 Centroid

The formulas seen in Figure 2 are used to to calculate the centroid of a closed continuous shape, given that you are able to find a curve that represents said shape.

The coordinates are 21°17’58.0”N 157°47’10.8”W which is further back in Pālolo Valley on the right hand mountain side when driving up 10th avenue.

Acknowledgments Big mahalo to Dr. Aaron Hanai, KapCC STEM Program, and Lama Library for their support and resources in this project.

Investigating Kukui Nuts as a Sustainable Native Fuel Source Via Calorimetry

by Kirstin Felix, Jami Stout, Celeste Guiles Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Purpose

Discussion

Our purpose was to find the heat in joules produced by burning 4 different varieties of nuts.

Our data was not accurate. Possible errors include varying air temperatures from the two sessions of the experiment, our lack of a closed system in which to measure temperature, and the fact that we could not get the nuts to burn evenly and thoroughly.

Our hypothesis was that kukui nuts would produce the most heat energy when burned. Our results show that both kukui and macadamia produce the same amount of energy. This could be inaccurate, as when we tested the kukui nut, it was under different air conditions as when we tested the other nuts. Either way, we were expecting a greater difference between the two.

Introduction We have heard snippets of Hawaiian legends that extol the kukui nut for its flammable properties. They relied upon the kukui nuts as a source of light [1]. Does this nut produce more heat per unit weight than other nuts from around the world? We wanted to find out!

Most nuts contain quite a lot of lipids, some protein, carbohydrates, and moisture. As shown in research by Chung, Shin, Hwang and Choi [2], the higher the amount of lipids in a nut, the greater the energy. Kukui nuts are known to have a high oil content, therefore they should prove to be one of the more effective nuts in terms of energy. Macadamia and walnuts are also one of the more fatty nuts [2], which is why we are comparing to kukui.

Methods We harvested kukui nuts on the KCC campus and purchased the rest. After deshelling, all nuts were uniformly roasted for three hours at 93°C. Each type of nut was portioned to 15g, and set in a metal ramekin. The ramekins were positioned in a camp stove under a small pot containing 250g of water and the nuts were then set aflame with a small torch. We recorded the maximum temperature change Î&#x201D;T that occurred in the water and analyzed our results with the following equation for heat q incorporating the mass m and specific heat of water C:

q = m C đ?&#x161;Ťđ?&#x161;ŤT

Results Initial Temp Water (â&#x201E;&#x192;)

Final Temp Water (â&#x201E;&#x192;)

Mass Nuts Mass Water (g) (g)

Heat (kJ)

Kukui Nuts

30

58

15

250

29

Mac Nuts

30

58

15

250

29

Brazil Nuts

30

56

15

250

27

Walnuts

30

54

15

250

25

Conclusion From our experiment, we have learned that kukui nuts produce roughly the same amount of heat as macadamia nuts. When compared with common fuel sources such as kerosene, both nuts produce much less heat. For example, the same amount of kerosene would produce 690 kJ of energy [4]. Based on our results, we conclude that kukui nuts are a viable source of energy, but are not as effective as crude oil or traditional fossil fuel sources.

References

Kukui Nuts

Macadamia Nuts

[1]Lucas, L. (1982). Plants of Old Hawaii. Honolulu, HI: Bess Press.

[2]Chung, K. H., Shin, K. O., Hwang, H. J., & Choi, K.-S. (2013).

Chemical composition of nuts and seeds sold in Korea. Nutrition Research and Practice, 7(2), 82â&#x20AC;&#x201C;88. http://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2013.7.2.82 [3]Henderson, B., & McKenna, M. (2008). The Legend of the Kukui Nut. Springville, UT: CFI. [4]â&#x20AC;?The Energy Content of Fuelsâ&#x20AC;? University of Virginia Physics Department.

Acknowledgments Walnuts

Brazil Nuts

Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Advisor Li-Anne DelaVega, Engineering Program Coordinator

The Kinematics of Seed Launching to Distribute and Promote Growth of Native Plants Arron Pacheco, Militoni Toetu‘u, Drew Watanabe Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Results

Conclusion

The research conducted in this experiment was done to provide insight to a ever growing problem in Hawai‘i. In Hawai‘i, native plant species are slowly becoming scarce due to invasive species.

Invasive species grow rapidly compared to native ones and consume much more water. These factors directly impact our aquifer as well as biodiversity. A solution to slightly counteract this situation would be to plant more native species from a distance without actually having to be at the location to place each plant subject.

The table below shows the results of our experiment.

Because the projectile has a constant initial velocity, we can use the angle at which we launch to get a desired distance along a horizontal plane. At a 45o angle, the greatest distance it reached. Any angle less or more will result in a shorter distance. Using kinematics, we can predict the horizontal distance at which our projectile will land.

This project was done to find a useful method of spreading native plants while applying concepts used in physics. If redesigned with stronger materials, this device should be able to launch seeds much farther, in turn helping to improve the population of endangered plants in Hawai‘i.

A future application of this concept could be applied with an electromagnetic rail gun system, and used to launch satellites into orbit.

References Image 1

Image 2

By using a launching system, people could effectively disperse seeds in the form of packets housed in soil and fertilizer. This can be from a fixed location to scatter seeds along a desired zone, or across the mountain tops of O‘ahu.

Methods In order to gauge the distance the catapult can launch, we conducted a series of 5 trials each for three different angles: 30⁰, 45⁰, and 60⁰, taking the average for each angle. Lastly, we calculated the average time and velocity for the projectile using two photogates connected to the data plotting software LoggerPro.

1) Credland, A. C. (2011). Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey Bt. and the Study of Medieval and Ancient Projectile Weapons. Arms & Armour, 8(1), 46-88. doi:10.1179/174161211X12929284717031 2) Xu, L., Zheng, F., & Peng, L. (2015).

Electromechanical coupled nonlinear free vibration of rails for electromagnetic railguns. International Journal Of Applied Electromagnetics & Mechanics, 47(2), 313-322. doi:10.3233/JAE-140011 3) More Bang for the Buck. (2006). Aviation Week & Space Technology, 165(5), 33.

Acknowledgments A big thank you to all who helped us gain an in depth understanding of Physics. They are professors Aaron Hanai and Herve Collin, and also our peer mentors Jami Stout and Leah McCabe.

The Ahupua‘a of Waikīkī: The Place of Sprouting Waters By: Betty Lam Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Center of an Ahupua‘a:

At the Center of the Ahupua‘a:

The goal of this project was to research the native Hawaiian land divisions and explore the ahupua‘a corresponding to where I live. In particular, to locate the centroid of the ahupua‘a of Waikīkī and discover its history.

Land Divisions: The islands of Hawai‘i were traditionally subdivided into land masses. The larger islands were mokupuni, and Figure 1: Moku and ahupua‘a of O'ahu. each island was subdivided into moku, which were further divided into ahupua‘a; a section which usually extended from the mountain summits down through valleys to the outer edge of the sea reef.

Ahupua‘a contained nearly all the resources Hawaiians required for survival.

What is a Centroid?

A centroid is the center of mass (CoM) of an object of uniform density. To find Figure 2: Centroid of a triangle. the x-axis location of the centroid, divide the total moments (in x direction) by the total area.

Similarly, the y-axis location of the centroid can be found by dividing the total moments (in y) by the total area.

Figure 3: Hikers trekking Mau'umae trail.

The center coordinates of the ahupua‘a of Waikīkī turned out to be approximately 21°18'01.5"N 157°46'57.2"W: along Mau‘umae Ridge.

The ridge is a hiking trail that features magnificent views of downtown Honolulu, Mānoa, Pālolo, and the Windward coast.

Finding the Ahupua‘a Centroid: In order to find the centroid, I traced the ahupua‘a in Fusion 360 and use the program’s Inspect feature to place a target at the shape’s CoM. I then superimposed this image over a Google Maps image to find the target’s coordinates.

Ahupua‘a of Waikīkī:

The name Waikīkī means “sprouting waters”.

True to its name, the ahupua‘a of Waikīkī was filled with fourteen streams that flowed down from the three valleys of Makiki, Mānoa, and Pālolo.

Because of its plentiful waters, Waikīkī had rich farming grounds for taro, and plenty of good fishing.

The Hawaiian stream gobies, ‘o‘opu, used the extent of the ahupua‘a’s waters, living and breeding in the freshwater streams, but hatching in the coastal waters of Waikīkī.

Figure 4: Streams of Waikīkī

These small fish featured prominently in Hawaiian sayings, such as: “Ka i‘a a ka wai nui i lawe mai ai.” The fish borne along by the flood.

References Life in early Hawaiʻi: The Ahupuaʻa. (1994). Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate, Kamehameha Schools Press.

Lanipo Trail: A Rollercoaster of a Trail up Mau'umae Ridge.

(2014, February 20). Retrieved from http://www.explorationhawaii.com/2012/08/07/lanipo-trail-arollercoaster-of-a-trail-up-mauumae-ridge/ Kanahele, G. (1995). Waikīkī 100 BC to 1990 AD: An untold story. Honolulu: Queen Emma Foundation.

Figure 4: Centroid of ahupua‘a of Waikīkī.

Chan, G., & Feeser, A. (2006). Waikīkī: A history of forgetting and remembering. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.

Finding the Optimal Power Output of a Solar Panel by Comparing Mounting Angles Brandon Farrell, Yuree Ku, Jaynine Paricio, Kayla Valera Faculty Advisor: Dr. Aaron Hanai Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Results

The demand for renewable energy to meet the needs of society is increasing on O‘ahu each year due to scarce resources and location. About 96% of the Photovoltaic Systems on O‘ahu are residential systems (Solar Energy). The goal of this project is to find the ideal position of a solar panel using angles to compensate for latitude, and to produce the optimal amount of energy output. Can we show that there is a correlation with our latitude and maximum degree output in a solar panel? We predict that the solar panel placed at an angle of 22º will produce the best energy output because of the Latitude of O‘ahu (21.4389º N).

Materials and Methods Materials used: - SLP010 Solar panel - Multimeter - Adjustable Solar panel mount For this experiment, one SLP010 solar panel was set up with a multimeter to display power output (in Voltage) and a mount was attached underneath for adjusting angle of the panel. The solar panel was faced directly South and we were able to test each angle starting from 0º to 35º in increments of 5º. We also tested for 22º with reference to the latitude of O‘ahu. The experiment was done on a sunny day, however, there were a few clouds.

Our hypothesis, that the solar panel angled at 22 degrees would yield the greatest voltage output was proven correct when tested through our experiment. The table below shows the different degrees that we angled our solar panels and the voltage output produced after 5 attempts.

Conclusion With further research we have a conclusion for our question: “is the ideal position of a solar panel related to the latitude of its position?” After multiple trials and experiments with 9 different angles we can conclude that the best angle where we had the maximum output was measured at 22 degrees which is our latitude here on O‘ahu. The results were consistent with the findings of major solar panel companies located on this island. However, the information may not be completely accurate due to human error as well as not accounting for smaller clouds in the sky which can manipulate the data.

References Impact of solar energy on the energy balance of attic rooms in high latitude countries. (DorotaChwieduk) (2018, March 06). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135943111830406X Limitations in solar module azimuth and tilt angles in building integrated photovoltaics at low latitude tropical sites in Brazil.(Ísis Portolan, dos Santosab, RicardoRüthera) (2013, September 28). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148113004758 Advances in solar photovoltaic tracking systems: A review. ( NadiaALRousanNor Ashidi MatIsaMohd Khairunaz MatDesa)(2017, October 21).

Retrieved April 23, 2018, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117313266 Solar Energy. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2018, from https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/clean-energy-hawaii/clean-energyfacts/renewable-energy-sources/solar

Acknowledgments We would like to thank Dr. Hanai for his overwhelming support with materials and knowledge, KCC STEM for the use of their classrooms, and our fellow peers for their input to better our project.

Using Energy Loss at Impact to Compare the Intensity of Sports Injuries Ujjwal Gautam, Jerome Wasserman, Honoka Katayama Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Method/Materials

Athletes are constantly exposed to contact with equipment and other athletes, often without any protective gear. This lab investigates the amount of energy that is received by the athlete when the ball comes into contact with the body.

The two sports compared were tennis and golf. Based on the Energy Conservation Law, the energy before the impact and after the impact should be equivalent.

However, some of the energy is lost from the system at impact. This is the energy given off to the injury.

Mathematically,

Two Vernier motion detectors were set up to calculate the velocity over time of two objects: the ball and a box. The ball was released on a ramp to avoid any external forces. Logger Pro was used to collect data over five trials per ball. From the data, the velocity of the ball before impact, the velocity of the ball at impact, the velocity of the box at impact were deduced.

This data along with the mass of the objects were used in Equation (1) to solve for the energy of the injury.

∑EA = ∑EB KE1ball + KE1box = KE2ball + KE2box + x

Figure 2: Velocity as a function of time of the Tennis Ball and the target

½ mballv1ball2 = ½ mballv2ball2 + ½ mboxv2box2 + x Conclusion

x = ½ mballv1ball2 - (½ mballv2ball2 + ½ mboxv2box2) Objective Does the tennis ball or the golf ball cause a more intense injury upon impact with an athlete’s body?

Figure 1: Trial set up

The golf ball will cause a more intense injury than the tennis ball because the golf ball is made of inelastic materials, and will have greater velocity to give off more energy toward injury.

Does the tennis ball or the golf ball cause a more intense injury at impact with athlete’s body? This research question is very interesting because there are many sports injuries yearly. This could range from a simple tennis ball to a 100 mph baseball coming from a top player.

References Results

Hypothesis

Figure 3: Velocity as a function of time of the Golf Ball and the target

At impact, the tennis ball gives off more energy to the injury (32.4% of initial energy) than the golf ball (67.0% of initial energy).

Acknowledgments: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D., Kapi‘olani Community College STEM Program

Pilis, K., Miarczyński, D., Pilis, A., Stec, K., Letkiewicz, S., & Pilis, W. (2017). Soccer Players' Injuries At Different Levels of the Sport. Medical Science Pulse, 11(2), 10-16. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0010.1583 Shobian, M. A., Hamdi, A., Bakhamees, W. S., & Magadmi, B. M. (2017). Epidemiology of Sports-Related Injuries Among Athletes in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Egyptian Journal Of Hospital Medicine, 69(6), 2607-2613. doi:10.12816/0042236

Calculating the Center of Mass of the ‘Aiea Ahupua‘a Using Computer Aided Design Christopher Blake Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction This study focuses on how to determine the center of mass (C.O.M.) of the ‘Aiea ahupua‘a in which I currently live. This involves understanding the Hawaiian land divisions, which according to the traditional Hawaiian customs consist of understanding the Makahiki, which was when the God Lono blessed the land in a clockwise circuit with fertility for a fruitful harvest. An ahupua‘a is a land division cared for by the konohiki (manager) from uplands down to the sea, which is a division of a moku (Beamer, 2009), which are the main districts of the islands cared for by the ali‘i (chief).

An ahupua‘a can be divided into smaller divisions which are called ‘ili, which are cared for by the ‘ohana (family), which was their kuleana, or responsibility (Kamehameha Publishing,n.d.).

The 1874 drawing of the ‘Aiea ahupua‘a (Lyon, 1874) was uploaded to the CAD software Autodesk Fusion 360 (Figure1.), then traced using functions like line and conic curve connecting each point (Figure 2.) and then the C.O.M. function was called and computed by the software where a black, gray, and white circle appears on the C.O.M. Then simply get the GPS coordinates from the original map, and combine and adjust them according to the C.O.M. found with the Fusion 360 tracing of the drawing.

A Story from ‘Aiea The name of the ahupua‘a ‘Aiea was originated from the tree Nothocestrum latifolium, known as the broadleaf ʻaiea, which is endemic to Hawai‘i (Medeiros,2003). In the book “Hawaiian Idylls of Love and Death” it is said that “Liliha, daughter of the high priest of Kauai, and wife of Kaulu...struck out against the ‘Aiea shore hoping to find refuge with her family until the wrath of Kalanikūpule should pass”.

Conclusion Information such as the C.O.M. can be used in developing new cities to solve problems such as the urban crisis (Hafez, 2017) and to deal with overpopulation by distributing acceptable services to a community.

References Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Results The location of the center of mass of ‘Aiea is 21° 23' 18.6648'' N,157° 55' 14.5848'' W.

Methods To find the C.O.M. of ‘Aiea, a computer aided design (CAD) program was used, and the C.O.M. was computed with the click of a button.

Above you can see a more current picture of the C.O.M. of ‘Aiea. This is an area not too far from Napuanani Park.

1. Hafez, R. M. (2017). New cities between sustainability and real estate investment: A case study of New Cairo city. HBRC Journal, 13(1), 89-97. doi:10.1016/j.hbrcj.2015.03.001 2. Beamer, B. K., & Duarte, T. K. (2009). I palapala no ia aina – documenting the Hawaiian Kingdom: A colonial venture?

Journal of Historical Geography, 35(1), 66-86. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2008.04.002 3. Lyons (1874) ‘Aiea, ‘Ewa, ‘Oahu HGS#323 [Photograph]. (n.d.). ‘Aiea, AvaKonohiki, Honolulu.

4. How Were Land Boundaries Marked? [Photograph]. (n.d.). ahupua‘a, Kamehameha Publishing, Honolulu,HI. 5. Medeiros, AC (Spring 2003). "The Pū ʻOlē ʻOlē" (PDF). Native Plants. Native Plants Network: 51.

6. H., H. (2012). Hawaiian idylls of love and death. Place of publication not identified: Hardpress Publishing.

Acknowledgments I’d like to thank Dr. Aaron Hanai for his guidance and help during this project.

Design of a Wave Tank for Coastal Inundation Analysis Jusden Keli‘ikuli, Betty Lam, Hunter Patton, Kainani Santos, Phillip Scott, Shu Xuan Zhang Faculty Advisors: Dr. Aaron Hanai, Justin Carland Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction Oceanography is the study of a range of ecosystem dynamics.

Generally, studies include plate tectonics, geology of the sea floor, ocean currents, and waves. All of these primarily focus on the study of properties, anatomy, and relationship between waves.

Oceanography topics also include the impact of debris, corrosion, erosion, and sediment absorption. This provides insight to climate change, and invokes critical thinking from all participants.

For the purposes of this project, introducing students to this field wouldn't be complete without a functional tank. The tank would not only provide a kinesthetic environment, but also be used to simulate shorelines in a controlled setting, being one of the most heavily studied areas.

Design and Fabrication of Mechanical Components

The current state of the wave tank fulfills the goal of having a kinesthetic environment, with a focus on shorelines, through the real results of variations in the anatomy of a wave. Specifically, the accomplishments of this project include: ● Providing a demonstration for students to learn about the characteristics of ocean waves, such as the speed, amplitude, and frequency ● Providing a demonstration for students to learn about the impacts of the ocean waves. ● Providing a platform for students to learn how to minimize the damage on coastal shorelines

Figure 2. Wave tank with new components.

Water Catcher

Conclusion

Variable shoreline

Figure 5. CAD of recurved wall (above)

Methods

Figure 3. CAD of water collection concept.

Figure 4.

Execution of water collection device Figure 6. Execution of recurved wall and variable shoreline (left and above)

Wave Generator

Figure 1: Motion of surface waves (Rayleigh waves)/

Wave Generator: Ocean waves are surface waves generated from wind (Fig. 1). To replicate the sweeping and orbital motions of the waves, we changed the wave generating method from the initial state of the tank to a bottom-pivoting paddle (Fig. 7). For ease of user control, a DC motor was chosen to power the wheel, so the speed could be controlled by adjusting voltage.

References Figure 7. CAD of wave generator

Figure 8. Test model of wave generator

Figure 9. Tsunami generator

Design and Fabrication of Electrical Components Electrical System and Enclosure

Airflow System: The airflow system design was created to imitate a tsunami-like wave. We wanted to create a wave generation system that would not disturb the surface of the water.

Breaking Waves & Water Collection: A shoreline and wall were created to simulate the effects of coastal management and breaking waves. The walls were made of concrete for weight, are designed to be stackable to varying height, able to connect to a recurve wall, and connect the holders into the wall for the acrylic shoreline. A water collection reservoir is placed at the back of the tank to collect volumetric measurements of coastal swash.

Future additions to the project include: ● Developing a variety of interchangeable wave generators ● Developing a variety of interchangeable linear actuator wheels of varying diameter ● Improving user interface and electrical systems ● Replacing the DC-motor with a higher-powered motor that can be used to generate higher frequency waves ● Bigger tank that can create waves in multiple dimensions

It was decided to run the wave tank off of two Arduino systems in order to optimize data logging for real time results.

Arduino LCD Set Up and Programming Guide. (2018, January 01). Retrieved from http://www.circuitbasics.com/how-to-set-up-an-lcd-display-on-an-arduino/ Raja, D. (n.d.). Pressure Sensor BMP180 Interfacing with Arduino Uno. Retrieved from https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/pressure-sensor-bmp180-witharduino Wave tank demonstration showing the impact of coastal defences on flood risk.

(2016, October 21). Retrieved from https://youtu.be/3yNoy4H2Z-o

Acknowledgments Figure 9.

Fritzing schematic of water sensor (above) Figure 12. Closed enclosure showing outer configuration (above) Figure 10. Fritzing schematic of servo control system (above)

Figure 11. Open enclosure showing electrical configuration (above)

Dr. Aaron Hanai Dr. Daniela Bottjer-Wilson Justin Carland STEM program Kapi‘olani Community College Leeward Community College- OCEWD Kaimukī High School

Utilizing Computer Software to Identify the Centroid of the Honolulu Ahupuaʻa Jordan Li Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Formula:

Purpose The purpose of this work is to research about my ahupuaʻa, and use various methods to identify its centroid.

Conclusion

Figure 1. Moku

Introduction

Figure 2. Ahupuaʻa (Honolulu)

Figure 3. Centroid found using Autodesk Fusion 360

Results

Ahupuaʻa are land divisions, usually from high ground to the sea, and each boundary is marked by a heap (ahu) of stones surmounted by an image of a pig (puaʻa) because a pig or other tribute was laid on the altar as tax to the chief.

Ahupuaʻa could be viewed as slices of a pizza, but this pizza is Oʻahu. I live on Nuʻuanu Ave, so my ahupuaʻa is Honolulu.

After compiling my image into Fusion 360, I allowed the software to compute the centroid for me. I can run the image of the centroid and find the coordinates of my ahupuaʻa’s centroid on Google Maps. The coordinates of the centroid were located at (21.330968, -157.832816).

I was able to find my centroid without doing any manual calculations.

Methods

Story

1. Find and locate my ahupuaʻa 2. Screenshot upload to Autodesk Fusion 360 3. Draw out the shape of the ahupuaʻa screenshot 4. Use Fusion 360 to find the center of mass of the drawing 5. Match the centroid with Google Maps to find its centroid on a global scale 6. Click on Google Map and coordinates of the centroid will be provided

I live on Nuʻuanu Ave, where it is the main and center feature of the ahupuaʻa of Honolulu. On one side of Honolulu, there is a smaller valley of Pauoa, and on the other side, there is ‘Ālewa Heights. Because of the size of Nuʻuanu, it dominates in the ahupuaʻa of Honolulu. The most commonly known landmark of the Honolulu ahupuaʻa is the crater of Pūowaina, also known as “Punchbowl”, located at the edges of Nuʻuanu.

Normally to find a centroid of a shape, we would have to use the above formula and divide our shape into many smaller pieces and find the centroid of each smaller piece, then add them all back together to find the centroid. But thanks to computer software such as Autodesk Fusion 360, life is made easy. It uses the same formula to calculate the centroid for us.

References https://www.google.com/maps/@21.330818,157.8276797,15.41z http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/HonoluluAhupua-a-Honolulu-HI.html https://www.google.com/search?q=centroid+form ula&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS711US711&source=lnm s&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQaKKnInaAhUY02MKHexrCLkQ_AUICigB&biw=12 80&bih=703#imgrc=s9nMfp_ofqCf7M: http://www.pacificworlds.com/nuuanu/home/orient ed.cfm http://www2.hawaii.edu/~dhonda/ahupua'a.htm

Acknowledgments Aaron M. Hanai, Ph.D.

Island of Kaua‘i: Center of Mass of the Niumalu Ahupua‘a Joni Hashizume Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction:

Results:

Conclusion:

Niumalu is an ahupua‘a located in the Puna moku of the island of Kaua‘i. The meaning of Niumalu is known to be “shaded coconut tree”.

This meaning came from the story about how two heroes had a spear throwing contest, which one of the spears created a hole in the mountain at Anahola, and the second hero threw his spear which continued until it casts its shadow on the coconut trees.

The center of mass is located in the middle of the Puali Stream. The Puali stream flows from a small reservoir that is also connected to the Haleaka stream, then flows into the ocean near the Nawiliwili small boat harbor.

The goal of this project was to find the center of mass based on a specific subdivision that you are from. I decided to choose the ahupua‘a, Niumalu, on the island of Kaua‘i. I was able to find the center of mass by using the program Autodesk Fusion 360 after precisely outlining the area.

Figure 1: Center of Mass formulas

Figure 2: Moku and ahupua‘a of Kaua‘i

Methods: The objective of this project was to find the center of mass of the ahupua‘a you live in. To complete this project, In class, we were taught to find the centroid of a composite object by using the formulas shown in Figure 1. However, I used the Autodesk Fusion 360 program. Once I was able to find the moku (district or land division) and ahupua‘a (subdivision of the moku), I traced the region onto the program to obtain a cut out of the ahupua‘a. After that, I was able to find the center of mass with a click of a button.

Figure 4: Puali Stream

References:

Figure 3: Center of mass of Niumalu

Wilson, J. (2008, December 2). Hawaiian Sovereignty. Retrieved March 26, 2018, from http://www.islandbreath.org/2008Year/14hawaiiana/0814-28AhaKioleKCC.html

Locating the Area-Weighted Mean Position of the Waikīkī Ahupuaʻa Kenny Uehara Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Objective In class, we learn to calculate the centroid of simple polygons with known functions that define the shapes’ edges or curves. In the process of trying to use the methods we learn in the classroom to real world applications, we quickly find that the shapes we deal with can be difficult and obscure. The purpose of this project is to use our current knowledge and engineering skills to find the area weighted mean position, or centroid, of the ahupuaʻa in which we reside.

Method of Finding the Centroid

Figure 1: Oʻahu ahupuaʻa land divisions

What is an Ahupuaʻa?

An ahupuaʻa is a division of land that was used by ancient Hawaiians to help the chiefdom govern their lands. It is commonly known that this area extends from the mountain to the sea. The perimeter of an ahupuaʻa were usually determined by natural boundaries of the land. This area contains highland forests, lowland areas and shores. Whether it would be fish or salt from the ocean, or wood from the forests, or even land to cultivate crops, the ahupuaʻa contained all the resources needed to sustain an ancient Hawaiian society.

Results

Figure 2: Ahupuaʻa overlaid on Google Maps

General location

The area analyzed in this project is the Waikīkī ahupuaʻa. According to the Kipuka database, the general location covers an area that stretches from Mānoa to Niu Valley. It’s northern perimeter is bounded by the Koʻolau mountain range ridge and its southern perimeter is bounded by the southern beach shores. Figure 1 is a map provided by the Kipuka database. This map shows the ahupuaʻa land divisions of the island of Oʻahu. The area marked with the star is the Waikīkī ahupuaʻa.

To find the centroid of the Waikīkī ahupuaʻa, the map in Figure 1 was inserted into the Autodesk Fusion 360 CAD program. By using features available in this program, it was possible to trace the outline of the irregular shape of the ahupuaʻa. Then, the shape was extruded very slightly in order to find the center of mass which also equates to the point of the area weighted mean position of the irregular shape. The shape and the identified centroid was then overlaid on Google Maps to find an accurate estimate of where on the island the centroid of the Waikīkī ahupuaʻa is located, shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 shows us that the general location of the centroid can be found in Pālolo valley. Comparing the zoomed in Figure 2 to google maps shows us a more accurate estimated location of the centroid which can be seen on Figure 3. Figure 3 also shows the geographical coordinates which was found to be 21°18’05.1”N and 157°47’09.8”W. A notable landmark close to the centroid would be Mu Ryang Sa Buddhist Temple. Another well known landmark amongst the locals would be the Pālolo Chinese Homes which is often used as a reference to gauge how deep in the valley one is located.

References MacKenzie, M. K. (2006). Ever Loyal to the Land. Human Rights, 33(2), 15-25 Hawaiʻi Place Names: Home. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2018, from http://guides.library.kapiolani.hawaii.edu/hawaiiplacenames Kipuka Database Google. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2018, from https://goo.gl/maps/apuxkdbm7V22 .

Figure 3: Coordinates of estimated centroid

Mahalo to Dr. Aaron Hanai and Annie Keola Kaukahi Thomas

How I Located the Centroid of my Ahupuaʻa Wei Gong Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction Someone ask you where is the center of the circle, well you definitely know where it is, how about triangle? You might have to look up or use integral to solve it by hand. But what if a given weird shape? How will you find the center? In this project we'll show you how.

Ahupuaʻa is divided land in Hawaiian islands from top of the mountain to the sea. My ahupuaʻa is Makiki, but I expanded it to Waikīkī.

History Did you know that Obama grew up in Makiki?

He also went to Punahou high school which is around the area. His grandmother lived in an apartment by True Jesus Mission Church of the Latter Rain. In this area many diverse working class lived in Makiki.

Song “On the Beach of Waikīkī” Method First I located my ahupua’a, then used Fusion 360 to outline the shape of Waikīkī. I used this method because in Fusion when you have the shape, in a click of a button it shows the center of that shape, so it makes things easy.

Results The outline tool in Fusion worked very well. I got my exact shape I wanted. Afterwards, I connected all the points, and fixed up any unconnected points. Below is the shape I outlined, and the computer marked the centroid of that shape. The map image shows the location of that centroid, which is at Mauʻumae Nature park.

Conclusion How to find the center of given area? By using the software called Autodesk Fusion 360, I am able to outline the area I wanted and by the click of a button, it will show me the center of that area.

Knowing the center of a given shape, in this case is land we can use the location such as some sort of station because when in the center you can get to place about equal time.

Such as a fire station.

I did this assuming the density is the same everywhere on the given shape. We can also use population instead of mass, to know the center by the number of people live in different area.

In the future, I want to learn how they choose the location of setting up a signal tower, what method is used, and the tools they use. After understanding how they did it, maybe I can implement a better method.

References Robert F. Kay (2008) Makiki--Introduction & Self-Guided http://obamasneighborhood.com/makiki.html Acknowledgments Dr. Aaron Hanai Annie Thomas

Just Skin Deep – Vitamins for Cutaneous Immunity Ashley Kong Faculty Advisor: Alan Garcia Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Discussion

Immunological Mechanisms

Vitamins in general are important for an overall healthy body and underlying healthy immune system for immunity. In this case, cutaneous immunity. However, just how accessible to the skin are the necessary vitamins if they are simply ingested and absorbed by the body? There are an estimated 20 billion T cells in the human skin, far greater than the number of T cells in the blood which suggest s that immune defense in the skin is a high priority. Our skin is the largest organ of the body, yet it is the least vital in terms of nutrient uptake. Although vitamins taken in orally are essential and necessary for properly functioning organs, studies have shown that nutrients absorbed internally are provided first to the most vital organs making our skin the last organ to receive the vitamins and nutrients necessary for healthy skin. Topical application of vitamins act as an additional way to obtain the necessary requirements needed for a more protected and healthy skin immune system.

Vitamin A - Modulates proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Prevents UV irradiation-mediated skin damage. Found in retinols and retinoic acid to treat fine lines, help fade dark spots.

Keratinocytes supports the body’s cutaneous immune function by killing live microbes.

They express PRRs like TLRs to fend off microbial substances in addition to the production of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines. This recognition process towards invading pathogens in the epidermis is what triggers cutaneous cytokine production for elimination. Along with obtaining vitamin D from UV-catalyzed dermal synthesis, topical application of can also support regulating keratinocyte cell proliferation and differentiation.

Langerhan cells act as APCs with in their Birbeck granules that act with B cells and T cells to monitor the cutaneous environment. LCs are also necessary to induce contact hypersensitivity in the epidermis through hapten modification. Ultraviolet radiation and chemical carcinogens reduce LC density in the epidermis. The addition of vitamin A, in the form of retinol or retinoic acid, has been found to prevent the decrease in LC density allowing for its cell growth and protection.

Vitamin C acts as a depigmenting agent by inhibiting the action of the enzyme tyrosinase, which Figure #1: Topical Vitamin C in turn decreases melanin production and acts as a counteracts melanin production at cofactor for the stabilization of collagen molecules. these 5 stages 1. Signal reaction from UV light Topical use of vitamin C can help with photoaging, 2. Tyrosinase synthesis hyper pigmentation, tissue healing and inflammation.

Points of Interest Vitamins A, C, D, E Keratinocytes Langerhan cells (LC) Melanocytes

Vitamin C – Suppresses UV irradiation-triggered production of free radicals, protects cells from oxidative stress. Promotes cutneous wound healing. Attenuates UV irradiation-mediated skin damages. Increases epidermal moisture content by improving skin hydration. L-ascorbic acid aids in sunburned epithelial cells, pigmentation, UV radiation, and protects the skin by neutralizing reactive oxygen species. Vitamin C in its L-ascorbic acid derivative form allows it to more readily absorb into the skin. Topical application of vitamin C has been found to be most effective from 1020% in a low pH to stabilize it. Also supports hyalouric acid, which is a great moisturizing agent for the skin and can hold up to 1000 times its own weight.

Vitamin D – Improves innate immunity by stimulation of cathelicidin(polypeptide for defense against invasive bacterial infection) antimicrobial peptide formation. Modulates inflammation, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Topical vitamin D is found to treat skin irritants like costume jewelry and psoriasis because it reduces the skin replication rate. Research estimates the duration of sun exposure required to obtain the recommended doses of vitamin D were estimated to be around 1020 minutes.

Vitamin E – Modulates photoaging and photocarcingogenesis. Suppresses lipid peroxidation and exhibits an anti-inflammatory role. It is found in most OTC creams because of its ability to hydrate the stratum corneum and improve the skin’s water-binding capacity. Studies have show that vitamin C and E are more effective when in used in combination with other antioxidant ingredients.

Keratinocytes- make up ~90% of the cells of the epidermis, producing the protein keratin to preserve against microbial invaders and for the body’s most superior layer of protection.

Langerhan cells- function as cutaneous DCs located in the epidermis and dermis where they interact with lymphocytes to protect your skin from infection and stimulate allergic reactions.

Melanocytes- produce melanin which gives and individual’s skin color and offers protection against DNA damage by absorbing UV radiation.

Conclusion Treatments

Challenges The first challenge for any topical skin care is the first layer of the skin, the stratum corneum of the epidermis. The epidermis does not contain any blood vessels so any type of skin nourishment originates from the underlying dermis layer. When taking into account the difficult inability of most topical applications to penetrate the epidermis due to the vitamin’s difference in molecular weight and oxidizing ability to fully penetrate down to the dermis where protein synthesis and keritinocytes reside (lower layers of the epidermis).

Some micronutrients in their molecular or derivative forms are considered unstable, therefore difficult to bottle and mass produce for the public’s benefit. For example, Vitamin C is known for its antioxidant properties and antipigmentary effects for a brighter and more even complexion. This can only be done if if it is offered at its most beneficial concentration, and in its stable form without being exposed to light or becoming oxidized.

Cutaneous diseases and problems: Photodamage- damage to the skin from overexposure of UVA or UVB, sunburn.

Psoriasis- condition where skin cells build up and form scales and itchy dry patches.

Hyperpigmentaion- darkened patches on the skin caused by sun damage, inflammation, or skin injuries like acne.

Wrinkles and fine lines- Results from the breakdown of collagen and elastin in the skin due to aging and UV damage.

Dehydrated skin- Lack of moisture in the skin due to environmental factors or disorder.

3. Melanosome formation 4. Melanin transportation 5. Deposition of melanin

Treatments, vitamins, and micronutrients are everywhere to be found, but yet still difficult to understand. From the ingestion of macronutrients to your everyday skincare routine and micronutrient vitamins that are physically applied daily, understanding all the small details can be overwhelmingly frustrating to some. Moisturizers, cosmetics, and topical prescriptions have been around for years and these 4 essential vitamins A, C, D, and E are the ones that have resulted in the most positive effects.

These are examples of the most current treatments have are available without doctor or dermatologist prescriptions: -Sunscreen with any amount of sun exposure -Vitamin A retinol/retinoic acid creams or serums -Vitamin C serums ranging between 10-20% in low pH ~3.5-4.5 for stability -Vitamin D serum, oil, and creams, 10 minutes of sunlight per day -Vitamin E creams/serum

Topical applications for cutaneous immunity may not be considered to be a complete alternative for obtaining healthy skin, but can act as a fundamental additive to be incorporated into one’s daily skincare routine. Natural and dietary interventions from vitamins that essentially affect skin health may be slow in effect; or seem virtually nonexistent to some, the addition of topical vitamins will provide the most superior layer of the skin with more nutrients than just from internally alone. The ideal route for healthy cutaneous immunity and maintenance works optimally when skin is cared for both inside and out. Topical application, through is not a complete alternative to dietary intake of vitamins; however can complement dietary consumption, leading to a stronger and healthier skin barrier for the body.

References 1) Loser K, Beissert S. Dendritic cells and T cells in the regulation of cutaneous immunity. Adv Dermatol.

2007;23:307-33. Review. PubMed PMID: 18159907.

2) Pinnell SR, Yang H, Omar M, et al. Topical L-ascorbic acid: percutaneous absorption studies. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:137-142.

3) Nakamura T, Pinnell SR, Darr D, et al. Vitamin C abrogates the deleterious effects of UVB radiation on cutaneous immunity by a mechanism that does not depend on TNF-alpha. J Invest Dermatol 1997;109:20-24.

4) Peterkofsky B. Ascorbate requirement for hydroxylation and secretion of procollagen: relationship to inhibition of collagen synthesis in scurvy. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:1135S-1140S. 5) Geesin JC, Darr D, Kaufman R, Murad S, Pinnell SR. Ascorbic acid specifically increases type I and type III procollagen messenger RNA levels in human skin fibroblast. J Invest Dermatol 1988;90:420-424.

6) Kameyama K, Sakai C, Kondoh S, et al. Inhibitory effect of magnesium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate (VC-PMG) on melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:29-33.

7) 1X1Di Meglio, P., Perera, G.K., and Nestle, F.O. The multitasking organ: recent insights into skin immune function. Immunity. 2011; 35: 857–869 8) Pivarcsi A, Kemény L, Dobozy A. Innate immune functions of the keratinocytes. A review. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2004;51(3):303-10. Review. PubMed PMID: 15571070.

Graves’ Disease Emily Ho Faculty Advisor: Alan Garcia Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI What is Graves’ Disease?

Graves disease is an autoimmune disease where antibodies are directed against a hormone receptor, activating rather than interfering with the activity of the receptor. Interaction of autoantibodies with the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) receptor, activates the cell in a similar manner to TSH activation, which stimulates excess production of thyroid hormone. Graves’ Disease is also known to be a cause of an hyperactive thyroid gland, hyperthyroidism, which is when autoantibodies continuously stimulate TSH receptors, leading to excessive amounts of thyroid hormones to be produced.

How is Graves’ Disease diagnosed?

What are the treatments/therapies for Graves’ Disease?

Graves’ Disease can be diagnosed through a blood test, ultrasound, and/or nuclear medicine scan. To diagnose Graves’ Disease through a blood test the serum thyrotropin, thyroid hormones TSH, T3, and T4 levels are measured. In patients with Graves’ Disease their TSH levels should be low and their T3 and T4 levels should be high.

Through an ultrasound, the doctor can detect nodules present in/on the thyroid, or if the thyroid is inflamed/ overactive. Using the nuclear medicine scan method, radioactive Iodine (I-131) is used to help determine if the thyroid is inflamed or overactive by the uptake in Iodine, patients with Graves’ Disease have high levels of Iodine uptake.

The treatments and therapies include; antithyroid drugs, Beta blockers, radioactive iodine, and surgery. Antithyroid drugs that are most commonly used are Carbimazole, inhibits thyroid peroxidase which produces the synthesis of thyroid hormone, and Propylthiouracil. The radioactive iodine is a longer process but is more effective than the antithyroid drugs, though it does have adverse side effects. Beta blockers block the effect of thyroid hormones to the body. Thyroidectomy is the surgery to remove all of part of thyroid.

Clinical Experiment/Trial done with Graves’ Disease patients: In one clinical trial that was conducted on 26 Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients. They were treated with oral prednisone or cyclosporin for 12 weeks.

The patients had normal thyroid gland function for more than 2 months when trial started, no local eye treatments. Every two weeks the dosage of prednisone per day was decreased from 60mg to 40mg to 30 mg for 4 weeks, and 20 mg for the remainder. Some had 7-5mg/kg (bodyweight per day for 12 weeks) of cyclosporin. After 12 weeks the results were unsuccessful, so they did another trial with a combination of both oral prednisone (20mg/day) and cyclosporin (7-5 mg/kg) . After this second trial was conducted, the researchers made their final evaluations, the results of the trial is shown at the last line of this figure below.

Fig 2: Measurement of serum thyrotropin levels lead to diagnosis.

What are the signs and symptoms of Graves’ Disease?

Fig 1: Activation of TSH and how it leads to hyperthyroidism.

Signs and symptoms of Graves’ Disease are goiter and ophthalmopathy (problems with the eyes). Graves’ disease patients also show signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism, which include; muscle weakness, heat intolerance, hair loss, tremor, etc.

Who does it affect?

Graves’ Disease affects anyone but it’s more common in women at or before the age of 40. It is seen most often in Caucasian and Asians but less among African Americans, because Caucasians carry the HLA alleles (HLA-DR3 & HLADQA1*0501) that is associated with the disease. This disease also affects 20% of monozygotic twins, not one single gens is responsible for the disease.

Fig 5: Results from the clinical trial in Britain.

References:

Fig 3 and 4: Signs and symptoms.

Weetman, A. P. (2000). Graves' disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 343(17), 1236-1248.

Graves' disease. (2018, March 06). Retrieved April 11, 2018, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/graves-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20356240 Graves' Disease Autoimmune Disease of the Thyroid [Web log review]. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2018.

Mourits, M. P. H., Koornneef, L., Wiersinga, W. M., Prummel, M. F., Berghout, A., & Van Der Gaag, R. (1989). Clinical criteria for the assessment of disease activity in Graves' ophthalmopathy: a novel approach. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 73(8), 639-644.

Attack of the Invaders: A look into HIV Jonathan Wong Faculty Advisor: Alan Garcia Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI What is HIV?

● Human immunodeficiency virus ● Retrovirus, contains 2 positive sense RNA strands ● Spherical shape, contains enzymes reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease ● Viral envelope is made of lipids from host (figure 1) ● Main Target: CD4+ T cells ● Causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

What is AIDS?

● AIDS refers to spectrum of conditions caused by the virus ● Seen as the final phase of HIV infection ● 3 phases in AIDS (figure 2) ○ Acute phase: sore throat, fever, viremia, 2-4 weeks after infection ○ Chronic latent phase: asymptomatic, lowering levels of CD4+ T cells, can last 15 years, can be lengthened with antiviral medication ○ Crisis phase: AIDS, T cell count less than 200 cells/uL, wasting syndrome, opportunistic infections and malignancies

Attack of the Virus: How HIV enters a cell (Figure 5)

● Targets CD4+ T cells ● What are T Cells ○ T cells are a part of adaptive immune responses ○ Cell mediated responses ○ Need antigens presented to them ○ Main target: Helper T cells ● Viral envelope contains gp120 and 41 ○ gp120 (figure 4): high affinity for CD4, uses co receptors like CCR5 on macrophages, CXCR4 for lymphocytes ○ CCR5 and CXCR4 are chemokine receptors ● gp120 and CD4 bind with co receptor primes for cells entry ● gp41 activates, penetrate cell membrane and virus has entry to cell ● What goes on in the cell? ○ viral RNA is made into DNA ○ integrated into host DNA ○ starts the production of viral products like tat, rev, and other viral components ● Last, virus is assembled, released, and cell dies

Testing and Identification ● ● ● ● ● ●

ELISA run to test for antibodies or antigens Confirmed with western blots (figure 7) Nucleic acid test: test for virus in blood Antigen/antibody test: look for p24 Rapid home tests: Antibody tests, screening test (figure 6) Diagnosis uses a combination of tests

Figure 6: Rapid test for HIV

Figure 7: HIV western blot

Treatments

● 5 classes of antiviral drugs (figure 8) ○ entry inhibitors, NRTI, NNRTI, integrase and protease inhibitors ● HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy ● Main goal: reduce viral load ● Truvada: PrEP, combination of two drugs; tenefovir disoproxil and emtricitabine

Figure 4: HIV binding with a T-cell Figure 1: HIV virus

Figure 2: Overview of HIV infection

Figure 3: HIV symptoms

Figure 8: Antiretroviral Agents for HIV Figure 5: HIV life cycle

References: Celum, Connie, and Jared Baeten. “Tenofovir-Based Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention: Evidence and Evolving Questions.” Current opinion in infectious diseases 25.1 (2012): 51–57. PMC. Web. 19 Apr. 2018. ; Coico, Richard, and Geoffrey Sunshine. Immunology: a Short Course. Wiley Blackwell, 2015. ; Crowe, Nadine Y, Dale I Godfrey, and Alan G Baxter. “Natural Killer T Cells Are Targets for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.” Immunology 108.1 (2003): 1–2. PMC. Web. 19 Apr. 2018. ; Doitsh, Gilad, and Warner C. Greene. “Dissecting How CD4 T Cells Are Lost During HIV Infection.” Cell host & microbe 19.3 (2016): 280–291. PMC. Web. 19 Apr. 2018. ; Hiscott, John, Hakju Kwon, and Pierre Génin. “Hostile Takeovers: Viral Appropriation of the NF-kB Pathway.” Journal of Clinical Investigation 107.2 (2001): 143–151. Print. ; “Truvada Dosage, Side Effects.” National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, aidsinfo.nih.gov/drugs/406/truvada/0/patient. ; Zhang C, Zhou S, Groppelli E, Pellegrino P, Williams I, et al. (2015) Hybrid Spreading Mechanisms and T Cell Activation Shape the Dynamics of HIV-1 Infection. PLOS Computational Biology 11(4): e1004179.

A Rare Form of SCID: Omenn Syndrome Mark A. Barranco Faculty Advisor: Dr. Alan Garcia Kapi ‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Background

Diagnostic Tests

Treatment

Omenn syndrome is an inherited immunodeficiency, of which is a form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). SCID is characterized as a group of disorders that causes an individual to have little to no immune protection against bacteria, viruses and fungi; which causes patients to become susceptible to persistent infections that may lead to life threatening situations. In the case of Omenn Syndrome, it manifests itself as erythroderma, desquamation, alopecia, chronic diarrhea, high level of IgE and other symptoms.

Patients with Omenn Syndrome may have a normal or elevated WBC count with predominance of lymphocytes. Flow cytometry tests are commonly used in diagnosing the disease. Customarily, the test should include T/B/NK cell markers, as well as markers for CD 25/30/95/69 and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR. Positive tests should show a presence of oligoclonal activated TH2 cells, NK cell presence, and the low presence/absence of B-cells. In addition to this, T-cell distribution may be normal or lean towards CD8 rather than CD4. Immunoglobulin levels should show that IgA and IgM are absent, while IgE is elevated. IgG is also present; however, these are maternal and are nonprotective.

Chest radiography tests can be performed in order to examine the shrinking or absence of the thymus. This is a symptom of Omenn Syndrome, as well as other forms of SCID. In histologic findings, thymic tissue may show poorly formed and decreased Hassall corpuscles. Other tests that may be considered for prognosis are mutation analyses for RAG-1/2, serum interleukin-4/5, molecular analysis of HLA alleles by PCR.

Omenn Syndrome has a higher mortality rate when compared to other SCIDs. Initial patient care of Omenn Syndrome includes the isolation of the patient in order to prevent infections, and to provide skin and mucosal care. Bone marrow or other stem cell transplantation is the primary method of therapy. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) typing is often used to identify a suitable match from a sibling or parent. An unrelated matching donor may also be able to successful; however, risks of complication are higher.

Epidemiology and Symptoms Because Omenn Syndrome is inherited via genetic means, many patients are often newborns. Cases have been reported to be equal in male and female infants. The prevalence of Omenn Syndrome is still unknown due to its rarity, however, because it is a form SCID it may be estimated to affect 1 in 50,000. Cases have been reported to occur in various places around the world, with most occurring in North America and Europe.

The disease causes susceptibility to life threatening infections of common viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens. In the first few weeks after birth, infants show symptoms of erythrodermia and diarrhea.

Erythrodermia is often associated with Staphylococcus aureus episodes. This is may be mistaken as eczema, however it has a pachydermatous appearance that progresses to desquamation.

Chronic diarrhea and infections causes failure to thrive in the infant; often following this is lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and alopecia. Lymphadenopathy is unique to Omenn Syndrome when compared to other forms of SCID.

Cause of Omenn Syndrome In Omenn Syndrome, and other forms of SCID, Hassall Corpuscles may be poorly formed or decreased.

Hassall corpuscles are recognized as the larger circles.

Photo taken from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/arti cle/888072-overview

Omenn Syndrome’s dermatitis is similar to eczema with pachydermatous. Following this symptom is desquamation and alopecia.

“Omen Syndrome has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance”

Photo Taken from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/arti cle/887687-overview

Photo taken from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omenn_syndrome#/ media/File:Autorecessive.svg

Omenn Syndrome may be caused by mutations in several different genes, with mutations in the RAG-1 and RAG-2 genes being the most common cause. These two genes are important in instructing the production of enzymes used in B-cells and T-cells, as well as increase surface protein diversity in the lymphocytes. RAG-1 and RAG-2 mutations cause a reduction in their respective protein functions; because of this, diversity among B-cells and T-cells decreases and the immune response is impaired. The number of Bcells are decreased, while the number of T-cells remain the same.

However, their populations are similar as they are derived from few functional precursor cells and attack the body’s self-tissue, accounting for its autoimmunity. Omenn Syndrome has also been reported to be caused by mutations in ARTEMIS, ADA, IRLA2, IRLA7. CHD7 and DNA Ligase 4.

Literature Cited Schwartz, R., Lin, R.; Updated March 2018. [Online] Emedicine Omenn Syndrome. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/887687overview Schwartz, R., Sinha, S.; March 2018 [Online ] Emedicine Pediatric Severe Combined Immunodeficiency https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/888072-overview Alsmadi, O., Al-Ghonaium, A., Al-Muhsen, S., Arnaout, R., Al-Dhekri, H., Al-Suad, B., Al-Kayal, F., Al-Suad, H., Al-Mousa, H.; 2009 November 13; Molecular analysis of T-B-NK+ severe combined immunodeficiency and Omenn Syndrome cases in Saudi Arabia https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2780402/

AN OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE Nghi Dam Faculty Advisor : Alan Garcia Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI INTRODUCTION Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) or Lupus is a most common systemic autoimmune disease (1:2500) which cause chronic inflammatory when the immune system attacks its own tissues. SLE is characterized by the dysfunction of T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells and by the production of antinuclear autoantibodies. More than 90% of cases of SLE occur in women, frequently starting at childbearing age. Etiology and pathogenesis remain largely unknown and the syndrome is characterized by multiple, etiologically unlinked manifestations. However, genetic predisposition, environmental factors (Epstein-Barr virus, UV light, drugs) and abnormalities of immune system may all play a role. The pathophysiology of the kidney lesions is the primary cause of mortality from SLE.

autoantigens, supporting further priming and autoreactivity. Engagement of TLRs by environmental triggers such as viral infection or DNA damage by UV rays contribute to the process by inducing the secretion of IFN-I and other cytokines, supporting lymphocyte autoreactivity as well as tissue destruction. APC, antigen-presenting cell; TCR, T-cell receptor.

Bold text shows cellular functions that have lupus susceptibility genes related to them.

DIAGNOSIS Because of the overlap between the many possible symptoms of lupus and other disorders, SLE is difficult to diagnose accurately and, therefore, a complicated disease index system is used with at least four criteria must be met to make a diagnosis. One of the diagnostic markers needs to be clinical, and one immunological.

Figure 2. Antibody ❖ Laboratory test deposition in the ➢ Complete blood count. kidney of a patient ➢ Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. with SLE. ➢ Kidney and liver assessment Fluorescent-labeled ➢ Antinuclear antibody (ANA) antibody to human test IgG, used to immunostain a kidney ➢ Urinalysis section, shows ❖ Kidney/Skin Biopsy deposits of IgG ❖ Imaging Test antibody in glomeruli ➢ Chest X-ray ➢ Echocardiogram

Figure 5. Mechanism of action of Belimumab. Targets BLyS growth factor for B-cells. Monthly IV infusion. This treatment not only reduces autoantibodies and flare rate but also normalizes the levels of C3 and C4 in patients.

CONCLUSION

Figure 1. SLE Symptoms include fever, skin rashes, joint pain and damage to the central nervous system, heart, lungs and kidneys.

MECHANISM There are many players involved in systemic autoimmunity and tissue destruction in SLE. Presentation of unknown antigens by MHC molecules leads to priming of CD4+ T cells. These cells then help B cells in autoreactive germinal centers undergo class switching, affinity maturation and differentiation into plasma cells that secrete high levels of soluble autoantibodies of the IgG isotype.

These autoantibodies form immune complexes by binding autoantigens, and fix complement or engage Fcγ receptors on several different cell types. This can support inflammation and tissue destruction through the recruitment of inflammatory cells to tissues. Apoptotic cells from damaged tissues can be taken up by phagocytes, which present novel

Figure 3. a. ANA Test. b.Homogenous pattern (Histone specificity). Peripheral/Ring pattern (dsDNA Specificity). Speckled pattern (Sm, Ro, La specificity). However ANA Test is not specific for SLE

Figure 4. SLE-key is a molecular diagnostic test measure a patient’s SLE-specific antibody fingerprint to an array of antigens which are printed on iCHIP. The test has been shown to be an accurate blood test for lupus.

TREATMENTS Given the heterogeneous nature of SLE, it has been difficult to design therapies that alleviate all aspects of the disease. ● Current treatments with steroids aim at total immunomodulation and trigger a variety of side effects when administered on a long-term basis. ● Antimalarial hydrochloroquine is presently being used as a preventive drug in lupus, although the mechanism of prevention is not completely known. ● Monoclonal antibody therapies against either IFN-I or the IFN-I receptor in individuals with SLE, but IFN blockage might not be completely effective in severe cases of human SLE. ● BlyS-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that specifically targets B-cell survival

B cell dysfunction has been critically implicated in the pathophysiology of SLE, a complex disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies and heterogeneous clinical involvement. Thus, the breakdown of B cell tolerance is a defining and early event in the disease process and may occur by multiple pathways, including alterations in factors that affect B cell activation thresholds, B cell longevity, and apoptotic cell processing. The complexity of B cell functions has been highlighted by the variable success of B cell-targeted therapies in multiple autoimmune diseases, including those conventionally viewed as T cell-mediated conditions. Given the widespread utilization of B cell depletion therapy in autoimmune diseases and the need for new therapeutic approaches in SLE, a better understanding of human B cell subsets and the balance of pathogenic and regulatory functions is of the essence.

REFERENCES 1. PERL, ANDRAS. “Pathogenic Mechanisms in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.” Autoimmunity 43.1 (2010): 1–6. PMC. Web. 16 Apr. 2018.

2. Rekvig, Ole Petter. “Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Definitions, Contexts, Conflicts, Enigmas.” Frontiers in Immunology 9 (2018): 387. PMC. Web. 16 Apr. 2018.

3. Crampton, S. P., et al. “Linking Susceptibility Genes and Pathogenesis Mechanisms Using Mouse Models of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.”

Disease Models & Mechanisms, vol. 7, no. 9, 2014, pp. 1033–1046. doi:10.1242/dmm.016451.

Pernicious Anemia is an autoimmune condition that causes a deficiency in B12 by disrupting the secretion of intrinsic factor (IF) from parietal cells of the gastrointestinal system.

Nicole Tecson Alan Garcia Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Pathophysiology • LOW Intrinsic Factor levels = LOW B12 levels Cause: In order for the B12 to be absorbed in the GI system, it must combine with intrinsic factor. However, in pernicious anemia, the amounts of intrinsic factor causes a B12 deficiency because there is an insufficient amount of IF to combine with.

• LOW B12 levels = Altered structural/ functional integrity of red and white blood cells.

Causes: With low B12 available, cellular function in the nucleus of red and white blood cells does not work properly.

Megaloblastic red blood cells occur and white blood cells can become hypersegmented.

B-12: A vitamin required for the production of healthy red blood cells Intrinsic Factor (IF): Protein that helps release Vitamin B12 from the diet into gastric secretions and allows it to be absorbed Parietal Cells: Gastrointestinal cells that produce IF

Clinical Signs Fatigue, shortness of breath, numbness in hands and feet, and muscle weakness.

Immunological Causes of Pernicious Anemia In pernicious anemia, there is a possibility of autoantibodies as the main cause • parietal cell antibodies(PCA) may be present and lead to the destruction of IF producing parietal cells in the stomach.

• intrinsic factor antibodies (IFA) These are specific and diagnostic of PA, and can be found in both serum and gastric juice. Type I: Serum IFA can bind to the vitamin B12 binding site on the IF molecule and block the joining of B12 . Type II: IFA can also bind elsewhere and prevent binding of IF-B12 complex to the gastric mucosa.

Diagnostic Tests • Blood smears, CBCs, and especially B12 level testing.

• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

There are different ELISA kits for the different types of autoantibodies in PA

References: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1Uk_PAq7Sz8u vE9KVWLI5pgKwfJ35gGG3

Gluten-Free: An Overview of Celiac Disease Robyn Hamada Faculty: Dr. Alan Garcia Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Overview

Immunological Mechanisms

Celiac disease (distinct but related to non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy) is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the small intestine characterized by a sensitivity to gluten. The condition affects about 1% of the population worldwide, both adults and children, with increasing incidence over time. Symptoms range from clinically silent to intestinal manifestations (diarrhea, abdominal pain), and the onset and severity of these symptoms vary with age. Patients often present in with other autoimmune diseases such as diabetes mellitus, and are at increased risk for developing gastrointestinal cancers and lymphoma.

The pathogenic agent in celiac disease is gluten, the storage protein of wheat, barley, and rye. Gluten is composed of gliadin (prolamin) and the glutenin (glutelin). Dietary gluten peptides are moved from the intestinal lumen through the intestinal epithelium and basement membrane to the lamina propria (through a mechanism that this not wellagreed upon but possibly damaged/weak tight junctions or epithelia transcytosis), where the gluten peptides encounter enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TTG or TG2).

A triad of genetic factors (the HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 haplotype), environment, and dietary gluten are involved in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. The mechanism for celiac disease involves the enzyme tissue transglutaminase, which deaminates the gliadins within gluten and causes them to bind strongly to antigen presenting cells expressing HLA-DQ2/8. A more powerful response by CD4+ T-cells is elicited. The release of cytokines by TH1 cells cause histological changes within the intestinal mucosa such as malabsorption, crypt hyperplasia, and atrophy of the intestinal villi.

Innate immune responses are also involved.

Diagnosis of celiac disease involves serological screening for EMA and TTG antibodies, and biopsy of the intestinal mucosa. Currently, the most effective treatment for celiac disease is a gluten-free diet, although several novel therapies are under research and testing.

In celiac disease, TG2, an enzyme associated with the extracellular matrix (endomysium or reticulin fibers) of several cells types, targets the glutamine residues in gliadin. TG2 deaminates gliadin peptides in the lamina propria of the small intestine, resulting in negatively-charged gliadin peptides. Negatively-charged gliadin binds more strongly to HLA-DQ2/HLA-DQ8 expressed on antigen presenting cells, and act as strong immunostimulatory epitopes when presented to CD4+ T-cells. Gliadin peptides are fairly digestion-resistant, which sustains the response.

These gliadin-specific CD4+ T-cells are activated to become TH1 cells, releasing inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. The result is villous atrophy and remodeling of the mucosa.

Tools for Diagnoses Both serological testing and histological biopsy of the small intestine mucosa are used to diagnose celiac disease.

The two most common and effective serological tests are for EMA IgA and TTG IgA; other serological screens are listed below. Endomysial antibodies (EMA IgA) for certain structures in the intestinal smooth muscle have a sensitivity and specificity for detecting celiac disease of 99%. However, the test requires an indirect immunofluorescent assay and a qualitative microscopic inspection, which may yield user error.

The less operator-intensive and less expensive TTG (tissue transglutaminase) IgA test is thus the preferred first-line test. The TTG test is an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) test with a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of more than 98%. Point-of-care testing is also commercially available.

Table 1. Serological tests for celiac disease

TH2 cells also activate B-cells to produce autoantibodies (IgA) against TG2 and gluten, activating an autoimmune response.

Biopsy of the small intestine mucosa is also necessary a tool for confirming a diagnosis in addition to serological testing. Patients on a gluten-containing diet are biopsied for 46 samples, and the degree of mucosal damage is graded. A common scale is the Marsh scale, which rates from 0 (healthy intestinal villi) to 4 (flattened, completely atrophied intestinal villi), which 3 being the marker for celiac disease.

Treatments Currently, the most effective treatment for celiac disease is a gluten-free diet. Other novel therapies are in research, but there are currently no other therapeutic interventions for celiac disease.

Biopsy of normal intestinal villi (above) and intestinal villi of patient with celiac disease (below).

Genetic Factors The HLA class II genes HLA DQ2 or HLA DQ8 are present in virtually all patients with celiac disease. 30-40% of the population carries one of these alleles while only ~1% of the population develops celiac disease, which implicates other genetic and/or environmental factors in the development of celiac disease. However, the absence of these alleles gives a negative predictive value of nearly 100%, indicating a strong link between the necessity of the presence HLA DQ2/HLA DQ8 and the development of celiac disease.

These HLA genes affect the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of glutenpresenting antigen-presenting cells (such as B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells).

Specifically, the HLA DQ2/HLA DQ8 haplotype increases the affinity to gliadin, which activates a stronger response by gliadin-specific CD4+ TH1 T-cells.

A diagram of the adaptive immune response in celiac disease.

An innate immune response is also activated by epithelial cells against α2-gliadin peptide p31-43. Epithelial cells release cytokines, particularly IL-15, which upregulates the expression of the NKG2D receptor on natural killer cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes, and its ligand MICA. IFN- γ, the perforin/granzyme pathway, and the Fas/FasL pathway result in epithelial cell damage, apoptosis, and increased permeability of the intestinal epithelium to gliadin.

Macrophages and dendritic cells may also recognize PAMPs on gliadin peptides via TLR-4, activating a direct immune response. IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 are released by mature macrophages and dendritic cells, triggering an adaptive immune response. IL-15 I also released, increasing the expression of NKG2D receptors on NK cells and CTLs.

Novel intraluminal therapies include larazotide acetate (a peptide derived from the cholera toxin that inhibits to opening of intestinal epithelial tight junctions); endopeptidases (glutenases to destroy toxic gluten peptides); and gliadin-binding proteins; clinical testing has shown some effectiveness for these treatments.

Therapies exploring transglutaminase inhibitors and HLA-DQ2 inhibitors are promising, but have not been narrowed down to target only the intestinal epithelium or prevent other secondary complications.

Therapies targeting immune cells, such as CCR9, α7β7 antagonists, and IL-15 antagonists are also under trial and research.

References; Green, Peter H.r., et al. “Celiac Disease.” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 135, no. 5, May 2015, pp. 1099–1106., doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.044.; Junker, et al. “Celiac Disease: From Pathogenesis to Novel Therapies, Gastroenterology.” DeepDyve, Elsevier, 1 Dec. 2009, www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/celiacdisease-from-pathogenesis-to-novel-therapies-1yaMWffgZy. “Celiac Disease Testing (for Health Care Professionals).” National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1 Sept. 2013, www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diagnostic-tests/celiac-disease-health-careprofessionals.

Tetanus Toxins or Tetanus Toxoid Thao Huynh Faculty Advisor: Alan Garcia Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Abstract

Treatment: Antibiotics, including penicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin or metronidazole (metronidazole has been most successful) Medicine to reverse the poison (tetanus immune globulin) Muscle relaxers such as diazepam Breathing support with oxygen, a breath tube, and a breathing machine may be necessary.

The idea behind this topic is to give students an opportunity to learn about our immunology, and what we can do to protect yourself from disease.

In an effort to promote a sustainability mindset, I chose to Tetanus disease which is a serious bacterial disease which affects yours nervous system and it can kill your life if we don’t know about it from your environment.

Introduction What is tetanus ?

Tetanus toxoids: Fig 1. Clostridium Tetani bacteria

Bacterial infection ( Clostridium tetani) which make toxins or poison that affects your nervous system.

Tetanus may follow burns, deep puncture wounds, ear or dental infections, animal bites, abortion Dangerous disease but you can prevent yourself by take a shot of vaccine.

Signs and symptoms: The time between occurs of injury between in two weeks from 5 to 15 days Seizures and makes it hard to swallow or breathe.

Lockjaw because muscle spasms in your jaw make it hard to open your mouth.

Other common tetanus symptoms: ● Fever ● Sweating ● Fast heart rate ● High blood pressure ● Stiffness of your abdominal muscles

Fig 2. Vaccine and Treatment

Tetanus vaccine, is a vaccine used to prevent tetanus.

Four kinds of vaccines used today protect against vaccine: ○

Diphtheria and tetanus (DT) vaccines

○

Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) vaccines

○

Tetanus and diphtheria (Td) vaccines

○

Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) vaccine

Conclusion Fig 3. Disease: Muscle jaw

Everyone should get the vaccine and regular booster. Timely childhoods vaccination is important, so we have to know how to prevent your life and your family from now. I hope this topic can provide you how immune system play a vital role in your life by the way to get a shot of vaccination to protect your body from disease.

Resources: American Academy of Pediatrics (2015). Tetanus. In DW Kimberlin et al., eds., Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 30th ed., pp. 773-778. Elk Grove Village, IL: America Academy of Pediatrics.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Tetanus.

In W Atkinson et al., eds., Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 12th ed., pp. 291-300. Washington, DC: Public Health Foundation.

Two-Dimensional Centroid of Ahupuaʻa of Hoʻopūloa, South Kona, Hawaiʻi Jusden Keliʻikuli Faculty Advisor: Dr. Aaron Hanai Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Introduction

During the Pre-Contact Era of Hawaiʻi, traditions was similar to a feudal system. Each mokupuni or island was ruled by an aliʻi nui (high chief) sometimes referred as mōʻi (king). The mokupuni is subdivided into moku or districts led by an aliʻi ʻai moku (ruler of the moku). Each moku is divided into ahupuaʻa led by an aliʻi ʻai ahupuaʻa (ruler of the ahupuaʻa) An ahupuaʻa may be further divided into ʻili ʻāina (smaller land) but not all ahupuaʻas.

Konohiki (land steward) often a kaukau aliʻi (lower ranking chief) oversees the ahupuaʻa and makaʻāinana (people attend the land).

The Declaration of Rights of 1839 known as Ke Kumukānāwai officially changed Hawaiʻi from a feudal system to an allodial system that recognized three classes of people: the government, the Aliʻi, and the makaʻainana. Ke Kumukānāwai gave rights to the makaʻainana, which they possessed none prior.

In 1848, the Great Mahele (division of interest) was signed by King Kamehameha III (KIII), divided the lands of the Hawaiian Kingdom in two parts between the King (Crown Lands) and 245 aliʻis and konohikis (Konohiki Lands). King KIII divided his Crown lands into Government Lands and the for himself and his family.

In 1850, the Kuleana Grant was enacted allowing the opportunity of the makaʻainana to possess a title of land. The aliʻi, konohiki, and makaʻainana were awarded title either as a Land Commision Awards, Royal Patents, Land Patents, or Deeds after completing the necessary process and meeting certain requirements.

Background

Mokupuni o Hawaiʻi (Hawaiʻi island) is divided into six mokus: Kohala, Hāmākua, Hilo, Puna, Kaʻū, and Kona. Hoʻōpūloa is in the moku of Kona, Hema (South) Kona. Hoʻopūloa meaning is to cluster together. Four royal patent grants were awarded to Keliʻikuli in 1860 of 1453 acres, in 1867 of 86 acres, and in 1879 of 90 acres and 38 acres. Hoʻopūloa was known to be the last steamship landing in Kona. Hoʻōpūloa was abundant with ‘awa and ‘ōhi’a trees. In 1926, the Lava Flow from Mauna Loa decimated the makai (on the seaside) village of Hoʻopūloa

Figure 1: Hawaiʻi Island with Hoʻopūloa Highlighted

Figure 2: Six Mokus of mokupuni o Hawaiʻi

Results

Figure 3 (right): Location of Keliʻikuli Royal Patent Grants within Hoʻōpūloa

Figure 7: Hoʻopūloa Ahupuaʻa with Location of Centroid

Conclusion

Purpose The purpose of this project is to determine the centroid of the ahupuaʻa where I reside in or from. I recently gained new knowledge of my ʻohana history and I decided to choose the ahupua’a of Hoʻopūloa where my Keliʻikuli Kupunas obtained Royal Patent Grants from King Kamehameha IV, V, and King Kalakaua.

A logical and time efficient method is to use a Computer Aided Design program known as CAD to determine a centroid, which I opted to use this method. Autodesk Fusion 360 is the CAD program I used to trace on a screenshot of the ahupuaʻa boundary of Hoʻopūloa I obtained from the Kipuka Database. By the click of a button the centroid is calculated instantly. Next, I used the screenshot with the centroid obtained to determine the approximate coordinates on google maps.

Figure 4: Lava Flow of 1926

Figure 5: Destruction of Makai Village of Hoʻōpūloa by Lava Flow of 1926

Method The centroid, or average position of an area can be located using calculus with the formula in Figure 6 to determine the x and y coordinates of af centroid. This method is complex and tedious due to its geometrical shape.

Figure 6: Centroid Coordinate Formulas

The approximate coordinate of the centroid is 19º11’19.30”N, 155º50’52.79”W. Errors in tracing and estimating the location on google maps needs to be accounted for with the coordinates obtained. To achieve more accurate centroid a three dimensional approach would increase the accuracy. In my research, discrepancies were encountered with multiple resources of the boundaries of Hoʻopūloa. Due to time constraint, the Kipuka database was used to determine the centroid because of the additional information it possessed. Further research is need to identify the boundaries. This project allowed me to gain invaluable knowledge of my ‘ohana, Hawai’i’s Land history, and CAD experience.

References - https://www.hawaiiankingdom.org/land-system.shtml - Aerial view of lava advancing upon Hoopuloa landing from Mauna Loa eruption, Hawaii Island. [Height of lava flow 50 ft., width 1500 ft.]. (1926, April 18). Retrieved March, 2018, from http://gallery.hawaii.gov/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=8994&g 2_imageViewsIndex=1 - www.kipukadatabase.com/kipuka/ - www.ulukau.org

Calculating the Center of Mass of the ‘Aiea Ahupua‘a Using Computer Aided Design Christopher Blake Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction This study focuses on how to determine the center of mass (C.O.M.) of the ‘Aiea ahupua‘a in which I currently live. This involves understanding the Hawaiian land divisions, which according to the traditional Hawaiian customs consist of understanding the Makahiki, which was when the God Lono blessed the land in a clockwise circuit with fertility for a fruitful harvest. An ahupua‘a is a land division cared for by the konohiki (manager) from uplands down to the sea, which is a division of a moku (Beamer, 2009), which are the main districts of the islands cared for by the ali‘i (chief).

An ahupua‘a can be divided into smaller divisions which are called ‘ili, which are cared for by the ‘ohana (family), which was their kuleana, or responsibility (Kamehameha Publishing,n.d.).

The 1874 drawing of the ‘Aiea ahupua‘a (Lyon, 1874) was uploaded to the CAD software Autodesk Fusion 360 (Figure1.), then traced using functions like line and conic curve connecting each point (Figure 2.) and then the C.O.M. function was called and computed by the software where a black, gray, and white circle appears on the C.O.M. Then simply get the GPS coordinates from the original map, and combine and adjust them according to the C.O.M. found with the Fusion 360 tracing of the drawing.

A Story from ‘Aiea The name of the ahupua‘a ‘Aiea was originated from the tree Nothocestrum latifolium, known as the broadleaf ʻaiea, which is endemic to Hawai‘i (Medeiros,2003). In the book “Hawaiian Idylls of Love and Death” it is said that “Liliha, daughter of the high priest of Kauai, and wife of Kaulu...struck out against the ‘Aiea shore hoping to find refuge with her family until the wrath of Kalanikūpule should pass”.

Conclusion Information such as the C.O.M. can be used in developing new cities to solve problems such as the urban crisis (Hafez, 2017) and to deal with overpopulation by distributing acceptable services to a community.

References Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Results The location of the center of mass of ‘Aiea is 21° 23' 18.6648'' N,157° 55' 14.5848'' W.

Methods To find the C.O.M. of ‘Aiea, a computer aided design (CAD) program was used, and the C.O.M. was computed with the click of a button.

Above you can see a more current picture of the C.O.M. of ‘Aiea. This is an area not too far from Napuanani Park.

1. Hafez, R. M. (2017). New cities between sustainability and real estate investment: A case study of New Cairo city. HBRC Journal, 13(1), 89-97. doi:10.1016/j.hbrcj.2015.03.001 2. Beamer, B. K., & Duarte, T. K. (2009). I palapala no ia aina – documenting the Hawaiian Kingdom: A colonial venture?

Journal of Historical Geography, 35(1), 66-86. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2008.04.002 3. Lyons (1874) ‘Aiea, ‘Ewa, ‘Oahu HGS#323 [Photograph]. (n.d.). ‘Aiea, AvaKonohiki, Honolulu.

4. How Were Land Boundaries Marked? [Photograph]. (n.d.). ahupua‘a, Kamehameha Publishing, Honolulu,HI. 5. Medeiros, AC (Spring 2003). "The Pū ʻOlē ʻOlē" (PDF). Native Plants. Native Plants Network: 51.

6. H., H. (2012). Hawaiian idylls of love and death. Place of publication not identified: Hardpress Publishing.

Acknowledgments I’d like to thank Dr. Aaron Hanai for his guidance and help during this project.

Design of a Wave Tank for Coastal Inundation Analysis Jusden Keli‘ikuli, Betty Lam, Hunter Patton, Kainani Santos, Phillip Scott, Shu Xuan Zhang Faculty Advisors: Dr. Aaron Hanai, Justin Carland Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction Oceanography is the study of a range of ecosystem dynamics.

Generally, studies include plate tectonics, geology of the sea floor, ocean currents, and waves. All of these primarily focus on the study of properties, anatomy, and relationship between waves.

Oceanography topics also include the impact of debris, corrosion, erosion, and sediment absorption. This provides insight to climate change, and invokes critical thinking from all participants.

For the purposes of this project, introducing students to this field wouldn't be complete without a functional tank. The tank would not only provide a kinesthetic environment, but also be used to simulate shorelines in a controlled setting, being one of the most heavily studied areas.

Design and Fabrication of Mechanical Components

The current state of the wave tank fulfills the goal of having a kinesthetic environment, with a focus on shorelines, through the real results of variations in the anatomy of a wave. Specifically, the accomplishments of this project include: ● Providing a demonstration for students to learn about the characteristics of ocean waves, such as the speed, amplitude, and frequency ● Providing a demonstration for students to learn about the impacts of the ocean waves. ● Providing a platform for students to learn how to minimize the damage on coastal shorelines

Figure 2. Wave tank with new components.

Water Catcher

Conclusion

Variable shoreline

Figure 5. CAD of recurved wall (above)

Methods

Figure 3. CAD of water collection concept.

Figure 4.

Execution of water collection device Figure 6. Execution of recurved wall and variable shoreline (left and above)

Wave Generator

Figure 1: Motion of surface waves (Rayleigh waves)/

Wave Generator: Ocean waves are surface waves generated from wind (Fig. 1). To replicate the sweeping and orbital motions of the waves, we changed the wave generating method from the initial state of the tank to a bottom-pivoting paddle (Fig. 7). For ease of user control, a DC motor was chosen to power the wheel, so the speed could be controlled by adjusting voltage.

References Figure 7. CAD of wave generator

Figure 8. Test model of wave generator

Figure 9. Tsunami generator

Design and Fabrication of Electrical Components Electrical System and Enclosure

Airflow System: The airflow system design was created to imitate a tsunami-like wave. We wanted to create a wave generation system that would not disturb the surface of the water.

Breaking Waves & Water Collection: A shoreline and wall were created to simulate the effects of coastal management and breaking waves. The walls were made of concrete for weight, are designed to be stackable to varying height, able to connect to a recurve wall, and connect the holders into the wall for the acrylic shoreline. A water collection reservoir is placed at the back of the tank to collect volumetric measurements of coastal swash.

Future additions to the project include: ● Developing a variety of interchangeable wave generators ● Developing a variety of interchangeable linear actuator wheels of varying diameter ● Improving user interface and electrical systems ● Replacing the DC-motor with a higher-powered motor that can be used to generate higher frequency waves ● Bigger tank that can create waves in multiple dimensions

It was decided to run the wave tank off of two Arduino systems in order to optimize data logging for real time results.

Arduino LCD Set Up and Programming Guide. (2018, January 01). Retrieved from http://www.circuitbasics.com/how-to-set-up-an-lcd-display-on-an-arduino/ Raja, D. (n.d.). Pressure Sensor BMP180 Interfacing with Arduino Uno. Retrieved from https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/pressure-sensor-bmp180-witharduino Wave tank demonstration showing the impact of coastal defences on flood risk.

(2016, October 21). Retrieved from https://youtu.be/3yNoy4H2Z-o

Acknowledgments Figure 9.

Fritzing schematic of water sensor (above) Figure 12. Closed enclosure showing outer configuration (above) Figure 10. Fritzing schematic of servo control system (above)

Figure 11. Open enclosure showing electrical configuration (above)

Dr. Aaron Hanai Dr. Daniela Bottjer-Wilson Justin Carland STEM program Kapi‘olani Community College Leeward Community College- OCEWD Kaimukī High School

Finding the Optimal Power Output of a Solar Panel by Comparing Mounting Angles Brandon Farrell, Yuree Ku, Jaynine Paricio, Kayla Valera Faculty Advisor: Dr. Aaron Hanai Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Results

The demand for renewable energy to meet the needs of society is increasing on O‘ahu each year due to scarce resources and location. About 96% of the Photovoltaic Systems on O‘ahu are residential systems (Solar Energy). The goal of this project is to find the ideal position of a solar panel using angles to compensate for latitude, and to produce the optimal amount of energy output. Can we show that there is a correlation with our latitude and maximum degree output in a solar panel? We predict that the solar panel placed at an angle of 22º will produce the best energy output because of the Latitude of O‘ahu (21.4389º N).

Materials and Methods Materials used: - SLP010 Solar panel - Multimeter - Adjustable Solar panel mount For this experiment, one SLP010 solar panel was set up with a multimeter to display power output (in Voltage) and a mount was attached underneath for adjusting angle of the panel. The solar panel was faced directly South and we were able to test each angle starting from 0º to 35º in increments of 5º. We also tested for 22º with reference to the latitude of O‘ahu. The experiment was done on a sunny day, however, there were a few clouds.

Our hypothesis, that the solar panel angled at 22 degrees would yield the greatest voltage output was proven correct when tested through our experiment. The table below shows the different degrees that we angled our solar panels and the voltage output produced after 5 attempts.

Conclusion With further research we have a conclusion for our question: “is the ideal position of a solar panel related to the latitude of its position?” After multiple trials and experiments with 9 different angles we can conclude that the best angle where we had the maximum output was measured at 22 degrees which is our latitude here on O‘ahu. The results were consistent with the findings of major solar panel companies located on this island. However, the information may not be completely accurate due to human error as well as not accounting for smaller clouds in the sky which can manipulate the data.

References Impact of solar energy on the energy balance of attic rooms in high latitude countries. (DorotaChwieduk) (2018, March 06). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135943111830406X Limitations in solar module azimuth and tilt angles in building integrated photovoltaics at low latitude tropical sites in Brazil.(Ísis Portolan, dos Santosab, RicardoRüthera) (2013, September 28). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148113004758 Advances in solar photovoltaic tracking systems: A review. ( NadiaALRousanNor Ashidi MatIsaMohd Khairunaz MatDesa)(2017, October 21).

Retrieved April 23, 2018, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117313266 Solar Energy. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2018, from https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/clean-energy-hawaii/clean-energyfacts/renewable-energy-sources/solar

Acknowledgments We would like to thank Dr. Hanai for his overwhelming support with materials and knowledge, KCC STEM for the use of their classrooms, and our fellow peers for their input to better our project.

Investigating Kukui Nuts as a Sustainable Native Fuel Source Via Calorimetry

by Kirstin Felix, Jami Stout, Celeste Guiles Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Purpose

Discussion

Our purpose was to find the heat in joules produced by burning 4 different varieties of nuts.

Our data was not accurate. Possible errors include varying air temperatures from the two sessions of the experiment, our lack of a closed system in which to measure temperature, and the fact that we could not get the nuts to burn evenly and thoroughly.

Our hypothesis was that kukui nuts would produce the most heat energy when burned. Our results show that both kukui and macadamia produce the same amount of energy. This could be inaccurate, as when we tested the kukui nut, it was under different air conditions as when we tested the other nuts. Either way, we were expecting a greater difference between the two.

Introduction We have heard snippets of Hawaiian legends that extol the kukui nut for its flammable properties. They relied upon the kukui nuts as a source of light [1]. Does this nut produce more heat per unit weight than other nuts from around the world? We wanted to find out!

Most nuts contain quite a lot of lipids, some protein, carbohydrates, and moisture. As shown in research by Chung, Shin, Hwang and Choi [2], the higher the amount of lipids in a nut, the greater the energy. Kukui nuts are known to have a high oil content, therefore they should prove to be one of the more effective nuts in terms of energy. Macadamia and walnuts are also one of the more fatty nuts [2], which is why we are comparing to kukui.

Methods We harvested kukui nuts on the KCC campus and purchased the rest. After deshelling, all nuts were uniformly roasted for three hours at 93°C. Each type of nut was portioned to 15g, and set in a metal ramekin. The ramekins were positioned in a camp stove under a small pot containing 250g of water and the nuts were then set aflame with a small torch. We recorded the maximum temperature change Î&#x201D;T that occurred in the water and analyzed our results with the following equation for heat q incorporating the mass m and specific heat of water C:

q = m C đ?&#x161;Ťđ?&#x161;ŤT

Results Initial Temp Water (â&#x201E;&#x192;)

Final Temp Water (â&#x201E;&#x192;)

Mass Nuts Mass Water (g) (g)

Heat (kJ)

Kukui Nuts

30

58

15

250

29

Mac Nuts

30

58

15

250

29

Brazil Nuts

30

56

15

250

27

Walnuts

30

54

15

250

25

Conclusion From our experiment, we have learned that kukui nuts produce roughly the same amount of heat as macadamia nuts. When compared with common fuel sources such as kerosene, both nuts produce much less heat. For example, the same amount of kerosene would produce 690 kJ of energy [4]. Based on our results, we conclude that kukui nuts are a viable source of energy, but are not as effective as crude oil or traditional fossil fuel sources.

References

Kukui Nuts

Macadamia Nuts

[1]Lucas, L. (1982). Plants of Old Hawaii. Honolulu, HI: Bess Press.

[2]Chung, K. H., Shin, K. O., Hwang, H. J., & Choi, K.-S. (2013).

Chemical composition of nuts and seeds sold in Korea. Nutrition Research and Practice, 7(2), 82â&#x20AC;&#x201C;88. http://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2013.7.2.82 [3]Henderson, B., & McKenna, M. (2008). The Legend of the Kukui Nut. Springville, UT: CFI. [4]â&#x20AC;?The Energy Content of Fuelsâ&#x20AC;? University of Virginia Physics Department.

Acknowledgments Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Advisor Li-Anne DelaVega, Engineering Program Coordinator

Walnuts

Brazil Nuts

The Ahupua‘a of Waikīkī: The Place of Sprouting Waters By: Betty Lam Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Center of an Ahupua‘a:

At the Center of the Ahupua‘a:

The goal of this project was to research the native Hawaiian land divisions and explore the ahupua‘a corresponding to where I live. In particular, to locate the centroid of the ahupua‘a of Waikīkī and discover its history.

Land Divisions: The islands of Hawai‘i were traditionally subdivided into land masses. The larger islands were mokupuni, and Figure 1: Moku and ahupua‘a of O'ahu. each island was subdivided into moku, which were further divided into ahupua‘a; a section which usually extended from the mountain summits down through valleys to the outer edge of the sea reef.

Ahupua‘a contained nearly all the resources Hawaiians required for survival.

What is a Centroid?

A centroid is the center of mass (CoM) of an object of uniform density. To find Figure 2: Centroid of a triangle. the x-axis location of the centroid, divide the total moments (in x direction) by the total area.

Similarly, the y-axis location of the centroid can be found by dividing the total moments (in y) by the total area.

Figure 3: Hikers trekking Mau'umae trail.

The center coordinates of the ahupua‘a of Waikīkī turned out to be approximately 21°18'01.5"N 157°46'57.2"W: along Mau‘umae Ridge.

The ridge is a hiking trail that features magnificent views of downtown Honolulu, Mānoa, Pālolo, and the Windward coast.

Finding the Ahupua‘a Centroid: In order to find the centroid, I traced the ahupua‘a in Fusion 360 and use the program’s Inspect feature to place a target at the shape’s CoM. I then superimposed this image over a Google Maps image to find the target’s coordinates.

Ahupua‘a of Waikīkī:

The name Waikīkī means “sprouting waters”.

True to its name, the ahupua‘a of Waikīkī was filled with fourteen streams that flowed down from the three valleys of Makiki, Mānoa, and Pālolo.

Because of its plentiful waters, Waikīkī had rich farming grounds for taro, and plenty of good fishing.

The Hawaiian stream gobies, ‘o‘opu, used the extent of the ahupua‘a’s waters, living and breeding in the freshwater streams, but hatching in the coastal waters of Waikīkī.

Figure 4: Streams of Waikīkī

These small fish featured prominently in Hawaiian sayings, such as: “Ka i‘a a ka wai nui i lawe mai ai.” The fish borne along by the flood.

References Life in early Hawaiʻi: The Ahupuaʻa. (1994). Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate, Kamehameha Schools Press.

Lanipo Trail: A Rollercoaster of a Trail up Mau'umae Ridge.

(2014, February 20). Retrieved from http://www.explorationhawaii.com/2012/08/07/lanipo-trail-arollercoaster-of-a-trail-up-mauumae-ridge/ Kanahele, G. (1995). Waikīkī 100 BC to 1990 AD: An untold story. Honolulu: Queen Emma Foundation.

Figure 4: Centroid of ahupua‘a of Waikīkī.

Chan, G., & Feeser, A. (2006). Waikīkī: A history of forgetting and remembering. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.

The Kinematics of Seed Launching to Distribute and Promote Growth of Native Plants Arron Pacheco, Militoni Toetu‘u, Drew Watanabe Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Results

Conclusion

The research conducted in this experiment was done to provide insight to a ever growing problem in Hawai‘i. In Hawai‘i, native plant species are slowly becoming scarce due to invasive species.

Invasive species grow rapidly compared to native ones and consume much more water. These factors directly impact our aquifer as well as biodiversity. A solution to slightly counteract this situation would be to plant more native species from a distance without actually having to be at the location to place each plant subject.

The table below shows the results of our experiment.

Because the projectile has a constant initial velocity, we can use the angle at which we launch to get a desired distance along a horizontal plane. At a 45o angle, the greatest distance it reached. Any angle less or more will result in a shorter distance. Using kinematics, we can predict the horizontal distance at which our projectile will land.

This project was done to find a useful method of spreading native plants while applying concepts used in physics. If redesigned with stronger materials, this device should be able to launch seeds much farther, in turn helping to improve the population of endangered plants in Hawai‘i.

A future application of this concept could be applied with an electromagnetic rail gun system, and used to launch satellites into orbit.

References Image 1

Image 2

By using a launching system, people could effectively disperse seeds in the form of packets housed in soil and fertilizer. This can be from a fixed location to scatter seeds along a desired zone, or across the mountain tops of O‘ahu.

Methods In order to gauge the distance the catapult can launch, we conducted a series of 5 trials each for three different angles: 30⁰, 45⁰, and 60⁰, taking the average for each angle. Lastly, we calculated the average time and velocity for the projectile using two photogates connected to the data plotting software LoggerPro.

1) Credland, A. C. (2011). Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey Bt. and the Study of Medieval and Ancient Projectile Weapons. Arms & Armour, 8(1), 46-88. doi:10.1179/174161211X12929284717031 2) Xu, L., Zheng, F., & Peng, L. (2015).

Electromechanical coupled nonlinear free vibration of rails for electromagnetic railguns. International Journal Of Applied Electromagnetics & Mechanics, 47(2), 313-322. doi:10.3233/JAE-140011 3) More Bang for the Buck. (2006). Aviation Week & Space Technology, 165(5), 33.

Acknowledgments A big thank you to all who helped us gain an in depth understanding of Physics. They are professors Aaron Hanai and Herve Collin, and also our peer mentors Jami Stout and Leah McCabe.

Using Energy Loss at Impact to Compare the Intensity of Sports Injuries Ujjwal Gautam, Jerome Wasserman, Honoka Katayama Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Method/Materials

Athletes are constantly exposed to contact with equipment and other athletes, often without any protective gear. This lab investigates the amount of energy that is received by the athlete when the ball comes into contact with the body.

The two sports compared were tennis and golf. Based on the Energy Conservation Law, the energy before the impact and after the impact should be equivalent.

However, some of the energy is lost from the system at impact. This is the energy given off to the injury.

Mathematically,

Two Vernier motion detectors were set up to calculate the velocity over time of two objects: the ball and a box. The ball was released on a ramp to avoid any external forces. Logger Pro was used to collect data over five trials per ball. From the data, the velocity of the ball before impact, the velocity of the ball at impact, the velocity of the box at impact were deduced.

This data along with the mass of the objects were used in Equation (1) to solve for the energy of the injury.

∑EA = ∑EB KE1ball + KE1box = KE2ball + KE2box + x

Figure 2: Velocity as a function of time of the Tennis Ball and the target

½ mballv1ball2 = ½ mballv2ball2 + ½ mboxv2box2 + x Conclusion

x = ½ mballv1ball2 - (½ mballv2ball2 + ½ mboxv2box2) Objective Does the tennis ball or the golf ball cause a more intense injury upon impact with an athlete’s body?

Figure 1: Trial set up

The golf ball will cause a more intense injury than the tennis ball because the golf ball is made of inelastic materials, and will have greater velocity to give off more energy toward injury.

Does the tennis ball or the golf ball cause a more intense injury at impact with athlete’s body? This research question is very interesting because there are many sports injuries yearly. This could range from a simple tennis ball to a 100 mph baseball coming from a top player.

References Results

Hypothesis

Figure 3: Velocity as a function of time of the Golf Ball and the target

At impact, the tennis ball gives off more energy to the injury (32.4% of initial energy) than the golf ball (67.0% of initial energy).

Acknowledgments: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D., Kapi‘olani Community College STEM Program

Pilis, K., Miarczyński, D., Pilis, A., Stec, K., Letkiewicz, S., & Pilis, W. (2017). Soccer Players' Injuries At Different Levels of the Sport. Medical Science Pulse, 11(2), 10-16. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0010.1583 Shobian, M. A., Hamdi, A., Bakhamees, W. S., & Magadmi, B. M. (2017). Epidemiology of Sports-Related Injuries Among Athletes in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Egyptian Journal Of Hospital Medicine, 69(6), 2607-2613. doi:10.12816/0042236

Utilizing Computer Software to Identify the Centroid of the Honolulu Ahupuaʻa Jordan Li Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Formula:

Purpose The purpose of this work is to research about my ahupuaʻa, and use various methods to identify its centroid.

Conclusion

Figure 1. Moku

Introduction

Figure 2. Ahupuaʻa (Honolulu)

Figure 3. Centroid found using Autodesk Fusion 360

Results

Ahupuaʻa are land divisions, usually from high ground to the sea, and each boundary is marked by a heap (ahu) of stones surmounted by an image of a pig (puaʻa) because a pig or other tribute was laid on the altar as tax to the chief.

Ahupuaʻa could be viewed as slices of a pizza, but this pizza is Oʻahu. I live on Nuʻuanu Ave, so my ahupuaʻa is Honolulu.

After compiling my image into Fusion 360, I allowed the software to compute the centroid for me. I can run the image of the centroid and find the coordinates of my ahupuaʻa’s centroid on Google Maps. The coordinates of the centroid were located at (21.330968, -157.832816).

I was able to find my centroid without doing any manual calculations.

Methods

Story

1. Find and locate my ahupuaʻa 2. Screenshot upload to Autodesk Fusion 360 3. Draw out the shape of the ahupuaʻa screenshot 4. Use Fusion 360 to find the center of mass of the drawing 5. Match the centroid with Google Maps to find its centroid on a global scale 6. Click on Google Map and coordinates of the centroid will be provided

I live on Nuʻuanu Ave, where it is the main and center feature of the ahupuaʻa of Honolulu. On one side of Honolulu, there is a smaller valley of Pauoa, and on the other side, there is ‘Ālewa Heights. Because of the size of Nuʻuanu, it dominates in the ahupuaʻa of Honolulu. The most commonly known landmark of the Honolulu ahupuaʻa is the crater of Pūowaina, also known as “Punchbowl”, located at the edges of Nuʻuanu.

Normally to find a centroid of a shape, we would have to use the above formula and divide our shape into many smaller pieces and find the centroid of each smaller piece, then add them all back together to find the centroid. But thanks to computer software such as Autodesk Fusion 360, life is made easy. It uses the same formula to calculate the centroid for us.

References https://www.google.com/maps/@21.330818,157.8276797,15.41z http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/HonoluluAhupua-a-Honolulu-HI.html https://www.google.com/search?q=centroid+form ula&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS711US711&source=lnm s&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQaKKnInaAhUY02MKHexrCLkQ_AUICigB&biw=12 80&bih=703#imgrc=s9nMfp_ofqCf7M: http://www.pacificworlds.com/nuuanu/home/orient ed.cfm http://www2.hawaii.edu/~dhonda/ahupua'a.htm

Acknowledgments Aaron M. Hanai, Ph.D.

Two-Dimensional Centroid of Ahupuaʻa of Hoʻopūloa, South Kona, Hawaiʻi Jusden Keliʻikuli Faculty Advisor: Dr. Aaron Hanai Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Introduction

During the Pre-Contact Era of Hawaiʻi, traditions was similar to a feudal system. Each mokupuni or island was ruled by an aliʻi nui (high chief) sometimes referred as mōʻi (king). The mokupuni is subdivided into moku or districts led by an aliʻi ʻai moku (ruler of the moku). Each moku is divided into ahupuaʻa led by an aliʻi ʻai ahupuaʻa (ruler of the ahupuaʻa) An ahupuaʻa may be further divided into ʻili ʻāina (smaller land) but not all ahupuaʻas.

Konohiki (land steward) often a kaukau aliʻi (lower ranking chief) oversees the ahupuaʻa and makaʻāinana (people attend the land).

The Declaration of Rights of 1839 known as Ke Kumukānāwai officially changed Hawaiʻi from a feudal system to an allodial system that recognized three classes of people: the government, the Aliʻi, and the makaʻainana. Ke Kumukānāwai gave rights to the makaʻainana, which they possessed none prior.

In 1848, the Great Mahele (division of interest) was signed by King Kamehameha III (KIII), divided the lands of the Hawaiian Kingdom in two parts between the King (Crown Lands) and 245 aliʻis and konohikis (Konohiki Lands). King KIII divided his Crown lands into Government Lands and the for himself and his family.

In 1850, the Kuleana Grant was enacted allowing the opportunity of the makaʻainana to possess a title of land. The aliʻi, konohiki, and makaʻainana were awarded title either as a Land Commision Awards, Royal Patents, Land Patents, or Deeds after completing the necessary process and meeting certain requirements.

Background

Mokupuni o Hawaiʻi (Hawaiʻi island) is divided into six mokus: Kohala, Hāmākua, Hilo, Puna, Kaʻū, and Kona. Hoʻōpūloa is in the moku of Kona, Hema (South) Kona. Hoʻopūloa meaning is to cluster together. Four royal patent grants were awarded to Keliʻikuli in 1860 of 1453 acres, in 1867 of 86 acres, and in 1879 of 90 acres and 38 acres. Hoʻopūloa was known to be the last steamship landing in Kona. Hoʻōpūloa was abundant with ‘awa and ‘ōhi’a trees. In 1926, the Lava Flow from Mauna Loa decimated the makai (on the seaside) village of Hoʻopūloa

Figure 1: Hawaiʻi Island with Hoʻopūloa Highlighted

Figure 2: Six Mokus of mokupuni o Hawaiʻi

Results

Figure 3 (right): Location of Keliʻikuli Royal Patent Grants within Hoʻōpūloa

Figure 7: Hoʻopūloa Ahupuaʻa with Location of Centroid

Conclusion

Purpose The purpose of this project is to determine the centroid of the ahupuaʻa where I reside in or from. I recently gained new knowledge of my ʻohana history and I decided to choose the ahupua’a of Hoʻopūloa where my Keliʻikuli Kupunas obtained Royal Patent Grants from King Kamehameha IV, V, and King Kalakaua.

A logical and time efficient method is to use a Computer Aided Design program known as CAD to determine a centroid, which I opted to use this method. Autodesk Fusion 360 is the CAD program I used to trace on a screenshot of the ahupuaʻa boundary of Hoʻopūloa I obtained from the Kipuka Database. By the click of a button the centroid is calculated instantly. Next, I used the screenshot with the centroid obtained to determine the approximate coordinates on google maps.

Figure 4: Lava Flow of 1926

Figure 5: Destruction of Makai Village of Hoʻōpūloa by Lava Flow of 1926

Method The centroid, or average position of an area can be located using calculus with the formula in Figure 6 to determine the x and y coordinates of af centroid. This method is complex and tedious due to its geometrical shape.

Figure 6: Centroid Coordinate Formulas

The approximate coordinate of the centroid is 19º11’19.30”N, 155º50’52.79”W. Errors in tracing and estimating the location on google maps needs to be accounted for with the coordinates obtained. To achieve more accurate centroid a three dimensional approach would increase the accuracy. In my research, discrepancies were encountered with multiple resources of the boundaries of Hoʻopūloa. Due to time constraint, the Kipuka database was used to determine the centroid because of the additional information it possessed. Further research is need to identify the boundaries. This project allowed me to gain invaluable knowledge of my ‘ohana, Hawai’i’s Land history, and CAD experience.

References - https://www.hawaiiankingdom.org/land-system.shtml - Aerial view of lava advancing upon Hoopuloa landing from Mauna Loa eruption, Hawaii Island. [Height of lava flow 50 ft., width 1500 ft.]. (1926, April 18). Retrieved March, 2018, from http://gallery.hawaii.gov/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=8994&g 2_imageViewsIndex=1 - www.kipukadatabase.com/kipuka/ - www.ulukau.org

Daytime Sleepiness and Pupil Diameter Will Post Advisor: HervĂŠ Collin Kapiâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) is characterized as a lack of energy despite having healthy nighttime sleep habits. Shortterm consequences of EDS may include memory and cognitive impairment, anxiety, occupational injury, and automobile injury among others. Long-term consequences of daytime sleepiness may include: high blood pressure, stroke, obesity, and heart attack. The only accepted test for EDS identification is a Multi Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) that must be conducted over several days at a hospital and is not only lengthy but also costly (Merritt et al., 2004).

PURPOSE The purpose of this research is to determine if there is a strong correlation between EDS and the dynamical properties of pupilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s diameter.

METHOD Subjects who participated in this study had the diameter of their pupil measured over the course of fifteen minutes. These measurements took place in a dark and quiet room, using an infrared camera that recorded the pupil diameter at a rate of 60 Hz. The first five minutes of data were disregarded, allowing time for the pupil to acclimate to the testing environment. Subjects then completed a written survey immediately after testing, known as the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), which is used to indicate whether someone is experiencing EDS. Each subject and their corresponding dataset was then categorized as either sleepy or alert, based on the results of the ESS exam. Out of the 46 subjects who participated in the study, 29 were categorized as sleepy, while 17 were categorized as awake.

The measurements of the pupil diameter for sleepy and alert subjects were compared in two ways: by comparing the average variance over time for sleepy and alert subjects, and by a novel method of detecting EDS called the Pupil Stability Index (P.S.I.), which examines the change of average pupil diameters between chosen set intervals of time.

Average Variance over Time

RESULTS

The variance of each subjectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pupil diameter was calculated for each minute interval. The average and the standard error of the variances for each minute interval were then calculated and plotted on a single graph for both sleepy and alert datasets, respectively using the definitions below.

đ?&#x153;&#x17D;đ?&#x153;&#x17D; 2

=

|đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ| |đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ| â&#x2C6;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;=1(đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; )2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;(â&#x2C6;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2014;=1 đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2014; )2

đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;ĽĚ&#x2026; =

|đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ|

Formula for variance

|đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ| â&#x2C6;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;=1 đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;

|đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ|

Formula for average

Pupil Stability Index(P.S.I.)

đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; = ďż˝

đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;=đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;â&#x2C6;&#x2019;1 +1

đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; =

đ?&#x153;&#x17D;đ?&#x153;&#x17D; 2

|đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ|

Formula for standard error

đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;

Where: đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;1 is equal to the average of the subsequence đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ1 , đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ2 , â&#x20AC;Ś , đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; , đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;2 is equal to the average of the subsequence đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;+1 , đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;+2 , â&#x20AC;Ś , đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľ2đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; .

The P.S.I. of our time series represented by the set {đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; } with a segmentation of đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; is then defined as:

đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;. đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;. đ??źđ??ź. =

đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; |â&#x2C6;&#x2019;1 â&#x2C6;&#x2018;|đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D; đ?&#x2018;Śđ?&#x2018;Ś=1 |đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Śđ?&#x2018;Ś â&#x2C6;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Śđ?&#x2018;Ś+1 |

đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;ĽĚ&#x2026;

On average, Sleepy subjects experienced a greater variance of their pupil diameter as shown in Figure 1.

While the variance decrease over time for all participants, a linear regression suggest that it decreases more rapidly for alert subjects. In addition, the average variance for sleepy subjects (25.4 Âą 1.5) is significantly higher than the one for alert subjects (11.9 Âą 0.9 ).

Sleepy Subjects Alert Subjects

20 15

The definition of P.S.I. is given as: Let đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; be a sequence such that it contains each successive entry (pupil diameter) in a given dataset.

Let đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; be some positive integer (frequency of acquisition) that divides the length of the sequence. If đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; is subdivided into subsequences of equal length đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;, let a new sequence đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; be defined such that it contains the averages of these subsequences. The đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;Ą term of {đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; } is defined as: đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;

25

Average variance

INTRODUCTION

The numerator represents the summation of the absolute differences between subsequent averages, and the denominator is the renormalization factor (average of all data entries). The P.S.I with a segmentation of đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; = 60 was calculated for each subject. The average P.S.I of both sleepy and alert subjects was then calculated and plotted using the 2D graphics package Matplotlib (Hunter, J. D., 2007).

10 5 0 0

2

4

6

Time (minutes)

8

10

Figure 1: Average variance of Sleepy vs. Alert Subjects

The calculated P.S.I with a segmentation of 60 for both sleepy and alert subjects are shown in Figure 2. On average, sleepy subjects have a significantly much greater P.S.I (8.4 Âą 1) then alert subjects (13.4 Âą 1.8).

Figure 2: Average P.S.I. of Sleepy vs. Alert Subjects

DISCUSSION To determine statistical significance, a two-tail t-test with unequal variance and 95% confidence interval, was calculated between the two sets. Two sets of data are considered significantly different if a t-test performed results with a pvalue < 0.05. The average variances were found to be significantly different with a p-value of 0.00006 in addition to the P.S.I. average values (p=0.02).

CONCLUSION These results confirm that both the variance and the P.S.I. are reliable indicator, and should be used to detect of EDS using pupillometry.

Further research will include testing on more subjects, exploring other methods used in statistical analysis, and calculating the P.S.I. using different segmentations, with the ultimate goal of developing a quick and accurate method of determining EDS.

References: Merritt, S. L., Schnyders, H. C., Patel, M., Basner, R. C., & O'Neill, W. (2004). Pupil staging and EEg measurement of sleepiness. International Journal of Psychophysiology(52), 97-112.

Hunter, J. D. (2007). Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment, Computing in Science and Engineering (93), 90-95.

First Nation’s Launch: Tribal Competition Leiolani Malagon-Leon Advisor: Herve Collin

Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI INTRODUCTION The First Nations Launch competition offers tribal colleges and Universities, students the opportunity to demonstrate engineering and design skills through direct application in high-power rocketry. The competition requires teams of undergraduate students fabricate and compete with high power rockets.

PURPOSE

Figure 2: Team built model of the Black Brant II

The team must create a accurate true scale model of a real retired or

Simulations

Avionics Bay The avionic bay that will be mounting our two RRC3 ”Sport” Altimeters.

Which will be recording the acceleration, velocity, altitude and temperature. Along with recording those key points the RRC3 “Sport” Altimeters will also deploy our recovery system (Parachute) at apogee. The two altimeters are powered by two 9v alkaline batteries. The altimeters are neatly screwed down and the batteries zip tied down securely in order for none of the components to move throughout flight.

current rocket and or missile. The team must use a motor ejection charge and also an altimeter for a safe recovery of our rocket. The rocket must meet a height of 3000 feet but must not exceed 3500 feet.

METHOD

Figure 4: RRC 3 “Sport” Altimeter

Launch Vehicle The rocket is a true scale of the Black Brant II that was created in the 1960’s by the Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment.

Figure 3: Screenshot of open rocket simulation chart.

Based off of the open rocket simulations it shows that taking the weight and measurements of the rocket and inputting it into our simulation.

Open rocket has shown these key point that is need in order to make any needed adjustments to have a safe and successful launch.

Figure 1: Original Black Brant II The rocket design was made from scratch without using a rocket kit. The body is made of fiberglass and the fins are hand cut birch plywood overlaid with fiberglass for stability.

• • • • • • • • •

Center of Gravity (From Nose Cone): 121 cm Center of Pressure (From Nose Cone): 164 cm Stability Margins: 4.57 w/o motor & 3.46 w/motor Thrust-to-Weight Ratio: 13.59:1 Rail Exit Velocity: 26.6 m/s Max Velocity: 164 m/s Max Acceleration: 181 m/(s^2) Time to Apogee: 12.9 s Altitude at Apogee 909 m (2982 ft)

Figure 4: RRC3 “Sport” altimeter on avionics sled Recovery The recovery system consist of one 60” Giant Leap Hemispherical Chute PLUS and a 25’ of 9/16th” Flat Strap Nylon Shock Cord There was no tracking device placed in the avionics bay. The parachute will deploy at apogee, which is approximately 909 m and land at a velocity of 6.79 m/s Scientific Value The scientific value of our payload is in order for to study temperature inversion. This observation is crucial to detect because any gases released or made will be trapped in the atmosphere. This could be harmful if toxic gases are present

Results The launch showed that the simulations were close to accurate, meaning that the rocket flew to an altitude of 2997 ft which was about 3 ft off from the required height, But according to the simulations that were conducted, met less than a 1% error, The parachute deployed at apogee like predicted, The only major problem that arose is that the rocket fin broke during impact, and was not able to be re-launched.

First Nation’s Launch: Tribal Competition Leiolani Malagon-Leon Advisor: Herve Collin

Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI INTRODUCTION The First Nations Launch competition offers tribal colleges and Universities, students the opportunity to demonstrate engineering and design skills through direct application in high-power rocketry. The competition requires teams of undergraduate students fabricate and compete with high power rockets.

PURPOSE

Figure 2: Team built model of the Black Brant II

The team must create a accurate true scale model of a real retired or

Simulations

Avionics Bay The avionic bay that will be mounting our two RRC3 ”Sport” Altimeters.

Which will be recording the acceleration, velocity, altitude and temperature. Along with recording those key points the RRC3 “Sport” Altimeters will also deploy our recovery system (Parachute) at apogee. The two altimeters are powered by two 9v alkaline batteries. The altimeters are neatly screwed down and the batteries zip tied down securely in order for none of the components to move throughout flight.

current rocket and or missile. The team must use a motor ejection charge and also an altimeter for a safe recovery of our rocket. The rocket must meet a height of 3000 feet but must not exceed 3500 feet.

METHOD

Figure 4: RRC 3 “Sport” Altimeter

Launch Vehicle The rocket is a true scale of the Black Brant II that was created in the 1960’s by the Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment.

Figure 3: Screenshot of open rocket simulation chart.

Based off of the open rocket simulations it shows that taking the weight and measurements of the rocket and inputting it into our simulation.

Open rocket has shown these key point that is need in order to make any needed adjustments to have a safe and successful launch.

Figure 1: Original Black Brant II The rocket design was made from scratch without using a rocket kit. The body is made of fiberglass and the fins are hand cut birch plywood overlaid with fiberglass for stability.

• • • • • • • • •

Center of Gravity (From Nose Cone): 121 cm Center of Pressure (From Nose Cone): 164 cm Stability Margins: 4.57 w/o motor & 3.46 w/motor Thrust-to-Weight Ratio: 13.59:1 Rail Exit Velocity: 26.6 m/s Max Velocity: 164 m/s Max Acceleration: 181 m/(s^2) Time to Apogee: 12.9 s Altitude at Apogee 909 m (2982 ft)

Figure 4: RRC3 “Sport” altimeter on avionics sled Recovery The recovery system consist of one 60” Giant Leap Hemispherical Chute PLUS and a 25’ of 9/16th” Flat Strap Nylon Shock Cord There was no tracking device placed in the avionics bay. The parachute will deploy at apogee, which is approximately 909 m and land at a velocity of 6.79 m/s Scientific Value The scientific value of our payload is in order for to study temperature inversion. This observation is crucial to detect because any gases released or made will be trapped in the atmosphere. This could be harmful if toxic gases are present

Results The launch showed that the simulations were close to accurate, meaning that the rocket flew to an altitude of 2997 ft which was about 3 ft off from the required height, But according to the simulations that were conducted, met less than a 1% error, The parachute deployed at apogee like predicted, The only major problem that arose is that the rocket fin broke during impact, and was not able to be re-launched.

ELISA Assessment of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Campylobacter jejuni and Sheep Red Blood Cell Antigens Britanica Sene John Berestecky Kapiolani Community College, Honolulu HI

Introduction

ELISA

Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by the immune system as a means of defense against antigens, which are toxins or foreign substances. Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are formed from a single type of plasma cell and bind to a specific epitope on a specific antigen. This type of specificity makes monoclonal antibodies a desirable tool in research, crucial in biomedical research and in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases, one being cancer. The clonal selection theory is that all living organisms consist of a repertoire of B cells, where an antigen â&#x20AC;?selectsâ&#x20AC;? its functionality, which results in antibodies. In this experiment, monoclonal antibodies were produced through production of hybridomas. Mice were immunized with sheep red blood cells, initiating a good polyclonal response, then their spleen cells were harvested, as spleen cells contained the B-cells that make the antibodies. The cells were diluted to a very low number, then plated so that one cell grows per well to produce monoclonal antibodies.

Through the Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay (ELISA), hybridomas are screened against immunizing antigen to determine whether or not antibodies of interest are being made. The antigens, C, jejuni and SRBC are coated onto the wells of the microtiter plate by pipetting solution of antigen into wells, then washed with water and buffer, to get rid of any antigen that is not firmly bonded to the wells. The buffer used in the experiment was Borate Buffer, and diluting it 50:50 works well. The plates are then blocked using BLOTTO, and this step is important as it coats any naked surface on the plate, as well as preventing antibodies or other reactants from attaching to the empty sites (through nonspecific binding). The assay is run by shaking BLOTTO out of wells then applying culture supernatants from hybridomas, one drop per assay plate. It is then incubated, the plates are washed three times with buffer dilution and blotted. We then diluted Protein A-Horseradish Peroxidase conjugate 1/1000 in BLOTTO:borate, then applied conjugate to the wells of plate. This allows for a color change when visualization of antibodies. The brighter the color in the well, the higher the concentration of antibodies. When running the ELISA using the BioTek Elx 808 96-well plate absorbance reader, microtiter plates were read at 405 nanometers. Results are observed in quantitative values (absorbance values), and in the graphs, the darker values actually represent lighter wells on the plate.

Materials & Methods This experiment was conducted using aseptic technique to minimize possibility of contamination. The mice were prepared, immunized with Campylobacter jejuni and sheep red blood cells. Once the spleens were harvested and spleen cells were excised, the cells are then fused with HGPRT myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol (PEG). Fusion leads to immortalized hybridomas that now secrete the antibodies of interest. The myeloma cell line that we use for hybridoma generation was X63-Ag8.653, and normal procedure is that they grow in HAT medium, in which unfused myeloma cells would die. Hybrids are tested for antibody production and then cloned and re-assayed through ELISA to ensure monoclonality and stability.

Figure 1. Visual representation of ELISA process, step by step, aided by structures of antibody and reagents

Results

Figure 2. Visual of microtiter plate wells throughout ELISA

Table 1. Table of absorbance values (@405 nm) representing density of antibodyspecific antigen on Campylobacter jejuni antigen plate

Table 2. Table of absorbance values (@405 nm) representing density of antibodyspecific antigen on Sheep Red Blood Cell antigen plate

Absorbance values were retrieved from experiment my partner and I conducted. Results show that antibodyspecific antigen interactions occurred. The darker wells indicate higher concentrations of antibodies. For the CAMPY plate, wells E5, E6, F10, and F12, having darker colored wells, had the highest levels of concentration. For the SRBC plate, wells B1, C7, and G5 had the highest.

Discussion The darker colored wells that represented high concentrations of antibodies were chosen (along with wells from other classmatesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; plates from this experiment) for further screening. Those specific antibodies were then screened through the SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, which is an electrophoresis method to separate and denature proteins, revealing protein of interest. In conclusion, monoclonal antibodies were produced! These antibodies aid in the identification of proteins and nucleic acids, along with enforcing advancements in biological sciences to improve understanding of host response to infectiousdisease agents. The specificity of these antibodies are utilized in diagnosis and treatment of several diseases today.

Transmission of DNA Methylation Changes Associated with Maternal Exposure to Lead Jiayi Dai John Berestecky Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Pregnant woman’s germ cell exposure to lead  Epigenetic DNA methylation changes that can be transmitted to grandchildren • 35 mother-infant pairs in Detroit • Obtained DNA from neonatal dried bloodspots for both mother & children from Michigan Neonatal Biobank • Measured blood lead level (BLL) from mother’ & children’s neonatal dried blood spots

• Graph: CpG clusters in the CNBC which are associated with mother’s neonatal BLL

• Graph: CpG cluster in the CCBC which are associated with mother’s neonatal BLL

• 5mC = 5-methylcytosin • CpG sites = regions of DNA where C followed by G in 5’ 3’ direction

• Little correlation btwn mother’s BLL and CCBS DNA methylation • The effect of acute high BLL on DNA methylation will “normalize” overtime since blood cells undergo hundreds of mitotic divisions in the absence of lead • During postnatal development, a child’s changes in DNA methylation (CpG sites) returns to the low BLL pattern within the first 3-5 years of life

• 115 CpG clusters mapping to 364 CpG sites differentially methylated in CNBS with high BLLs in MNBS compared to low BBL in MNBS F1 = maternal grandmother F2 = mother in this study (when she was a fetus) F3 = grandchild

• More hyper-methylated regions (n=98) than hypo-methylated regions (n=17)

Mother’s neonatal blood spot = MNBS Child’s neonatal blood spot = CNBS Child’s current blood spot = CCBS

• 65% of clusters w/ >5% change in DNA methylation • >10% of clusters w/ >10% change in DNA methylation

Sen, A. et al. Multigenerational epigenetic inheritance in humans: DNA methylation changes associated with maternal exposure to lead can be transmitted to the grandchildren. Sci. Rep. 5, 14466; doi: 10.1038/srep14466 (2015).

Biological Functions of Lung Cancer Suppressed Using Mesenchymal Cells from Umbilical Cord A journal by Li Chai, Lin Bai, Li Li, Fai Chen, and Jie Zhang Kristine Salvador John Berestecky, Biol275L/Micr240 Kapi‘olani Community College, University of Hawai‘i

INTRODUCTION

DATA / RESULTS

Mesenchymal stem cells are ubiquitous stem cells that can be found in tissue such as the heart, brain, and peripheral blood (Bai et al., 2018). In this study, scientists isolated MSC from umbilical cord tissue. Depending on the medium used and other factors of the in vivo environment, MSC can be differentiated into other cell types. Previous studies have shown that MSC reduce immune response, such as proliferation of B and T cells (Bai et al., 2018). This makes transplantation of MSC more successful in stem cell-therapy.

These stem cells also secrete molecules that contribute to tissue repair. In this study, umbilical cord MSC (UCMSC) are co-cultured with H1299 lung cancer cell line to further investigate their effects on the presented transformed cell line (Bai et al., 2018).

UCMSC significantly suppressed invasion of H1299 cells seen in transwell chambers following 24 and 48 h in culture. (Bai et al., 2018).

Fig. 1A. Cell invasion comparison between H1299 control cells and H1299 treated with UCMSC. Fig. 1B Comparison between control and experimental cells regarding invasion. ***Experimental showing the repression of invasion with UCMSC.

UCMSC also induced apoptosis of the cancer cells (Bai et al., 2018). Flow cytometry was used to calculate the rates of apoptosis between time intervals. The rate of apoptosis did not differ until the 96 h mark, where the apoptosis rate was 57.4% (Bai et al., 2018) http://www.knee-surgeon.net.au/stem-cell-therapy/

METHODS H1299 lung cancer cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and stored in a sterile incubator (Bai et al., 2018). UCMSC were cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS at 1x105 cells/well in 6-wells plates. Half of the H1299 cells were used as a control and the rest were cocultured with UCMSC. The co-culture ratio of UCMSC to H1299 cells was 2:1. A transwell-based invasion assay was conducted using 24-well to see the invasion of H1299 cells, and how their invasion is affected by UCMSC (Bai et al., 2018). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was performed to assess H1299 cell line proliferation. Staining with 3uL Annexin V was done to assess apoptosis. (Bai et al., 2018). Western-blot analysis was performed to track the activity of transcription factors. T-tests were used to calculate significance of collected data (Bai et al., 2018).

UCMSC had no significant effect on the cell cycle progression of H1299 cells (Bai et al., 2018). However, the stem cells inhibited P13K/AKT kinase expression which were shown in previous studies to serve a key function in tumor metastasis (Bai et al., 2018).

Fig. 3 Cell cycle distribution and proliferation of H1299 + UCMSC. A. Flow cytometric detection of cancer cells in each phase of cell cycle. B. Quantitative analysis of cell cycle distribution. C. Proliferation of H1299 cells detected by CCK8 (Bai et al., 2018).

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Fig. 4 Quantitative analysis of kinase expression (Bai et al., 2018).

CONCLUSION Co-culture of UCMSC with H1299 cell line suppressed the cancer cell line’s biological function by suppressing kinase activity. UCMSC significantly decreased cell invasion and proliferation, and induced apoptosis (Bai et al., 2018).

Fig. 2 Detection of H1299 apoptotic cells in co-culture with UCMSC (Bai et al., 2018)

Acknowledgements: Li, C., Lin, B., Li, L., Fei, C., & Jie, Z. (2018). Biological functions of lung cancer cells are suppressed in coculture with mesenchymal stem cells isolated from umbilical cord. Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine, 15(1), 1076-1080. doi:10.3892/etm.2017.5456

New Methods for Generating and Selecting Novel Nanobodies Peter Fee Instructor: John Berestecky Kapi‘olani Community College, University of Hawai‘i RESULTS

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

Antibodies are essential molecules in the acquired immune system of vertebrates. They are highly specific binding proteins that are produced by terminally differentiated B-cells called plasma cells. Traditional antibodies are composed of 4 chains: 2 identical light and 2 identical heavy chains. Each chain has a variable region, which contains the binding site, and a constant region that interacts with other components of the immune system. The variable binding site contains “hypervariable” regions that give antibodies their nearly unlimited specificity toward areas on foreign molecules called antigenic determinates or epitopes.

•

A recently published paper by McMahon et al. defined an efficient method for the selection of specific nanobodies using surface display in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) cells

•

The library and methods used were made publicly available in order to facilitate future research

Traditional antibodies are fairly large molecules around 150kDa in size.

They are only able to bind to epitopes that they can reach, and because of their size, they are potentially limited in this aspect. Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are artificially combined variable heavy and light chains that are ~25kDa but still retain the binding capabilities of antibodies. In the late 1980’s, scientists discovered a new type of antibody in camelids (camels, llamas, ect.) which was composed of two heavy chains. The binding regions were isolated into single variable heavy regions (VHH). These single-domain antibodies termed nanobodies are only 12-15kDa in size, meaning they can bind to previously unreachable epitopes, showing promise as a research and therapeutic tool.

Figure 3: Depiction of cell surface nanobody expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The HA-tag at the C-terminus of the nanobody polypeptide allows for the isolation and purification of nanobodies from the yeast cells.

The flexible stalk is covalently bonded to the cell wall.

Source: McMahon et al.

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A library of non-specific nanobody genes was created by using the conserved framework region and introducing controlled random mutations to the hypervariable CDR regions

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A synthetic tether gene was added to attach the nanobodies externally to yeast cell wall

• 2.

Figure 5: Flow cytometry results from repeated FACS selection. Migration to the lower right quadrant shows increased selectivity to the target antigen (Beta2 adrinergic receptor, or B2AR) after FACS. 6 rounds of selection on the native yeast library resulted in 23.6% of clones specifically bound to the target antigen.

Source: McMahon et al.

Figure 6: cAMP signaling assay measures B2AR signaling capabilities before and after introduction of B2AR specific nanobodies. Nanobody bound receptors showed decreased signaling when cAMP was introduced.

Source: McMahon et al.

Sequencing of native yeast library confirmed 480,000 unique binding specificities out of 600,000 total cells

DISCUSSION 1.

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3.

4.

Figure 1: Diagrams comparing the relative size and structure of different binding proteins. 1: Complete mammalian IgG antibody. 2: Antibody binding site. 3: Single-chain variable fragment. 4: Variable heady (single-domain) antibody.

Source: Harmsen et al.

Antibodies specific to an antigen of interest can be obtained with relative ease. The antigen must first be isolated, it can then be injected into an animal such as a mouse, stimulating an immune response and the proliferation of B-cells producing antibodies toward the antigen. The Bcells can be harvested or the antibodies collected directly from the serum.

The process is not that simple for camelid nanobodies, as most labs do not have direct access to camelids for immunization. It was therefore desirable to develop an efficient system for the creation and discovery of specific nanobodies that was practical for use in a typical laboratory setting.

Figure 2: Diagram showing the 3D structure of a nanobody, and another that focuses on the conformation of the 3 complementarity-determining regions (CDR).

Source: McMahon et al.

2.

4.

3.

These single-domain antibodies are desirable for use in research because their simplicity and small size make them easier to culture in vitro than their traditional antibody counterparts. Despite their size, they show robust antigen binding capabilities and the ability to bind to undiscovered, hard-to-reach epitopes. The methods and data presented in this paper show that efficient discovery of nanobodies with novel specificity is possible without the need for camelid immunization Nanobodies are mainly used in research as binding agents, but they show promise as a future therapeutic tool. They have the potential to bind to new epitopes on previously untreatable diseases such as certain types of cancer and their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier shows therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.

Figure 4: Efficiently isolating specific yeast-displayed nanobodies from a native yeast library.

1: Antigen is presented to the library, binding only to specific nanobodies.

2: Antigen-bound cells are isolated through fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), which is a form of flow cytometry, and magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS).

3: The selected nanobody containing yeast cells are amplified.

4: This process is repeated 6x to gain greater specificity.

LITERATURE CITED

Source: McMahon et al.

3.Harmsen, M. M., and H. J. De Haard. “Properties, Production, and Applications of Camelid Single-Domain Antibody Fragments.” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 77, no. 1, 2007, pp. 13–22., doi:10.1007/s00253-007-1142-2.

1.Mcmahon, Conor, et al. “Yeast Surface Display Platform for Rapid Discovery of Conformationally Selective Nanobodies.” Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, vol. 25, no. 3, 2018, pp. 289–296., doi:10.1038/s41594-018-0028-6.

2.Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh, Gholamreza, et al. “Nanobodies and Their Potential Applications.”Nanomedicine, vol. 8, no. 6, 2013, pp. 1013–1026., doi:10.2217/nnm.13.86.

Generation of Neurons from Adult Brain Cells Post Stroke Sarah Poppinga John Berestecky Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

INTRODUCTION Strokes happen when a blood vessel to the brain is blocked, and part of the brain does not get the blood it needs, so some brain cells die. Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability in the world, yet is lacking effective treatment.

In recent experimental findings, a possibility that functional improvement after stroke may be facilitated by the replacement of neurons by endogenous neural stem cells in the sub-ventricular zone. Endogenous neural stem cells continuously supply the injured adult brain, allowing extensive production of neurons. This suggests self-repair strategies to progress recovery after stroke.

Figure 1. Coronal brain slices taken 24 hours after MCAO. The ischemic brain is shown on the left. The white color indicates the damaged area and red color represents normal tissue.

MATERIALS AND METHODS In an experiment conducted by Thored et. al, after the induction of stroke on mice, neurospheres were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and the cells were plated in 24-well plates for 7 days. The number and diameter of spheres were quantified. Behavioral tests of the mice were performed 24 hours before (control) and 48 hours, 4 weeks, and 16 weeks after a 30-minute Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO). Rats were placed on a horizontal ladder test for 5 minutes. Behavioral deficit was calculated for each animal using a formula that takes into account the total number of steps, falls, time, and speed of active walking.

Figure 2. Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO): (A) Construction of the snare ligature. (B) Occlusion of the MCA. (C) Reflow of the MCA.

RESULTS The data provides the first evidence that the adult brain responds to a stroke by long-lasting generation of neurons from its own neural stem cells.

Cell proliferation is maximized in the ipsilateral SVZ about 1 to 2 weeks after MCAO. The recruitment of neural stem cells is stimulated during the first week after stroke.

There was a greater number and size of neurospheres from the ipsilateral SVZ 6 weeks after MCAO. Caspase-mediated apoptotic death caused the loss of the stroke-generated neuroblasts, which caspase inhibitors were able to rescue these neuroblasts.

A population of newly produced neurons survived for 4 months after stroke suggests that integration and trophic support can be achieved in the strokedamaged brain.

Figure 3. The severeness of the stroke influences the immensity of the neurogenic response.

CONCLUSION The amount of new striatal neurons has potentially to replace the dead neurons is much larger than previously known.

Furthermore, adult neural stem cells continuously produce a cellular raw material that could be used for self-repair in the brain during the recovery after stroke.

References Thored, P., Arvidsson, A., Cacci, E., Ahlenius, H., Kallur, T., Darsalia, V., … Lindvall, O. (2006). Persistent Production of Neurons from Adult Brain Stem Cells During Recovery after Stroke. Stem Cells, 24(3), 739–747. https://doi.org/ 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0281 Shen, Q., Goderie, S. K., Jin, L., Karanth, N., Sun, Y., Abramova, N., … Temple, S. (2004). Endothelial cells stimulate self-renewal and expand neurogenesis of neural stem cells. Science, 304(5675), 1338–1340. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095505

The Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Campylobactor jejuni and Sheep Red Blood Cells by HAT Selection and Single-Cell Suspension Methods Jessie Mattos John Berestecky Kapi‘olani Community College, University of Hawai‘i INTRODUCTION

DATA / RESULTS

PROMISING APPLICATIONS

Antibodies are large proteins secreted by plasma cells (mature B-cells) and are used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens in the body.

The production of antibodies is specific; a specific plasma cell produces antibodies that react with a specific epitope on a specific antigen. In a typical immune response, many different kinds of antibodies are produced as there are many different epitopes on a single antigen.

Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans world-wide. Once the pathogen has successfully infected a human host, common symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea with accompanying symptoms such as fever, malaise, vomiting, and dehydration.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provide a potential cure to bacterial gastroenteritis caused by C. jejuni. These are antibodies produced by identical plasma cells that are clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies bind to a single epitope on a specific antigen. This ability to target a specific antigen is an invaluable tool in disease research and therapy.

Screening of the antibodies is performed through an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Microtiter plates are coated with both C. jejuni cell lysates and SRBCs. They are then blocked with an arbitrary protein to ensure the specific binding of the hybridoma antibodies solely to the antigens of interest.

Further screening was performed via SDS PAGE and Western Blot to ensure the presence of hybridoma antibodies.

The potential applications for monoclonal antibodies are vast. MAbs can be engineered not only for the specific binding of an antigen but for specific biological and effector functions as well. For example, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells have the antigen specificity of an antibody and the effector function of a T-cell. CAR T-cells have the potential to both specifically bind to and kill tumor cells.

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A B C D E

Polyclonal Antibody

F G H Figure 1: Simplified image of polyclonal antibody binding vs. monoclonal antibody binding

Monoclonal Antibody

PROJECT WORKFLOW Mice are immunized with the antigen of interest, C. jejuni and sheep red blood cells (SRBCs; a common laboratory antigen) to initiate a polyclonal immune response. Splenocytes are then isolated via whole-organ excision and fused with p3-X63Ag8.653 (p3) myeloma cells through polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. Successful fusion gives rise to immortalized antibodysecreting hybridomas. Hypoxanthine / aminopterin / thymidine (HAT) selection ensures the survival of only successfully fused hybridomas. The hybridomas are then screened for production of desired antibodies and all positive hybridomas are then clonally expanded and cryopreserved for future laboratory use.

Figure 3: Qualitative results from the ELISA screening of hybridoma supernatants. The color change signifies a positive reaction; a brighter color indicates a higher concentration of antibodies. One well from the tissue culture plate containing hybridoma colonies represents two wells on the ELISA plate (for example, well A1 from the hybridoma plate represents wells A 1&2 on the above ELISA plate; well A2 from the hybridoma plate represents wells A 3&4 on above ELISA plate, etc.). Wells that reacted strongly with C. jejuni alone and with both C. jejuni and SRBCs were chosen for clonal expansion (Wells D 5&6 above react with both C. jejuni and SRBCs and were the only wells chosen for clonal expansion).

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A

0.193

0.14

0.713

0.235

1.548

0.291

0.249

0.139

0.236

0.146

0.322

0.129

B

0.998

0.276

0.314

0.193

0.242

0.47

0.244

0.178

0.236

0.115

0.34

0.139

C

0.36

0.166

0.214

0.129

0.246

0.142

0.274

0.15

0.342

0.192

0.272

0.155

D

0.359

0.161

0.707

0.267

2.698

2.654

0.361

0.286

0.349

0.208

0.269

0.338

E

0.388

0.2

0.219

0.136

0.19

0.154

0.232

0.162

0.305

0.123

2.162

0.629

F

0.287

0.128

1.798

0.422

0.241

0.137

0.247

0.123

0.239

0.116

0.242

0.173

G

0.272

0.107

0.269

0.129

0.247

0.194

0.281

0.121

0.291

0.116

0.248

0.128

H

0.259

0.126

0.268

0.134

0.264

0.134

0.252

0.221

0.436

0.16

0.268

0.154

Figure 4: Quantitative results from the ELISA screening of hybridoma supernatants. Microtiter plates were read at 405 nanometers with BioTek Elx 808 96-well plate absorbance reader. Data depicted here are synonymous with data shown above in Figure 3. Numbers indicate the optical density of samples in each well.

Figure 2: Flowchart of project methodology

Figure 5: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell. The single chain scFv derived from the antigen-binding domain of antibodies - is fused to the CD3ζ transmembrane and intracellular signaling domains from the T-cell receptor complex; this is the first-generation CAR. Additional intracellular signaling domains are added for costimulatory signals, such as the CD28 and 4-1BB signaling domains, to yield second- and third-generation CARs.

CONCLUSION The in vitro development of polyclonal antibodies against C. jejuni and SRBCs by PEG method and HAT selection has proven to be a successful laboratory procedure. Next steps for the production of monoclonal antibodies from hybridoma cells that are secreting polyclonal antibodies with positive reactivity are isolation of these positive hybridomas via single cell suspension and then clonal expansion. In general, monoclonal antibodies are a useful reagent to have in the laboratory setting as they play a central role in many of the standard laboratory procedures. A monoclonal antibody against C. jejuni could provide a cure to the leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide.

LITERATURE CITED Freshney, R. I. (2010). Culture of animal cells: A manual of basic technique and specialized applications.

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Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

Maus, M. V., Grupp, S. A., Porter, D. L., & June, C. H. (2014). Antibody-modified T cells: CARs take the front seat for hematologic malignancies. Blood, 123(17), 2625-2635. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-11-492231 Chimeric Antigen Receptor–Modified T Cells in Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia; Chimeric Antigen Receptor– Modified T Cells for Acute Lymphoid Leukemia; Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Sustained Remissions in Leukemia. (2016). New England Journal of Medicine, 374(10), 998-998. doi:10.1056/nejmx160005

Dealing with Death; Is there A Right Way? Active or Passive?

Geneva M. Diaz Eng 272G: Myths, Dreams, Symbols Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Column 1

Column 2

Thesis: In western culture, there is a taboo attached to the topic of death and dying. We have even lost touch with the process of grieving being unique to each individual and culture, by physically separating ourselves from the deceased and the ceremonial processes to follow as well as making a sort-of checklist to the stages of dealing with death. There are many forms of mourning a loss and even coming to terms with our own death, so which way is the “right” way?

Objective: In the book published in 1970, “On Death and Dying”, by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, the term “The Grief Process Model” was established consisting of five stages of grief (remodeled from the seven step model first mentioned by Ross). DENIAL, ANGER, BARGAINING, DEPRESSION, ACCEPTANCE But does every culture grieve in this way?.

Column 3

Subjective/ Impact:

Descriptive: 1.

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Stages of grief (DABDA): Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

Mourning should be more active, and less like a carwash. Perks: DABDA allows people to accept certain reactions of grief, but do we get too stuck on the check list and forget our own reactions towards death? What about our cultural identity in regards to how we grieve? Or better, our unique experience to life and our search for meaning in our own lives?

Conclusion:

DABDA implies that mourning is passive. One analogy given by Worth Kilcrease from Psychology Today says the following: “First vacuum……..car doesn’t do anything but be there and everything is happening to it so it comes out bright and clean.”

I don’t believe there is just one way to grieve.

Whether the stages of grief help us feel connected with those around us who have experienced death and them alike do not know how to deal, or a traditional ceremony passed down from generations that we follow that keeps us in faith and helps us recognize our own lives. Whatever route we take in grieving a loss or dealing with death, we should acknowledge it is something everyone will go through and that everyone has their own individual patterns and different outlets in dealing with grief. In conclusion, there is no “right way”, besides our own and we have made it impossible to deal with death actively.

Acknowledgments/Citations: Stages Of Grief - “Time For a New Model”, Psychology Today (April 2018)/ “FROM HERE TO ETERNITY: Traveling the World to Find the Good Death”, (WW Norton 2018)/

Watch Out For The Manapua Man Cody Gushikuma English 272G Myths, Symbols, and Dreams Kapiʻolani Community College, Honolulu, Hi Thesis Statement:

Descriptive Section (Quote & Pic)

People who have lived in Hawaii have seen a The urban legend of the manapua man van that looks closely like the one in the comes from the times of when the picture.

But people outside of Hawaii would Chinese came to Hawaii. What really is think that buying food from a van is unsanitary important is what the food from this and they don’t know what kind of meat these man represents: racism towards the Chinese population; such racism was sellers would put in the manapua. Many people in general might think that food sold directed at Chinese immigrants. out of a truck or van by a stranger is a quick ticket to food poisoning.

Background Section

If you lived in Hawaii for your whole life, you probably heard your grandparents say don’t be a bad child or the manapua man will get you. This urban legend revolves around an elderly man using either cats or kidnapping bad children and turning the children and cats’ flesh into the meat for his manapuas.

New School Section Remarks made about this urban legend are made under the strong influence of racism. Many people who see these trucks think is not very sanitary carrying food in a old van. But the real point is that manapuas are portable food that can be eaten on the go. Today, the food trucks have their own events but people still frown upon how these food trucks function.

Conclusion Basing an entire race of people off of their food or anything, really, is being stereotypical. Instead, people should try the food before making any opinions without trying the food.

Thesis: ●

While R&B stands for Rhythm and Blues Precedent Music Genres and seems only impactful to gloomy Donita Shane Lising situations, R&B and classical music also Professor Davin Kubota provoke a passionate and soulful connection to the audience members; Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, after all R&B originated from African Americans expressions regarding violence and life. Classical music can make people happier.

HI Subjective/Impact R&B provokes emotional feelings Exposes issues nobody wants to talk about (diversity and acceptance) Classical music Heightens emotional level Rose self esteem Release dopamine hormones ●

○

Objective: How R&B and classical music assembles my identity as a person. ●

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Descriptive: R&B involves classical composition jazz, blue, hip hop, and gospel music. It used to have actual meaning, content and a good beat Explicit content to modern society vs in the pass Provoke emotional feelings Ex “Sorry” by Beyonce has the classical composition of Tchaikovsky’s “Swan Lake,” while “Alejandro” by Lady Gaga, Alicia Keys Piano and I with the classical composition of Moonlight Sonata, Little Mix’s song “Little Me” with music by Gabriel Faure. ●

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Conclusion R&B and Classical music exposed deep social issues, sets behavioral changes, and significantly improves the body and mind mentally .

The Green Lady Jena Funakoshi Eng 272G: Myths, Dreams, Symbols Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI The Green Lady The green lady myth began years ago, as my grandmother told my father, and my father told me. The green lady was a normal woman who would often take her three children to the botanical gardens of Wahiawa. She disliked taking the bridge route, as she felt as if it was too dangerous being close to the road where her children could get hit by cars. They would stroll through the gulch, and alternative route to get to the gardens. One day, one of her children got lost in the gulch. The women searched and searched for her child, until eventually she died from grief and stress from it all. Until this day, it is still said that she haunts the botanical gardens, gulch, and Wahiawa elementary school. She is still on the lookout for her child, and she will take any kid that she comes across…as a result…

Our family would always talk about “The Green Lady” My cousins and I wanted to see her with our own eyes, so we would often venture out to find her. One day, close to sunset, we were all standing on the bridge fooling around when we heard noises down below us. We immediately clutched one another with fear and searched to see if we would be able to see the green lady.

Five minutes past, and just then, even if we were about to give up, I saw her, screamed, pointed her out to the rest of my cousins, and we ran as fast as we could home.

How it Began

Old school: Wahiawa is so boring where there is not much to do other than using it as a passing point to go to the North Shore. People wanted to make Wahiawa sound more exciting, so they would pass around the Green Lady myth, I presume.

New school: Wahiawa’s homeless rate has been increasing throughout the years, and there have been many dangerous crimes and assaults done by homeless people. Parents are scared for their children to wander outside by themselves, so they are telling their kids this legend to possibly scare them into not wanting to explore outside by themselves like kids used to in the past.

Subjective/ Impact:

The Green Lady has been perceived in both Hawaiian culture, and Japanese culture. They both have their own image as to how they viewed the Green Lady.

This may directly correlate to the relationship the Japanese and Hawaiians had in the 1800’s. The Japanese and Hawaiians were the first to communicate with one another, fusing their language, and they share this urban legend as well.

References http://apdl.kcc.hawaii.edu/oahu/stories/waialua/killing.htm https://lookintohawaii.com/hawaii/47494/green-lady-of-wahiawainformation-all-islands-hi https://maskofreason.wordpress.com/the-book-ofmysteries/know-your-ghosts/australia-and-the-pacific/the-greenlady/

In life and death Sora Shimabukuro Eng 272G: Myths, Dreams, Symbols Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Thesis: The bathroom is always seen as a safe place where no one knows what goes on inside– but who is the bathroom really safe for? Is it safe for the teen who uses the bathroom as a hide out to escape their problems? Or is it safe for the teens who cause that persons problems? The story of “Toire no Hanako” will highlight many of these hidden bathroom dynamics. **IMAGE IS STAGED**

Objective: The story of Hanako-san plays into the narrative of the revenge of someone who had been mistreated in their previous life. However, the demonization of a victim of bullying leaves people to believe that those who have been outcasted deserved it. This is one of many things that allows the outcast/bullying culture to strive so strongly in school- especially in Japan.

Descriptive: Some say Hanako was a victim of a bombing during World War ll. Others believe that she was a victim of bullying and upon getting cornered one day in the bathroom stall she decided she couldn’t take it anymore and ended her life.

Like the western legend of “Bloody Mary” a group of kids often dare or force one member to go into the bathroom and perform a certain “ritual” that will then make the spirit appear.

1. Go to the third stall in the bathroom 2. Knock three times 3. Ask “Hanako-san are you there?”

A long silence follows until you will hear “Yes, I am here” what happens next depends on who you are. Some believe she will protect those who are getting bullied by their classmates. But if that is not the case you will be dragged into the stall and be killed.

The stories of how Hanako-san came to be are all very tragic. Other stories include things like being a victim of incest, abuse, rape etc.

Why would anyone want to disturb a potential spirit that had gone through such a hard life?

Subjective/ Impact: Bathroom being an escape -> Bathroom gets infiltrated by bullies -> Victim commits suicide -> Bathroom now has a “ghost” -> Bullies use the legend as a tool to bully their victim -> rinse and repeat.

Legends like these where victims are demonized and well…turned into legends are what help fuel the continuation of outcast-type bullying again, especially in Asian countries, like Japan.

Whether the spirit exists or not, Whether the story is real or not, does not matter. The background stories to how spirits of urban legends like these came to be are all things that happen everyday to real people.

The bathroom is a popular place for bullying as it is away from teachers and other students. It also allows the bully to corner their victim.

Hanako-san represents those victims.

Conclusion: It’s easy to look at something that is potrayed in a negative light and say “that’s terrible” “That’s bad” etc.

However, what isin’t as easy is asking “Why?” If you ask yourself why Hanako-san is scary, you’ll find that she isin’t– and if she is, its probably for a valid reason. Put things in perspective. Dig Deeper.

Plants: Life and Death Within Departures Jade Enomoto Eng 272G: Myths, Dreams, Symbols Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Thesis:

Objective:

Subjective/ Impact:

The symbolism of plants holds importance in Yojiro Takita’s film Departures. In many major scenes that have to do with death, a plant can be seen in the next shot, showing the viewer that even though there is death, there is still life.

Descriptive: After Daigo returns from his first gruesome job with a rotting corpse that has been decaying for 2 weeks, Daigo gets paid and sent home as Mr. Sasaki waters a nearby plant.

After Daigo, our main protagonist, has just learned that his new job deals with the dead, Mr. Sasaki looks to his blooming succulent on his desk, The use of the succulent, shows that even though the job is full of death, life will prevail.

Succulents are known to succeed and live in the harshest of climates. Succulents, in general, mean timeless love and endure.

Succulents Flower Symbolism: Lust and sexual attraction between two people The power and loneliness of the desert Enduring all things, no matter how painful or difficult Protection from danger and threats Warmth and care, especially from mother to a child Chastity and abstinence from physical contact •

•

•

•

•

•

In this scene, you can see the difference of respect and expertise between Daigo and Mr. Sasaki. Daigo who is too shocked and horrified by his first corpse, is slouched over, barely moving, and staring at the ground. Mr. Sasaki, who has seen the type of corpse before, is standing/ moving around and taking care of the nearby plant, watering and ensuring the plant’s survival.

This shows how Mr. Sasaki has already come to terms with his job, that represents both death and life. Daigo, however, still has yet to learn the skills and meanings to his newfound job. He also needs to learn more grace and empathy.

Throughout the movie, we can see Daigo becoming more respectful and advance in his job by pacing himself during ceremonies and having proper posture.

Daigo heads up to the 2nd floor room to tell Mr. Sasaki that he was resigning from the company, but instead learns a crucial lesson: with life, comes death and with death comes life.

These days, people are focusing more on death, than life. In society we are all about immortality and speed. The fear of death and the feeling of running out of time makes our society hasty and not as appreciative of life. This relates to the term “quantity over quality”. Quality being how you live your life to the fullest and quantity being how much you do in life. As a result, just stop sometimes and appreciate life that surrounds you.

Conclusion: Plants in Departures symbolize that even though there’s death, you are still surrounded by life. Consequently, we should all slow down and enjoy life more because death will eventually happen. We all should appreciate what we have around us.

The Auspicious Gift (Red Envelopes) Irene Lau ENG 272G: Myths, Dreams, Symbols Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Thesis: Rather than just being a tradition passed on through many generations, the red envelope does more by signifying the importance of tradition along with representing the different qualities of the culture.

Objective: Throughout my life I have always been in tune with my culture and the specific traditions we follow. However, I have recently experienced something that really opened my eyes. I gave my uncle and cousin a red envelope during their birthday party, which I received back because I have been told they were unable to accept it due to the fact that I am not married.

Descriptive: After experiencing that event, it lead me to wonder about the unspoken rules that followed this custom. The legend dates back to ancient China. A demon terrorized children by touching their heads at night which caused them to fall ill. In order to save the children, eight immortals transformed themselves into coins to save an elderly couple's son from the demon.

The eight coins were wrapped in red paper and placed under the child’s pillow for protection.

Today, paper money is folded into red envelopes and given out on special occasions such as birthdays, weddings, graduations, etc.

Illustrations on the envelopes represent blessings and good wishes to the receiving individual.

Subjective/ Impact: ●

●

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The Chinese believe red to be a promising color because it represents luck and joy The practice of giving/receiving red envelopes helps keep the tradition alive This tradition also influenced other cultures ○

Malays and Muslims give money in green envelopes

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Indians give money in colorful packets which are handed to kids during Deepavali

Conclusion: It is important to be aware of the development and origin of each tradition relative to your culture. Also to understand the different regulations that may follow each practice.

Mandela Effect: How it Affects the population’s minds Debbie Kwon Eng 272G: Myths, Dreams, Symbols Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI False Memory

Can you quote this scene?

Many of us have seen and loved the ever so popular movie Star Wars, yet most of the population has been actually quoting this famous scene wrong.

“Although we might think of memories as being strengthened when recalled, the truth is actually more complex. Recalling a memory reactivates the neurons composing the memory trace, spurring them to form new connections.

The altered circuitry then becomes stable again, and the memory is reconsolidated.” (1)

What is the Mandela Effect?

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●

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Recalling a different memory Alternate realities colliding then altering what was the original memory that we had Past events and timelines continually changing

Menehune: The Legendary Secrets Beau Fujii Eng 272G: Myths, Dreams, Symbols Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Column 1

Thesis:

“Menehune” are small legendary beings capable to create heiaus, fishponds, rods, house, and Canoes. As new evidence comes in, people are starting to believe that menehune comes from the Tahitian word “manahune” which means low social standing; this mythe might call into question social standing of menehune.

Objective:

Menehune are these small magical beings who are Hawai`i engineering feats. Like the creation of Alekoko pond, it was said that in one night they carried rocks from Makaweli for 25 miles.

You’ll never seen them during the day for they only come out at night. Using their magical powers ( speed, strength, and invisibility) to finish their project.

Acknowledgments

Column 2

Descriptive:

Menehune are “romantics” beings, green plants acting like a curtain hiding what’s behind the scenes.

Hiding show the fact that there was something they’re afraid of. This question was there a oppressed power. These stories of beautiful creation they made that was done in one night pushed the fact did they forcuse to do it in one night. Bring power to these magical beings.

Column 3

Subjective/ Impact: In many stories and culture around the world have these small magical beings. They all seem to love the night and hiding from people. One could say that it’s how society was like. Their sizes would be base on their social standing, the rulers at the time probably not want to be know as slave owners so they created these created a story about these magical beings doing these wonderful things.

Conclusion:

Many culture and fair tails have these small legendary beings gifted with magical powers. They used this to hid the oppress power of the Ali`i (leader).

Krystal Mokuahi Eng 272G: Myths, Dreams, Symbols Kapiolani Community College, Honolulu, HI

New School

Old School VS. The Slang will eliminate all the unnecessary stresses that traditional slings bring.

Benefits: ❏ ❏ ❏

❏

Breathable material Built-in pocket Adjustable, cross-back straps Shoulder pads that you can freeze or heat up.

Ponyo; The Story of Life After Death Michael Morisato ENG 272G Kapi'olani Community College, Honolulu, HI THESIS STATEMENT The urban legend of the movie Ponyo, actually a tale about the afterlife, gains its power through logos; after all, the logic that can be seen in the correlations when certain events and characters act leads watchers to start to question, what is still "living"?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION The little fish girl's name is not actually "Ponyo", her birth-name; it is actually Brunhilde. Brunhilde is the name of a Valkyrie, a mighty female warrior, in Germanic mythology. Sigurd is the hero who rode through a ring of flames to awaken her from her eternal slumber. They had fallen in love and were to be wed but, after drinking a magic potion, Sigurd forgot about Brunhilde and married Gudrun. Feeling betrayed by the man she loved, Brunhilde ordered for the death of Sigurd. After his death, she was filled with grief and despair, in the end, killing herself by throwing herself into Sigurd's funeral pyre, wanting to leave this world together to the realm, of Hel.

SUBJECTIVE IMPACT The fact that "Ponyo" could've been given any name but had been originally given Brunhilde leads me to believe that it was chosen to relate the story with the one from mythology; in other words, to show the tragic overlay.

NEW SCHOOL ANALYSIS It is not entirely uncommon for those in Japan to experience tsunamis, but a little less than two years after this movie came out, on March 2011, Japan was hit by one of the biggest, killing 15,895. In the movie, this small town seems to get hit by one of similar magnitude, causing the submersion of almost the entire town.

CONCLUSIONS It's highly unlikely that the movie has any correlation with the actual tsunami that happened soon after its release, just a simple coincidence. The death subtext of the movie, however, holds some ground, from the true name of the protagonist Ponyo, to the many hints of death that are scattered throughout the movie may mean that the movie was constructed with that undertone in mind.

(Korean creepypasta, assortment of the revenge) Jayden Kim Eng 272G: Myths, Dreams, Symbols Kapiâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Thesis:

Descriptive:

There are many scary stories in South Korea. The common point of these scary stories is that ghosts who appear in the story have died under a false accusation, and the majority of these scary stories focus on revenge. As a result, this urban legend really focuses on the dangers of wanting revenge.

The most famous ghost story amongst Korean schools is Kong Kong Ghost. Because this ghost dropped from the school rooftop by her head, she ran like a jump by the head with the head upside down.It was her friend who killed her, and she was looking for a friend to take revenge on her friend.

Objective:

Subjective/ Impact:

Many Korean ghost stories go through a similar story. When the ghost appears, people get scared. However,It transpired that there was a sad story of the ghost.

The ghosts were unjustly dead for no reason, and the reason they appeared was revenge for those who killed them.

The ghost who was the perpetrator in the story was actually a good man when they were alive, but the victims of the ghost story, in fact, bad people who killed a person who became a ghost.

In the creepy pasta in the background of a hospital, ghosts are usually nurses or patients, not a doctor.

In the creepy pasta in the background of a military institution, ghosts are usually a private, not a general.

In the creepy pasta in the background of a school setting, ghosts are usually a student, not a teacher.

In the creepy pasta in the background of Korean society in general, ghosts are usually female or a child, not a male.

Conclusion: Janghwa-Hongryeon is a famous creepypasta of Korea which came down for centuries. The two sisters who died unfairly because of the stepmother became ghosts, and they take revenge on their mother through the village leader.

The ghost stories of Korea give two lessons to the people of reality.

1.

2.

You should not hastily judge good and evil.

A bad thing that you did will surely punish you in the future (karma).

F It (Fake It) Tonya Abellira Eng 272G: Myths, Dreams, Symbols Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Thesis: As I go through everyday routines such as picking out my clothes and cleaning my room, there is more than meets the eye. In fact, my clothing demonstrates that I am a very colorful and plain person, but don’t get me wrong, I do have my dark moments. On the other hand, my room shows that I am a messy yet very organized person. In today’s society, it’s hard to be a boy or a girl due to social pressures on what and what not to wear. These ironies show a tension between what is expected of me versus what I expect for myself.

Descriptive:

Subjective/ Impact:

My clothes are more on the conservative side.

Relating to my personality on how I’m very colorful yet very laid back and just goes with the flow.

I don’t dress to impress; I dress for myself.

Background: Red = passion (tension points) Blue = loyalty (tension points) White = baseline color between the points.

Conclusion: We all like to hide behind our clothes or even our bedrooms or even music, but in reality, there are small little hints that show your true self. It’s a nature versus nurture thing that tell us individuals how to dress and how to take care of things.

The people I surround myself also help me with my choice in clothing. My family are the main people who gave me the structure in my clothing and how I take care of my belongings.

Social pressures on girls exist, since girls are stereotyped as having to keep their rooms clean and pretty and pink and organized. My room signifies the fact that I don’t value many material things.

(society= telling us that less clothes meaning sexier and a clean room is a clean mind.)

Aren’t You Glad You Didn’t Turn On the Light?

Jester Apresto ENG 272G: Myths, Dreams, Symbols Kapi'olani Community College, Honolulu HI Thesis Statement Stories such as “Aren’t You Glad You Didn’t Turn on the Light” have been created to cause fear within the target audience to prevent a certain event from happening, especially in college. In particular, this urban legends uses pathos to induce fear of the danger of being away at home and to avoid premarital sex.

Analysis (Quote)

Impact

According to research that I conducted,

“This legend is a hair-raising cautionary tale about the dangers of living away from home, and it plays upon our fears of the murdering madman turning up in our bedrooms one night. We fear becoming the victims of random violence, and we fear being vulnerable in an unsafe world. The more unsafe we perceive the world around us to be, the more tales like this get told” (Mikkelson, 2).

● College students would be terrified of sleeping in the dorms; ● Parents would have their children stay back home for school; ● Female students would be more focused on education than taking care of a baby.

Through this quote, it can be concluded that parents with college children came up with the story to prevent them from moving away too far from them. Another deeper analysis that is part of this legend is the FEAR of the daughter’s virginity being lost--the bad roommate is the one who has had sex.

Background Information Many versions of the urban legend are told depending on who is telling the story. The main story involves a “nerdy” college girl going back to her dorm to grab her books. Since her “naughtier” roommate was sleeping, she didn’t turn on the lights when entering the dorm room.

When “the nerdy girl” later returned, she found her roommate dead with a message smeared in blood on the mirror that reads, “Aren’t you glad you didn’t turn on the light?”

Analysis (Picture)

Some parents would be worried about their children attending parties or having sex. Through this image, it is an example of what a parent would may imagine what college parties are like. This thought would probably be from movies on how they portray the college life; the legend carries on the fear.

Conclusion College is the time for many people to start experimenting and for many people is to have fun without parental involvement or intervention.

This urban legend is a precautionary tale to prevent any danger, harm or life changing mistakes to happen to their children.

Specifically, this urban legend targets women more often because it is believed that they are the ones who would be affected more by the harmful effects of being a partier in college.

THE LEGEND OF THE TAOTAOM’ONA (Richard Borja) (ENG 272 G Myths, Dreams, Symbols) Kapi’olani Community College, Honolulu, HI I

Subjective/ Impact:

Thesis: The Taotaom’ona are considered to be ghostly apparitions of the ancient people of Guahan (Guam). They’re believed to be the reason behind a serious illness, after entering the jungle.

Got a fever? Bite marks all over your body?

Maybe even cancer? It is because of the Taotaom’ona.

Descriptive:

ANALYSIS Taotoam’ona Origin • “The people of before” • Ancestral spirits that There are different types of Taotaom’onas and inhabited the earth along this special one is called Anufat. The term Anufat with the living means “very ugly,” and the creature has teeth six • The Taotaom’ona provided inches long and has a hole on each side of its the following: head filled with fern plants.

• Daily protection • Assistance • Dangers & Problems Nunu Tree (Banyan Tree) ?

• PERMISSION IS NEEDED: • ONLY in native language • Pass through Jungle • Use the Restroom

SUBJECTIVE/IMPACT Without permission, a person becomes terribly ill, in the form of becoming feverishly sick, or they receive de’on (pinching), or akka’ (biting). The only treatment for this sickness is to visit a suruhana (Chamorro female traditional healer) or a suruhano (Chamorro male traditional healer).

The Taotaom’ona serve as the “guardians of the land”; if they are disrespected, then they will unleash consequences on the person. Some believe that it is a way to teach children and other unaware adults to respect the land. The island of Gua, is home for tourism, similar to Hawaii and the jungle is open to anyone, if not everyone. As a result, this is one way

Michael Lujan Bevacqua, PhD. Taotaomo’na.

July 3, 2014. Guampedia. Web. April 17, 2018.

to keep children out of the jungle because personally, it is the best area to play with your friends.

Assessing the Value of Informal Ocean Education while Obtaining my Dive Master Certification in Hawai‘i Results

Sea Turtle Conversation Pre Post Knowledge of Hawai’i turtle 1 protection?

Knowledge of why turtles are 2 protected in Hawai'i?

Threats to Hawai’i's turtle 3 population?

Strategies for keeping turtles 4 safe?

2 3 4

20 15 10 5 0 1

Pre # of Responses

I hypothesize that educational briefings before dive trips would increase diver knowledge and awareness of how they can help reduce human impacts on marine habitats

# of Responses

Purpose The purpose of my Internship at Waikiki Dive center was to assess how impactful informal education is in Hawai'i's diving community while earning my Dive Master certification. To do this I designed infographic slate cards that targeted four different topics: 1. Turtle Conservation 2. Pollution and Marine Debris 3. Coral Bleaching 4. Coral reef and fish identification

Photo credit:Bethany Raypold

Photo credit:Bethany Raypold

Figure 1. Educational dive briefing

Figure 2. A dive at Turtle Canyon, O‘ahu

Acknowledgements I would like to thank all staff at Waikiki Dive center for helping and supporting me through this internship. I would also like to thank my parents, and my mentor and teacher Mackenzie Manning for making this possible.

1 What is coral Bleaching?

15 2 What causes coral bleaching?

10 5

3

0 1

2 Pre

# of Responses

Coral Bleaching Post

20

Informal Education

✧ Three different surveys were conducted between January and April 2018. ✧ Before the educational briefing and after the dive trip, divers were asked standardized questions for one of the topics listed above and responses were recorded. ✧ Results were assessed to see whether the educational briefings had impacts on diver’s knowledge.

Bethany Raypold Mentor: Mackenzie Manning Marine Option Program Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

How we can help corals recover from bleaching?

Marine Pollution Post What's the biggest pollution 1 threat to marine life?

What is the Great Pacific 2 Garage Patch?

15 10 5

3 What is plastic made of?

0 1

2

 Two 5 hour shop days a week spent preparing gear, booking charters, and selling dive merchandise  Filling scuba tanks, cleaning and organizing equipment  Shadowing Dive Instructors and Dive Masters on dive trips Dive Master training includes:  PADI Rescue Diver certification  Emergency First Response training  Pass a swim test and submit a “fit to dive” medical statement  Complete the Dive Master book reading, knowledge review and pass final exam

What I have learned

3

20

Internship and Dive Master

3

Figure 3. Collective responses to questions asked before and after educational dive briefings

Discussion The collective pre and post response data from all participants (figure. 3) indicate that divers did learn from my educational briefings.

These briefings are a small but important step in helping educate divers about the impacts we have on the reef. After every briefing I would offer easy changes diver’s could adopt Photo credit:Bethany Raypold to limit their plastic waste. Figure 4. Debris collected after a dive

I enjoyed teaching people about ocean conservation and bringing awareness that no matter where you live you have a impact.

The internship was a lot of hard work. You need to be ready for anything: you're watching over divers and making sure everything is running smoothly, and staying calm in situations to keep problems under control.

Working under a Dive Instructor, I learned so much about diving, air consumption, and our deep dive wrecks and shallow reefs here on O‘ahu.

Future Plans ✧ Alaska Sealife Center Internship summer 2018 in the marine mammal rehabilitation and interpretation department. ✧ Continue to educate all divers on our charters at Waikiki Dive Center. ✧ Earn my scientific diving certification and PADI Scuba Instructor Certification.

Developing a Protocol to Assess the Prevalence of Necrotizing Fasciitis Causing Bacteria at Two PacIOOS Monitoring Sites Along the Southern Shores of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i Han Ngoc Quach Professor Mackenzie Manning Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Introduction This project investigated the presence of Vibrio vulnificus and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) at two PacIOOS monitoring sites: The Hawai`i Yacht Club (HYC) and Waikiki Aquarium (WA). These bacteria are known to cause tissue death when open wounds are exposed to warm, contaminated seawater. Both sites are heavily impacted through human recreational use like swimming and boating activities. The WA site also receives effluent from the aquarium while the HYC site is near the mouth of the Ala Wai Canal. PacIOOS Nearshore Sensors provide web accessible, real-time data on temperature, salinity, turbidity, and chlorophyll levels. This data will be used to correlate bacteria prevalence with temperature and salinity. In this study, we worked on protocol development using membrane filtration and selective media to isolate and selectively grow these pathogenic bacteria. I predict that the HYC site will have a higher abundance of both bacteria due to higher amounts of human impact.

PacIOOS Data

Method Development Water samples were collected in clean, 10 Liter plastic cubitainers every two weeks from February 7 – March 7, 2018 for a total of three sampling events. Samples were filtered using a 0.45µm mixed cellulose esters membrane filter, with three replicates per water sample per media type. Membranes were placed onto MRSA Spectra media plates to selectively grow MRSA, and Cellobiose Polymyxin Colistin (CPC) media enhanced with Colistin Sodium Methansulfonate and Polymyxin B to selectively grow Vibrio vulnificus. Plates were incubated for 24hrs at 37oC. Negative controls using distilled water for each media type, per sampling event resulted in no growth.

Collection Date 2/7/18

Filtration Volume(mL) 1000

2/21/18

500

3/7/18

250

Data Extractable?

No No HYC Yes WA Yes CPC Media

Table 1. Collection dates, filtration volumes, and whether or not there were distinct amounts of colonies that could be quantified.

Results

Fig1. PacIOOS available sensor sites

Fig. 2 Behind the Waikiki Aquarium.

The arrow shows the channel we follows to get to the sensor

Out of three sampling events, we could definitively quantify colonies from the WA water samples on both selective medias on 2/7 and 2/21, HYC’s filters were overloaded. As for 3/7, only colonies from the CPC media were able to be quantified due to the MRSA Spectra media being too thin and drying out during the incubation step.

Positive MRSA colonies should show up on the MRSA media as denim blue colonies, while on the CPC media, V. vulnificus should show a bright yellow colony.

Waikiki Aquarium

Fig. 3 The Hawaii Yacht Club dock as shown via Google Maps Satellite

Hawai‘i Yacht Club

Date

CPC Media

MRSA Media

CPC Media

MRSA Media

2/7/18

83 0+

60 3+

UC

UC

2/21/18

94 4.6+

40 1+

UC

UC 1.3+

3/7/18

13 11.6+

N/A

216.6 4+

N/A

Table 2. Average count of colonies between 3 replicate plates. *Avg. Possible Targeted Bacteria | UC = Uncountable

WAIKIKI AQUARIUM

HAWAII YACHT CLUB

Sample Collected 2/7/18

Sample Collected 2/21/18

Sample Collected 3/7/18 Fig 4. Graphs of temperature and salinity from PacIOOS sensors ~60hrs before collection time. Boxes highlight decreases in salinity, which indicate rain events.

Discussion

Highest recording of growth for both media and site was from 2/21.

Possible result of heavy rain event just prior (figure 4). HYC filters contained more bacteria and samples often clogged the filters.

Predicted to be the result of runoff from the Ala Wai Canal. HYC did have a higher count of bacteria, even when smaller samples were used. Lower sample size results in higher possible targeted bacteria count with the CPC media, but the MRSA media doesn’t seem to have the same results. Lack of consistency in data collection is believed largely due to the selective medias originally intended for medical diagnostic purposes and not for environmental samplings.

References

Corry, J. E. L., Curtis, G. D. W., & Baird, R. M. B. T.-P. in I. M. (Eds.). (2003). Cellobiose polymyxin B colistin(CPC) agar. In Handbook of Culture Media for Food Microbiology (Vol. 37, pp. 431–433).

Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6352(03)80040-1 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2018, from https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and biodefense/mrsa Randa, M. A., Polz, M. F., & Lim, E. (2004). Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Vibrio vulnificus Population Dynamics as Assessed by Quantitative PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(9), 5469– 5476. http://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.9.5469-5476.2004

Acknowledgements Mahalo Nui to Colleen Allen, Barb Bruno, Ku‘i Keli‘ipule‘ole, RG Fitz-Patrick and Brent Shigano

Feeding Preferences of Tripneustes gratilla as a Biocontrol Agent for Avrainvillea amadelpha Ka’iulani O’Brien, Maya Mendez Faculty Adviser: Mackenzie Manning Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Eleven collector urchins were gathered from Kahe Point on April 6, 2018 and held in a 10 gallon filtered saltwater aquarium with an over the back filtration pump and bubbler for approximately five days, without food.

G. salicornia (GS) and A. amadelpha (AA) were collected from Maunalua Bay on April 9, 2018 and kept in a separate aquarium.

For the feeding preference experiment, nine separate tanks were filled with 1.5L filtered seawater and set up with a single bubbler. We cleaned and dried the invasive algae, weighing six bundles of each type to 35 grams, placing each bundle into the tanks in the arrangement shown in figure 3.

We weighed nine collector urchins and placed each one in a tank. Approximately 40 hours after initial placement, we reweighed T. gratilla and each algae.

Results

Average % biomass consumed when T. gratilla was given only one type of algae

40%

30% Average %

Avrainvillea Amadelpha, also known as leather mudweed, is an invasive macroalgae that is outcompeting native macroalgae and dominating reef flats, especially in Maunalua Bay (Conklin and Minton 2012). It’s closely packed blades trap sediments and fine silt that create a mud layer upon the sand, making it hard for other algae, sea grass, and corals to settle (Conklin and Minton 2012).

Tripneustes gratilla, also known as the collector urchin, is a native, mobile benthic grazer that has been a successful biological control agent of Gracillaria salicornia, the invasive gorilla ogo, in Kāneʻohe Bay (Stimson et. al).

This study investigated whether the collector urchin could be a successful biological control agent against leather mudweed. We hypothesize that when presented with just leather mudweed, or equal amounts of leather mudweed and gorilla ogo, the collector urchin will eat the leather mudweed as well as the gorilla ogo.

Average % biomass consumed when T. gratilla was given equal amounts of both algae Average %

Materials and Methods

30% 20% 10% 0%

20% 10% 0%

Gracillaria Avrainvillea Gracillaria Avrainvillea salicornia amadelpha salicornia amadelpha Figure 4. Relationship between the two types of invasive algae and the % biomass eaten

Individual T. gratilla % algal biomass consumed when given equal amounts of both algae G. salicornia

A. amadelpha

15% % consumed

Introduction

10% 5% 0%

GS GS GS

AA AA AA

1

GS/ AA GS/ AA GS/ AA

Figure 1. Gracillaria salicornia (top) and Avrainvillea almadelpha (bottom)

Photo credit: K. O’brien

Figure 2. Tripneustes gratilla; spawning female

3

Figure 5. Consumption of algae from each urchin given both algae types

Conclusions and Future Work

Photo credit: K. O’Brien Photo credit: K. O’brien

2 Urchin

Figure 3. Experimental set up. Table on left shows the algae in corresponding tanks on the right. Only G. salicornia (GS), only A. almadelpha (AA), both in tank (GS/AA). Each tank has one urchin.

Acknowledgments Special thanks to Brian Deis for collecting and returning the urchins, and Colleen Allen for setting up the saltwater aquarium.

Works Cited

Our results show that T. gratilla preferred to eat G. salicornia over A. amadelpha (Figures 4 and 5). It is interesting to notice that of the three urchins that were given both types of algae, one of them (Figure 5; urchin 1) did seem to eat an equal amount of A. amadelpha and T. gratilla. In the future we look towards working with Anuenue fisheries to investigate further research on sea urchin behavior to better our hypothesis for Tripneustes Gratilla being an effective biological control agent.

Stimson, J., Cunha, T. & Philippoff (2007).Food preference and related behavior of the browsing sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla and its potential for use as a bioloical control agent. J. Mar Biol. 151 1761-1772 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-007-0628-x Conklin, Eric and Dwayne Minton. “Recovery of a Hawaiian reef flat community following the removal of the invasive alien algae Avrainvillea amadelpha in the Paikō area of Maunalua Bay, Hawai‘i.”The Nature Conservancy of Hawai‘i, 2012. malamamaunalua.org/wp-content/uploads/TNC-2012.pdf

Parental Influence on Lace Coral Larvae Survivorship in Warmer Water Temperatures Honoka Katayama and Mia Melamed Mackenzie M. Manning Kapi‘olani Community College, 4303 Diamond Head Rd, Honolulu, HI. 96816

Results

Methods

Introduction

Larvae collection • # of larvae per parent coral were recorded, stored in 20 mL vials, then placed in their respected reciprocal temperature tank (Figure 3).

Larvae treatment • After 7 days, individual survivorship and settlement are recorded.

acuta overflow into mesh cup for collection.

Reciprocal Transplant

High n=6

Ambient

H-larvae A-larvae A-parent

H-parent

n=6 Treatment period: 7 days

Water temperature treatment Figure 5. Comparison of average larvae settlement rate between larvae from high and ambient conditioned parents.

Treatment period: 7 days

Figure 3. Reciprocal transplant method

Analysis A 2-way ANOVA for data analysis will be used once more data is collected.

Color change • H conditioned parents showed a greater loss in color value when compared to A conditioned parents.

Average change in color Discussion value of adult coral colonies from 17 days in temperature treatment

Results

Methods

Color value

Larvae survivorship (7 days) • No difference in larvae survivorship rate from the H conditioned parents, when exposed to H and A temperatures.

• Larvae exposed to H temperatures from the A conditioned parents had a greater survivorship rate than those exposed to ambient temperature (Figure 4.).

Average % larvae survivorship from 7 day reciprocal exposure treatments

H Average % survivorship

Adult coral collection • Adult P. acuta corals were hand collected from HIMB reef, Kaneohe Bay (21°26'10.6"N 157°47'20.5"W) then immediately transferred to an outdoor flow through sea water table (ambient water).

Adult treatment • Each adult was identified, photographed and measured before placed in their ambient or high Figure 1. Treatment tank containing parent treatment tanks. colonies and offspring in vials, experiencing same treatment conditions.

• 17 days of adult conditioning in an indoor flow through seawater table with controlled temperature programming (Figure 1.)

High treatment (H): 28.7°C ± 0.7 Ambient treatment (A): 27.3°C ± 0.7 -Allowed adults to acclimatize for 24 hr.

• Every 7 days, adults are placed in outdoor flow through sea water containers tanks for larvae release overnight (Figure 2).

-Adult color change and growth measured.

Figure 2. Buoyant larvae from adult P.

Larvae

Parent

Larvae settlement (7 days) • Larvae exposed to A temperatures from A conditioned parents showed the highest settlement rate (Figure 5.).

Average % larvae settlement from 7 day reciprocal exposure treatments Average % settlement

Increasing ocean temperatures associated with global climate change is threatening the persistence of coral reefs1. Coral reefs are known to be some of the most diverse ecosystems on earth, cradling social, cultural, economic and environmental significance2. Coral reefs are made up of thousands of living animals called polyps which secrete a calcium carbonate skeleton. Living inside the polyps are symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) which convert the sun’s energy into most of the food corals depend on. Corals reproduce in many different ways. The tropical lace coral, Pocillopora acuta, release bundles of eggs and sperm, becoming planula that contain zooxanthellae3. Tropical and subtropical corals occur in water temperatures just a few degrees Celsius from their lethal threshold (30℃-32℃), where prolonged exposure in 30℃ can cause impairment to growth, reproduction, and loss of zooxanthellae known as “bleaching”4. At the Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology (HIMB) our research is contributing to a larger pool of research with a main goal to define biological traits that drive differences in performance among corals and reefs to create “super-corals”, enabling survivorship in future ocean conditions.

Objective: Does exposure of adult coral colonies (Pocillopora acuta) to elevated temperature influence the response of their offspring to the same temperature stress?

Hypothesis: Larvae preconditioned to elevated temperatures while brooding inside parent polyps will have higher survivorship when raised in elevated temperatures.

As an ongoing project, we are addressing our hypothesis by performing a reciprocal transplant, measuring larvae survivorship rate, settlement rate and adult color change.

A Water temperature treatment

Figure 6. Comparison of color change value in conditioned adult coral colonies over time

Discussion H-larvae A-larvae H-larvae A-larvae

A-parent A-parent Water temperature treatment

H-parent

Figure 4. Comparison of larvae survivorship between different exposures Acknowledgments: Professor Mackenzie Manning, Ariana Huffmyer, Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology, Kapi‘olani Community College STEM.

Our results are still in the preliminary stage, the research process will continue into May allowing us to statistically analyze our data. We suspect the larvae from H conditioned parents will have a higher survivorship rate than larvae from A conditioned parents because the H conditioned had previously undergone the stress, thus potentially preconditioning the larvae.

We did not expect settlement to occur in our first 7 day period and will continue to monitor. For H conditioned parent corals we expect to see a continuing trend of greater color loss then the A conditioned parents. This result would be a representation of how color of corals are changing and will continue to change as they will be exposed to rising sea temperatures.

1Burke

L., K. Reytar, M. Spalding, and A. Perry. 2011. Reefs at Risk Revisited. World Resources Institute, Washington D.C., United States.

F.1995. The geopolitical aesthetic: Cinema and space in the world system. Indiana University Press.

3Stoddart, J. A. (1983). Asexual production of planulae in the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Marine Biology, 76(3), 279-284.

4Jokiel, P. L., & Coles, S. L. (1977). Effects of temperature on the mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals. Marine Biology, 43(3), 201-208.

2Jameson,

.

The Effectiveness of Monthly Removal of Invasive Algae on Percent Cover of Native Algae in Maunalua Bay Tina Huynh-Nguyen, Mackenzie Manning and Wendy Kuntz SCI295 Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI 2. Nutrient and water quality Nutrient and water quality analyses are conducted to monitor differences between the control and experimental sections of the plot in the presence and absence of invasive algae.

Three replicate water samples are collected in each section using 100 mL sterile containers and processed using the LaMotte ColoriMeter Smart 3 with the following tests: 3653-SC Phosphate Low, 3689-SC Nitrate, and FTU Turbidity.

A YSI Pro 2030 handheld water quality meter is used to record salinity, temperature and oxygen measurements next to the above water collection sites in each section of the plot.

3. Study duration On March 24, 2018 (Time=1) another benthic survey was conducted using the same protocol as described above. Monthly data collection in both sections, and invasive algae removal in the experimental section, will continue until February 2019.

Experimental

Control

100 80 60 40 20 0 Invasive Average

Native Average

Sediment

Figure 3: Initial baseline average percent cover of algae and sediment at time= 0 prior to manual removal of invasive algae

Benthic Algae Composition Percent Cover at Time =1 Experimental

Control

100

MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Plot set-up, benthic surveys, sediment depth A single 10m x 10m plot (GPS: 8122.3137) in the Paīko beach reef flat of Maunalua, Bay was divided into two equal sections: control (no monthly invasive algae removal after initial clearing) and experimental (monthly algae removal after initial clearing).

On February 17, 2018, baseline benthic surveys using four 25 pointintercept quadrats were conducted in each section. All algal species present under each point were identified to the lowest possible taxonomy.

If algae was not present, substrate type (e.g. sand, silt, and limestone) was recorded.

Following the baseline survey (Time=0), invasive algae was completely cleared from both sections on February 17, 24, and March 3, 2018.

The average of eight depth measurements per section are assessed by sticking a ruler into the sediment and recording depth to the nearest tenth of a centimeter.

Benthic Algae Composition Prior to Initial Removal Time =0

Avg % Cover

The big three invasive alien algae, Avrainvillea amadelpha, Gracilaria salicornia, and Acanthophora spicifera are well-established within Mauanalua Bay, O‘ahu. These invasive and nonindigenous algal species have outcompeted native organisms for limited habitat and resources (Wolanski and Richmond, 2009) and displaced the formally dominant native Hawaiian seagrass, Halophila hawaiiana (Smith et al., 2002).

To mitigate the spread of invasive algae species within the bay, the local organization Mālama Maunalua encourages community participation by conducting habitat restoration activities. In 2016, these conservation efforts removed more than 50,000 pounds of invasive algae from the waters of Maunalua, Bay (Mālama Maunalua 2016 Annual Report).

However, even after large-scale removal of invasive algae, the bay’s recovery towards a more native ecosystem is uncertain (Minton and Conklin, 2012).

This study investigates the effectiveness of monthly manual removal of invasive algae species verses a one-time clearing of invasive algae within a single 10m x 10m plot over a one-year duration.

I hypothesize that there will be no significant difference in native algae percent cover between the two methods because native algae species are incapable of the rapid growth needed to outcompete their invasive algal competitors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS CONT’D

Avg % Cover

INTRODUCTION

Photo credit: Tina Huynh Figure 1: Image of plot on February 24, 2018 during the process of removing invasive algae

Photo credit: Nolan Pho Figure 2: 10m x 10m plot approx. one month after initial removal of invasive algae

RESULTS A comparison of initial baseline data and data at Time=1 month indicates: • High algal cover and low sediment cover initially compared to one month after plot clearing (compare Figures 3 and 4) • Higher invasive algae and lower native algae in the control (Figures 3 and 4; blue bars) Nutrient and water quality data was collected, but it is too early in the study to observe real patterns

80 60 40 20 0 Invasive Average

Native Average

Sediment

Figure 4: Average percent cover at Time=one month. Percent cover of algae decreased but average percent cover of sediment increased which is an expected trend at this time in the study

DISCUSSION The Nature Conservancy conducted a study that observed no significant difference in native seagrass, H. halophila growth between the removal (cleared of invasive algae) and non-removal (not cleared of invasive algae) areas (Minton and Conklin, 2012). These results, along with the physiological features that encourage rapid growth in invasive algal species (Smith et al., 2002) suggest limited recovery of native benthic species in Maunalua Bay. I hope this study aids in future ecological and resource management practices that support the bay’s recovery.

REFERENCES

ACKNOWELGEMENTS

Godwin, S., K. S. Rogers, and P. L. Jokiel. 2005. Reducing Potential Impact of Invasive Marine Species in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument.

Martinez, J. A. (2009, November 13). The Effects of an Alien Invasive Alga on Sediment Retention and Resuspension in Coastal Hawaiian Waters and the Influence of Community Based Restoration. HNL, Hawaii.

Minton, D. and E. Conklin. 2012. Recovery of a Hawaiian reef flat community following the removal of the invasive alien algae Avrainvillea amadelpha in the Paiko area of Maunalua Bay, Hawaii. TNC Hawaii.

Peyton, K. A. 2009. Aquatic Invasive Species Impact in Hawaiian Soft Sediment Habitats (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Hawaii. 138 pp.

Smith, J. E., C. L. Hunter and C. M. Smith. 2002. Distribution and reproductive characteristics of nonindigenous and invasive marine algae in the Hawaiian Islands. Pac. Sci. 56: 299-315

Mahalo to my field partners, Nolan and Julian and my mentor, Mackenzie Manning for supporting me through this research. Another big mahalo to my friends at Mālama Maunalua, Ralph Dykes, Leighton Taylor, Pam Weiant, Kiana, Maci and Aunty Karen. Also, thank you to my valuable colleagues and family members, Wendy Kuntz, Lan, Reis, Evan, Jordan, Abbey, John, Ai, Brian and Colleen Allen.

The Sig Fig’s Biodiesel Shin-Yeh Chow, Stefan Cranston CHEM 161L RI Kathleen Ogata (Advisor) Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Abstract This lab project was performed to make “high quality” biodiesel that passes ASTM standards that regulate marketable biodiesel (BD). The feedstock was waste cooking oil from KCC’s Culinary Department in making BD. After conducting many quality tests including: Bound glycerin, FFA & Acid number, soap titration & content, density and the Sandy Brae water test, our results show that our BD is industrial grade for the tests we could run.

Introduction Biodiesel is a driving force in the “go green” movement, aiming towards sustainability and reducing the environmentally destructive gases being emitted by the millions of gallons per day! Biodiesel provides significantly reduced emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, unburned hydrocarbons, and sulfates compared to petroleum diesel fuel. Additionally, biodiesel reduces emissions of carcinogenic compounds by as much as 85% compared with petrodiesel. The benefits of biodiesel outweigh its disadvantages of requiring land for crop, but algae based fuels offer a solution. If you are a car lover, biodiesel has higher lubricity than petrodiesel, prolonging engine life (Biofuel Systems)!

GRT Maldives (Green renewable technologies) is soon to be the largest biodiesel producer in the world promoting local energy security and responsibility. As movement leaders, they have provided the chart displayed below in comparing the significant discrepancies that magnify just how great biodiesel can be for our societies.

Results Table 1 - Test results for Biodiesel ASTM Standards

The Sig Fig's Biodiesel

Pass

Bound Glycerin test

0.240% wt

0.090% wt

Yes

Soap Content test (ppm)

41 ppm

36 ppm

Free Fatty Acid test (%FFA)

n/a

0.19035% FFA

Total Acid Number test (TAN)

n/a

0.27AN

Water content test (%vol)

0.050 %vol max

0.0415 %vol

Density (g/ml)

0.86~0.9 g/ml

0.86 g/ml

Yes n/a n/a Figure 6. Steps and highlights in the Biodiesel production Yes

Conclusions

Yes

-

-

-

-

Figure 2 - BD water content

Biodiesel can be made successfully with our procedure, assuming the quality of the waste oil is comparable.

Stirring is the better method for conversion instead of shaking! We feel stirring is a better method as it is constant and regulated, attributing shaking as one of our failures as determined by the bound glycerin test.

If NaOH is used in the conversion, it should also be used in any tests requiring a ‘catalyst’.

We attempted to perform FFA with KOH and failed but passed using NaOH. It adds to the importance of consistency of materials/ingredients.

After heating our ‘converted’ biodiesel we came across a phenomena; a sticky film formed at the interface between biodiesel and the atmosphere. This phenomena may be due to the doubled amount of NaOH. The film may be removed upon washing with water. This was not observed when KOH was used instead of NaOH. Free glycerin does not interfere the bond glycerin test.

Figure 3 - BD Soap content

Future Experiments Figure 1 - Gas emissions BD vs. Petrodiesel

In our opinion, two factors we feel that would save time making biodiesel are: - Stirr instead of shake.

- Add to more than the amount of NaOH based the titration value (up to double the amount).

Procedure Biodiesel was made according to a hybrid procedure using several of ‘Utah Biodiesel Supply’ tutorial videos. All biodiesel quality tests followed Dr. Andrew Mcmahan’s findings.

The following modifications were made: 1. Waste cooking oil was filtered.

2. Use NaOH instead of KOH as our Catalyst 3. Did the transesterification step twice 4. Washed the biodiesel immediately after the transesterification without letting it separate to Biodiesel and Glycerin layers 5. Washed the Biodiesel 4 times 6. Dry the Biodiesel for 8~9 hours

References “Biodiesel Information.” Biofuel Systems, 2013, www.biofuelsystems.com/biodiesel-information.html.

Figure 5 - Bound Glycerin Figure 4 - BD Density

“Biodiesel Standards.” Biofuel Systems, 2013, www.biofuelsystems.com/standards.html.

Table 2 - Comparison of bound glycerin in two biodiesel samples

Blair, Graydon. “How Biodiesel Is Made.” Utah Biodiesel Supply - Biodiesel Processing Supplies, Equipment, Processors and Information - Biodiesel Homebrewing, 2005, utahbiodieselsupply.com/.

Acknowledgments: Kathleen Ogata (CHEML professor), Culinary Department waste cooking oil.

Unwashed Biodiesel

0.090% wt

Washed Biodiesel

0.090% wt

KAPIʻOL ANI C OMMUNI T Y C OL L E GE SPR ING 2018

C eleste Guiles, Victor ia H allett, E lise K uwaye, & E mily K uwaye

PURPOSE T o r euse waste cooking oil fr om the C ulinar y Depar tment to make biodiesel, which can then be used as a fuel. T his pr oject also investigates a pr actical use for its glycer in bypr oduct in or der to achieve 100% sustainability.

INSPIRATI ON T r aditional sour ces for power ar e fossil fuels, including coal and cr ude oil (gas and diesel). T hese fuels gener ate 81% of the United States’s ener gy (1) and ar e nonr enewable, unsustainable, and a major sour ce of car bon dioxide, the pr imar y agent behind global war ming.

Unlike fossil fuels, which take millions of year s to for m, biodiesel can be pr oduced fr om the combination of any natur al oil and alcohol (2). T heor etically, biodiesel fr om vegetable cooking oil is car bon neutr al because the gr owing vegetables absor b the same amount of car bon dioxide as the biodiesel r eleases dur ing the combustion pr ocess (3).

WASTE COOKING OIL: REUSED RESEARCH EFFORTS IN SUSTAINABILITY

BIODIESEL TEST RESULTS In or der to ascer tain the quality of the biodiesel, we r an sever al tests befor e compar ing our r esults to the AST M (Amer ican Society for T esting and Mater ials) standar ds (6) (Figs 3- 8).

Figur e 3: Fr ee Fatty Acids T est

Figur e 4: T otal Acid Number T est

Figur e 5: Density T est

1.

The tr ansester ification r eaction to pr oduce biodiesel and glycer in is summar ized in Figur e 1.

Figur e 6: Soap C ontent T est

Figur e 7: Sediment and Water T est

Figur e 8: Glycer in T est

GLYCERIN EXPERIMENTS Unlike biodiesel, a useful application for cr ude glycer in has yet to be developed. H owever , cr ude glycer in consists of over 10% of ever y batch of biodiesel made fr om waste cooking oil; it must be used in or der to achieve 100% sustainability.

We decided to use glycer in as a fer tilizer suppor t our collabor ation with the C ulinar y Depar tment. We mixed var ying amounts of glycer in with complementar y amounts of nitr ic acid befor e diluting the mixtur es with water (Fig. 10). We used a hydr oponic system to better contr ol the var iables of this exper iment (Fig. 9).

Figur e 9: Sweet Potato Plants

Figur e 1: T he T r ansester ification R eaction to Pr oduce Biodiesel (4)

GENERATION OF BIODIESEL T he biodiesel was made accor ding to the pr ocess of the Utah Biodiesel Supply (5). T he tests to deter mine the quality of the biodiesel was given by Pr ofessor Andr ew McMahan (6). T he glycer in bypr oduct was used to make fer tilizer .

Figur e 2 illustr ates the gr avity separ ation of biodiesel and glycer in after the tr ansester ification r eaction.

T he biodiesel was washed four times to r emove any soap, then boiled to r emove any methanol and water .

T he glycer in was r emoved and used in exper iments descr ibed later .

Figur e 2: Separ ator y Glycer in and Biodiesel

T his semester , we successfully pr oduced biodiesel fr om waste cooking oil. Our biodiesel passed all but one test accor ding to the AST M standar ds. It failed the soap content test, because we did not wash the biodiesel enough.

T he cr ude glycer in fer tilizer pr oved to be a success with our test cases (SP 3 & 4) as they showed satisfactor y gr owth (T able 1).

Next semester , we will fur ther r efine our biodiesel conver sion pr ocess, continue our exper imentation with glycer in fer tilizer , and begin to r esear ch and develop other alter native uses for glycer in.

Our team’s futur e r esear ch is suppor ted by the 2018 Gr een Pr oject Implementation Awar d gr anted to this gr oup. T his gener ous gr ant will enable us to pur chase equipment that will impr ove our r esear ch methods and r esults.

REFERENCES

FROM WASTE TO FUEL

.

CONCLUSION

Funnel

with

Figur e 10: Glycer in, Acid, & Water Mixtur e

Table 1: Sweet Potato Plant Growth with Glycerin Fertilizer %(v/v)x 10 3

Initial Weight (g) on 2/26/18

Final Weight (g) on 3/17/18

Per cent Gr owth (%)

SP 1

0

10

17

70

SP 2

0

11

14

27

SP 3

8.26

8

12

50

SP 4

8.26

10

13

30

SP 5

13.8

11

died

0

SP 6

13.8

12

died

0

Dunn, D. R . (2018). Monthly E ner gy R eview (p. 3, R ep. No. DOE /E IA- 0035(2018/3)). Washington, DC : US E ner gy Infor mation Administr ation. R etr ieved Apr il 23, 2018, fr om https://www.eia.gov/totalener gy/data/monthly/pdf/mer .p df.

2. H uang, D., Zhou, H ., & L in, L . (2010). Biodiesel: An Alter native to C onventional Fuel. Energy Procedia, 16, 1874- 1885. doi:10.1016/j.egypr o.2012.01.287 3. Dr ewette, A., Dwyer , S., Far r ell, V., Miller , A. What is Biofuel? R etr ieved Febr uar y 8, 2018, fr om http://www.esr u.str ath.ac.uk/E andE /Web_sites/0203/biofuels/what_biodiesel.htm 4. Dr awn by E mily K uwaye 5. How to Make Biodiesel With Sulfuric Acid[Pamphlet]. (2011).

C linton, UT : Utah Biodiesel.

6. Blair , G. (2017). AST M T ests E xplained. R etr ieved Apr il 16, 2018, fr om https://www.utahbiodieselsupply.com/astmtests.php 7. Per sonal C ommunication fr om Andr ew MacMahan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our r esear ch is suppor ted by the UH Pr esidential Gr een Initiative. Many thanks to our mentor , Dr .

K athleen Ogata. We would also like to thank the C ulinar y Depar tment, Shir alen K awasaki, Nicole Guiles, and K aimuki C hr istian School, especially Pr incipal Mr s.

R obyn Ahn, for their assistance.

GLYCERIN WILL RETURN IN FALL 2018.

Nuts for Biodiesel Mizuki Ebihara, Lindney Acosta, Steven Olah, Paul Seehase CHEM 161L RI Kathleen Ogata (Advisor) Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Purpose

Results

Conclusions

The goal of this project is to make high quality biodiesel (BD) from waste-cooking and virgin peanut oil. To ensure that the BD quality was good, we tested for the following: density, soap, residual catalyst, free fatty acid, water, and bound glycerin.

Production of biodiesel

• Successfully manufactured BD from peanut and waste-cooking oil • BD from both oils passed all the tests for water, density, soap, residual catalyst, free fatty acid test, and bound glycerin.

• Over-washing of BD from peanut oil might cause higher water content than the one from cooking oil. However, both BDs passed the water test.

• Unused oil requires less KOH

Introduction BD fuels are the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids produced from readily available resources like vegetable oil or animal fat. It is in line with sustainability. It is eco-friendly because combustion of gasoline fuels releases an overwhelming amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) which is a greenhouse gas that causes global warming. However, CO2 gas emissions from the combustion of BD are reduced by 41% [5].

To obtain BD, the cooking oils/animal fat undergo a chemical reaction called transesterification-when a triglyceride (“fats”) is combined with alcohol to form esters (BD) and glycerol. Figure 1 shows the transesterification reaction that makes BD [4]:

Waste-Cooking Oil Transesterification was done 3 times with vigorous shaking Peanut Oil Transesterification was done 1 time with vigorous shaking Figure 2 summarizes the steps of producing BD

Future Research (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Figure 2. BD production: (A) Glycerin in peanut oil (B) Glycerin in waste-cooking oil (C) Drying of BD using hotplate (D) Bound glycerin test (E) Sandy-Brae water test

BD quality test results in comparison to ASTM values are shown in Figures 3-7

• Use “fresh” KOH; effectiveness decreases after one year • More trials for the quality tests to ensure a smaller percent error • Test methanol for water prior to transesterification • Heat BD at a higher temperature for a longer period of time • Should have done initial heating to reduce the water content prior to transesterification

References Figure 3. Water test results

Figure 4. Density test results

Figure 1. Transesterification Reaction

Methods Procedures to make BD came from Utah Biodiesel Supply, with the following modification that the transesterification was done in 15 minutes with vigorous shaking instead of one hour stirring on a hotplate. To ensure the quality of BD, it was assessed using CCCC Biodiesel program’s procedures [3].

Figure 5. Soap test results

Figure 6. Acid number results

Figure 7. Bound glycerin results

[1] Personal Communication from Dr. Andrew McMahon at Central Carolina Community College [2] Utah Biodiesel Supply. (2011). Testing biodiesel for soap content [3] Central Carolina Community College (CCCC) for all BD assay tests [4] Clifford, C. (2017). 9.2 The reaction of biodiesel: transesterification. The Pennsylvania State University [5] Hill, J. et al. (2006). Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol fuels. National Academy of Science, 103 (30): 11206 *Pictures in results section taken by researchers

Engineering a Water Diversion Solution for a Native Hawaiian Māla in Correlation to Calculus Joshua Kam, Dylan Gomes, Mikayla Shankles, La‘akea Ali‘ifua Faculty advisor: Dennis Perusse Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Results

Conclusion

Being able to divert water to an area where it can be utilized has been a goal for humans since ancient times.

We encountered this engineering problem with the current Māla Māunuunu conditions, where excess water was not being used at the end of the water cycle. The idea we thought of dealt with pumping the water from the mid-elevation pond to the top of the māla. The solution could be theoretically calculated using Calculus. We previously calculated the height of the māla at 11m using trigonometry, and similar triangles. We then used this height in our latter Calculus computations.

We started calculating by using the formula for work.

We used an integral with bounds of 0 to 11m, because we started from our initial height of 0m. The variable D was used for the density of water, which is a constant of 1000 kg/m^3. πr² was the cross sectional area of the hose that was used, given radius r.

The information that we found enabled us to obtain a pump that has the ability to pump the water up 11m.

Based off of our calculations, we conclude that the amount of energy that is being used for this sump pump is 68.975 J. By addressing this issue, we eliminated the factor of wasted unused water.

Using these results, we can conclude that there can be more research to conduct in order to improve our overall productivity, functionality, and efficiency of the māla.

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Materials and Methods The main piece of equipment we selected was a sump pump equipped with a float valve. The pump shuts off when the water level falls below a set height. This design prevents overheating of the pump, and the over pumping of water. A 1.5” flexible hose was used to transfer the water uphill. The flexibility made it easy to maneuver a path to the top of the māla. Rubber couplings were used to connect the sections of pipe to each other, and hose clamps were used to tighten the areas where the different sections of pipes were joined. We also used self-vulcanizing rubber tape, which binds to itself when stretched out, to create a tight waterproof fit for the hose connections.

Figure 3: Calculation and Diagram to find the total height of the Māla

Figure 3: Assembly of the Sumo Pump and hose

References Ardis, W., & Weir, M. D. (2010). Thomas calculus, twelfth edition and Thomas calculus: Early transcendentals, twelfth edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Addison-Wesley.

Acknowledgments

Figure 1: ½ HP Submersible Thermoplastic Sump Pump

Figure 2: 1 ½ hose w/ rubber couplings and hose clamp

ʻFrom our calculations, the amount of energy that is being used to pump the water up the 11m height is 68.975 J.

Mrs. Keolani Noa, Project ʻOlonā, Native Hawaiian Academic Advancement Program, Li-Anne Delavega (engineering coordinator), Geena Wann-Kung (peer mentor), Dennis Perusse

The Shape of Rainbows

Han Quach Dennis Perusse Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Objective Explain the shape formation of a rainbow using Snell’s Law.

Background Information The significance of the minimum deviation is that when α ≅ 59.4º we have D’(α) ≅ 0, so △D/△α ≅ 0. This means that many rays with α ≅ 59.4 become deviated by approximately the same amount. It is the concentration of rays coming from near the direction of minimum deviation that creates the brightness of the primary rainbow. The following figure shows that the angle of elevation from the observer up to the highest point on the rainbow is 180º - 138º ≅ 42º. This angle is called the rainbow angle.

The figure shows a ray of sunlight entering a spherical raindrop at A. Some of the light is reflected, but the line AB shows the path of the part that enters the drop. Notice that the light is refracted toward the normal line AO and in fact Snell’s Law says that sin (α) ≅ k sin (β), where is the angle of incidence, is the angle of refraction, and k ≅ 4/3 is the index of refraction for water.

Working It Out Given that α = 59.4º and k = 4/3, when plugged into Snell’s law, it will give you β = arcsin(3/4sin(α)). Now that we have both α and β, we can plug it into the deviation formula, and then differentiate to find the minimum:

http://www.stewartcalculus.com/data/ESSENTIAL%20CALCULUS%202e/upfiles/instructor/eclt_wp_0301_inst.pdf

http://www.stewartcalculus.com/data/ESSENTIAL%20CALCULUS%202e/upfiles/instructor/eclt_wp_0301_inst.pdf

Figure 2. The rainbow angle

Figure 1. Formation of the primary rainbow

• This is zero when α ≅ 59.4º, so the local minimum is D(59.4) ≅ 138º

Amundsen, J. (n.d.). The Calculus of Rainbows.

Retrieved April 18, 2018, from http://www.trishock.com/academic/rainbows.shtml

A Calculus-Based Analysis of an Electrocardiogram Rhythm Strip Maya Mendez Faculty Advisor: Dennis Perusse Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Methods

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a common test used in medicine showing speed, rhythm, and strength and timing of the electrical impulses that move through the different parts of the heart (Figure 1). An electrical stimulus in the sinus node activates the atria. The two upper chambers of the atria are stimulated first and contract before the two lower chambers (ventricles). The electrical impulse travels from the sinus node to the atrioventricular node (AV node) where they are slowed down for a short period then continue down the conduction pathway through the “Bundle of His” into the ventricles dividing into right and left pathways (bundle branches) to stimulate the right and left ventricles. The ventricles then contract to push blood out into blood vessels throughout the body.[3]

A model of a single ECG complex from a rhythm strip labeled P, Q, R, S, and T is represented using the average amplitude and time duration for each waveform.

Using the equations formulated, I then found the derivative of each equation.

Figure 4. Graph of PQRST cardiac cycle corresponding to average functions used

Figure 5. Blood flow of the heart

Conclusion

Figure 1. Electrical System of the Heart Figure 2. Measurements of rhythm strip and distance between each wave

The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the veins and pumps it to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide.The left side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it through the arteries to the rest of the body (See Figure 5). In a heartbeat, ventricular diastole (relaxation), and ventricular systole (contraction) occur. Cardiac cells undergo depolarization and repolarization when the heart pumps.[1] Electrical currents in the heart are read by skin sensors (electrodes) on the chest, arms and legs that are connected to an ECG machine and recorded on ECG paper (See Figure 2). After a stimulus occurs, ions cross the cell membrane causing an action potential (depolarization). When a cell is fully depolarized, it attempts to return to its resting state (repolarization). The horizontal line of the ECG strip represents time and the ECG’s vertical line represents amplitude in millimeters (mm) or electrical voltage in millivolts (mV).

The ECG represents the depolarization-repolarization cycle occurring in a cardiac cycle in 3 basic waveforms: P wave, QRS complex, and T wave.[2]

The results in the table are determined from finding the derivative of each function that made up the graph show above. The table shows the points of minimum and maximum on the specified interval. By using this data we can determine the maximum points and minimum points at each main wave at P, Q, R, S, and T. For the function that represents the P wave, f’2(x) has a maximum point at (6.825, 2).

The P wave represents the atrial depolarization of the heart- the conduction of an electrical impulse through the atria which forms that wave. The functions that make the Q wave are f4(x) and f5(x). Since f’4(x) has a minimum at x=10 on the right side, and f’5(x) also has a minimum at x=10 on the left side, then x=10 is a local minimum.

The point (10, -1) is a local minimum for the Q wave where this is the first area of the ventricular muscle to be activated from left to right. For the R wave, the maximum point of f’5(x) at x=10.56 and the maximum point of f’6(x) at x=10.56 is used, this means at x=10.56 there is a local maximum. The point (10.56, 13) is a maximum point on the R wave. The positive R wave shows the spread of stimulation voltages going through the main portion of the ventricular walls. These ventricles are very thick due to the amount of work they have to do so more voltage is required. For the S wave, f’6(x) has a minimum at x=11.21 and f’7(x) has a minimum at x=11.21, so x=11.21 is a local minimum. The point (11.21, -3.23) is the local minimum on S wave where this is where a late ventricular depolarization occurs in the purkinje fibers.

Forming a T wave, the function f’9(x) is used. The maximum point for the function f’9(x) is at (15.97, 2.20). Following depolarization, ventricular muscles repolarize, the relaxation of the myocardial muscles. [1]

References Purpose The purpose is to identify the maximum and minimum locations of each waveform for a normal heart in one cardiac cycle and compare these to the functions of a heart.

Acknowledgments: Dennis Perusse, Leah McCabe, RG Fitzpatrick

1.

2.

1.

Kluwer, Wolters. (2011). ECG Made Incredibly Easy. Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

EKG Interpretation. UNC Emergency Medicine: Medical Student Lecture Series https://www.med.unc.edu/emergmed/files/EKG_Interpretation.ppt Anatomy and Function of The External System. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Accessed 25 April 2018,hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/cardiovascular_diseases/anatomy_and_function_of_th e_hearts_electrical_system_85,P00214

A Calculus-Based Approximation of Sunflower Leaf Area within Varying Soil Amendments Peter Maher Instructor: Dennis Perusse Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Introduction Helianthus annus, or the common sunflower, is an important food and ornamental crop worldwide. Aside from its aesthetic and nutritional value, sunflowers can also serve as an attractant of pollinators to facilitate seed and fruit production in commercial farms or home gardens[1].

Soil amendments such as fertilizer and compost can significantly improve rates of growth within plants[2]. Growth can be measured with respect to height, stem diameter, total number of leaves, or leaf area. Given that leaf area is more difficult to measure, a method of integrating approximated functions was used to find these values within different growth treatments.

To have a representative value of leaf area for each treatment, the largest leaf from both test plants were measured in the following process: Leaves were placed onto standard graph paper with the midrib of the leaf centered and aligned parallel along a given line. The contour of the leaf margin was scribed on to the paper.

Given that the approximate distance between intersecting perpendicular lines is 6 mm, an x and y axis were established with 6 mm intervals. Separate contour lines were made for regions above and below the x axis. Twelve points along each contour line were plotted and expressed as an ordered pair.

Results Control

Experimental

Materials and Methods A dwarfed variety of sunflower(Helianthus annus Burpee Sunflower Incredible) was used in this experiment. On average, this variety reaches 20’’ in height when flowering.

Test plants were grown in a soil media(H) that was mixed from the following commercial horticultural products in a specific ratio: 50% The Niu Topsoil, 40% The Niu Organic Compost, and 10% The Niu Red Cinders.

Treatments were set into two groups, Control (c) and Experimental (b).

Group c was planted into the media H. Group b was planted into media H with the addition of a calculated amount of Dr. Earth Bat Guano fertilizer(≅ 75 lbs.

N per acre). Five seeds were sown into each pot, and thinned to one seedling each after 6 days of growth.

Test plants were irrigated regularly with a measured volume(ml) of tap water in equal amounts based on relative soil moisture and plant turgor pressure. Test plants were grown for a period of 40 days.

Height(cm) was measured from the base of the soil to the apical meristem and the total number of leaves in each plant were recorded.

Ordered pairs for each contour line were set into data tables and graphed in Microsoft Excel.

This resulted in two corresponding line graphs for each each leaf. Trendlines were fit to each graph and assigned a respective polynomial function. This trendline approximately represents the shape and area of the leaf from up it’s upper margin to the midrib, or roughly equivalent of half of the leaf.

Conclusion When comparing factors of growth between the two treatments, height and leaf area differ significantly. Leaf area in the experimental group was approximately 9.54 times greater than the control, and the height was approximately 2.67 times greater. The number of leaves in both groups were similar(16.00% difference) and illustrates that growth within the two groups was fairly uniform and not abnormal.

Leaf size always increases uniformly with respect to height and stem diameter, and are consistent at given nodes[3]. The leaf area approximated in this experiment can be considered an accurate measure of each entire plant, and not an outlying value.

However, potential studies in the future could be conducted by measuring multiple leaf areas for greater accuracy.

References 1. Pawelek, J.C., Frankie, G.W., Thorp, R.W., Pyrzybylski M., (2009). Modification of a Community Garden to Attract Native Bee Pollinators in Urban San Luis Obispo, California. Cities and the Environment, 2(1), pp 1-18.

Using Wolfram Alpha, area between the x axis and the fitted trendline were calculated by finding the definite integral of each respective function. Since areas below the x axis are negative, a coefficient of -1 was assigned to these areas to yield the absolute value. The sum of the areas in each leaf were found and converted into units of square centimeters.

Acknowledgments: Dennis Perusse. Niu Nursery, Dr. Earth and Burpee products. WriteLateX Limited Company.

2. H. Ozer, T. Polat, E. Ozturk (2004). Response of irrigated sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) hybrids to nitrogen fertilization: growth, yield and yield components. Plant Soil Environment, 50(5), 2004, pp. 205-211.

3. Debernardi, J.M., Rodriguez, R.E. (2014). Morphogenesis of Simple Leaves: regulation of leaf size and shape. Developmental Biology, 3(1), pp. 41-57.

A Calculus ab initio Approach to the Analysis of an Aircraft’s Smooth Landing Trajectory Abigail Trowbridge Faculty Advisor: Dennis Perusse Kapi‘olani Community College

Introduction Results On April 17th, 2018, a Boeing 737 traveling from New York’s LaGuardia Airport to Dallas, Texas made an emergency landing in Philadelphia after its left engine exploded. In times like this it is important for the pilot to have a devised plan for landing.

Flying has become a common mode of transportation in our day to day lives where people fly for many different reasons like: business, leisure, or learning.

Most people do not think about the simple mechanics necessary for airplanes to land. To formulate a model for the flight path of an airplane approaching a runway for landing, we can construct a general line on an x y plane. This is important in finding: the speed, trajectory, velocity, and acceleration upon landing. When thinking of properties for the line of a plane to take, we can simplify it down to four conditions.

When we put the variables u0 = 450 mi/hr, L = 100 dy mi, h = 6 mi; and let x be 0 in the formula for dt ; dy dt will equal 0. 



!2

x dy  x   = 162 +   dt 100 100 dy =0 dt d2y Where as, when the same variables are put in for dt2 d2y and let x equal 0; dt2 will come out to 729. 



d2y  x   + 1 = 729   2 dt 50 2

dy = 729 dt2

Figure 1: The General Line of Airplane Preparing for Landing

Methods

Methods Continued

Methods Continued

Conclusion

In the coordinate system shown (which is not depicted to scale) the airport is positioned at the origin. We assume that the airliner is flying horizontally at an altitude of h miles and distance of L miles from the airport when it begins its descent. The point (-L, h) is where the descent of the plane begins. We then set out to find a function y(x) that will give us the flight path of the airliner. Upon landing we assume that the plane’s flight path is constantly staying horizontal. We can then assume these four conditions:

Likewise, y(0) = 0 is the point in which we touchdown or the position we appointed to be the airport. he assumption y’(-L) = 0 can be explained because the slope of the tangent line at x = -100 should be zero. Another way of thinking of this is, when the plane is in the sky, we hope for the slope of the plane to be 0. Similarly, y’(0) = 0 is saying the tangent line at x = 0 should be zero for the same reasons.

Using these four conditions we can combobulate a general equation of a line that the plane must take. !2 ! x 2hx y(x) = + 3h L L We obtained the velocity function of the plane by differentiating the position function or the y(x). We then get   !2 dy 6hu0  x x    = +   dt L L L

In a similar way, to acquire an acceleration function we differentiated the velocity function. Another way of thinking of this is by differentiating a position function twice. !

2 2 d y 6hu0 2x = + 1 dt2 L L Next we can put some estimated variables in for h and L, or the altitude and distance, of the plane upon touchdown. When u0 = 450 mi/hr, L = 100 mi, h = 6 mi using the first derivative we find a relative maximum point upon descent is 100 miles away from the airport and 6 miles in altitude or the point (-100,6) on our graph. The relative minimum would be the airport or the point (0,0). This is because we constructed our graph to display these points as our relative minimum and maximum points. By using the second derivative and using the same point for uO, L, and h we can determine the inflection point at (-50,6)

As the plane’s vertical velocity goes to 0 the vertical acceleration is at a maximum. This is because the velocity in the vertical direction hits the x axis and stays at a constant zero, where as the acceleration is going from a constant to a high deceleration to decrease the roughness of landing.

y(-L) = h, y(0) = 0, y’(-L) = 0, and y’(0) = 0.

The notion y(-L) = h is saying that we have a point in the air in which we start to descend.

References 1 Larson, R., & Edwards B. (2015). Calculus Early Transcendental Functions. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

2 Stack, L., & Stevens, M. (2018, April 17). Southwest Airlines Engine Explodes in Flight, Killing a Passenger. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/17/us/southwest-airlines-explosion.html

Ancient Polynesian Tattooing:Tatau

Hyunjin Cho Porscha dela Fuente Kapi`olani community college, Honolulu HI Analysis

Introduction

Conclusion

Many civilizations leave their marks in different ways;mural Tools of tatau

painting, books and also tattooing.These days, there are many people getting tattoos with many different reasons; for their identities,for their achievement. tattooing has been in existence over 2000 years in pacific islands.

● ● ● ●

Unlike today’s tattooing implements ,Pacific island tattooists found tattooing implements in nature.

Wooden sausau(tattooing mallet) ‘au(Tattooing combs) Ipu lama(mortar) A tu’i(pastle)

This photo is by google image

Polynesian tattoos,one of popular tatto`o style in the world, are still applied today. since there were no writing language,they used it as language. Moreover, tatau is one of most important factor in pacific island because people used tatau as tools to preserving their unique craft for generations. Therefore, tatau is great tools to observe polynesian ancestors wisdom and culture.

Background people have been wondering for the history of tattooing;

Applying process

Reference Allen, Tricia. Tattoo Traditions of Hawai'i. Mutual Publ., 2008.

who started it at first and who they were. Austronesian seafarers from islands in southeast Asia moved eastward

● Put ink on combs ● Put that combs on body ● tapping that combs with wooden sausau

Stefanu, Vic. “Witnessing a Traditional Pe'a (Tattoo) Done in Samoa.” The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com,7Dec.2017,www.huffingtonpost.com/vicstefanu2/witnessing-a-traditional_b_10811326.html.

This photo is by google image

and colonized small islands.These migrants practiced tattooing pottery type called Lapita. By 1500 B.C they had

he tattooed skin would have to be washed in salt water, to keep infection at bay and then the body area had to be massaged to keep out impurities.

pattern reached and settled the islands of Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa

Human figures, otherwise known as enata in Marquesan language, represent men, women and sometimes gods. They can be placed within a tattoo to represent people and their relations.

“The Art of Samoa​n Tātatau and Tatau​ (Tattooing and Tattoo).”AucklandWarMemorialMuseum,www.aucklandmuseum.com/discover/col lections/topics/the-art-of-samoa%E2%80%8Bn-tatau%E2%80%8B-tattoo.

“Polynesian Tattoo: History, Meanings and Traditional Designs.”ZealandTattoo,www.zealandtattoo.co.nz/tattoo-styles/polynesian-tattoohistory-meanings-traditional-designs/.

PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, www.pbs.org/skinstories/culture/index.html.

Hamogeekgirl. “The Truth about the Samoan Tattoo (Tatau).”

OneSamoana,1samoana.com/the-truth-about-the-samoan-tattoo-tatau/.

● spearhead ● Ocean ● Shark teeth This photo is by google image

A Trip about Diamond Head Chanel Joy Alarca Porscha dela Fuente Kapi`olani Community College, Honolulu HI

Analysis

Introduction Diamond Head is the poster child of Oahu, besides the plethora of advertisements, another thing that pops in your mind regarding Diamond Head is the famous hiking trail, which many tourists and locals visit everyday.

Although, Diamond Head is a tourist magnet, there is so much more to it than a background on a postcard you find in ABC Stores. Diamond Head is so marketed to the tourism industry, that is lost its sacredness that it once hold and turned it into a tourism icon. Tourism is important to Hawaii, but we cannot forget how important Diamond Head was to Hawaii.

Conclusion

Heiau’s Spread across Le`ahi is home to 5 heiaus ● Papa`ena`ena ○ Political power, privilege, enables sport and pleasure at sea ● Kaupalaha ○ Worked in conjunction with Papa`ena`ena ● Ahi ○ Native Hawaiians tended fire for canoe navigation ● Pahu-a-Maui ○ For seafarers, fisherman, served as a kahuna lookout for fish ● Makahuna ○ Dedicated to seamen, people who fish

Ultimately, Diamond Head is a landmark that the people of Hawaii need to preserve, in order to keep Diamond Head around for generations to come.

Diamond Head has been used by westerners and hawaiian people alike. there are dual usages for DIamond Head, for westerners seen as a haven for tourism and military advantage. For Hawaiians, a sacred site for battles, political power and heiaus. Although, it is marketed as a tourist hotspot, Diamond Head/ Le`ahi proved to be a symbol of Oahu, a special place on this island that brings peace to all of Hawaii’s people.

This photo provided by google images

Military Usage

● Ideal site for coastal defense on Oahu ● Diamond Head was adorned with military arsenal in order to protect Oahu. ● Military usage reflects the structure of the hike today

Diamond Head Hike This photo provided by google images

Background Diamond Head is the popular name used by tourist and locals alike when addressing the volcanic cone. How Diamond Head got its name Diamond Head, was when westerners first stepped on Diamond Head, mistook the calcite crystals that was scattered around the crater as diamonds.The lesser known name, Le`ahi, is which was given by the sister of the Fire Goddess Pele, Hi'iaka, she was the first to notice how the summit resembles the forehead (lae) of the ‘ahi fish. How the names comes from two different worlds, Western and Hawaiian, they both share the opportunity of naming our beloved crater.

● Around 800,000 people visit annually ● Iconic tourist hot spot

This photo provided by google images

Reference

Makapu`u Lighthouse

● Hawaiians used it as a heiau or the god of wind to prevent any updrafts for navigational fires ● In 1917, used for navigation by ships ● Present day, another popular hiking destination

Natural National Landmark

● 1968, declared as a Natural National Landmark for outstanding biological and geological resources. ● 2011 Hawaii Code implemented to preserve the Diamond Head State Monument

Acson, Veneeta. Waikiki Nine Walks through Time: Exploring Historic and Contemporary Sites in Waikiki. Island Heritage, 2003.

Clark, John R. K. Hawaiian Surfing: Traditions from the Past. University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2011.

“Division of State Parks.” Division of State Parks | Diamond Head State Monument, dlnr.hawaii.gov/dsp/parks/oahu/diamond-head-state-monument/.

Fawcett, Denby. Secrets of Diamond Head: a History and Trail Guide. Univ Of Hawai'I Press, 2014.

This photo provided by google images

Feeser, Andrea, and Gaye Chan. Waikiki A History of Forgetting & Remembering. University of Hawai'i Press, 2006.

“2011 Hawaii Code :: DIVISION 1. GOVERNMENT :: TITLE 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS :: 6E. Historic Preservation :: §6E-32 Diamond Head State Monument.” Justia Law, law.justia.com/codes/hawaii/2011/division1/title1/chapter6e/6e-32/.

Acknowledgements: Big Mahalo to Professor Porscha dela Fuente, she’s the bomb. Shout out to my ENG272M class and my tablemates for good vibes in the class. And YOU for reading!

What’s in a Name?

An Analysis of “Haole” Usage throughout Hawaiʻi Partner Akiona Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Haole via Moʻolelo

Introduction

Conclusion

"As a kupua, Kamapuaʻa is under the special protection of ancestral gods and himself godlike. As

People use language in everyday life to convey messages. These messages are interpreted differently based on the speaker's tone, voice inflection, and body language.

Sometimes words can be altered from their original intent. Alterations happen when a descriptive word used within society gets reintroduced as a negatively charged word to belittle and demean another person or group of people. Such is the case in Hawaiʻi with

a man he is tall and handsome; “the big foreigner with sparkling eyes” (ka haole nui, maka olohilohi) he is called in chant. Some say that he has bristles down his back which he conceals under a cape.

defensive and derogatory word, actions need to take place, so people have a tangible (Beckwith 201) “Ku-aliʻi (Ku the chief) of Oahu...He is said to have lived long, (until) he walked with a cane; four

heaven…a stranger (haole) from Kahiki.” (Beckwith 394)

based on foreigners actions at any given moment. In this paper, I will examine the origins of “Haole” and how it transformed from a general description into the derogatory

Haole via Experience “Kapiʻolani was known as a woman who wasted no time...When she rode on horseback at Kailua...Whether she rode on Maui or Oahu, she used only the sidesaddle with her sewing basket on

offensive term that exists today.

not the same as the initial introduction in Hawaiian history. For a word to become a

He is able to change himself not only into a hog but also into fishes and plants of various kinds."

times forty years and fifteen he lived, that is 175 years...glorified as “a god…a messenger from

the term “Haole.” Throughout Hawaiʻi's history, we can see how "Haole" has transformed

By the examples presented one can see that today’s understanding of “haole” is

her left arm; this was her custom. The chiefs and commoners called her the white haole chiefess.”

explanation to view the word. Also, based on the evidence presented in this paper it is safe to say that native Hawaiians did not reshape "haole" to mean what it does today.

In actuality, foreigners changed the perception of the word that describes themselves.

They did this through their actions and practices to get whatever they wanted by any means necessary. Ironically, in today's world, the blame for why "haole" has turned negative goes to the native Hawaiians. So, since the word originated in the Hawaiian language that automatically makes Hawaiians guilty? No, the foreigner is responsible

(Ruling Chiefs 383)

for their actions and in turn responsible for how their word describes them. However,

Summary Throughout Hawaiʻi’s history”haole” has taken on many different meanings.

"Ināhea nei lā hoʻi i aʻo ʻia ai ke kanaka Hawaiʻi i nā ʻike hohonu o ke kālaiʻāina a me nā hana hoʻoponopono aupuni ʻana? He hewa kā ka ʻike o ka Haole, ka mea ua hele ka ʻike a pili i ka lani, a ua hele hoʻi a laulā i ka moana, a ua pāpahi iho ka ʻike a me ka naʻauao o ka Haole ma luna o kākou nā

on multiple levels the way foreigners looked and acted around the time of the

kānaka Hawaiʻi, hele aku nō kahi ʻike o ke kanaka Hawaiʻi a ka ʻpoe holeʻ nō, hoʻi mai."(Nawahi 342)

overthrow.

Originally, the word was used to describe someone who is from Kahiki or beyond. This was the case when telling stories of the gods or supernatural forces. Certain aliʻi were described in the same way depending on how fair they were to their people and how

Haole via Kingdom Text "There was much dissatisfaction with the existing government, not only with the allegedly "despotic" Constitution of 1864 but also with the ministers whom Kamehameha V appointed to assist

great their military conquests. As time passed “haole” was used to describe foreigners

him in the administration of public affairs. This dissatisfaction was fairly widespread, though not

from another country. On the other hand, “haole” was used to describe the actions and

universal, among the haole portion of the population, especially the Americans." (Hawaiian Kingdom

practices of some of the monarchs thanks to their worldly education. During the most

Vol.2 221)

recent times, “haole” was used to describe the actions associated with American businessmen who worked towards gaining advantages within the Hawaiian Kingdom.

“During the fall of 1881 some interest was shown in the election to be held a few months hence.

Two prominent Hawaiian politicians, S. K. Kaai and J. W. Kalua, and the newspaper Ko Hawaii Pae Aina were reported to be urging that no “haole” (Caucasian) be elected to the legislature.3 A resident

These actions led to the planning and execution of the overthrow of the Hawaiian of Maui, using the pen name "Scrutator," called attention to what he considered a great weakness in

Monarchy. By examining these examples one will be able to see the transitions “haole”

one of the reasons why native Hawaiians use "haole" in this way is because it matches

References Beckwith, Martha. Hawaiian Mythology. Yale University Press, 1940. Ulukau.org Kamakau, Samuel Manaiakalani. Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. Kamehameha Schools Press, 1992.

Ulukau.org.

Kuykendall, Ralph. The Hawaiian Kingdom, vol. 2, 1854-1874, twenty critical years.

University of Hawaii Press, 1967. Ulukau.org ---, Ralph. The Hawaiian Kingdom, vol. 3, 1874-1893, The Kalakaua dynasty. University of Hawaii Press, 1967. Ulukau.org Sheldon, J. G. M., et al. Ka Puke Moʻolelo o Hon. Iosepa K. Nāwahī. Hale Kuamoʻo, Ka Haka ʻUla o Keʻelikōlani, 1996. Ulukau.org.

Spencer, Thomas P. Ka Hookahuli Aupuni Kaulana o 1893: Kaua Kuloko Ma Honolulu, Ianuari 7, 1895: Ka Hoao Ana e Hookahuli i Ka Repubalika Hawaii, Aupuni Hou Ko Hawaii Paeaina: Hoohiwahiwaia Me Na Kii. Papapai Mahu Press Pub. Co., 1895. Ulukau.org.

the actual political position of the country.” (Kingdom Vol. 3 247)

has made through place, practice, and time.

Mahalo nui e ke Akua for protecting me throughout the process of completing my research and conducting my presentation, Kumu Dela Fuente for your direction and patience, Kumu Annie Thomas for your guidance in finding resources, and various KCC faculty and students for supporting me in this project.

Traditional and Modern Concepts of Water Hang Cheng Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

tradition

wai Kāne is one of the four main gods in ka hoʻomana kahiko, traditional Hawaiian religion. Kāne plays a major role in the everyday life of a Hawaiian because Kāne is associated with the forces of nature that give us life. He is the sunlight. He is the fresh water. He is the kalo, the staple food of the Hawaiian race.

The early Native Hawaiian people relied heavily on agriculture and fishing, which helped to ensure an adequate supply of food and plants for sustenance. These skilled early Hawaiian farmers were very familiar with both wet land and dry land farming, as well as how to build irrigation ditches. Captain James Cook was said to have been impressed with the extensive knowledge the Native Hawaiians had on cultivation.

水

economy

water

Awe of nature Water,became a symbol of abundance and prosperity. The Hawaiian word waiwai – a reduplication of the term for water – meant wealth, reflecting the literal seat of riches in Hawaiian society. The importance of water shaped ancient laws and justice. Property and legal rights centered as much on water use as on land use and possession (as in the Western tradition).

Hawaiians respected the sanctity of water and severely punished violators.

воды

Oahu’s municipal water delivery, run by the Honolulu Board of Water Supply, works much like a one-way circulatory system.

Much of the water goes straight from the aquifer to your tap. .

Hawaii’s water is pure,In 2014, Kaunakakai and Hilo tied for first place in the United States, with scores of 933. Hawaii’s state average for this year: 905.

Recycling: Oahu already recycles about 12 million gallons a day – about 8 percent of daily potable water use – through the Honouliuli Water Recycling .

vatten

‫ءام‬

History’s Way of Change Jeanell Corpuz Porscha Dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Analysis

Conclusion

Who is King Kamehameha I? •Born in 1758 •Kokoiki in north Kohala

Nu’uanu’s Pali Lookout Where is it located?

What is it used for today?

What is the significance of Pali Lookout?

History

What made him successful ?

•Careful timing •Overwhelming numbers •Secure lines of communication •Limited firepower •Careful reconnaissance

As of today, is Nu’uanu’s Pali Lookout looked as worthy?

References Is the leadership of King Kamehameha I held in the same regard as other leaders?

The Battle of Nu’uanu When did it take place?

Who was involved?

Where did the battle begin?

What was King Kamehameha I’s strategy to winning the battle?

Is the battle of Nu’uanu acknowledged just as fair as other battles that has happened in other states/countries?

Dukas, Bernard N. Battle of Nu’uanu. Mutual Publishing, May 2010 Kamakau, Manaiakalani S. Ruling Chiefs.KamehamehaSchoolspress, 1992

Man or Spirit Kalen Kobashigawa Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Analysis

Conclusion

Tiny Dwarf like people with the abilities of a god took over early Hawaiian culture. From building fish ponds, ditches, to even constructing aqueducts funneling water for irrigation, they are the Menehune. In this research I will show what their true role was, and why they were not portrayed as a god.

Alekoko Fishpond Located in Nawiliwili, Kauai also known as the Menehune fishpond. It is said the Menehune were contracted by a princess and her brother. In order to build such a pond, the Menehune lined up and passed rocks hand-to-hand for 25 miles. The royal pair was curious to see how such a task would be accomplished in one night. They snuck up on them only to fall asleep, and later get caught. The Menehune was not happy and turned them into stone as a punishment, along with not finishing the pond. In the 1800’s the Chinese finished the pond in order to raise mullet.

Kīkī-a ‘Ola The Menehune ditch known as Kīkī-a ‘Ola means “Container acquired by Ola.” Ola was the current Hawaiian chief, he wanted to construct a dam. One of his men didn’t want to do hard labor and sought out the Menehune.

-The rocks were finely cut and perfectly dressed -Stone was laid around the bend of Kīkī-a ‘Ola, turning the Waimea River into the watercourse on the flatlands of Waimea.

-Found a quarter mile up Menehune Road from Waimea A Helmet for Kūʻili In one of the more mythical stories, It talks about how the Menehune wanted to remove the top of Mount Hualālai and put it on Kūʻili. As they would work, the great god Kane saw their plan and decided to put a stop to it. He would send his rooster to caw at midnight to stop them from working. The Menehune eventually got upset from the constant despair of not being able to finish their work. Kane did this so that the Menehune were never seen as a god.

While there are many variations to stories of the Menehune, today anyone from the continental United States would most likely have never heard of them. To the islanders of Hawaii the Menehune may have very well been a physical figure one point in their lifetime.

Now a days they have faded off into the category as a “Legend.” In some parts of Hawaii there are still residents who claim to be ”Menehune,” but lack the proof of their abilities depicted by their ancestors. The role of the Menehune to early Hawaiian culture, evidently was to be a helping hand when need be. This research will lead to a better understand of how early projects such as Kīkī-a ‘Ola or Alekoko fishpond were born if the Hawaiians had not been the main contributor's to it.

Fig. 1. Enriquez, Johanna. “Menehune. ”Daily Myth-Hawaiian: Menehune, Blog Barista, Espressocomsaudade, https://espressocomsaudade.wordpress.com/2014/06/05/daily-myth-hawaiianmenehune/.

In Figure 1 Enriquez Shows how she saw the Menehune from the stories. They are wearing clothing and using tools made out of their favorite food, the banana.

Synopsis It is said that the Menehune were actually the first settlers of Hawaii, even before the Polynesians. They are descendants of the Marquesas islanders, once Tahiti invaded in 1100 A.D., the Menehune retreated into the mountains for the rest of their lives.

Legends say they were magnificent craftsman and engineers, even though they were very small in stature, they possessed incomparable strength that allowed them to complete large scale projects in only a day. The Menehune would only come out at night to hunt for food or work. When it came time for a new project, their one law was to never work past the sound of a rooster’s caw.

If they were for some reason not able to finish, they would never return to it. Even though the Menehune and Hawaiians shared the lands, they would live separately from each other. Although if the Hawaiians fought any invaders, the Menehune would assist them in battle.

Acknowledgments : I would like to thank Porsha dela Fuente for her guidance, and Kapiolani Community College library for their resources

References Cartwright, Bruce. “The Legend of Hawaii Loa.” The Journal of Polynesian Society, www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_38_1929/Volume_38%2C_No._150 /Legend_of_Hawaii-loa%2C_by_Bruce_Cartwright%2C_p_105122?action=null.

Gryphon, Lady. “The Menehune Also Known as Nawao. Menehune Are the 'Little People' of Hawaii, Similar to Pixies or Trolls.” The Menehune, www.mythicalrealm.com/creatures/menehune.html.

“Alekoko Menehune Fishpond Kauai.” Go Hawaii, 26 Feb. 2018, www.gohawaii.com/islands/kauai/regions/lihuealekoko-menehune-fishpond.

Almodova, Louis. “The Legend of the Menehune Fish Pond.” Island Breath, www.islandbreath.org/2004Year/10-culture/culture11Menehune.html.

Thrum, Thomas G., Editor. Hawaiian Folk Tales – A Collection of Native Legends. (1907). Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co. The online book of Hawaiian Folk Tales is available free as eBook #18450 at: http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=3277057 Maguire, Eliza D. “Tales of the Menehune.” Ulukau: Tales of the Menehune, Kamehameha Schools, 1985, www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d0menehune-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.3&toc=0.

Pāhua Heiau: More Is Lost than What Is Left Moana Kim Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Introduction

Analysis

Conclusion

A heiau is a Hawaiian temple, a place of worship, a sacred place used for practices, offerings, rituals, and ceremonies where only the kāhuna (priests) or certain ali’i (chiefs) were allowed to enter. It is the most important architectural form from the perspective of Hawaiian religion and each heiau was made differently in size or shape depending upon their purpose. Particular heiau were used to treat the sick/have good health, offer fruits or fish to Gods in return for a successful harvest/fishing voyage, and human sacrificing. They did this in order to create an intense relationship with nature and their Gods. Heiau today are considered kapu (forbidden, sacred) land that will forever hold mana (power) of high ranking chiefs and ali’i. If you decide to Fig. 1. Kim break the rules and enter, you can face serious Moana. “Kapu.” punishments and even death depending on what 12 April 2018. you did.

•It is believed to be an agricultural heiau that was used as a ko’a (fishing shrine) •Agricultural heiau were called waihau (a bundle done up in a small compass) that were made for the worship of Lono where prayers were made for great fertility and growing crops.

•Children were taken to nearby waihau heiau called Ho’olonopahu where purification rites and Fig. 2. Kim, Moana. ”Pāhua Heiau.” 12 April 2018 cutting of the umbilical cord happened.

•It is said to believe that one of the most famous pahu drums, ‘Ōpuku, was once housed at Pāhua. Used in ceremonial rituals, practices, to sound the birthing of a child and chiefly rituals.

•Pāhua is believed to be a wahi pana (noted, storied, legendary place) which were well known and beloved in Native Hawaiian communities across pae’āina (archipelago).

• Theories have said that the top of the mountain where the heiau lays against, leads to a underground cave where practices, ceremonies, and rituals were performed. This theory could be proven but government officials purposely hid the stair way to the cave with tall over-grown trees, bushes, Fig. 3. Kim, Moana. and multiple warning signs cover “Entrance to a Mystery.”

12 April 2018 the trail to the stairs.

There are many theories of the usage and purpose of this heiau that was lost throughout development in time.

But today, we for sure know that Pāhua is a heiau dedicated to the god of agriculture, Lono, where it was used as a fishing shrine because it is located in Hawaii Kai which had the largest fishponds on the island and was surrounded by great fertile land to easily grow ‘uala (sweet potatoes) and kalo (taro). Today the Native Hawaiians and Hawaii Kai community are working together to help restore the history, practices, spread the significance of Pāhua and the lost history behind ancient Hawaiian religion. It’s important to spread the awareness of Pāhua because it is one of two heiau that are left standing in Hawaii Kai aside from the fifteen that were once on the ridges, near the oceans before the white business men Fig. 4. OHA , “Ariel of Kuapä 2014, destroyed the Hawaiian culture.

Background •An agricultural heiau dedicated to Lono, the God of Agriculture.

•Believed to be built in A.D. 1400 and restored in 19841985 by the Hawaii Kai Members of the Outdoor Circle (protects Hawai’i’s natural beauty). Now being owned and maintained by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA).

•It is a small heiau (68 ft. x 40 ft., three teared) located at the end of “Makahu’ena Place in Maunalua, better known as Hawaii Kai today.

Fig. 1. Kim, Moana. “Lono’s Agricultural Heiau.” 12 April 2018.

References “Ahupua’a: Heiau Waihau.” Kamehameha Middle School, http://kms.kapalama.ksbe.edu/projects/ahupuaa/ahupuaa/poster42c/index.html. Accessed 1 April 2018.

Coleman M.A., Holly, and Office of Hawaiian Affairs: Research Division. “Ke Kula Wela La O Pahu: The Cultural and Historical Significance of Pahua Heiau, Maunalua, O’ahu.” May 2014, pp. 3-50, https://19of32x2yl33s8o4xza0gf14-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/PahuaReport.pdf.

Coleman, Holly K., “Kūkaniloko” Hāwea and ‘Ōpuku, September 2013, pp. 3, https://19of32x2yl33s8o4xza0gf14-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/Attachment-6OHA-Kukaniloko-Information-Sheet.pdf.

“Hawaiian News: Pahua Heiau.” Hawaii News Now, http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/12374131/hawaiian-news-pahua-heiau. Accessed 4 April 2018.

“Pahua Heiau Pt. 1.” Youtube, uploaded by Pure Pacific, 21 November 2012 Sterling, Elspeth P., and Summers, Catherine C, Sites of Oahu. Bishop Museum, 1993 Van, James. “Types of Sites.” Ancient Sites of Hawai’I, Revised Edition: A Guide to Hawaiian Archaeological and Cultural Places on the Big Island, Mutual Publishing, 2014, pp.19.

Food and Spirituality in Pre-Contact Hawai’i Trevor Kudo Porscha Dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Analysis

Introductions Food: Culinary tradition is a cornerstone of any culture and traditional Hawaiian foods are no different. Isolated on small islands, pre-contact Hawaiian people were incredibly resourceful in their ability to not only feed themselves, but to harvest the land, sea and sky in a sustainable way.

The Divine, All Around: - Gods manifested not just mankind - Plants, Animals, inanimate objects - The land itself

Kalua pig:

Spirituality: Unlike todays major, Abrahamic faiths, traditional Hawaiian religion -along with many other indigenous and Eastern beliefs- don’t consider there to be such a separation between the divine, humanity, and the physical world around them. For traditional Hawaiians this meant that every food source had a direct connection to the gods, therefore commanding a level of consideration and respect around their consumption.

Literature Review Native Planters In Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore & Environment by E.S. Graighill Handy and Elizabeth Green Handy, with the heavy collaboration of Mary Kawena Pukui, serves as an unbelievably detailed encyclopedia of Hawai'i's flora and fauna and their ceremonial usage in traditional Hawaiian culture. This book acted as my primary source for the vast majority of this project, with others being used mainly to corroborate that which was found in the aforementioned, Native Planters. From the cultivation and preparation of traditional food, to their spiritual associations with traditional Hawaiian gods.

-

Cornerstone of the lūʻau, Aha’aina Hog considered a sacrifice to Lono -Kapu to women due to fertility association.

Tí leaf wrapping seen as an offering

Fish and Seafood: -

Conclusion While years of blending cultures within Hawaii, as well as the discouragement and eventual outlaw of traditional Hawaiian beliefs which took place under the first Christian monarch of Hawai’i, Queen Ka’ahumanu, much of a the spiritual nature of traditional Hawaiian food, as well as Hawaiian myth in general was lost to time and change.

However, the continued centrality of these food items to the quintessential “Hawaiian diet”, both for kānaka maoli as well as non-Native Hawaiians who have made Hawai’i their home, shows how crucial of a role these meals played in the past, as their legacy continues to carry on into the future, even so much as to spread to the mainland.

Directly related to the domain of Kanaloa Overfishing was Kapu, showing sustainability.

Kalo (taro): -

Most iconic part of the traditional Hawaiian Diet (poi) Legend says that the first Kalo plant grew from the stillborn child of Wākea, The Sky Father.

- His second son with Ho’ohoku-ka-lani became progenitor of mankind.

- Kalo associated with the god Kāne - Preparation was Kapu to Women

References Handy, E. S. Craighill, et al. Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment.

Bishop Museum Press, 1972.

Lee, Pali Jae. Hoʻopono. I.M. Pub., Ltd., 2006.

Chun Malcolm Nāea. Kapu: Gender Roles in Traditional Society. Curriculum Research & Development Group, University of Hawaiʻi, 2006.

The Hawaiian Wa’a Richard Maximino Balancio Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI The Ancient Koa Wa’a The Kahuna, master of canoe building.

From the dreams to the forests in search of the koa.

Through great ritual and observation the koa is chosen.

The fallen koa is blessed and wreathed with ‘ei‘ei.

The kahuna then begins the process of hewing the log.

Little by little the log begins to take shape.

The very rough shape of a canoe is then hauled back to the halau.

The canoe was at times hauled for 4- 14 miles.

Tegarden, Shane

Ther Honolulu Advertiser

The Canoe Race

The Evolution Of The Wa’a What was the koa log is now a wa’a.

Once the Hawaiian wa’a was used to gain sustenance, migrate the Pacific, and of course, the canoe race.

As time passes the koa waʻa evolves.

Fiberglass, was once used to patch up the cracks of the koa until 1959 the first fiberglass mold of the Malia one of the fastest designs dominating two decades of racing.

With the impossibility to ever obtain a koa log the fiberglass wa’a opened the availability to paddlers across the globe.

Presently, the HCRA(Hawaiian Canoe Racing Association) has set standards to classify the Hawaiian wa’a and has kept the design at the minimum weight of 400 lbs and in the length of 40 feet.

The wa’a is always evolving as of today innovators are creating ultralight canoes that weigh up to 120 lbs made from carbon fiber.

http://nakoakai.com/canoe/

After being hauled to a halau it is then cured by either submerging it into a swamp or left in the shade with water inside the hull.

Upon being cured, the wa’a is then trimmed and sanded down by different types of stone and corals which differ in grain.

The parts of the wa’a are then attached through a unique style of lashing that only the Hawaiians used. This allowed the wa’a to be more flexible in rough water.

The paint used for the wa’a was made from plants,flowers and charcoals and painted accordingly.

At last, the final ceremony, the lolo ‘ana ka wa’a i ka halau, not merely for good luck but an inquiry of fate or luck for the Wa’a.

Acknowledgments: I would to thank Lokahi Canoe Club and Porscha dela Fuente for all your help and guidance.

The Hawaiian canoe race is ancient. Wages of land, possessions, wives, or one’s life would be on the line.

As of today, there are canoe clubs all over the world.

Here in Hawaii people compete in short regatta races and long distance races, leading up to the most prestigious race in the world, the Moloka’i Hoe. What is called the super bowl of paddling starts from the waters of Moloka’i across the kaiwi channel to the shores of Oahu, covering about 42 miles.

Paddlers from all over the world come to participate and compete with the best.

References Malo, David. “Hawaiian Atiquities” Honlulu Hawaiian Gazzete 1903.

Holmes, Tommy. “The Hawaiian Canoe” 1981, 1993 Hebenstreit, Ropati. “Pacific Paddler” Vol 22.4, Oct. 2018.

Hornell, James and Haddon, A.C. “Canoes of Oceania” 1975 “Lokahi Canoe Club: Handbook and history”. Honolulu,2009

Under da Sea: Importance of Sustainable Fishing Emily Hall Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Analysis

Even without the technological advancements of today, native Hawaiians understood the importance of caring, not only for the aina, but also the ocean, allowing it time to recover after using its resources and being able to anticipate the ebbs and flows of life.(Moke) Post-colonization saw a decline in fish population, and the start of overfishing.

Issues at Hand

● Overfishing- depletion of fishing population faster than they can repopulate ● Unsustainable fishing techniques and traditional conservation methods falling to the wayside

Reef Decline

arine National Monument and National Wildlife Refuge. Photo by Ian Shive / USFWS.

Conclusion What can we do?

*Image altered slightly for presentation purposes (Human-induced...reef fish declines)

Why you should care Sea Life at Risk ● Endangered Hawksbill Sea Turtle and Hawaiian Monk Seal ● Destruction of reef = loss of habitat ● Seclusion of Hawaii, in addition to (former) abundance of reef meant many species native only to here

Rose Atoll M

In addition to the effect on endangered species, reef fish play an important role in Native Hawaiian culture, tourism, and the fishing economy(Seattle Times). Healthy reefs are “some of the most biologically diverse and economically valuable ecosystems on earth”,(DLNR) in addition to providing jobs, recreational activities, and helping to protect our coastlines from erosion.

● Be more conscious of where you get your fish, and what equipment is least harmful (ei: certain types of fishing line) ● Know the allowed season to catch certain types of fish ● Volunteer your time to the aquarium or organizations such as REEF (Reef Environmental Education Foundation), Global Ocean Refuge System ● Spread the word about reef fish and the importance of maintaining their habitats, advocate for stricter fishing laws ● Government should create rewards for sustainability progress References

● http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/dar/fishing/fishing-around-protected-species/, Coral Reefs, April 25, 2018 ● Manu, Moke, Hawaiian Fishing Traditions. Honolulu, HI: Noio/Kalamaju, 2006. Print ● https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aqc.2832, Human‐induced gradients of reef fish declines, April 25, 2018 ● The Seattle Times, NOAA finds 11 of 27 reef fish species in Hawaii are overfish.., The Seattle Times Company, March 06, 2017, April 26, 2018, The Associated Press

Tracing Traditional Hawaiian Wayfinding Alice Takizawa Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Analysis Introduction True Hawaiian wayfinding is lost, but we can recover some lost knowledge if we look into ancient traditions and myths. By comparing traditions like the Makahiki Festival and myths such as Hawaiʻiloa and Pakaʻa to modern wayfinding techniques, we may be able to confirm and piece together a better image of one of the most valuable traditions of Hawaiʻi.

Background ● Makahiki Festival: ○ Makahiki was a time to give thanks to the god Lono and it was also a time for rest and feast. ○ Begins mid-November and ends in late January or February, aligning with the rainy season. ● Hawaiʻiloa: ○ Known for long fishing excursions with his chief navigator, Makaliʻi. ○ Discoverer of Hawaiʻi. ○ He brought aboard steersman, navigators, and shipbuilders on his voyages. ● Pakaʻa: ○ He is given a wind gourd by his Grandmother and is taught to call he name of the winds that he desires and invents the use of a sail to win a race. ○ Navigator who was famous for his ability to read the signs of the sky and predict weather and winds. ○ He was navigator, for Keawenui-a-'umi, a ruling ali'i of the Big Island during the 16th century.

Timing for Voyage What Modern Wayfinders Know: ● Hawaiʻi trade-winds comes in from the North or Northeast direction and blows clockwise. ● These winds are most stable from May to September.

What does this say about the past?: ● Due to rainy nature between November to February and the celebrations of the Makahiki Festival, it is logical to conclude that Hawaiians were not likely to set sail during this time.

Selective Crew Members: What Modern Wayfinders Know: ● Crew members are chosen by their ability to perform certain tasks beneficial to the voyage. ● Hōkūleʻa crew consisted of sailmasters, navigators, carpenters, fishermen, and a physician.

What does this say about the past?: ● Hawaiʻiloa’s story has steersman, navigators, and shipbuilders accompany him on his voyage. ● It is quite possible, like the Hōkūleʻa team, that a healer or a Kahuna was brought along to heal the ill during the voyage and also when they’ve reached new land.

Reading the Sky and Sea What Modern Wayfinders Know: ● The clouds signal the forecomming weather. Its “shape, height, color and sequence foretell coming events” (Kawaharada). ● Navigators take into account the sea swells. Knowing which direction the swell is coming, the canoe can be oriented to sail in the right direction. ● The star navigation compass show the direction of the stars as they rise and set, allowing the navigator to find their holdings.

● The star navigation compass show the direction of the stars as they rise and set, allowing the navigator to find their holdings.

What does this say about the past? ● In Pakaʻa’s story he “read signs. . .the reddish rim on the clouds. . . the lowering of the sky, the heavy cloudiness. . .”

(Kawaharada). ● It is through this story we gain more details of what the past knew about sea voyaging.

The sky and sea can tell the navigator a lot about their route and future weather conditions.

Conclusion

● Voyaging times were most likely done during the ● Summer seasons. ● Crew members consisted of valued people such as navigators, steersman, shipbuilder, and healers. ● Paka'a's story of excellent navigational skills demonstrated the understanding and awareness the Hawaiians had with stars, clouds, and sea reading. These ancient techniques were put to the test with the Hōkūleʻa.

Works Cited ● Beckwith, Martha. Hawaii Mythology. Honolulu: University of Hawaii PRESS, 1970. Print. ● Cartwright, Bruce. “The Legend of Hawaii-Loa.” The Journal of the Polynesian Society 38.150 (1929): 105-122. Print. ● “Daily Life Aboard Hokulea.” Hawaiian Voyaging Traditions, n.d. http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/canoe_living/daily_life.html. Web. 21 April 2018. ● Kawaharada, Dennis. “Non-Instrument Weather Forecasting.” Polynesian Voyaging Society. N.d. http://archive.hokulea.com/navigate/winds.html. Web. 21 April 2018. ● Kanoa-Wong, Laiana. “Let the Games Begin.” Kaiwakiloumoku: Hawaiian Cultural Center. Kamehameha Schools. Nov. 2013. Web. 25 April 2018. ● Loebel-Fried, Caren. “The Race.” http://www.uhwo.hawaii.edu/ekamakanihou/?p=3526. Web. 25 April 2018. ● Walk, Kaanoi. “Makahiki Overview.” Kaiwakiloumoku: Hawaiian Cultural Center.

Kamehameha Schools. Nov. 2013. Web. 21 April 2018.

Polynesian Tattoo in Hawai’i Samaiyah Alexander Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu,HI

Analysis

Conclusion

* The practice of tatau as it was originally called did

* Hawai’i has many symbols used in tattoo design

* In previous traditional customs of Hawai’i, many

not originate on the island chain of Hawai’i.

representing various elements of the natural world.

tattoos signified different jobs or trades that the individual practiced.

* Shapes used more often are the triangle which

* Today Hawaiians are re-learning their past and

can represent mountains, sharks teeth, or patterns found on traditional kapa cloth.

reconnecting with their history through the revival of polynesian tattoo traditions.

*Due to the proximity

* It was common practice for both sexes to get

* After the colonization of Hawai’i, many

of these island nations, many scholars have noted major similarities in art, culture, language, and religious practice.

tattoos.

Hawaiians were made to feel ashamed of their traditional body art.

Introduction

*Hawai’i is just one of many island chains located in the Polynesian Triangle practicing this ancient art form including Tahiti.

* Now, many people now find pride in their trades and crafts and wish to display their honor on their bodies just as their ancestors had done centuries before.

Fig.1 “Hawaiian Man” https://www.yusrablog.com/ta ttoos/overview-abouthawaiian-tattoos-history/

*For centuries “the shared origin and innumerable resemblances between different Polynesian societies are not in doubt: what’s at issue is the implicit assumption that, in so far as Polynesian cultures are actually different from one another, their differences are to be attributable to regular transformations of a shared cultural substrate.” (Gell5)

Fig.2 “Polynesian Tattoo” http://nextluxury.com/mens-styleand-fashion/polynesian-half-sleeve-tattoo-designs-for-men/

* In Hawai’i tattoo was used as a way to unify society.

Work Cited: Gell, Alfred. Wrapping in Images: Tattooing in Polynesia. Clarendon Press, 2004.

Fig.3 “Ta Tatau Keones Nunes” https://www.pinterest.com/pin/369224869419980050/

Story of Makapuu Su Yun Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction Makapu’u = bulging eyes I am going to review about Makapu’u area.

Geographical features of Makapu’u and lighthouse, history and also the legend of Makapu’u.

Makapu’u is a district which is called ‘Ko‘olaupoko’

Analysis Legend of Makapu’u

Lighthouse

Long ago, there lived two sisters, Makapu'u

Eyes for sails people

and Maka’aoa. Makapu‘u was no natural

On October 1, 1909, the

human, she had eight eyes on her head.

light from another bright,

One day Hi‘iaka and her friend saw Makapu‘u.

eyes, giant lens in

Hi’iaka’ friend made an excuse to escape

Makapu`u Lighthouse was

Makapu‘u.

illuminated for the first time.

Current Condition

Features of Makapu’u Point

Beach& Near Shore

-Extreme southeastern point

-Extreme Hazard

-The principal harbor of the central Pacific

Off Shore

Ocean, is on the southern coast of Oahu,

- High Hazard

-The first sight of land.

Eyes of Myth and Scientific Eyes Makapu’u is said to be a stone with lumps of black stone on its head resembling human - 2 km away from east of Waimanalo beach

eyes.

- Sea Life Park, Makapu’u lighthouse, State Wayside,Makapu’u Beach Park and Ka Iwi State Scenic Shoreline where Pele’s chair is

Although the name Makapu’u still remains, the Makapu’u stone disappeared many years ago.

-There is no light on the entire northern coast.

References http://hawaiibeachsafety.com/oahu/makapuu-beach http://lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=141 http://apdl.kcc.hawaii.edu/oahu/stories/koolaupoko/in dex.htm http://hawaiibeachsafety.com/oahu/makapuu-beach https://blogs.ksbe.edu/alohaainaproject/mo%CA%BB olelo/ http://kapalama.ksbe.edu/faculty/najavell/CIB08per4/ per4culture/Makapu'u.html

The Guardians of the Moon Judy Hiroi Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction In Asian mythology about the full moon, there is a rabbit either pounding mochi or mixing elixir. In the Hawaiian mythology, there is Hina, the beautiful moon goddess pounding kapa and watching over her island. The similarities that each character presents in both myths are that it concludes with them being guardians of the moon and watching over their citizens.

Analysis Japanese Version ● ● ● ● ●

Rabbit was unable to find food Rabbit sacrificed himself Rabbit had to make an honorable decision Becomes food for emperor Selected to become guardian of the moon

Myth Background Japanese Version The Japanese myth of “What’s the Moon Rabbit Doing on the Moon?” by Cheng & Tsui, it begins with a fox, monkey, hare, and an emperor. To test their faith, the emperor asks them to bring him food. The fox and monkey brings him fruits while the rabbit was only able to find grass. Ashamed of himself, the rabbit jumped into a fire and offered himself for the emperor.

He was surprised and touched by his sacrifice that he had the rabbit become the guardian of the moon.

In the myths of the rabbit and of Hina, although one is an animal and another is a goddess, both myths conclude with each characters as a guardian of the moon. The rabbit makes a sacrificial decision to honor the emperor, he was touched that he appointed the rabbit to be the guardian of the moon and to show his selflessness to the world from above. Similarly, when Hina reaches the moon, she becomes the guardian or the goddess of the moon. She views the island underneath her by watching her people travel, fish, and harvest.

Fig. 2. Miss Minda. Photobucket. 25 April, 2018http://photobucket.com/gallery/user/MissMinda/media/bWVkaWFJZDo1NzE0NzY0Nw==/?ref=

Hawaiian Version ● ● ● ● ●

Aikanaka pulls Hina by the leg Hina sacrificed her body parts Walks on the rainbow path to the moon Hina reaches the moon Becomes the moon goddess Fig. 4. Velda. “Polynesian Goddess Hina.” Balanced Woman’s Blog. 25 April 2018, http://balancedwomensblog.com/polynesian-goddess-hina/

Fig. 1. “The Fox, The Monkey, And The Rabbit.” Anime Amino. 25 April 2018,https://aminoapps.com/c/anime/page/blog/the-fox-the-monkey-and-therabbit/lVtQ_uXYvnLddPXppDd7weVDqoj2nZ

Hawaiian Version In the short story, Hina by Gabrielle Ahuli’i, the Goddess Hina is known to create the best and the most beautiful kapa cloths. Hina wanted to be away from the noise and crowds of people so she decided to find another place to live. Her choice of the sun was too hot so she decided to live on the moon. It began to rain which created a path of rainbow to the moon. Aikanaka, her husband pulls on Hina’s leg to stop her from continuing on the rainbow path and her leg breaks off. Upon arrival, she loved the moon and that she was able to watch over her island and her people.

Conclusion

References Beckwith, Martha. Hawaiian Mythology. University of Hawai’i Press. 1970.

Gabrielle, Ahuli’i. Hina. BeachHouse Publishing, 2016

Fig. 3. Kane, Herb. “Hina - Hawaiian Goddess of the Moon.” Pinterest. 25 April 2018, https://www.pinterest.com/pin/122863896054897250/

“What’s The Moon Rabbit Doing On the Moon?.” Cheng & Tsui,https://www.cheng-tsui.com/blog/whats-the-moon-rabbitdoing-on-the-moon. Accessed 11 April. 2018

Economics of Precontact Hawaiʻi Brandon Willis Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

The way of life has changed dramatically in Hawaiʻi since first western contact in 1778. The history of the society that developed in near isolation is unique in many ways.

Social organization and societal norms are an important part of considering the economics of this period. How did Hawaiʻi’s precontact economy function and what did the economic structure look like?

Exchange Archaeologist Peter Mills “has emphasized that the residents of a typical community participated as well in the wider Hawaiian world” (Hommon 107).

• The trails of precontact Hawaiʻi created an intricate network

Land Division and Management

•

•

Coastal trails paralleled the shoreline, inland trails connected coastal settlements with uplands, and opposite coasts were connected over central Mountain passes Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) analysis of adzes made of Mauna Kea basalt have been found widely distributed. The researchers results suggests items “were transported via a complex and extensive island-wide exchange system” (Hommon 110).

Differences in core values: •

•

•

The notion of private property and ownership of the land in the modern context was not held Life was more focused on local community and cooperative working with ʻohana (extended family) Malama ʻAina, the obligation to serve and care for the land, the governing concept of land stewardship in precontact Hawaiʻi

Leadership and Responsibilities: •

•

•

Aliʻi (Chiefs)-Controlled economic organization and provided guidance through a tiered system of control Konohiki (Land Agents)-Lower ranking Aliʻi responsible for overseeing day to day management of the land Makaʻainana (Commoners)-Majority of the population who “performed virtually all the physical labor and produced nearly all goods of value” (Hommon 11).

Takano, Alan. “Oʻahu Ahupuaʻa Map” Aloha ʻAina Project, Kamehameha Schools, http://gigapan.com/gigapans/135099

A konohiki was the headman of the section of land known as an ahupuaʻa. “The ahupuaʻa were usually wedge-shaped sections of land that followed natural geographical boundaries and ran from mountain to sea” (Kameʻeleihiwa 27).

• This shape offered a wide range of resources, from fresh water and timber, to arable land and near shore fisheries • Efficient way to allocate resources in a minimum space • Also served as tax (tribute) collection districts

The heavily agrarian economy of the time “was an intricate and interdependent arrangement based on agricultural needs and hierarchical structure” (Van Dyke 11).

Conclusion Activities and means of production could be directed through levels of management, showing characteristics of a complex administrative approach evolving over time to address economic needs.

Regarding the resulting standard of living in this system, “there is little doubt that even the commoners of the aliʻi time were better off economically than the vast majority of their contemporaries around the world” (Hitch 17).

Works Cited

Vertical Economic Management Structure: •

Franzen, David. “Swivel-headed adze.” hawaiialive.org, Bishop Museum Archives, June 13, 2011, http://www.hawaiialive.org/viewer.php?resource=637&hostType=sub&hostID=124

Kirch, Patrick V. The Evolution of the Polynesian chiefdoms.

Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1984. Print. Page 259 Recreated by author

Hitch, Thomas K. Islands in Transition: The Past, Present, & Future of Hawaii's Economy.

Honolulu: First Hawaiian Bank, 1992. Print.

Hommon, Robert J. The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society. New York: Oxford UP, 2013. Print.

Kame'eleihiwa, Lilikala. Native Land and Foreign Desires. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1992. Print.

Van Dyke, Jon M. Who Owns The Crown Lands Of Hawai’i? Honolulu: Hawai’i UP, 2008.

Print.

Mo’o & Maikoha of Laniloa: Past & Present Alexandrea Somera Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction La’ie Point, previously known as Laniloa Point, is still a popular destination for visitors to explore. It isn’t just a popular site to see when you are on a tour, but many locals usually cliff jump in this area. Although it is popular for cliff jumping and sightseeing, the legends and the history of La’ie point give this site a significant meaning and a part of life to the locals of O’ahu. In the past, this site was used for fishing ponds. In the present, it is now apart of the Mormon settlement, but still a popular site to enjoy.

Analysis

Fig. 2. Gross, Phil. “Oahu Hawaii’s Panorama’s.” philgross. 10 December 2017. http://www.phillgross.xyz/oahu-hawaiispanoramas/.

Legend of Mo’o (Laniloa): •A giant lizard used to patrol the area of Laniloa point, who would attack unfortunate passerbys.

•Kana’s mother was attacked by the same Mo’o and now he is avenging his mother by killing all the Mo’o in the Hawaiian Islands.

•Once Kana arrived at Laniloa, he slayed the Mo’o easily, slicing the lizard into five pieces and throwing them into the sea.

Legend of Maikoha:

Fig 1. Barry. “Puka Island off Laie Point” Get2Hawaii. 29 July 2016. http://get2hawaii.com/tag/hawaii/

•Puka means hole in Hawaiian. This part of land known as Kihewamoku, which was one of the pieces of Mo’o •In this picture, the Puka Island was made a result of a 1964 tsunami that punched out pieces of the island, creating a rock bridge.

•People either swim or paddle out to Puka island to do cliff jumping or sightseeing and enjoying the sea breeze.

Acknowledgments

•Maikoha, a brave and fearless young man who would break anything sacred.

•His father, Konikonia, exiled him.

•Maikoha leaves and lands in Kaupo, Maui where he made his home.

•His sisters looked for him, only to find him already turned into the wauke plant.

•One sister, Kahukuuna, continued to La’ie, which is where she met Laniloa, and they got married.

•The one fish that remained and is still there today at La’ie point is the mullet.

Conclusion La'ie point is still significant site today. Although it is a settlement now for the Mormon, it still served it’s purpose for the Hawaiians back in the past. In the La’ie Point State Wayside, the rocks there are sharp and look like scales, which is not the best to walk around in slippers. Also, there is a part of the land that is shaped as a lizard head. Just by observing how the rocks are settled, it displays that this could be the rebirth of the Mo’o, Laniloa. Most people today still go to La’ie Point for cliff jumping, sightseeing, or even for photography and adventure.

If you’re lucky, you may even see some locals fish there, but it’s on a rare occasion that you will find them doing that.

References Aguiar, Eloise. “Laniloa Lizard Tale Told.” Laniloa Lizard Tale Told | The Honolulu Advertiser | Hawaii’s Newspaper, 16 July 2001, the.honoluluadvertiser.com/ article/2001/Jul16/In/In10a.html.

Fornander, Abraham, and Thomas G. Thrum. “Fornader Collection 5: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive, 2 June 2011, archive.org/details/FornanderCollection5.

Kawaharada, Dennis. “Kaihuopala’ai: Ewa: Stories of an Ancient Island: Traditions od O’ahu” AsiaPacific Digital Library, 11 Sept. 2010, apdl.kcc.hawaii.edu/oahu/ stories/ewa/kaihuopalaai.htm.

Pukui, Mary Kawena., et al. Place Names of Hawaii.

University Press of Hawaii, 1984.

Sterling, Elspeth P., and Catherine C. Summers. Sites of Oahu. Bishop Museum Press, 1978.

Hawaiian Ancient Rules and the House of Refugee

Conclusion

Ingthacha Sirisrimangkorn Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

There were many myths on Hawaii island and one of the myths was Kapu system. This system was a little different than other myth as the chiefs used Hawaiian’s beliefs controlled over them. Most of the rules just to have the commoners stayed under the chiefs. However, there was still some mercy and flexibility in Hawaiian’s community such Pu’uhonua, the place where Kapu breakers can run away from death and asked for forgivenss.

King Kamekameha II was a brilliant King who provided a big change in Hawaiian society, and it has remained like that ever since. If he didn’t take the courage to change, there must had been many more years that his people had to suffer from Kapu penalty.

Introduction Ancient Hawaiian believed that many Gods created everything from sea to sky, from animals to humans. They also believed that Gods created these rules called “Kapu” and chiefs were the ones who carried on this system. Kapu system was like a law in the community and if someone broke the rules, their penalty was death. However, there was the house of refugee for those who break rules, they would have to gone through the sacred rituals to ask for Gods’ forgiveness.

Fun facts about Kapu System ● The system gave power to the priests and chiefs to control the commoners ● The penalty from breaking Kapu rules is solely death ● The consequences from breaking Kapu would be earthquakes or volcanic eruptions from Gods

Bigbrotiki “Tiki Socialite” Tiki Central. 22 August, 2007 http://www.tikiroom.com/tikicentral/bb/viewtopic.php?topic=24972&forum=1&start=75

House of Refugee: The house of refugee is called “Pu’uhonua”. Located in six districts on Big Island

VolcanoInnAdmin “6th Annual Culture Festival – Pu’uhonua o Hōnaunau – This Weekend!” Volcanic Inn 23 June , 2017 http://volcanoinnhawaii.com/56th-annual-culture-festival-puuhonua-o-honaunau-weekend/

Thesis: even though some traditions or believed have been carried on for thousands of years but it doesn’t mean that those traditions are beneficial for everybody.

Sometimes it requires some bravery to make a change for the better for the community.

Analysis

● Examples of Kapu rules: ○ Males and females cannot eat together, ○ Females cannot eat certain food, ○ Commoners cannot reveal their shadow on chiefs or their belongings + cannot touch anything that chiefs had touched, ○ The first two men who are killed in the battle must be offered to Gods ● Gods would get mad and cause natural disasters: volcanic eruptions, earthqakes, and so on ● ‘ilamuku would punish Kapu breakers by stoning, burning, drowning, and hanging

Radford, Tim “Study shows human sacrifice was less likely in more equal societies” April 4, 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/apr/04/study-shows-human-sacrifice-was-less-likely-in-moreequal-societies

● Kapu breakers will run away from ‘ilamuku to the house of refugee or Pu’uhonua ● Inside Pu’uhonua was a priest who would perform rituals for Kapu breakers for God’s forgiveness ● Kapu breakers can return home after the rituals ● In 1819, King Kamekameha II or Liholiho ended Kapu System ○ Destroyed all the temples ○ allowed men and women eat together ○ allow women to eat prohibited food ○ He wanted to give an equality to his people ○ Gives less power to the priests ● King Liholiho passed away in 1824 Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site “Liholiho (Kamehameha II)” Pu’ukohola Heiau. February 28, 2015 https://www.nps.gov/puhe/learn/historyculture/kamehameha2.htm

“Pu'uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park” Expedia Viewfinder. https://www.expedia.com/pictures/hawaiis-big-island/holualoa/puuhonua-o-honaunau-national-historicalpark.d6063979/nature?view=large-gallery&photo=37640

References “Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary.” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.

Info Grafik Inc. “Breaking of the Kapu.” Breaking of the Kapu - Hawaii History - Short Stories, 2018, Kelly, Darlen6 E. “Historical Collections of The Hawaiian Islands - Part 9 - The Ancients.”USGenWeb Archives - Census Wills Deeds Genealogy, 16 Nov. 2006, Malo, David, Hawaiian Antiquities. Bernice P. “Kapu System” Bishop Museum Special Publication 2, Second Edition. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1951.

Schweitzer, Veronica S. “Sanctuaries Of Hawaii.”

Sanctuaries Of Hawaii, July 1997,

Historical Significance of He’eia Fishpond Tara Oshiro Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction He’eia fishpond is located on the windward side of the island of Oahu. The wall (kuapa) of the fishpond is built by lava rocks and it encloses 88 acres of brackish water (fresh and saltwater). The fishpond was built approximately 600-800 years ago. The Hawaiians built fishponds around the Hawaiian islands by using their knowledge, cultural practice, and management of resources in order to create a sustainable aquaculture.

Figure 1. Photo taken by Manuel Mejia, He’eia Fishpond.

Mythology Background According to Beckwith, The four sisters Pele, Hi’iaka, Malulani, and Kaohelo are born in Nu’umealani but migrate to Hawaii after the arrival of Aukelenuiaiku. Kaohelo’s spirit forms a marriage with the spirit of the handsome Heeia on Oahu, who abandons her later for another woman. The little hills about the district of Heeia (the land division adjoining Kaneohe in Koolau) are formed by her from the body of Malulani, who has hanged herself out of grief for her sister. Kaohelo’s spirit daughter Waialani comes to visit her relatives on Hawaii and is given some of the berries to eat which are the body of her mother. Blood flows from them as she eats and she vows never to see Pele again on earth. (187-188) Acknowledgments

Analysis ❖ Myth ➢Sacrifice ➢Berries = food ➢Blood flows from the berries while they are eaten ❖ Structure of the fishpond ➢The wall (kuapa) is 1.3 miles long, 1215 feet wide, making a complete circle ➢Six sluice gates (makaha), three on seaward side and three on He’eia stream side ❖ Traditional fishing in fishpond ➢Scoop net (small fish) ➢Long net or gill net (big fish) ❖ Management and traditional operation of the fishpond ➢Supply for the ruling Ali’i and royal court ➢Managers: Konohiki (land overseer), Kia’i loko (resident keeper) ➢Knowledge of the fishpond is equivalent to a doctoral degree.

Figure 2. Photo taken by Hui o Koolaupoko, Sluice gate.

Conclusion The myth of Heeia is about sacrifice and providing food. The fish that is captured in the fishpond is a mere image. The Hawaiians have created a aquaculture system by using that knowledge, cultural practice, and resources, thus providing a sustainable system.

Figure 3. Volunteers working on the restoration of the kuapa. Paepae O He’eia.

Figure 4. Photo taken by Chris Bartlett. Painting of a Hawaiian fisherman

Reference Bartlett, Chris. “Painting of a Hawaiian fisherman.” 25 April 2018, https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/N7OdPOXoRj5jXeYD 9yhMoN/Between-sky-and-sea-a-fishpond-of-stories.html Beckwith, Martha. “The Pele Sisters.” Hawaiian Mythology. U of Hawaii P, 1970, pp.

187-188.

Koolaupoko, Hui o. “Sluice gate.” 25 April 2018, http://travel2change.org/listings/culture-restore-kaneohe/.

Mejia, Manuel. “He’eia Fishpond.” 24 April 2018, http://ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/usa-hawaii -heeia-fishpond-watershed.html.

“The Fishpond.” Paepaeoheeia.org. http://paepaeoheeia.org/thefishpond/. Accessed 23 April 2018.

“Volunteers working on the restoration of the kuapa.” 25 April 2018, http://hawaiipublicradio.org/post/researchersturn-hawaiian-language-newspapers-help-climate-change .

The Loss in the Splintered Paddle Marc Suganuma Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Introduction

Analysis

Conclusion

The story is about young king Kamehameha who learned a very valuable lesson to continue on what he believes in even though he lost the battle.

“Losing the battle, doesn’t mean you’ve lost the war.”

King Kamehameha created the laws of old hawaiian times for people to understand after he lost his first battle.

-Long time ago people knew there places in life. The reason why there were two types of people. There were two types of people.

Commoners were -Maka ainana and there was chiefs -ali’i. There was one law of kapu.

Meaning never break the law or it was death.

The law of 1797 was created and put into effect. The defenseless people shall be saved from unproven attacks meaning if someone who doesn’t attack shall be saved.

Those who committed robbery attack, or murdered will be put to death.

Background “The law of the splintered paddle Kanawai Mamalahoe” Illustrated by Dietrich Varez

By The Hawaii legal Auxiliary They Talk about the law of the splintered paddle and the lost of a young King Kamehameha and how he learned from a battle he lost and how he created a future law for the people of hawaii to follow.

Fedel,jay Ithinktech image 25 april 2018

The story goes that young future King kamehameha was a Moi. Skilled at the art of war.

-He went to fight a neighboring area. He went by himself first and a commoner seen him coming off the boat a couple fishermen saw him attacking.

-The young king got caught in the lava rock and the fishermen hit him with a paddle saving his life.

-He learned and told his men never to hurt someone who doesn’t do anything wrong and to save the people who are good people.

Varez,Dietrich 25 april 2018

Work cited https://www.hawaii.edu/uhelp/files/LawOfTh eSplinteredPaddle.pdf http://thinktechhawaii.com/2016/06/11/celeb rating-king-kamehameha-day-in-2016

Acknowledgments

/

Dreams & Revelations Juvelyn Santos Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI INTRODUCTION

ANALYSIS

Ancient Hawaiians believed that they can communicate with gods, spirits, and an ‘aumakua through dreams. Receiving dreams from a god, spirit, or an `aumakua is a blessing.

Hawaiians thrived in life based on the content of their dreams.

Hawaiian Dream Legend: Smoke

Meaning of dreams in Hawaiian Language: ● Moe: Sleep ● `uhane: Spirit ● Ho`ailona: Symbol, sign, or portent ● Moe `uhane: Spirit Sleep ● Hihi`o: Vision or dream

Gianville, John. “Freud's Theory on Dreams.” Freuds Theory on Dreams: What Dreams Are Made Of, 2011, www.dreaminterpretation-dictionary.com/freuds-theory-ondreams.html.

THESIS The Hawaiians believed that dreams can reveal information about future events that helped them thrive in obtaining such goals. The Hawaiians interpretations relate to Freud’s Theory of Dreams because dreams are derived from our unconscious and we dream to fulfill wishes.

A legend of a High Chief who would dream of his son Kahele and his spirit.

Importance of Spirits in Dreams: ● Spirits provide guidance or reveal events ● Form of communication for person and spirit ● An `aumakua or spirit helps people prosper in life Symbols in the High Chief’s dreams: ● Thick smoke = reveal Kahele’s spirit

CONCLUSION The Hawaiians strongly believed that their dreams can unfold specific detailed answers to their wishes and needs due to their energetic communication to a god, spirit, or family `aumakua. This connection is crucial for the Hawaiians because they are able to live a sustainable life as well as prepare themselves and their families for future events.

The Hidden Spring of Punahou A legend of Kealoha and Mukaka her husband who struggled to find fresh water.

Interpretation of Dream: ● Couple experiences their own dream from the god of the spring ● Informed them on location of where the freshwater is located Importance of Dreams Sent From Gods: ● They are considered a blessing ● The gods answer prayers ● Gods are responsive to distinct requests ● A god can communicate with a person through dreams

The Western Theory and Modern Theory

● Individual must take responsibility for their dreams content and interpretations received. ● Hawaiian dream interpreter: na wehewehe moe `uhane ● Modern decoding of dreams are done in psychoanalysis ● Dreams occur because we have many wishes to fulfill or need guidance during our hardships in life.

Acknowledgments: My special thanks of gratitude to my Professor Porscha dela Fuente and the STEM staff who printed my poster.

Loebel-Fried, Caren. “Hawaiian Legends of Dreams” Caren Loebel-Fried | Artist - Illustrator - Author, 2002-2014, http://www.carenloebelfried.com/book3.html

WORKS CITED “The Freud Museum ~ Education ~ Interpretation of Dreams.” Freud Museum, https://www.freud.org.uk/education/topic/10576/subto pic/40036/.

Loebel-Fried, Caren. Hawaiian Legends of Dreams. University of Hawaii Press, 2005.

Pukui, Mary Kawena, et al. Nana I Ke Kumu (Look To The Source). Vol. 1, Hui Hanai, 1972 Pukui, Mary Kawena, et al. Nana I Ke Kumu (Look To The Source). Vol. 2, Hui Hanai, 1979

Nanaue’s Legacy Chris Harubin Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Introduction Nanaue, the Shark Man is a ancient Hawaiian Myth which originates in Waipio Valley, Hawai’i. The Son of the king-shark god, Kamohoali’i, Nanaue was born a demigod with a shark’s mouth on his back and the ability to transform into a shark. Kamohoali’i warned that meat was never to be fed to Nanaue or a unsatisfiable desire for it would consume him. Nanaue’s grandfather did not heed the warning, feeding Nanaue meat as a child, setting him on a path which would change bring sorrow to Hawai’i ToniteTonite95. “Nanaue, son of the Shark King.” DeviantArt. 25 April 2018, https://tonitetonite95.deviantart.com/art/Nanaueson-of-the-Shark-King-146044157

Key Story Elements ● Hawaiians relationship with the Akua & Aumakua ● Nanaue’s strange behavior before the disappearance of people ○ He gave subtle threats to ocean goers ○ His great curiosity about people heading into the ocean ● His blind desire for human flesh resulted in him eating friends ● Escaping capture in front of King ‘Umi by transforming into a mighty shark ● Kamohoali’i pardoning Kalei and other family for hiding

Nanaue’s shapeshifting abilities

● Banishment of Nanaue from all of Hawai’i by Kamohoali’i instead of death sentence ● Nanaue establishes new life on Maui ○ Family life bores Nanaue ○ Becomes bold and is seen devouring girl ● Flee’s to Moloka’i and is inevitably captured ○ not possible without help from local demigod Unauna ● Nanaue died by fire on molokai ○ Entire bamboo forest was cut in order to build large enough fire

Aumakua are ancient spirits who are worshiped and prayed to by Hawaiians for many things including wisdom, instruction, strength and safety. The shark is the Aumakua for many families and receives offerings regularly .

● Tattoo’s can identify a bond between a human and a shark aumakua. I believe that Nanaue’s actions changed the culture of tattoo in Hawaii and polynesia. ○ Instead of traditionally getting a tattoo representing your families ancient ties to a shark aumakua. Self interest and preservation took over and people would get tattoos without having a connection to a shark aumakua, breaking tradition so they could have peace of mind and feeling of protection while in the ocean.

Nanaue, fully grown demigod devouring a girl in the waters of Maui with witnesses above

Kane,Herb. “Feeding the Aumakua.” 25 April 2018, http://herbkanehawaii.com/image-catalog/gods-goddesseslegends/feeding-the-aumakua-g3/

Thesis Nanaue’s cannibalistic ways strained the trust between man and the Aumakua, resulting in changes to societal norms and slowly raising interest in adopting outside cultures to everyday life.

Inferences ● Ancient Hawaiians must have felt enormous frustration and a sense of betrayal towards the Akua / Aumakua after learning that Nanaue was a demigod who had been devouring people for years while pretending to be mortal. ○ Prayers and offerings to the Aumakua for protection, were in vain because of the relationship Nanaue had with Kamohoali’i.

■ It appeared he had limitless protection from his fellow Aumakua until his father was involved ○ This questions who the Aumakua are more loyal to, the humans who honor and give offerings to them or their fellow gods. ○ This doubt would lead some to no longer worship their aumakua because they do not have the reassurance anymore that they will act in their best interest.

Gamear1er. “Nanaue.” DeviantArt. 25 April 2018, https://orig00.deviantart.net/d505/f/2015/274/e/8/sharkpaper_by_gambear1er-d9blfpl.jpg

References ● Nakuina, Emma, and others. Nanaue The Shark Man & Other Hawaiian Shark Stories. Honolulu: Kalamaku Press, 1994. Print ● Thrum, Thos G. Hawaiian Folk Tales: A collection of Native Legends. Chicago: A.C. McCLURG & CO. 1907. Print ● Westervelt, William D. Hawaiian Legends of Ghosts and Ghost-gods. Tuttle, 2011. Google books. Web. 25 April 2018

Hawaiian Fishing Practices Aldon Dela Pena-Bermudes Porscha dela Fuente Kapiolani Community College, Honolulu, HI Analysis Introduction

Fishing in Hawaii has unique practices that shaped the way people fished. Fishing in Hawaii placed an emphasis on the practice of Malama and Pono. This was partly due to following their fishing mythological beliefs that also told of gods holding Malama and Pono as an important practice. The myth that will be analyzed is the story of Ku'ula-Kai along with his son Aiai.

Myth History

Modern day Hawaii ● Organizations centered around the belief of taking care of the land and wildlife ● Fishponds and other important sights of Hawai’i now are protected by the state ● Fisherman in Hawai’i learned to take only what you need and to give back Ancient Hawaii Ku’Ula-Kai offering some of his catch to shrines for his beliefs in gods.

Ku’Ula-Kai valuing the importance of keeping a healthy marine ecosystem Aiai making ko’a for fishing and his father Aiai fighting off a puhi (eel) who was damaging the fish.

● ● ● ●

Conclusion

Hawaiian fishing practices embodied values that Hawaiians found important that helped their people flourish and understand a culture with a deep connection to fishing. By living by mo'olelo of the past it helped keep the same values Modern Hawaii still implement in fishing. The values of Pono and Malama.

Ku’Ula-Kai

● Hawaiian God of Fishing ● Known for helping the ali’i and people of Hana by supplying food through fishing ● Was said to have mana to command fish at will ● Many believed he was the first to build a fishpond Fig, 2. Parker, Brook, Punanan Leo Project.1988, http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0aplc02000Sec--01en-50-20-contact-book--1-010escapewina%3Dd&a=d&d=D0&toc=0

Myth History (Cont.)

Aiai

Fig. 1. Bellanger, Gilles. “Kuula stone, Maui, Hawaii.” Flickr. 13 September 2013, https://www.flickr.com/photos/ulysse2001/10523572104.

Acknowledgments

● Son of Ku’Ula-Kai ● Inherited his father’s practices and tools of fishing ● Was able to fight off a puhi in Hana who was eating all the fish with the guidance of his father. ● Put shrines for fishing and father around Hawaii know as ko’a. ● Made fishing grounds across all islands

Fig. 3. Maui Fishpond Association. http://mauifishpond.com/gallery/pohaku/.

References ● Beckwith, Martha. Hawaiian Mythology. University of Hawaii Press, 1970. ● Fornander, ALexander. “Legend of Aiai.” Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiques and Folk-lore. Bishop Museum Press, 1916. ● Thrum, Thomas G. “Ku’Ula-Kai, The fish God of Hawaii.’ Hawaiian Folktales, a collection of native legends. Chicago A.C. McClurg & Co., 1907.

Traditional to Modern Heiau Risa Higa Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Ulupo Heiau Kailua, HI 96734

An a l ysis

C o n c l usio n

● Heiaus are temples . T hey are bas ically s imilar to religion. ● S imilar to how we have C hris tians , C atholics , B uddhis ts , etc. ● Heiaus were s imilar becaus e there were different types of Heiaus .

After many years Heiaus haven’t jus t vanis hed to res idents who live near them. P ahua heiau is a great example. T he heiau is in the middle of a town in Hawaii K ai with many homes s urrounding it. Y ou can s ee that they haven't tore the heiau down, they jus t built around it. T he purpos e may have faded and haven’t been us ed for thos e reas on, but, people s till honor them.

Types of Heiaus ● T reating thos e who are ill ● S ucces s in war ● Offering for rain ● S acrifices (P lants and animals ) ● Offerings of firs t catch from the s ea ● E ncourage peace ● Increas e fertility Fig. 1. Bradshow, Joel. “Ulupo Heiau” Web. 24 April 2018. https:/ / en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ Ulupo_Heiau_State_Historic_Site#/ media/ File:Heiau-Ulupo-sign%26topside.JPG

Puʻu o Mahuka Heiau Pupukea Rd, Haleiwa, HI 96712

Many t ypes of heiau were built in different architectural s tyles depending upon t heir purpos e and location.

Modern Us e

In t r o d uc t io n The purpose for Heiaus were to be used for a place for sacrifice, others to celebrate a good harvest, or the birth of ali’i. Today, heiaus are now state historic sites.

● S tate His toric S ite ● S ate Monument ● Education

Pahua Heiau 7142 Makahuena Pl, Honolulu, HI 96825

R ef er en c es

H ist o r y ● C ons ider the aina “s acred” ● Ulupo Heiau was originally agricultural but later res erved for luakini which is human s acrifice ● Large Heiaus could only be acces s ed by pries ts and chiefly clas s es ● P ahua Heiau dedicated to the ancient G od K ane ● T he us e of Heiaus ended when C hris tianity began

Fig. 3. “Pu'u o Mahuka Heiau” nsub1, Flickr. Web. 24 April 2018. https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/asian_american_and_p acific_islander_heritage/Puu-o-Mahuka-Heiau.htm

Kay, Peter. “Hawaiian Heiau Landmarks - Not for fun and games ” Living in Hawaii. Web. 24 April 2018.

Fig 2. “Pahua Heiau” To-Hawaii.com. Web. 25 April 2018. https ://www.tohawaii.com/oahu/ancients ites /pahuaheiau.php

“Keaiwa Heiau S tate Recreation Area” Hawaii.gov. Web. 24 April 2018.

Millies , Keala J r. “Hawaiian Culture S tories : His tory of the Heiau” Web. 24 April 2018.

“Pu’ukohola Heiau” National Park S ervice, 2015 Web. 24 April 2018.

“Ulupo Heiau S tate His toric S ite” Hawaii.gov. Web. 24 April 2018.

Acknowledgments:I would like to thank professor Porscha dela Fuente for helping us get through the year and to finish off strong also like to thank STEM center for printing these posters out for us

Saving Native Plants Saves the Beloved Hawaiian Lei Catherine Dela Cruz Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction The custom of lei making was first introduced by the Polynesian voyagers that paddled across the oceans to the Hawaiian islands.The beautiful handwoven lei that are made of flowers, nuts, leaves, and shells are carefully made with love. In the paradise island of Hawaii, lei became a symbol of friendship, love, celebration, honor, greetings and farewell. People who come and go to Hawaii receive a lei as a welcome or farewell token for visiting the island.

Thesis: Due to that increased demand on a “real Hawaiian things” in Hawaii, making a lei with native Hawaiian plants endangered the native plants itself.

However, conservation of the native plants and more usage of the non-native plants could help the conservation of the Hawaiians native plants.

Hawaiian Lei etiquettes: ● Don’t ever take a lei off your neck and swing it around (Fujii) ● Don’t ever remove a lei in front of the person who gave it to you (Fujii) ● Lei are also given as a congratulatory gifts in graduations

Problems Concerning the decline of the Maile Plant Foreign Species that endangers the Maile Plant: ● Rubus rosifolius (roseleaf raspberry) ● Tibouchina herbacea( cane Tibouchina) ● Feral pig In addition, overharvesting of the maile tips and overpicking caused the decline of maile plants.

Examples of Native Hawaiian Plants use in Lei Making ● Maile ● Ohia Maile Maile has a shrub-like appearance and has “a green-leafed vine that is wound into open-ended strands that emit heady clouds of anise-like fragrance” (Fujii). Lei maile is associated with the legend of four maile sisters namely Mailelauli’i, Mailekaluhea, Mailekepakaha and Maileha’iwale, who characterizes the different shapes and leaves of the plant. Lei maile is also often mentioned in legends, chants, and prayers.

Significance/ Usage of Maile Lei ● Used as offering to Laka (the goddess of hula and the forest in Hawaiian mythology) ● It is commonly given during graduation and other celebration because it represents life and growth ● Given as peace offering in battlefields ● Used to bind bind together the hands of bride and groom as a symbol of unity

● Gathering seeds for the endangered native Hawaiian plants and storing it for future plant restoration ● Creating botanical gardens,nurseries and other facilities in the effort to prevent those endangered plants from extinction ● Quarantining the ohia plants ● More usage of non-native plants for lei making ● Reduce the overpicking of native plants for lei making ● Public awareness about the decline and conservation practice of Hawaiian native plants

Conclusion:

Fig. 2. Kukui’ula.25 April 2018, https://kukuiula.com/maile-lei-ceremony/

Fig 1. Davila, Dan. “Statue of; King Kamehameha I, also known as Kamehameha the Great.” Flickr. 25 April 2018, https://www.flickr.com/photos/hawaiiphotoart/37963393506/in/photolist-\\

Conservation Efforts/Solution:

Ohia The ohia tree has a Hawaiian myth involving Ohia and Lehua. In the myth, Ohia and Lehua were lovers, and out of Pele’s jealousy she transformed Ohia into a tree. Lehua then plead with the other gods to let her be with Ohia. The gods then turned her into a flower and put her on top of the Ohia tree (Miner).

The most commonly used lehua in lei making is the lehua ula (red). The lei made with the red lehua is believe to be sacred and is offered the goddesses Pele and Hi’iaka.

Lei making or the Hawaiian lei is part of the islands’ culture therefore we should also take care of the materials such as the native plants used in making a beautiful lei. Without those native plants that embodies some Hawaiian deities, the culture of Hawaii will be lost. With that being said, we should go back to the past and learn from the Hawaiian ancestors on how to properly “malama the aina”. Also, the conservation practices and efforts should be supported by the residents of the island.

We should help diminish and properly remove some alien plants that dangers the Hawaiian plants. In that way, one could say that they are doing the “real Hawaiian things”, taking care of the land and saving the culture for generations to come.

Fig. 4. Pinterest. 25 April, 2018, https://www.pinterest.com/pin/303781937336015343/

Fig. 3. Joel. “2011 Lei Day.” Flickr. 25 April 2o18,https://www.flickr.com/photos/frikitiki/5 678376411/in/photostream/

Problems Concerning the decline of the Ohia Plant

● “In 2017, about 75,000 acres of ʻōhiʻa forest currently show symptoms of Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death disease on the Island of Hawaiʻi” (“The Disease: Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death”). ● The rapid ohia death (ROD) is caused by a fungus called ceratocystis fimbriata. ● The fungus is just introduced to Hawaii by a carrier plant, or from a strain that got mutated and caused the fungus to damage the ohia trees. ● The fungus is transmitted by improper handling of an infected ohia tree by humans. ● Beetles and other insects also transfer the infection to other trees. ● They don’t have any cure for the infected plants

Acknowledgments: I want to give thanks to our ever supportive professor, Miss Porscha dela Fuente for the guide and help in creating this project.

References: Anderson-Fung, Puanani O., and Kepa Maly. Hawaiian Ecosystems and Culture: Why Growing Plants for Lei Helps to Preserve Hawai‘i’s Natural and Cultural Heritage,2009, https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/dofaw/files/2014/02/Hawaiian-Ecosystems-and-Culture-Growing-Lei-plants-1.pd Fujii, Jocelyn. “The Many Messages Of the Lei.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 28 Mar. 1999, www.nytimes.com/1999/03/28/travel/the-many-messages-of-the-lei.html Garrett. “Maile.” Hui Ku Maoli Ola, Wordpress, 23 Oct. 2013, www.hawaiiannativeplants.com/ourplants/maile/.

Kukui’ula.25 April 2018, https://kukuiula.com/maile-lei-ceremony/ Lane, Marta. “A Hawaiian Heritage Plant.” MidWeek Kaua'i, 10 Oct. 2012, www.midweekkauai.com/lifestyle/a-hawaiian-heritage-plant/ Mcdonald, Marie, and Paul Weissich. Na Lei Makamae: the treasured Lei. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003. Print.

Miner, Meghan. “The Cultural Significance of Ohia Lehua.” Hawaii Magazine, Hawaii Magazine, 11 Apr. 2016, www.hawaiimagazine.com/content/cultural-hawaiian-significance-ohia-lehua.

Oahu Invasive Species Committee (OISC). “Rapid Ohi’a Death.” Oahu Invasive Species Committee, 2018, http://columbiacollege-ca.libguides.com/mla/websites, Accessed 19 April 201 Sponagle, Michele. “The History of the Hawaiian Lei.” WestJet Magazine, 1 Dec. 2016, www.westjetmagazine.com/story/article/history-hawaiian-lei.

“The Disease: Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death.” Rapid 'Ohi'a Death: Overview, University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, cms.ctahr.hawaii.edu/rod/THEDISEASE.aspx.

Timmons,Grady. Last Stand: The vanishing Hawaiian Forest, 2003, https://www.nature.org/media/hawaii/last_stand_web_lo.pdf Wachman, Monica. “What Is the Meaning of Hawaiian Leis?” USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information Network, 26 Jan. 2018, traveltips.usatoday.com/meaning-hawaiian-leis-61680.html.

Na Mahina ‘O ke ola: The Moons of Life Tiare Akeo Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Analysis

Conclusion

“Mahina,” the moon goddess of Hilo has great naturistic influence on the cultivation of Hawaiian people and the way a natural world dictates the human cycle. It is characteristic that reflects in the Hawaiian belief system, history and way of life in ancient and present times.

There are ten days in an anahulu (traditional Hawaiian week).

The term hulu refers to the ten fingers of your hands, as well as the number ten itself. Each anahulu represent the different stages of life Hina goes through to make a new one.

Change (rising): •Ho’onui is the first anahulu •Ho’onui means ”to grow” or “to get bigger.”

•This anahulu reflects Hina’s decision and determination to seek new life from her tumorous relationship with her family on earth.

Adaptation (full): •Piha Poepoe is the second anahulu •Piha Poepoe means “fully round,” as these phases appear in the moon cycle.

•This anahulu reflects the adaptation that Hina finds along the journey of getting away from her abusive husband, Aikanaka and her new life: the moon.

New Life (falling):

The myth of Mahina is a representation of the belief system of Hawaiians. To the Hawaiian people, the moon was not an astral object that was projected into the sky millions of years ago as the result of a catastrophic event, the moon, Mahina, was family. Hawaiian culture embraces the moon as a provider, personified as Hina, who is born, grows, dies and comes back again in birth. The moon's characteristics determine an ancient Hawaiian pattern of activity for fishing and farming practices. Students should understand the heritage of moon knowledge and the feelings of respect Hawaiian people have had for the moon and her important role for generations.

Background The myth begins with: • A wahine named Hina and her “lifeless” husband – chief Aikanaka and their two ”unruly” sons - Huna and Puna.

• They lived in the southeast coast on the Island of Maui.

• One day Hina grew weary from her tumorous relationship with her husband and was determined to flee up the pathway of her rainbow through clouds and go to the sun.

• The heat rays from the sun was so great during her escape to the moon; she began to feel the fire shriveling and torturing her Fig. 1. “Hula Mahina.” causing Her to slip down into http://www.onceuponatimebabynames.com/2015/04 the storms around her rainbow /mahina.html. April 19, 2015. and back to earth.

•As her strength returned she spotted the full moon through the shadows of the night and decided that she would go to the moon to “find rest.”

•In Her descent and in Aikanaka’s attempt to stop Hina from leaving him he broke her legs so that the lower part came off in his hands, eventually she escaped.

•The mysterious hands of darkness lifted her, until she stood at the door of the moon, finally finding her abiding hale (home).

• Ho’emi is the third anahulu • Ho’emi means “to reduce,” or “become smaller.”

• Hina experienced many tribulations on her journey to a better life; she lost limbs, family and left her life behind to seek a better one for herself.

• Hina “falls” from turmoil and into her new life.

Acknowledgments: A special thanks go to Professor Porscha dela Fuente and Mahina and her example to Hawaiian people.

Fig. 2. Hawaiian names for each night of the rising, full, and falling moon phases (adapted from Prince Kuhio Civic Club 2001).

References •Mary Kawena, Pukui. “Ōlelo No ‘Eau.” Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press. 1983, http://kms.kapalama.ksbe.edu/projects/ahupuaa/waimanalo/ wmo/wmo22mah/index.html.

•Westervelt, W.D. “Hina, The Woman in The Moon.” Sacredtexts. 1910, http://www.sacredtexts.com/pac/maui/maui18.htm.

•Lawrence, Nancy. “The Moon: Background Information for Teachers.” Ulukau: The Hawaiian Electronic Library. 2002, 2009, http://ulukau.org/gsdl2.81/cgibin/cbimiikecycle?a=d&d=D0.3.4.1&e=010off--00-1--0-010---4-------0-1l--11en-50---20-hawaiian+moon+phases-00-3-1-000--0-0-11000.

(Title) Helena Kama Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Analysis

Conclusion

“Kahi i makemake nui ia e na’lii o Oahu nei,” is translated as, ”A place the chiefs of O’ahu greatly desired.” Kūkaniloko is known as the Birth Stones and is a sacred site for the Hawaiians. It was a place that the ali’i – high chief, were born on.  36 chiefs were present during the time of birth  The wife would give birth on a stone that looked like a long chair  Once the baby was born it was depicted as a chief, God, and a blaze of heat which gave him a high status  Sacred site on O’ahu back then, it still is a sacred site today

Kūkaniloko  It is the center of O`ahu  Hawaiian ali’i believes it gives the child strength and power when they are born there  One of the two sacred grounds where only the ali’i gives birth The Chiefs Presence  There were 36 chiefs present during the birth of the future ali’i  18 chiefs on each side witnessing the birth of the child  36 chiefs to testify that a child was born at Kūkaniloko, because there were no documentations Hawaiian Birth practices for the ali’i The ali’i wahine would give birth out in the open, in front of the chiefs If it was a baby girl, her umbilical cord was cut in the house and the boy’s umbilical cord would be cut at the heiau from the kahuna  Drums would start sounding to announce an ali’i was born Pigs, coconuts, and tapa were for the offering Chiefs that were born there  Kapawa- the first chief to be born at Kūkaniloko.  La’amaikahiki  Māʻilikukahi  Kalanimanuia Kākuhihewa- the last chief to be born at Kūkaniloko

Kūkaniloko is a history that not a lot of people know about. How it came about and who were the people that could utilize the site. It was a sacred land for the Hawaiians and till this day it still is. In present day Hawaii, Kūkaniloko is now a Department of Land and Natural Resources in the State of Hawaii, where the people that are part of that department are taking care of the land.

Background Around 1100 CE, Kūkaniloko was first discovered by ali’i Nanakaoko and his wife Kahihikalani. Kahihikalani gave birth to the first born, Chief Kapawa. From there on out, many chiefs would travel far to witness the birth of a new ali’i or bring their wife to have their baby be born at Kūkaniloko. This sacred site is located here on O’ahu at Wahiawā which is the center of the island.

Figure 3: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/8l9lXWoUoFM/ULuo_mpic1I/AAAAAAAAATg/gknW2WdUkuc/s1600/kbs4.jpg

References “Childbirth in Ancient Hawai'i.” The Queens Medical Center, queensmedicalcenter.org/maternity/89-services/services-I nfo/649-childbirth-in-ancient-hawaii. Web. 25 Apr. 2018 Coleman, Holley K. “Kukaniloko.” www.oha.org, Office of Hawaiian Affairs, 19of32x2yl33s8o4xza0gf14-wpengine.netdnassl.com/wp-content/uploads/Attachment-6-OHAKukaniloko-Information-Sheet.pdf. Web. 25 Apr. 2018 James, Van. Ancient Sites of Oʻahu: A Guide to Hawaiian Archaeological Places of Interest. Bishop Museum Press, 2010. 25 Apr. 2018

Figure 1:http://www.pacificworlds.com/nuuanu/home/location.cfm Figure 2:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kapa_or_Tapa_cloth,_Hawaii,_collected_before_1890__Pacific_collection_-_Peabody_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC05747.JPG

Acknowledgments

What Was and Is: Mokoli’i Island Alyssa Pontillas Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Analysis

Conclusion

The Mokoli’i Island, is a small island located at the north end of Kaneohe Bay. Among locals, it is also commonly known as Chinaman’s Hat due to its similar shape of hats worn by Chinese immigrants who worked on sugar mill plantations. Though the surface of this island may seem to be just a fun site to see with its unique shape and form, its Hawaiian legend gives much more depth into a place that represents mythic struggle and the remnants of a gigantic mo’o dragon.

Significance of this location has changed through stories and value of how people view this landmark today, versus those during ancient Hawaiian times.

The myth of the Mokoli’i Island is a clear depiction of how significance and value can change due to the perception of people. With its lighthearted and intriguing nickname of Chinaman’s Hat, people today view this site as a place of amusement and interest. However, through the Hawaiian legend of both spirituality and history, it proves to show the true meaning and importance behind its original name of Mokoli’i.

Myth •Mokoli’i, an evil giant lizard, threatened and attacked travelers near Kualoa •Hi’iaka, a Hawaiian goddess and Pele’s sister, challenged Mokoli’i to a battle •Hi’iaka saved the neighborhood by slaying the lizard and throwing its tail into the sea •His body formed the lowland below the pali of Kualoa

“The Legendary Chinaman's Hat.” Hawaiian Culture Stories, www.hawaiian-culturestories.com/chinamans-hat.html.

• Anthropocentrism • Local myth known today consists of a Chinese man living under the water • Popular tourist attraction for sight seeing and activities • Viewed as fun and unique

Anthropocentrism: valued if beneficial for humans Ecocentrism: valued for what it is, rather than for what it can bring about

“Ko'olaupoko.” Traditions of Oahu: Stories of an Ancient Island, apdl.kcc.hawaii.edu/oahu/graphics/koolaupokoahupu aa.gif.

• Ecocentrism • Hawaiian myth consists of battle between an evil mo’o (lizard) and Hi’iaka, a Hawaiian goddess • History of land form and protection from danger • Importance of Hawaiian deities and spirits

Quintano, Anthony. “Chinaman's Hat Oahu Hawaii DJI Spark Aerial Photography.” Flickr, Yahoo!, 4 Feb. 2018,. www.flickr.com/photos/quintanomedia/2520237717 7

References •"Environmental Ethics: Between Anthropocentrism and Ecocentrism." Academia.edu - Share Research, www.academia.edu/1476524/Environmental_Ethics_Between_Anthr opocentrism_and_Ecocentrism.

•Fornander, Abraham, 1812-1887. Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities And Folklore ... Honolulu: H. I., Bishop museum press, 1916.

•James, Van “Ancient Sites Of Oʻahu: a Guide To Hawaiian Archaeological Places Of Interest” Bishop Museum Press – 2010.

•“Ko'olaupoko.” Traditions of Oahu: Stories of an Ancient Island, apdl.kcc.hawaii.edu/oahu/graphics/koolaupokoahupuaa.gif.

•“The Legendary Chinaman's Hat.” Hawaiian Culture Stories, www.hawaiian-culture-stories.com/chinamans-hat.html.

•Quintano, Anthony. “Chinaman's Hat Oahu Hawaii DJI Spark Aerial Photography.” Flickr, Yahoo!, 4 Feb. 2018, www.flickr.com/photos/quintanomedia/25202377177.

‘Awa: A Drink for the Gods Apenisa Saulekaleka Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Analysis

Conclusion

’Awa is a shrub found across the Pacific. The root of the ‘awa shrub is ground up, mixed with water, and filtered to make a drink. Drinking ‘awa gives a relaxing and numbing effect. ‘Awa can be served ceremoniously or socially. Ancient Hawaiians regarded ‘awa as godly.

According to Hawaiian lore,  ‘Awa was brought to Hawai’i by Oilikukaheana from Kahiki.  Other origin stories say that ‘awa was brought by birds from Puna, Hawaii, and some say the shrub was brought by a son of Hiilei.  ‘Awa was used in sacrifice to deities related to Kane.  The most common type of ‘awa is reserved for commoners and the rarer types reserved chiefs.  The rarer types of ‘awa, called hiwa (black), moi (royal), and papa (recumbent) were used as offerings to the gods and ceremonial occasions.

Uses in Ancient Hawai’i Other than sacrificial and ceremonial use, ‘awa had other uses  ‘Awa was used as medicine; sick people would drink ‘awa and eat pig.  It is customary when a person moves into a new house, they must bring ‘awa with them.  If a person wants to make peace with someone, both parties must sit and drink ‘awa together.

Uses in Modern day Hawai’i  ‘Awa is typically consumed socially in the present.  Many stores sell ‘awa like any other product.  ‘Awa is now typically used to relieve stress, anxiety, and relax.  ‘Awa has gained popularity across the country for it’s stress and anxiety relieving effects by mixing it with tea.

The tradition of drinking ‘awa has continued for many centuries. The consumption of ‘awa continues today, but in a different way. Instead of the traditional way of grinding the root, mixing with water, straining, and then drinking it, people mix the ground up root with their tea. It is a good thing that ‘awa is beneficial to those who need it; however, tradition and culture is lost. Thanks to events like the kava festival and Smokey’s pipe and Coffee, traditional ‘awa customs are taught to those who do not know that much about them.

Educating people about Native Hawaiian traditions and customs (such as ‘awa) is important to keeping Native Hawaiian culture alive and well.

Fig. 1 Siler, Julia Flynn. “The 'Awa Plant, Also Known as Kava.” Kava in South Kona - Julian Flynn Siler, Juliaflynnsiler.com, 27 Sept. 2011, juliaflynnsiler.com/2011/09/tipping-the-coconut-in-south-kona/.

Fig. 2 “Jerel Moses Presents a Bowl of Kava at Smokey's Pipe and Coffee.”Honolulumagazine.com, Honolulu Magazine, 9 Oct. 2013, www.honolulumagazine.com/Honolulu-Magazine/Biting-Commentary/October2013/Kava-The-root-returns-at-the-kava-festival-and-a-new-cafe/#.WuGEY9PwaAw.

References Beckwith, Martha W. Hawaiian Mythology. University of Hawaii Press, 1970.

Fornander, Abraham. Fornander Collection Of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-lore. Bishop Museum Press, 1918-1919.

Savage, Karen M. et al. “Kava for the Treatment of Generalised Anxiety Disorder (K- GAD): Study Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Trial.” Trials 16 (2015): 493. PMC. Web. Scaccia, Annamarya. “Kava: Inside the All-Natural High That’s Sweeping America.” Rolling Stone, Rolling Stone, 16 Mar. 2018.

Figure for picture in title - Kava.guru. “BKD-Fresh-Kava-Root-1211X300.Jpg.” How to Grow Kava Kava - Kava Guru, Kava.guru, kava.guru/gettingstarted/grow-kavakava/.

Manoa: A Timeline Avery Dunn Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Kingdom

Present Day

Manoa has been my home for over a decade. I was interested in learning more about the history of the land, what it was used for, as well as any myths that surround the land. I found Manoa’s history to be rich from a perspective of stories in addition to facts of why it is regarded to be one of the most beautiful pieces of land on the island of Oahu.

Retreat Grounds

Manoa Today

•

Menehune were in control of present day Manoa (Rocky Hill) along with Pueo.

Agriculture •

Mainly composed of Lo’I, taro and rice patches

Rocky Hill •

Home of the Menehune in present day Punahou School Photo taken by Stephan Hage of the “Pueo Project.

The Hawaian Owl is a symbol of protection from death.

The 11th most popular tourist destination of the USA.

•

Sacred recreational ground for only the ali’i.

•

Pueo the Owl God protects Kahalaopuna from Kauhi her jealous fiancé •

Waikiki Today Agriculture?

Agriculture

Pueo The Protector Menehune

Mainly the residence of wealthy Asian and Caucasian people

Waikiki: Playground

Pre Kingdom •

•

• Ali’i retreated to a cooler Manoa land to get away

Sweet potato in Tantalus, rice and lo’I patches throughout the valley.

First Sugar Plantation •

•

John Wilkenson of Australia creates first sugar plantation in Manoa in 1825.

Why are Manoa and Waikiki connected?

When dividiing the island the ali’I decided to create six different Moku or land divisions. Upon that division, to make certain places more distinguishable the moku were further divided as ahupua’a. The ahupua’a of Manoa stretches from the top of Manoa to the shores of Waikiki.

Photo of Tantalus in the 1900s credited to Peter Young. The favorite residence of Kaahumanu, the favorite wife of Kamehameha I.

Acknowledgments A huge thank you to Prof. Dela Fuente for allowing me to do this project on the land that I have lived in for most of my life.

Only the lo’i and taro patches used for research not consumption

Any remnants of the previous eras?

•

An underground stream from Palolo that often floods the basements of Waikiki

Conclusion Manoa has ceased all changes for the foreseeable future. Once an agricultural land, has turned into the land of the middle-class to wealthy. Without any natural agriculture left, the primary occupants of Manoa are now the ali’I of our society, the wealthy. The occupants of Waikiki are tourists using the beach as their playground.

Photo of present day Waikiki Beach

by Shutterstock shows the edge of Waikiki Beach inhabited by skyscrapers for tourists.

The Story of Makapu’u: Pohaku Pa’akiki and Makapu’u Beach Chaz Au Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Myth of Pohaku Pa’akiki  

  



Rock was sacred to local sweet potato farmers who worshipped Kamohoali’i, the shark god One day, a fisherman provoked these farmers by catching sharks and throwing their tails near the rock The fisherman’s actions angered Kamohoali’i, Kamohoali’I caught the fisherman and began to eat him After, the spirit of Kamohoali’i pledged to the farmers that he or another shark would never eat anyone in the Makapu’u / Waimanalo area For many years after, no shark attacks were reported in this area

Shark Attacks  



Only 2 shark attacks reported in the Makapu’u / Waimanalo area since 1779 1st reported shark attack in the Makapu’u area after Kamohoali’i pledge was to a fisherman on September 19, 1948 Oahu has had 230 reported shark incidents since 1779

Conclusion Today, Makapu’u is one of the most famous areas of Oahu. Located on the easternmost point of the island, Makapu’u hosts Kaupo Beach Park, where Pohaku Pa’akiki is found and Makapu’u beach park.

Makapu’u now also hosts the Makapu’u lighthouse trail and Sea Life Park. These attractions bring many visitors, local and tourist, to East Oahu everyday giving the area more exposure.

Langenberger, Fiona. “Study Reveals Tiger Shark Movements Around Maui and Oahu.” Phys. 25 April 2018. phys.org/news/2014-11-r eveals-tiger-shark-movements-maui.html

Makapu’u

Simmons, Todd. “Pohaku Pa’akiki-Kapulani Landgraf.” Civilbeat.

25 April 2018, civilbeat.org/2015/10/curt-sanburn-the-power-and-gloryof-hawaiian-place-names/pohaku-paakiki-kapulani-landgraf/

Paiva, Derek. “A Guide to Hawaii’s best beaches for bodysurfing.Hawaii Magazine. 25 April 2018. Hawaiimagazine.com/blogs/Hawaii_today/2010/1/15

 One of the most popular areas for swimming and bodysurfing on Oahu  Held first bodysurfing contest in 1953, hosted by the Waikiki surf club  Attracts many locals and tourists daily  Easternmost point of Oahu  Named after stones took physical manifestation of woman whose name was Makapu’u

References  

 



Sterling, Elspeth P., and Catherine C. Summers. Sites of Oahu. Bishop Museum Press, 1978.

“Shark attack data for Hawai’i, United States of America”. Sharkattackdata.

25 April 2018, http://www.sharkattackdata.com/place/united_states_of_america/hawaii ”Incidents list”. Dlnrhawaii. 25 April 2018. http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/sharks/shark-incidents/incidents-list/ Paiva, Derek. “A Guide to Hawaii’s best beaches for bodysurfing.Hawaii Magazine. 25 April 2018.

Hawaiimagazine.com/blogs/Hawaii_today/2010/1/15 Langenberger, Fiona. “Study Reveals Tiger Shark Movements Around Maui and Oahu.” Phys. 25 April 2018. phys.org/news/2014-11-revelas-tigershark-movements-maui.html

cs

Pohaku Pa’akiki is a sacred Hawaiian rock located at Kaupo beach Park in East Oahu. According to sites of Oahu, the sacred rock is 93 inches in length, 79 inches in width, and 26 inches thick. Makapu’u beach, which is located next to Kaupo Beach Park, is one of Hawaii’s most popular beaches

Analysis

The Story of Makapu’u: Pohaku Pa’akiki and Makapu’u Beach Chaz Au Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Myth of Pohaku Pa’akiki  

  



Rock was sacred to local sweet potato farmers who worshipped Kamohoali’i, the shark god One day, a fisherman provoked these farmers by catching sharks and throwing their tails near the rock The fisherman’s actions angered Kamohoali’i, Kamohoali’I caught the fisherman and began to eat him After, the spirit of Kamohoali’i pledged to the farmers that he or another shark would never eat anyone in the Makapu’u / Waimanalo area For many years after, no shark attacks were reported in this area

Shark Attacks  



Only 2 shark attacks reported in the Makapu’u / Waimanalo area since 1779 1st reported shark attack in the Makapu’u area after Kamohoali’i pledge was to a fisherman on September 19, 1948 Oahu has had 230 reported shark incidents since 1779

Conclusion Today, Makapu’u is one of the most famous areas of Oahu. Located on the easternmost point of the island, Makapu’u hosts Kaupo Beach Park, where Pohaku Pa’akiki is found and Makapu’u beach park.

Makapu’u now also hosts the Makapu’u lighthouse trail and Sea Life Park. These attractions bring many visitors, local and tourist, to East Oahu everyday giving the area more exposure.

Langenberger, Fiona. “Study Reveals Tiger Shark Movements Around Maui and Oahu.” Phys. 25 April 2018. phys.org/news/2014-11-r eveals-tiger-shark-movements-maui.html

Makapu’u

Simmons, Todd. “Pohaku Pa’akiki-Kapulani Landgraf.” Civilbeat.

25 April 2018, civilbeat.org/2015/10/curt-sanburn-the-power-and-gloryof-hawaiian-place-names/pohaku-paakiki-kapulani-landgraf/

Paiva, Derek. “A Guide to Hawaii’s best beaches for bodysurfing.Hawaii Magazine. 25 April 2018. Hawaiimagazine.com/blogs/Hawaii_today/2010/1/15

 One of the most popular areas for swimming and bodysurfing on Oahu  Held first bodysurfing contest in 1953, hosted by the Waikiki surf club  Attracts many locals and tourists daily  Easternmost point of Oahu  Named after stones took physical manifestation of woman whose name was Makapu’u

References  

 



Sterling, Elspeth P., and Catherine C. Summers. Sites of Oahu. Bishop Museum Press, 1978.

“Shark attack data for Hawai’i, United States of America”. Sharkattackdata.

25 April 2018, http://www.sharkattackdata.com/place/united_states_of_america/hawaii ”Incidents list”. Dlnrhawaii. 25 April 2018. http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/sharks/shark-incidents/incidents-list/ Paiva, Derek. “A Guide to Hawaii’s best beaches for bodysurfing.Hawaii Magazine. 25 April 2018.

Hawaiimagazine.com/blogs/Hawaii_today/2010/1/15 Langenberger, Fiona. “Study Reveals Tiger Shark Movements Around Maui and Oahu.” Phys. 25 April 2018. phys.org/news/2014-11-revelas-tigershark-movements-maui.html

cs

Pohaku Pa’akiki is a sacred Hawaiian rock located at Kaupo beach Park in East Oahu. According to sites of Oahu, the sacred rock is 93 inches in length, 79 inches in width, and 26 inches thick. Makapu’u beach, which is located next to Kaupo Beach Park, is one of Hawaii’s most popular beaches

Analysis

Mana Wāhine Cheyenne Asahina Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction “It is the female Akua that empower Hawaiian women. They are our ancestors; they are our inspiration; they live in us. They are all we know of what it means to be female; they define our . femininity, our sexuality, and our capabilities” (Kameʻelehiwa).

A survey of female Hawaiian deities can provide insight on the power and importance of women in pre-contact Hawaii.

Mōʻīwahine •

Kūkaniloko

• Kaikilani-aliʻi-nuiwahine-opuna (Hawaiʻi island 1550 – 1720) • Kamakahelei

Balyeat, David. “Hawaiian Bamboo Grove.” Pixel Boss, Pixel Boss Media, https://pixelbossmedia.com/product/hawaiian-bamboo-grove/

Creation

Conclusion

Ua hānau ka pō: the night gives birth

The divinity of women is undeniable in Hawaiian culture. Female energy is at the source of all things, and marks many important transitions. Hawaiian women are divine, they are the source of mana among men, and they have agency over themselves as well as much of the culture.

Before anything else there was Pō, the inscrutable female darkness. She gives birth without male impregnation making her the very first ancestor.

Existence Hina, as the coral polyp, is Pō’s first grandchild and marks the transition from the unfathomable night to Akua. She is the generating force within the oceans. She is nourishment, fruitfulness, and the epitome of woman.

Reinforcement

Lorraine, Cathy. “Hawaiian Gold Dust Day Gecko.” Flickr, 21 September 2014, https://www.flickr.com/photos/82426287@N04/22853193361/

Papa-hānau-moku: the earth mother

References

In the Kumulipo, Haumea is referred to as the woman with “thousands upon thousands of forms.” She is the goddess of childbirth, politics, and war which makes her intimately connected to the orthopraxy of Hawaiian people. She is reborn in each of her offspring, and consequently, in each Hawaiian woman.

Kameʻeleihiwa, Lilikalā. Nā wāhine Kapu Divine Hawaiian Women. Short Stack, 2016.

Kameʻeleihiwa, Lilikalā. Native Land and Foreign Desires: Pehea Lā E Pono Ai? Ko Hawaiʻi Āina a Me, Nā Koi Puʻumake a Ka, Poʻe Haole; How Shall We Live in Harmony?. Bishop Museum, 1995 Westervelt, W. D. Legends of Maui, a Demi God of Polynesia and of His Mother Hina. Kessinger Pub., 2007.

Acknowledgments: Special thanks to Porscha dela Fuente and Partner Akiona for their encouragement and guidance both spiritually and intellectually.

Mirrored Emotions Sydney Burgher Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Analysis

The powerful and adventurous love story between Pele, Hiʻiaki, and

Romantic Love

Lohiʻau overflows with many different emotions, such as love and lust, jealousy and justice, and vengeance. Often times people are left to understand the underlying emotions Pele shows and how she is able to mirror human like

Once Pele falls into a deep sleep, her spirit hears the beating of drums and follows it. Here she finds Lohi’au and they immediately fall in

features. The version of the story that is being used comes from the book

Conclusion Although there are many different versions of this epic love story each one shows the same, if not more, emotions that resemble how humans interpret internal and external feelings. Gods and Goddesses are viewed with much higher power than humans, however, we embody

Pele, Volcano Goddess of Hawai’i. Throughout this love story, the

love with each other. After spending many days with her lover, she must

characteristics and emotions resemble how humanity is being mirrored in

leave but will find a home for them. Throughout the story, Pele’s emotions

the same emotions and actions; the only difference is they hold

reflects her undying love for Lohi’au and her determination to bring him

supernatural powers.

ancient and present time.

home to her.

Sisterly Love When Pele returns home from her lover, she asked each of her sisters to go and fetch her lover. However, each sister denied except for her This photo was created by Gaellen Quinn

Summary

loyal sister Hi’iaka. Throughout the story, Hi’iaka remained distant from Lohi’au and kept her promise that she made with Pele, however, Peles emotions took over and lead her to act on impulse. Despite the vengeance Ohi’a blossoms (red pua lehua on the floor of Kilauea Iki crater, Hawai’i); photo by M. Vassey

The story takes place on the island of Hawai’i, including Kaua’i. Pele whom is the goddess of Lava, is in search for her lover, Lohi’au. She sends

Pele placed upon her sister, Hi’iaka still returned to Pele as they reunited in the end.

her sister Hi’iaka to bring him back to her with one request; to not fall in love with Lohi’au. However, on her journey through the Hawaiian Islands, she is

Jealousy

faced with many challenges that has prolonged her return to Pele. Pele now assumes that her sister has now fallen in love with her lover and seeks revenge. While she seeks revenge Hi’iaka is keeping her distance from

During the time that Hi’iaka was searching for Lohi’au, Pele started to

Lohi’au. Without that information, once they return, Pele is incensed and ends

grow in agony and was getting restless. The long absence of Hi’iaka has

up smothering Lohi’au with lava. Hi’iaka then returns to Kaua’i in search for his

now lead Pele to decided that she has fallen in love with Lohi’au. Out of

spirit. After all that's been done, Hi’iaka reunites with her sister Pele.

jealous anger, she destroys Hi’iakas beautiful lehua groves and turns her friend Hopoe to lava stone.

Acknowledgments: I would like to thank Porscha for helping me and guiding me in the right direction for this poster presentation. I would also like to thank Pele for allowing me to do my research on her and her beloved.

References Quinn, Gaellen. “Cool Facts about Hawaii.” Cool Facts About Hawai'i, www.gaellenquinn.com/coolfacts-about-hawaii/.

“Pele and Hi'iaka.” Pele, Volcano Goddess of Hawai'i: a History, by Harry Nimmo, McFarland & Co., 2011, pp. 41– 75. “'Ohi'a Lehua.” State Symbols USA, statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/hawaii/state-flower/ohia-blossom.

“Pele and Hi'iaka.” Pele, Volcano Goddess of Hawai'i: a History, by Harry Nimmo, McFarland & Co., 2011, pp. 41– 75.

“Pele and Hi'iaka.” Pele, Volcano Goddess of Hawai'i: a History, by Harry Nimmo, McFarland & Co., 2011, pp. 41– 75. http://ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0beckwit1-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book-hawaiian+mythology-1011escapewin&a=d&d=D0.13&toc=0

Ancient Hawaiian Birth Shaianne Moniz-Metcalf Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Introduction Being able to create and bring life into this world is one of the many amazing things the human body can do.

Has the practice of life ever crossed your mind? Or even how it was practiced back in the Ancient Hawaiian days? Because, for as long as we can remember, there has only been one way into this world, which was delivering through the female body. ● How Ancient Hawaiians viewed Life ● Prayer and the intake of specific herbs and potions were strongly believed in for many situations. ● Female and male contact was frowned upon during a female’s menstrual cycle. ● Large families were wanted, but it was believed that each child should be at least 12 months apart.

“Ancient Hawaiian tradition, the function of birth was the Transference of spirit and soul from one dimension to the next. Via the womb” (Handy and Pakui 72).

Analysis [Midwifery] ● The practice of Ho’ohanau (Midwifery), has been researched and evolved for thousands of years, so that all experiences connected to the creation of life would not only be efficient and painless as possible but ethereal as well” (Handy and Pukui 88). ● Passed down from generation to generation ● Delivery Preparation and Procedures [Spiritual Guidelines] ● Spiritual Guidelines that were followed throughout the pregnancy period. ● The determination of food that could and could not be eaten and certain indoor and outdoor activities that could and could not be done. ● Taboo’s that helped determine the babies characteristics.

[After Birth/First Year of Life] ● ● ● ●

Ceremonies that were held after birth After birth care for the mother First year of life Foster and Hanai parents after the first year of life

Conclusion The way the Ancient Hawaiians viewed and performed the welcoming of life is very different from what we know of today.

It was a very spiritual, sacred time for the families welcoming their newborn child into this world. They practiced the delivery of a child differently than your Normal hospital birth. It was a very intimate time between the new mother and her baby.

References

● Handy, E. S. Craighill, and Mary Kawena Pukui. The Polynesian Family System in Ka'u, Hawai'i. Tuttle, 1972. ● L. Juliana, Mourner Mother Midwife: A Book Review, Google; 25 April 2018, https://aliyahofasoul.wordpress.com/2014/03/06/mourn er-mother-midwife-a-book-review/ ● M. Craig, HIgh Risk Pregnancy, Google; 25 April 2018, http://www.drsadhanakala.com/high-riskpregnancy ● A. Arsenault, This Mom’s Birth Artwork, Google; 25 April 2018, https://www.thebump.com/news/labor-anddelivery-paintings-catie-atkinson

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Hana Underdevelopment Diana Gomez Porscha dela Fuente Kapi`olani Community College,Honolulu HI Introduction

Analysis

This photo by google image

History of Hana Industrialization happens all over the world and many countries are more developed than others. Industrialization can happen more in some countries than other mainly because the economy of the country. There is states within a country that manage not to develop as much as the country, and not because

The first residents of Hana arrived by canoe. Later kings came to Hana to try and rule the whole island of Maui. Then more people started to settle down in Hana as the king of Big Island married the daughter of the chief of Hana. This was an important event that lead the town of Hana to develop a little more day by day.

Conclusion Maui is a very beautiful island that has been developed a lot with time mainly because its tourism. In Maui not all parts of the island are develop equally. The town of Hana still not as develop as the rest of Maui. Mainly because historically it holds a lot of meaning to the residents of the town.

the economy but more because the people that reside there want to keep their traditions and practices of their ancestors. Also because that certain place is meaningful to them and the places might be sacred to them and their ancestors.

Hawaii is a state that has change a lot and develop. Some of the islands are rapidly developing economically and structurally. An example is the island of

Important event The Demi God Maui was the one that pulled the islands out of the sea. He was the one who made the islands habitable. Many wars took place here by kings that wanted to own the land and would not come to an agreement.There was a sugar mill in Hana that later on turned into a ranch.

Maui, this island has places that are developed and undeveloped.

Background

one lane roads. Back in the 1800’s there was no concrete road it was all mountains and plantations. The only way to get to Hana was by horse, canoe, or walking. The concrete road didn’t come to be until like about the late 1800’s. In this part of Maui many important events took place for example, Maui the demigod pulled out the islands from the sea in Hana. Another important event is the war of Pele were she was defeated and her bones were left in Hana.

“Hana Chronology.” Hana Maui, www.hanamaui.com/history/.

“Sustainable Development: Whatever Happened to Hana?” Cultural Survival, www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/sustainable-

Hana undeveloped

Hana town is a rural and undeveloped place. The roads here are narrow and are

Reference

The roads in Hana were all rocks and dirt until about the late 1800’s and not much construction was happening in this town as the rest of Maui.The residents of Hana always vote against any projects that make Hana more industrialized like the rest of Maui. The town just back in the 1900’s still had sugar cane mill that was closed and bought by an American investor that made a ranch there and a small mini hotel for tourist.

development-whatever-happened-hana.

Guide, Maui. “The History of Hana Highway.” Maui Bloggers Zone, 2 Sept. 2017, www.mauiinformationguide.com/blog/history-hana-highway/.

“Hana Town Maui | Road to Hana Sights and Attractions.” Road to Hana Maui, roadtohana.com/hana-town.php.

McGregor, Davianna Pōmaikai. Nā Kuaāina: Living Hawaiian Culture. University of Hawaii Press, 2007.

Kyselka, Will, and Raymond Lanterman. Maui, How It Came to Be. University Press of Hawaii, 1980.

Kūkaniloko: Where Hawaiian Leaders Were Born Helena Kama Porscha dela Fuente Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Analysis

Conclusion

“Kahi i makemake nui ia e na’lii o Oahu nei,” is translated as, ”A place the chiefs of O’ahu greatly desired.” Kūkaniloko is known as the Birth Stones and is a sacred site for the Hawaiians. It was a place that the ali’i – high chief, were born on.  36 chiefs were present during the time of birth  The wife would give birth on a stone that looked like a long chair  Once the baby was born it was depicted as a chief, God, and a blaze of heat which gave him a high status  Sacred site on O’ahu back then, it still is a sacred site today

Kūkaniloko  It is the center of O`ahu  Hawaiian ali’i believes it gives the child strength and power when they are born there  One of the two sacred grounds where only the ali’i gives birth The Chiefs Presence  There were 36 chiefs present during the birth of the future ali’i  18 chiefs on each side witnessing the birth of the child  36 chiefs to testify that a child was born at Kūkaniloko, because there were no documentations Hawaiian Birth practices for the ali’i The ali’i wahine would give birth out in the open, in front of the chiefs If it was a baby girl, her umbilical cord was cut in the house and the boy’s umbilical cord would be cut at the heiau from the kahuna  Drums would start sounding to announce an ali’i was born Pigs, coconuts, and tapa were for the offering Chiefs that were born there  Kapawa- the first chief to be born at Kūkaniloko.  La’amaikahiki  Māʻilikukahi  Kalanimanuia Kākuhihewa- the last chief to be born at Kūkaniloko

Kūkaniloko is a history that not a lot of people know about. How it came about and who were the people that could utilize the site. It was a sacred land for the Hawaiians and till this day it still is. In present day Hawaii, Kūkaniloko is now a Department of Land and Natural Resources in the State of Hawaii, where the people that are part of that department are taking care of the land.

Background Around 1100 CE, Kūkaniloko was first discovered by ali’i Nanakaoko and his wife Kahihikalani. Kahihikalani gave birth to the first born, Chief Kapawa. From there on out, many chiefs would travel far to witness the birth of a new ali’i or bring their wife to have their baby be born at Kūkaniloko. This sacred site is located here on O’ahu at Wahiawā which is the center of the island.

Figure 3: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/8l9lXWoUoFM/ULuo_mpic1I/AAAAAAAAATg/gknW2WdUkuc/s1600/kbs4.jpg

References “Childbirth in Ancient Hawai'i.” The Queens Medical Center, queensmedicalcenter.org/maternity/89-services/services-I nfo/649-childbirth-in-ancient-hawaii. Web. 25 Apr. 2018 Coleman, Holley K. “Kukaniloko.” www.oha.org, Office of Hawaiian Affairs, 19of32x2yl33s8o4xza0gf14-wpengine.netdnassl.com/wp-content/uploads/Attachment-6-OHAKukaniloko-Information-Sheet.pdf. Web. 25 Apr. 2018 James, Van. Ancient Sites of Oʻahu: A Guide to Hawaiian Archaeological Places of Interest. Bishop Museum Press, 2010. 25 Apr. 2018

Figure 1:http://www.pacificworlds.com/nuuanu/home/location.cfm

Figure 2:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kapa_or_Tapa_cloth,_Hawaii,_collected_before_1890__Pacific_collection_-_Peabody_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC05747.JPG

Acknowledgments

The Caterpillar of Pu’u Kape’elua Savanna K. A. Sakuma Mrs. Keolani Noa & Keauhou Mitchell-Aldan Kapiʻolani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

The moʻolelo of Puʻu Kapeʻelua was shared by my Tūtū Wahine, Anita K. Atkins, who grew up on the island of Molokaʻi. My exposure to a written account in “Tales of Molokaʻi”, written by Harriet Ne & Gloria L. Cronin, showed many affinities to the stories that were told to me which brought up the question; are these stories explaining the same thing? Of course, there are variations and inconsistencies between the two so research was conducted to compare the written account to the one told to me as a child. Also, my family name, Peʻelua, comes from this wahi pana, connecting my lineage to this area and to this moʻolelo.

Materials & Methods • •

•

•

Hypothesis

Timeline 2017-2018: September – October: decision of research topic, Library research workshop, find moʻolelo resources, Bishop Museum research.

November: 17-19, Trip to Molokaʻi for field research, finalizing PowerPoint and research December: Mock presentation and final showcase

• •

Online sources: Kumulipo: Ka Wā ʻEkolu 286-287, National Geographic Nā Kupuna: Anita K. Atkins, Lory Peʻelua Leilani Peʻelua Wallace, Koko Willis, Mahiʻai of Molokaʻi

There are 2 endemic butterflies native to Hawaiʻi that would have been common in ancient Hawaiʻi, well within the time frame that this moʻolelo was created. I hypothesized that these species, the Koa and Kamehameha butterflies, would be good candidates for the caterpillar mentioned in this story since they had a broad distribution throughout the islands even though they are less prevalent today.

Moʻolelo Pele is a daughter of a chief who is from the district of Pālāʻau on the island of Molokaʻi, and (Aunty Lory & Savanna) the ‘aumakua of this district was a caterpillar. One night Pele came across a mysterious handsome man, who she instantly fell love with it. Every night he would visit her and during the day he would leave. Unbeknownst, to her at night he would be in the form of a man and during the day he would become a caterpillar. Her health began to deteriorate and one of her servants started to notice something was wrong and reported it to Pele’s father.

The Chief confronted his daughter and noticed that his daughter was indeed unwell. The chief took her to his kahuna to find out what's wrong with her. When he took her to the Kahuna, the kahuna already knew what was wrong. He told them that the reason why her health is deteriorating is because she is in love with a demigod and his powers are draining her life force. He further told the chief that in order to save Pele’s life they would have to gather twigs and sticks and burn him alive. The kahuna also told (Monarch Caterpillar) Pele that when her lover visits her in the night, she must tie a piece of kappa around his waist, so they can track him during the day.

One night while her lover was fast asleep, Pele tied the piece of kapa around his waist. The next morning he was followed by the chief, the kahuna and a couple of men. They were led to a hill where they found a big caterpillar sleeping in front of a big rock. The chief and his men gathered twigs and sticks and set him on fire.

Consequently, he burst into many caterpillars and that is why in the Ho’olehua district it is known to have many caterpillars, and the hill is now known as Pu’u Kape’elua (Caterpillar Hill).

(Pu’u Kape’elua, Molokaʻi, Hawaiʻi circa 2017 )

Butterfly Description The Hawaiian name of the monarch butterfly is Lepelepe o Hina. The monarch butterfly goes through four stages during one life cycle, and through four generations a year. The life cycle of a monarch butterfly first begins as an egg, then grows into a larvae (caterpillar). The next stage is a pupa (chrysalis), and the final stage is a butterfly. Monarch butterflies like open grass fields. The crown flower plant is an ideal place for them to lay their eggs.

Butterfly Life-Cycle They enjoy feeding on the nectar of many plants. This nectar is where they get their nutrients. The red-vented bulbul, wasps, and mice prey on the butterfly, and the ants and spiders eat their eggs.

(Pu’u Kape’elua, Molokaʻi, Hawaiʻi circa early 1900’s)

Results Part One: My aunty Lory, through Koko Willis, validated the monarch butterfly connection to moʻolelo. However, Monarch butterflies are a post European introduction (between 1841 and 1852) after the introduction of milkweeds like Crown flower (Calotropis gigantea). According to the Bishop museum, the Koa butterfly and Kamehameha butterfly are the only native butterflies to Hawaiʻi, both being endemic. The Koa butterfly caterpillars are known to feed on plants like Aʻaliʻi (Dodonaea viscosa) which is still common on Molokaʻi.

Part Two: Koko Willis validated that the monarch butterfly is related to the moʻolelo and not the Kamehameha butterfly. This information may be a mistake because the kamehameha and monarch butterflies look superficially the same, but the fact that this moʻolelo takes place in ancient Hawaiʻi brings up the inconsistency of what the actual species of caterpillar was referenced.

Field Research According to the USDA, there are 17 species butterflies in Hawaiʻi, with 2 of them being endemic. Molokaʻi Library has a butterfly sanctuary that was created in February 2014 by the Molokaʻi community to create suitable habitat for Native and Non-Native species.

Chrysalis

Crown flower

Red-vented bulbul

Discussion & Future Research How has this research impacted you?

This research has challenged me to bridge mo’olelo and science, while gaining a personal connection with my family on Moloka’i. It has allowed me to improve my literary, research, and presentation skills. Building this research foundation helped me to prepare and hopefully become an Epidemiologist.

How would you further your research?

I will further my research by gaining access to Puʻu Kapeʻelua. I would like the opportunity to excavate the site and search for caterpillars to prove the mo’olelo of Pu’u Kape’elua. In addition, an informational poster will be displayed at the Kaunakakai Library of my research which allows me to give back to the Moloka’i community. Connecting the community to the mo’olelo of Pu’u Kape’elua will revitalize a sense of place and purpose in a cultural context.

References -

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Butterfly Sanctuary (before)

Butterfly Garden (after)

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Ne, Harriet, Tales of Molokaʻi. Laie,Hawaii: Institute for Polynesian Studies, 1992 Willis, Koko. Tales from the Night Rainbow. Night Rainbow Pub Co, 2005. monarch butterfly, national geographic Vimeo Video.

Etchegaray, Julia B., Nishida, T., Reproductive Activity, Seasonal Abundance and Parasitism of the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in Hawaiʻi. Entomological Society of Hawaiʻi, August 1975, Vol. XXII, No. 1, Fullaway, D. T. 1961. Forest insects in Hawaii. Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 17(3): 399-401.

Acknowledgments: I would like to thank my mentors Mrs.Keolani Noa & Keauhou Mitchell-Aldan for the help and support. I would also like to thank the community of Ho’olehua, Moloka’i for their warm hospitality and generosity during my time spent researching Pu’u Kape’elua.

Bacterial Effects of Nīoi (Capsicum frutescens) Kimberly Kahaleua Keolani Noa, Kathleen Ogata, Nelda Quensell Kapiʻolani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Introduction

Figure 4: Thin layer chromatography of Nīoi samples. Capsinoids were identified by fluorescence with UV light. The fraction containing compounds with the most intense fluorescence (third from the left) was further separated on HPLC; to the right is the faint capsaicin standard.

• Topical for body aches and pain

• Clears up sinuses

• Arthritis

• Toothaches

Compounds with the same retention time as capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were identified by HPLC (Fig. 5). The presence of capsaicin was confirmed by the HPLC and TLC data.

Figure 5: RP-HPLC separation System: Scanning Abs 200-600nm, Extracted Abs. 277nm; 1% gradient over 15 min, with a 100% organic wash for 5 min before returning to original condition of Solvent A 95% (0.1% v/v Formic Acid/Aq.) and 5% Solvent B (1:9:0.1 H2O:MeCN:TEA). Column Phenomenex Kinetex 2.6u C18 100A, 100x4.6mm.

• Rheumatism

(c) (b)

Table 1: Internal and external medicinal purposes of Nīoi

(a)

Figure 6: Bactericidal activity of (a) ethanol, (b) ethanol and pure capsaicin, (c) acetone, (d) Capsaicin sample, and (e) zephiran chloride on Staphylococcus aureus.

(d)

(e)

Methods In this study, nīoi was grown in hydroponics and the capsinoids were partially purified (Fig. 3) with various solvents and silica gel chromatography. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to identify the active compounds. The silica-gel column fraction containing the highest capsinoid content, as visualized by fluorescence (Fig. 4), was used for high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation.

Samples were then tested on Staphylococcus aureus using a disk diffusion assay[4] to observe any bactericidal activity. To simulate a wound healing process, human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells and adult human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa) cells were treated with purified capsaicin to measure and observe the effects through a proliferation and wound healing assay[5]. Data was collected using Infinity Analyze, a SpectraMax 340 spectrophotometer and ImageJ, and was analyzed with Graphpad Prism software.

(b)

(b)

External Usage

• Digestive system cleanser

(a)

Figure 3: Isolation scheme of Capsinoids

Medicinal Purposes Internal Usage

Results Cont. (a)

A277

Chili peppers are widely used around the world for food and medicine. The chili peppers, which originated from Central America, are called “Nīoi” by Native Hawaiians. Although nīoi (Capsicum frutescens) was introduced, they have become naturalized to the islands. This shrub is generally long lived and produces Figure 1: Nīoi plant with mature fruits white flowers and green fruits that ripen to a bright red[1] (Fig.1). The red fruit contains capsaicin, one of the capsinoids (Fig.2), which is responsible for the Figure 2: Capsaicin popular spicy sensation. Kahuna lāʻau lapaʻau, also known as traditional Hawaiian health practitioners, had a high status of knowledge and well being. They used nīoi to treat arthritis, wounds, and other health issues (Table 1). When the fruit of this plant is pounded and applied to a sore or wound, it has analgesic properties.[2] Practitioners would use nīoi with other ingredients to make their remedies, such as pounding the seeds with salt to help with rheumatism.[3] The long term goal of this project is to bridge Hawaiian medicine with science.

Results

Ethel Mau z bv

Figure 8: The effect of capsaicin treatment on (a) proliferation and (b) migration in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells. ** means p≤ 0.01.

Figure 9: The effect of capsaicin treatment on (a) proliferation and (b) migration in adult epidermal keratinocyte (HEKa) cells. * means p≤ 0.05 and ** means p≤ 0.01.

Discussion The results suggest that nīoi has less effective bactericidal activity compared to the capsaicin standard, as shown in Figure 7. Since nīoi is used for wound healing in lāʻau lapaʻau, human cells are a better test system. Cell migration and proliferation of capsaicin treated cells were observed as a measure of the wound healing process. In our experiments, HEK 293 (Fig. 8b) and HEKa (Fig. 9b) cells did not show significant difference in migration rates upon capsaicin treatment. Although there was no significant effect of capsaicin treatment on the proliferation of HEK 293 cells (Fig. 8a), HEKa keratinocytes treated with 0.1μM and 1.0 μM capsaicin showed a significant decrease in cell proliferation, compared to untreated cells (Fig. 9a). Of note, a higher concentration of capsaicin had no such effect on the cells. For future studies, I would like to replicate my experiment to get more accurate data, and also test using my partially purified samples.

References

Figure 7: Bactericidal activity of ethanol, ethanol and pure capsaicin, acetone, Capsaicin sample, and zephiran chloride on Staphylococcus aureus.

[1] Radovich, T., Crosby, K., Teves, G., Arakaki, A., & Ahmad, A. (2012). It's Hot in Hawai'i: Capsaicin Content of Hawaii-grown Chili Peppers. The Food Provider, 11. Retrieved from http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/sustainag/news/articles/V11-Radovich-chili-pepper.pdf [2[ Kaʻaiakamanu, D., & Chun, M. (2003). Territory of Hawaiʻi Native Hawaiian Medicine (Vol. 3, p. 77). Honolulu, HI: First Peopleʻs Productions.

[3] Kaaiakamanu, D., Akan, A., & Akin, J. (1922). Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value (p. 72). Honolulu, HI: Pacific Book House.

[4] Taylor, R. S., N. P. Jalandhar, and G. H. N. Towers. “Screening of selected medicinal plants of Nepal for antimicrobial activities.”

Journal of Ethno pharmacology 46.3 (1995): 153-159.

[5] Cha, D, O’Brien, P, Toole, EA, Woodley, DT, Hudson, LG: Enhanced modulation of keratinocyte motility by transforming growth factor- α (TGF-α) relative to epidermal growth factor (EGF). J Invest Dermatol 1996 106, 590-597.

Acknowledgments: I would like to thank the faculty and my fellow members of Project Olonā for all the support and guidance. Thank you to the UH Mānoa faculty for the use of their facilities and advice. I would also like to thank the people at John A. Burns School of Medicine who helped me greatly with this project.

Engineering a Water Diversion Solution for a Native Hawaiian Māla Joshua Kam, Dylan Gomes, Mikayla Shankles, La‘akea Ali‘ifua, Kaina Burnz, Keahi Williams Faculty Advisor: Aaron Hanai, Ph.D. Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Design Solutions

Conclusion

Being able to divert water to an area where it can be utilized has been a goal for humans since ancient times. We encountered this engineering problem with the current Māla Māunuunu conditions, where excess water was not being used at the end of the water cycle. The idea we thought of dealt with pumping the water from the mid-elevation pond to the top of the māla. The work necessary to pump the water could be theoretically estimated using calculus. We determined the maximum height of the māla at 11 meters using trigonometry and similar triangles. This information was used to decide on an appropriate pump.

The work necessary to pump water up to the top of the māla can be computed by integrating the weight of a thin cross-section of the water column over the maximum vertical displacement. The time derivative of this expression would be the power, which is one parameter of the pumps we considered. We decided as a group as to what factors to consider for each pump design and location of the pumped water, according to the Decision Making Matrices (DMM) in Fig. 3 below.

The information that we found enabled us to obtain a pump that has the ability to pump a certain amount of water up a specific height with ease. By addressing this issue, we eliminated the factor of wasted unused water.

Materials and Methods The main piece of equipment we selected was a sump pump (Fig. 1) equipped with a float switch. The pump shuts off when the water level falls below a set height.

This design prevents overheating of the pump, and the over pumping of water. A 1.5” flexible hose was used to transfer the water uphill. The flexibility made it easy to maneuver a path to the top of the māla.

Rubber couplings tightened by hose clamps (Fig. 2) were used to connect the sections of pipe to each other. We also used self-vulcanizing rubber tape, which binds to itself when stretched out, to create a tight waterproof fit for the hose connections.

1

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Below Average

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Pump choice

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Benefit to Environment

Theft Prevention

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Sump Pump

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Submersible Pump

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External Pump

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Pump to wet side

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Pump to dry side

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Rain Garden at Bottom

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Figure 3. Decision Making Matrices

Using these results, we can conclude that there can be more research to conduct in order to benefit our overall productivity, functionality, and efficiency of the māla.

Figure 5. Total of 37m of hose going up a height of 11m at māla

Figure 6. Water pumped successfully to max height

References Ardis, W., & Weir, M. D. (2010). Thomas calculus, twelfth edition and Thomas calculus: Early transcendentals, twelfth edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Addison-Wesley.

Acknowledgments

Figure 1. Sump pump, float switch, and check valve

Figure 2. Flexible hose, rubber hose coupling and hose clamps

Figure 4. Notes from engineering design process: overview of māla, equipment, hose pathways, diversion techniques

Mrs. Keolani Noa, Li-Anne Delavega (engineering coordinator), Geena Wann-Kung (engineering peer mentor), Project ʻOlonā, Native Hawaiian Academic Advancement Program, National Science Foundation Pre-Engineering Education Collaborative Phase-II

Ka Waiwai o Hāui Miles K. Thomas

Mrs. Keolani Noa, Kimberly Kahaleua, Maria Petelo Kapiʻolani Community College, Honolulu, HI

Introduction

To cultivate any plant, one must take great care to investivgaete the parent material of which soil is formed. Hawaiʻi holds many types of soil derived from basalt origins. Weathering and gas exposure influence things such pH and chemical composition, heavily affecting nutrient uptake across many plant species (Taiz et. al 2015). There are 3 essential macronutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. There are roughly 17 other micronutrients such as Calcium and Magnesium that plants need in order to grow efficiently (Taiz et. al 2015). Hāui, located along the Waiʻōmaʻo stream in Pālolo ahupuaʻa, Oʻahu and contains soil deposits of the vertisol order, rendering it generally neutral in pH and high in phosphorus reactivity, meaning this macronutrient is available for plant uptake. Soil particle size also affects plants through absorption and retention of water, as well as availability for gas exchange below the soil surface. The particle size in this area is that of clay and silt, which poses problems to plants who cannot tolerate such substrate. However, there are plants that can tolerate such conditions and with the amendment of organic material, soil tilth and drainage can be greatly improved (Hue & Silva 2000).

5 Species are being grown in this area but 2 are being used to test the productivity of the soil. These species include Māmaki [Pipturus albidus (Hook & Arn.) A. Gray] an endemic nettle from the family Urticaceae, and Pōpolo [Solanum americanum L.] a member of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. Historically, both plants are found naturally within the forest type of Hāui, but much of its range has been converted to urban landscape.

Lāʻau Lapaʻau

Māmaki: For ‘ea and pa‘ao‘ao, a treatment uses part of the māmaki fruit. The leaves

are made into a tea for a generally "run-down" person or as a "cleansing agent" (Krauss 1993:103).

Solanum americanum Solanaceae

Pōpolo: A very important medicinal plant. For problems in the respiratory system and

skin eruptions the sap of the leaves and juice of the berries is used by itself or mixed with other ingredients. For treating cuts or wounds or as a general prophylactic, it is mixed with salt. To "tone up" the digestive tract the leaf buds are steaped with salt. (Krauss 1993:16, 67, 326).

Objective

Since the soil in this area is accepted as fertile, our team has conducted preliminary trials to assess productivity. This is to show general public how to utilize parent material and amend it according to produce healthy plants that can be utilized for human consumption.

Results Continued:

Methods

10 plants from each species (Māmaki and Pōpolo) were planted in 2 rows of 5 plants each running parallel to the stream below the site. one row, organic compost was added to improve drainage (1:1 compost and soil mix) and the other row was left unamended. The compost obtained was from a remnant pile of Monkey pod (Albizia saman F. Muell.) and Java plum [Syzigium cumini (L.) Skeels.]. Plants were spaced roughly 3 ft apart from each other, as well as each row. Plants were hand watered at least once a week, with morning and afternoon rains to help facilitate watering. Rapitest Digital 3 way analyzer (a digital soil pH and fertility meter) was used to test parent soil substrate. Drainage was observed on the first watering, and the method to measure drainage was timing the duration it too for water to fully penetrate the soil after surface application. The plants themselves were cultivated in pots before putting them into the ground but each species had a consistent size at time of implementation. Plants were allowed to grow from March 2, 2018-April 6, 2018.

Results Soil Composition & Fertility: The 3 way rapitest analyzer showed that the soil composition of the site has a pH range of 6.4-7.8 indicating slightly acidic to neutral. The row of Māmaki that had organic amendment had an average pH of 6.2-6.4, showing that organic amendments lower pH, but to a point that nutrients are available to the plants.

Māmaki: These plants have shown some signs of environmental and biological stress after initial planting. Environmental stresses include initial transplant shock from root disturbance during transplanting. Biological stresses come in the from feral chickens had caused severe reduction in leaf retention and the best hypothesis for such interaction was the foraging for insects on the leaves. Also, defoliation was probably facilitated by the accumulation of Chinese Rose beetles (Adoretus sinicus), which cause a characteristic buckshot pattern on leaves. The excessive loss of leaf tissue often causes early abscission of leaves. Despite these setbacks, all plants survived the growth period and have showed signs of improved growth by the development of new leaves, possibly aided by heavy rains.

Pōpolo: Chickens have affected these plants the most by picking off the nutritious ripe berries from the terminal portions of the plants which caused mortality in 3 individuals. We had to do some transplanting of new ones, but overall the two rows have showed positive signs of growth by the manifestations of dark green leaves compared to the nearly chlorotic potted plants (Refer to picture).

Acknowledgements: Mahalo to Keolani Noa, Keisha Nakamura, Kimberly Kahaleua, Maria Petelo, Melanie keliʻikupule and the Keliʻikupule ʻOhana, Kamehameha Schools, & Kapiʻolani Community College References: 1. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Moller, I. M., & Murphy, A. (2015). Plant physiology and development (Sixth ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. Ch. 9. Pg. 250.

2. Silva, J. A., Uchida R. (2000). Plant Nutrient Management in Hawaiiʻs Soils, Approaches for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. University of HawaiʻI Mānoa 3. "Plants in Hawaiian Culture" by Beatrice H. Krauss, page 64.

4. "Plants in Hawaiian Culture" by Beatrice H. Krauss, pages 16, 67, 326.

Māla Connection Kapiʻolani Community College - Māla Māunuunu The Māla Māunuunu serves as an outdoor classroom for hands-on learning and the sustenance of Native Hawaiian ancestral practices through endemic plant cultivation. In addition, students experiment on water quality, kalo growth, and other endemic plant projects.

This sustainable garden integrates and weaves KCC students, faculty & staff, K-12, and community engagement. The cultivation of native plants play a significant role for the fulfillment of the māla’s purpose. Many of the plants found in the māla connect medicine to culture.

KCC Faculty and Staff professional development on ʻāina-based learning

Māla Māunuunu

“He aliʻi ka ʻāina; He kauwā ke kanaka.”

The land is the chief, man is its servant.

Kalo Quality Control

Water Quality with Kaimukī Middle School Students in the Māla

Acknowledgments: Ka Pōhaku Kihi Paʻa Native Hawaiian Academic Advancement Program, KCC Service Learners, HAW 290 course, Kuilei Outreach Program, Māla Māunuunu Work days, KCC Auxiliary, KCC Project Olonā, and the many volunteers that have put time in the Māla past, present, and future.

Mahalo!

HAUMĀNA RESEARCH LĀʻAU LAPAʻAU PLANTS

ENGINEERING LOMI LOMI

ʻĀINA-BASED RESEARCH OCEAN SCIENCE MEAʻAI WAI KĪ

Through Community and Education Kapiʻolani Community College - Hāui, Palolo

Hawaiian Science Sense Ka wahi a Hāui was sustainably designed using traditional and cultural Hawaiian knowledge. Environmental components such as weather patterns, sunrise and set, rainfall and precipitation, soil taxonomy, and canopy cover were factors used to determine the best location for agricultural plots, understory crops, and water irrigation. Understanding the unique environment within Pālolo Valley was important to ensure the healthy production of medicinal Hawaiian plants as well as to honor the knowledge and practices passed down from our kūpuna. The Hāui site has provided students with the understanding of a traditional learning style encompassing the Hawaiian scientific process from conception to completion. This traditional learning style in the learning environment of Hāui has given the opportunity for student, academic and cultural success.

Revitalization of Land and Student Clearing The Workspace Project Olonā student teams gathered together with picks and shovels to clear the year of overgrowth at Hāui.

The removal of elephant grass was time consuming in the preparation process but proved necessary. All the invasive plant material was gathered into a pile for mulching. Students also skimmed the area for trash and scraps of metal to be hauled away.

Gathering Plant Materials After clearing the site, the next step was to prepare the soil for planting.

Students prepared the land for planting by marking out the area and shoveling holes every two to three feet. Student researcher, Alex Awo stored the seeded plants at his home for sprouting and brought to Hāui. The variety of laʻau lapaʻau (medicinal plants) such as: māmaki, pōpolo, ʻolena, and nīoi were seeded to be planted. Ten plants of each species were planted (two rows of five), with the exception of nīoi because they were not big enough to be planted at that time. The plants were then flagged for clear indication of identification and location.

Maintaining & Monitoring Project ʻOlona research students visit the Hāui site twice a week to assess and maintain the area. Rain is abundant in Palolo valley, and the overgrowth of invasive weeds require consistent work. The condition of the plants are assessed weekly and attention is given as needed.

HAUMĀNA RESEARCH LĀʻAU LAPAʻAU PLANTS ENGINEERING LOMI LOMI

ʻĀINA-BASED RESEARCH OCEAN SCIENCE MEAʻAI WAI KĪ

Using Existing Experiments to Understand Future Data Collected by the ProtoDUNE Leah McCabe Faculty Advisor: Dr. Radovan Milincic Kapi‘olani Community College, Honolulu, HI Introduction

Experimental Setup

Neutrinos are subatomic particles with very little mass, no charge and can travel through the entirety of space and never interact with anything. The ProtoDUNE (Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) is in the process of being built (Figure 1). This experiment aims to learn what role neutrinos played in the formation of our universe. The most equation in the world, Einstein’s E=mc2 and the law of conservation of energy state that matter and antimatter are created in pairs. Yet the world we see is predominantly matter. Neutrino studies, such as those proposed by the ProtoDUNE hope to cast some light on this disparity. Huge amounts of neutrinos were created in the Big Bang. The Sun and the Earth and even people are emitting these tiny particles. Only the weak nuclear force gravity, due to its tiny mass, have any effect on neutrinos, therefore by getting an understanding of these subatomic particles, we have a window back in time to the creation of the universe (1).

In order to detect neutrinos, an electric field is generated through a vat of liquid argon (LAr). A particle accelerator generates a beam of muon neutrinos aimed at the LAr. On the side of the detector that is towards the source of the electric field, a mesh of wires is situated (Figure 2).

Figure 1: Neutrino beam sent from the Fermilab to the detector.

Photo Credit: Sanford Underground Research Facility

Figure 2: Wire mesh grid to detect the escaped electron.

Each color is stacked on top of the other with 3 mm in between wires and all three dimensions (1).

Results The neutrino beam is very dense and precisely aimed to increase the probability of a rare neutrino interaction. When a neutrino “bullet” bumps into a molecule of LAr, it knocks off a valence electron.

This electron with its negative charge, drifts along the electric field and registers on the wire mesh. Since the distance between the detector and the particle accelerator is known as well as the speed of the beam, the time of arrival can be calculated. With the window of neutrinos from the beam now deduced, any that fall outside of the time frame have to be from another source. By burying the detector 1.5 kilometers underground, it is protected from almost all other forms of radiation that could trigger a false reading. Therefore, the neutrinos that are detected outside the known range must come from a cosmic source (Figure 3 ).

Figure 2: Neutrino tracks, one from a cosmic source, one from the neutrino beam.

Data from the Cryogenic Apparatus for Precision Tests of Argon Interactions with Neutrino (CAPTAIN) program (3).

Future Research Applying the information learned from analysis of CAPTAIN resources to the ProtoDUNE experiment.

Using the knowledge of how information will be evaluated to implement improvements on pieces of the ProtoDUNE experiment.

References 1. Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment.

Retrieved from http://www.dunescience.org/ 2. Abi, B., et al. (2017, June 23). The Single-Phase ProtoDUNE Technical Design Report. Retrieved from arXiv:1706.07081.

3. Adamowski, M. et al. (2015). Development of Cryogenic Installations for large liquid argon neutrino detectors. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 101, 012029. doi:10.1088/1758899x/101/1/012029

Acknowledgments This research has been supported by the Office of Science, in the Department of Energy. Mahalo to Dr. Radovan Milincic, Dr. Jelena Maricic, and Yujing Sun for guidance and support on this project. Thank you to Dr. Herve Collin, Dr. Aaron Hanai and Li-Anne DelaVega for the endless advice and direction.

Temperature Gradient Monitor for the ProtoDUNE

by Shirin Wyckoff Advisor: Dr. Milincic Radovan Kapi‘olani Community College

Purpose What I learned from this internship is, how to conduct and build an experiment. I also learned how to solder, I learned the safe way to use liquid nitrogen, and I learned how to design a four walled box with a lead (for the experiment), and I learned how to analyse data.

Introduction ProtoDUNE single phase is a prototype of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). The ProtoDUNE validates and helps design the technologies to be applied to the DUNE far detector.

The DUNE is an experiment to detect the responses of charged particles, such as neutrinos and antineutrinos through a 34 kiloton liquid argon(LAr) detector.

This experiment will give us a more clear understanding about the origin of matter and the formation of black holes, using neutrinos from supernova explosions within our galaxy.

Figure 1: Outer Vessel of ProtoDUNE

Photo credit: International Journal of High-Energy Physics

This experiment will give us a more clear understanding about the origin of matter and the formation of black holes, using neutrinos from supernova explosions within our galaxy.

Methods The Temperature Grade measurement system will detect the LAr temperature gradient in the ProtoDUNE over 7.5 m height with 5mk precision. It also measures, the argon purity and argon recirculation. Which makes it possible to track particles.

For our experimental set up, we use a 3m high crostat cylinder to do preliminary testing before the DUNE. The cylinder is filled with liquid nitrogen (liquid nitrogen is much more availble than liquid argon and the temperature is close to liquid argon).

An aluminum bar with four sensors mounted 10 cm apart attached to it will be inserted vertically to the cylinder to calibrate the sensors and increasing the precision of the sensors.

Figure 5 : cryostat cylinder covered with a styrofoam box with vacuum pump

Conclusion

Figure 2: Gradient Monitor in progress

Figure 3: Temperature Sensors

Figure 4: Cryostat cylinder with vacuum pump

Results We still haven’t made any solid results through our experiment yet. We were aiming to keep the liquid nitrogen in the cylinder cold for 10 hours to conduct the experiment. We tried many ways to keep the cylinder cold and keep it from evaporating. First we just put liquid nitrogen in the cylinder and this only lasted for an hour. Next we attached the a vacuum pump to the cylinder so it will suck the air out of the walls of the cylinder to insulate it. This kept the liquide nitrogen cold for 3 hours. Next we covered the cylinder with a sponge like material with the vacuum pumpe, and this lasted for 5 hours. Last, we built a styrofoam box to cover the howl cylinder with everything we tried before hand. This method lasted the liquid nitrogen for 6 hours. We still haven’t reached our goal of 10 hours, but we are still looking for ways to conduct and produce results.

Through this experiment we are trying to find the reaction of the neutrinos in the liquid nitrogen. having results from this experiment, we would learn more about the matter that is all over our universe.

Altho we haven’t had any results yet, but progress is being made to improve the experiment and detect results.

References [1]Abi, B., et al. (2017, June 23). The Single-Phase ProtoDUNE Technical Design Report. Retrieved from arXiv:1706.07081.

[2]Adamowski, M. et al. (2015). Development of Cryogenic Installations for large liquid argon neutrino detectors. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 101, 012029. doi:10.1088/1758-899x/101/1/012029.

Acknowledgments This research has been supported by the Office of Science, in the Department of Energy. Mahalo to Radovan Milincic, Jelena Maricic, and Yujing Sun for guidance and support on this project.

Efficient Wireless Energy Transfer

Research Objectives

Hunter Patton

Nikola Tesla Wireless

1. Design a highly efficient (Advisor: Radovan Milincic) wireless energy power transfer KCC system for implantable or mobile electronic devices.

2. Obtain optimum operating Efficiency of a 2-coil-based frequency.

3. Design an energy collecting power-transfer system : and storage circuitsystem to η =k^2 QpQs/(1 + k^2 QpQs) convert received power using Qp,s . factor is a parameter that describes how implantable coil.

energy transfer

under-damped a resonator is.

(A function of the configuration of circuits and physical properties of circuit’s elements in series and parallel) (n=efficiency)

Nikola Tesla was the first scientist who devoted serious effort towards the development of ideas to transport energy over long distances without any carrier medium. (e.g. wireless, surfaceless) Rapid development of mobile electronic devices over recent years (e.g. laptops, cell-phones, house-hold robots, etc.) and also medical electronic implants like (pacemakers, deep brain stimulation (DBS), medical robots, etc.) justifies revisiting the investigation of wireless energy transfer.

With a wireless energy system, it is possible to charge batteries of electronic implants without invasion on patient’s body and without having to perform dangerous and expensive surgeries, it can also be done in an ambulance and by trained nurses. This experiment can have a huge impact in communication REFERENCES sciences

Tesla, N. “Apparatus for transmitting - Hirai, J., Kim, T.-W. and Kawamura, A. electrical energy.” U.S. patent number “Wireless transmission of power and 1,119,732, issued in December 1914

.

information and information for cableless linear motor drive.” IEEE Trans. on power electronics 15, 21 (2000).

Tektronix TBS

1202B-EDU Digitial Oscilloscope

RIGOL DG4162 waveform generator Single vs. Dual transmitters

Natural coupling frequency 26.87 MHz

Natural coupling frequency 25.872MHz