Capturing the Atmosphere through the use of Fog Harvesters

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01 - DESIGN THEOREM 02 - RESEARCH

03 - PRECEDENTS 04 - DESIGN EXPLORATION 05- APPENDIX

1.1 Climate Crisis

2.1 Natural Phenomena

3.1 Current Usuage

4.1 Site Research and Design

5.1 Presentation Boards

1.2 Aging Water Infastrucure

2.2 How Process Works

3.2 Warka Tower

4.2 Elevated Fog Harvesting Walkway

5.2 Citations

2.3 Climate Types + Factors

3.2 Atrapanieblas

4.2 Diagrams + Physical + Renders

5.3 Image Index

2.4 Understanding Components

3.2 Nami Yamamoto

2.5 Biomimetic Traits

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RELIC IN THE SKY Capturing the Atmosphere Approval of Thesis Research Project Book is Presented to: Dr. Selen Okcu and to the Faculty of the Department of Architecture College of Architecture and Construction Management by

Jan Wachenfeld In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Architecture Kennesaw State University Marietta, Georgia May 9, 2023

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RELIC IN THE SKY SOLUTION TO WATER STRICT AREAS

USING FOG AS AN ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT A large problem throughout the world right now is water scarcity. With diminishing freshwater sources from a lack of sustainable water management systems and the combination of climate change, we are facing a dire problem that needs to be addressed. The aim of my proposal will be helping the inhabitants introducing alternative ways to collect, harvest and storing water and using the collected water to help residential, industrial and agriculture sectors. . There are currently efforts to harvest fog with moisture capturing systems implemented all throughout the world currently, but there is a lack of awareness of these technologies The secondary aim of my proposal is to bring awareness to these passive systems that can inspire architects and can influence morphology of new cities and landscape, by creating architectural features that uplifts the local area while harvesting water and providing back to the community.

The design I will be creating will be done using a network of connected fog collectors installed on the side of a mountain top. Creating a giant art and performative installation based off Peru’s old culture of weaving techniques and patterns.

The performative panels will be a passive system that captures atmospheric moisture through the sky. The water collected will be publicly available to use for the surrounding inhabitants. Excess water will be used to reintegrate the dry mountain into a luscious vegetated area. Giving new life to the mountain top and providing food and water through the use of terraforming the cliff side.

“There will be no water by 2040 if we keep doing what we’re doing today” - Professor Benjamin Sovacool, Aarhus University, Denmark.

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Global Issues Today, many of the examples and products I will show exist and focus on extracting water from air. They are aimed at rural areas in poorer regions that have historically had the greatest difficulty in meeting the UN’s sustainability goals and supplying its population with clean water. (UNEP 1997).

As an effect of the planet becoming warmer and the water supply in more countries are being threatened, I want to explore how these systems can be optimized and adapted to function as architectural elements. We can slowly implement more fog catchers throughout the world to help these regions that don’t have the financial funds to provide clean water.

Droughts + Clean Water

CURRENT PROBLEMS

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1.1 Climate Crisis Dry Seasons Drought and water scarcity is one of the slowest forms of a natural disaster that starts unnoticed, but snowballs unnoticed and develops into a much larger impact. Water resources are one of the most valuable things to humans and currently that resource is running out. We are made out of 60% water, yet something so precious we so waste so much of it.

Urban areas will be hit the hardest as they consume the most resources and equally they are the most densely populated areas that import large amounts of resources as they have limited means of generating food/ water sources. (UNEP 1997). We need to rethink of better ways to preserve water and relieve stress on our conventional methods that is constantly exhausting our current water supplies. Fog harvesting is a promising alternative solution that is under developed, that a proper design solution could offer a sustainable practice to harvesting water sources in different environments and for cities create a decentralized resilient society.

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Highest record tempatures, extreme weather patterns, rising ocean levels all of these are effects of climate change. Rapid urbanization and contuinal population growth coupled with our consumption patterns are creating a huge problem on this planet. With shrinking resources a drastic change is needed to change and humans are the biggest factor in the cause for climate crisis. As designers we need to relook how we can chance current building habits and materials to a more suistainable world.

Burning Up

Image 01 Dried and Cracked Land

1.2 Water Management We take water for granted. The cost of water is influenced directly by a regions infrastructure and how it’s extracted and distributed . Some distant regions and communities have such a costly price for water due to the fact of locations, plumbing and transportation of water can make it extremely costly people struggle to afford it. Government can also be a issue as a they can inefficiently use a resource. A study of Brazil’s city Sao Paulo, where 20 million inhabitants were affected by a water crisis in 2014 even though they own a considerable amount of the worlds fresh water supply, but due to the governments lack of water management a lot of those people struggle to receive those resources they needed.

1.3 Aging Water Infrastructure The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that 1.7 trillion gallons of water are wasted every year due to water main breaks and other leaks, enough water to provide the country’s top 10 cities with clean water for one year. The federal government estimates that the water lost just from water main breaks is worth about $2.6 billion annually. According to the EPA, blocked or broken pipes release as much as 10 billion gallons of raw sewage every year.

Water quality of these pipes installed since 1800’s have diminished, constant maintenance and costly repairs due to the negligence, some communities are drastically affected and don’t have funds to repair them.

Image 02 Ravaged Yemen

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Image 03 MOVEMENT OF FOG ONSHORE

2.1 Natural Phenomena Fog is a natural phenomenon caused by weather conditions. It is seen as something that can hinder out visibility especially while driving or walking. On the bright side is a beautiful occurrence that can be seen as a form of water vapor carried through the air that isn’t rain. We can utilize fog and harvest water from this natural occurring event and use to bring water to places that struggle to get fresh water to their homes.

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2.2

Dew + Fog + Precipitation

To understand how standard fog colellectors work (SFG) we need to understand the science behind it all. We first have to understand the difference between dew and fog. Fog occurs when water concentration in the atmosphere reaches a point of heavy saturation. Tiny particles of water droplets are suspended in the air at this stage. On the other hand the difference between mist and fog is density and location. Mist is harder to for water droplets to form as it lacks small particulates that are found more in fog and thus not able to easily coagulate onto surfaces. Mist is also found in higher elevations while fog is found on ground level.

What interacts with the fog collectors is fog condensing into dew. Water particles are carried by wind through the a mesh net where simple surface impaction collects small water particles overtime that condense into larger droplets. That phase transition of fog forming in droplets, where water vapor is transformed into liquid when coming into contact of a surface is called dew point. Once a water droplet has formed on a surface it begins to grow as additional surrounding water molecules are absorbed. (Domen et al. 2013).

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EXPLORING FOG HARVESTING STRUCTURES

Water particles are caried by wind driven fog

Mesh captures fog droplets

FOG TYPES

Droplets condense into larger droplets that drain onto mesh

Water Collection and storage

R ADIATION FOG (GROUND FOG)

ADVECTION FOG

EVAPOR ATION FOG STEAM

FREEZING FOG

Earth’s surface collects heat during the day, which is realesed throughout night. The cooling surface releases heat into the air, developing a layer of water droplets near the ground. When the dew point is achived the water vapor condenses around other particulates and forms fog.

Caused by the horziontal movement of warm air over a cooling surface. The land cools the air down to its dew point, forming fog.

The water evaportation increases amount of moisture in the air beyond its dew point forming fog

Occurs during cold weather seasons when the water droplets in the fog freeze when in contact with surface, also know as frost.

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CLIMATE TYPES AND FACTORS

WIND CURRENTS It’s necessary for a fog collector to work properly that adequate wind speeds are present in the location.

Without that, fog is not able to flow through the nets. High pressure areas can be a preferred area and

Choosing a location of fog collection is extremely important. This technology in order to be successful should be placed in located in regions where climate conditions are optimal. These systems are very dependent on the surrounding environment conditions. Fogs/clouds are directly affected by topography and wind currents, which can be very influential in increasing performance of the harvester. The following factors should be considered when choosing an appropriate site for best conditions. (Ritter 2008).

these areas can be found in northern parts of Norway, Alaska and Africa. For eastern parts of the south Pacific Ocean parts like Dominic Republic, Chile and Peru have southwest winds for most of the year.

South and Southwest winds are ideal for fog collection and these wind speeds average around 2-5.5m/s depending during the season which is enough to move fog, but not to strong to rip fog nets.

TOPOGR APHY + RELIEF Fog catchers need to be placed in area that have high topographic relief in order to intercept fog/clouds.

An example would be coastal mountains of Peru, Chile, Ecuador and a smaller scale would be isolated hills or coastal dunes. It is also important no major obstacles are in pathway of the wind within a few miles upwind of the sites location. Inland basins or depressions can enhance the sea breeze as they can heat up during day creating a low pressure area that increases wind speeds that effectively speeding harvesting process.

ORIENTATION Orientation of fog harvesters should be placed perpendicular to the direction of wind bringing in fog or clouds from the ocean. The clouds will be flow over the ridge lines and often dissipating on the COSTA L CLIFF FOG

OPEN FOREST FOG

sloping downwind side. Flat top mountains and ridge lines are optimal places for fog collectors. The collectors also need to be spanned out far enough each other so wind can flow freely around collectors.

It’s recommended 4’ spacing between panel collectors.

DISTANCE FROM COASTLINE In areas where fog cover is transported upwind into higher elevation areas or formation of orographic clouds, the distance of fog collectors from the coastline is irrelevant. However, areas where there is high relief near the coastline are preferred for harvesting.

ALTITUDE It’s beneficial for an elevated working harvesting altitude is about two thirds the height of a clouds thickness as these contains the highest concentration of water from base of the fog cloud. There are several high elevation locations where fog is frequent due to upwind flow of clouds and formation of orographic clouds. Locations behind ridges or hill, where wind is flowing downhill is disadvantages.

A RID CLIM ATE FOG

DESERT A ND DUNES FOG

(UNEP, 1997)

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2.4 Techinical Description Full scale fog collectors are very simple flat nets that are support by posts at each side supporting typically a rectngular net of woven nylon mesh. They are arranged perpendicular to prevailing wind direction. These fog collectors can become more complex with a comibination of several panels to form a larger form. Varations of size and numbers depend on local typopgraphy and material types used in panels. Mulitple fog collectors are advantageous due to lowered cost per water from each harvester (Schemenauer and Paul 1989).

Image 05 DIY FOG CATCHER STRUCTURE

Image 06 FOG CATCHERS HELP FARMERS IN CHANGING CLIMATE

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2.5 Effectiveness of Technology Currently fog collectors are used around the world. They are only

As fanatastic fog catchers are at extracting water out of fog,

commonly found in areas where there are frequent occuring

it should be investigated and measured thoroughly if the

fog. Fog is often common around arid coastal regions and even

adequate factors are present on the site. Frequency, typologies

deserts. So far these fog collectors have started off as small

and design are important factors when considering for a

projects, but are gaining popularity and growing since. These

placement. The user should ask themselves these questions

projects are currently in use of places like Peru, Chile, Ecudaor,

before thinking about using a fog catcher. How often is

Spain, Guatemala, Cape Verde, Yemen, South Africa, Ethiopia,

frequency of fog occurrence, ocean currents, atmospheric

Israel and Nepal (Klemm et al. 2012). The amount harvested

pressure and presence of external thermal factors. Operating

from these technologies can differ depending on region and

altitudes, change of seasons and terrain features. Lastly when

quality of fog, but is another harvesting techinque that can

there is no fog, there is no possible collection process.

provide clean water for those without it.

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Image 07 TREES CAPTURES FOG WHY CAN’T WE?

FOG HARVESTING SHADING + OPENINGS

MESH PROPERTIES

SHADING

Material’s and meshes will be a large focus of harvesting fog as its the one surface that comes in contact with it. Diameters of holes and patterns can increase or decrease the surface area for water droplets to form while providing ventilation and sunlight. Most meshes used in fog harvesting have perforations that affect the ability of wind to pass through the mesh and being able to enhance or worsen the mesh’s ability to collect water droplets.

Thought is also needed for providing the ability to shade the droplets and keep a cooler temperature so droplets can condense while avoiding losing moisture due to evaporation on the surface. So adequate amount of shading and size of openings need to be considered when choosing a material to avoid high operative temperatures from solar radiation passing through materials. A larger percentage of openings increases the ability to capture fog and decreases shading ability underneath the material. (Bhushan 2017).

OPENINGS

5mm

1.5mm

DIA M ATER

The most commonly used material with appropriate properties for fog collection systems is typical Raschel Mesh. This mesh has flat fibers with pore sizes ranging from 1.0-1.3mm and fiber widths of 0.5-1.5mm (typ.

1mm). These are knitted in a triangular pattern that links fibers in a way to prevent unraveling from wind or tears in the mesh. (Schemenauer and Paul 1989). It’s a cheap and durable material.

Image 08 Water collection behavior and bioinspirired string

The mesh should aim to have a shading coefficient, which is the percentage of an area cable of collecting water droplets of 35 % and when double layered should be closer to 50% (Schemenauer and Cereceda 1994). Anything greater than 50% the mesh will be treated as more of a solid surface and fog will go flow around the surface instead of through.

R ASCHEL MESH OPENING SIZES

WIND FLOW DIAGR AM THROUGH MESH 13

BIOMIMETIC NATURAL HARVESTERS Man’s lost it’s relationship with nature We have gotten so far into this world ignoring possible solutions to us that way mother nature intended them to be. We ignore these answers right below our feet, organisms for centuries have found ways to solve problem of harvesting water out the atmosphere and we constantly overlook these features in favor of energy intensive mechanical assistance. We can draw conclusions from biological organisms on what ways we can study and understand how they work to apply to a larger scale. All over the globe certain animals and organisms have unique ways to harvest water from fog or use condensation.

These include cactus, moss, bushes, lizards, (02) rattlesnakes, spider webs, (01) Naimb desert beetles. All of them have an external feature that naturally collects water that can be furthered studied (Bhushan 2017).

Image 09 Spider Web Dew Drop Size

(02) Namibian fog-basking beetle collecting water

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Las Palmas Water Theatre a desalination plant

(01) Namibian fog-basking beetle collecting water

Las Palmas Water Theatre a desalination plant

BIOMIMETIC NATURAL HARVESTERS

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Image 10 Water Collection in wet and dry plants

One study inspiration comes from a native plant found in Africa for its leaf structure. Africa already known for its water scarcity plants, need to get as much water as they can. The Cotula fallax structure consists of a three-tier hierarchical layout. Its stem spreads out to multiple branches of leaves and micro hairs. The way it’s able to work so efficiently is the hydrophobicity of the hairs that allows the plants to collect and channel the fog water the root of the plant. The African plant has influenced many prototypes of 3D meshes and model under development.

(Klemm et al. 2012).

Cotula fallax leaf structure

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FOG HARVESTING NETS + RESEARCH When designing the structure it’s recommended to be double layered as it’s able to more efficiently capture more water droplets. The rubbing of the two surfaces creates small friction that promotes rubbing and runoff of droplets to be collected more effectively. The cost of this is greater and the concerns of high wind causing rips and tears will be harder to maintain. It’s been noted for more alternative materials that adding a type of lubrication to make the mesh more hydrophobic greatly increases the condensation phenomena but lacks long-term usage. However new types of geometric optimization of the mesh and efforts are still undergoing and continually being researched and developed. (Ritter 2008) The strings allowed the ‘‘Harp’’ and ‘‘Diagonal Harp’’ collectors to collect fog from winds blowing in all directions and resulted in water yields of 62.7 and 28.6 L a day, respectively (Lummerich and Tiedemann 2009).

For a 8m x 4m cost $350 USD per collector and $500 USD annual maintenance.

Common Types of Materials and Meshes used for Fog Harvesting • • • • • •

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Aluminum Porforated Panel Nylon Polyethylene Polypropylene fog nets Tensile Fabrics poly-yarn mesh, co-knitted with stainless steel for additional strength, was developed

Image 11 Diagonal Harp Fog Catchers

1) “Effel” Collector. 2) “Harp” collector with rubber elastic stretched vertical strings 3)‘‘Diagonal Harp’’ collector with 1.5 mm strings running diagonally ( Klemm et al. 2012 )

GEOMETRIC FABRICS VS. PREFORMANCE VOLUMINOSITY

POROSIT Y

SURFACE TEX TURES

Amount of openings in a fabric unit of volume. As size of the openings increases, the structure becomes more pourous . A pourous fabric is prone to being lighter and more permable.

The surface of fabrics geomety is defined by its smoothness of its surface, which is directly conncected to fibers diameter/thickness. The larger the diamater the builker the surface is.

This is a reflection of thickness or bulkiness of the fabric given its dentisty of area per mass unit. The fabric has a propensity if its more voluminious if diameter is larger and flexbility of movement within fibers a repeating pattern. (Koerner 2001)

PERME ABILIT Y

COMPRESSIBILIT Y

EXTENSIBILITY

Measured by ease of air or liquid flow through the fabric. Permability of the fabric is higher when porosity is high. Density of the fabric which is influnced by cross weaving of geometry/ pattern and thickness of fabric.

Fabrics ability to resist strain of compression longitudinal direction.

Voluminous fabrics lean to be more compressible, while on down side compressibility decreases the stiffness of fibers. On other hand with thicker fibers there is increased bending stiffness.

Measure of a fabrics ability to stretch and conform. Extensibility in the fabric is affected by fibers bending ability and elogation and how it is weaved in the geometry. Finer fibers tend to have higher chance of stronger fiber extensibility. (Koerner 2001)

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Image 12 Janet Echelman String Installation

Types of Materials and Mesh Exploration of textiles, meshes, weave patterns, and colors will be used as aesthetic options and performance based water harvesting capabilities .

Picture above is a large family of textile structures for geotextiles, displaying traditional styles all the way up to diverse forms of knits and specialty styles.

Even further introduction of newer industry based 3-D textile structures.

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WEAVING Techniques

Image 11 Weaving Cloth and Pattern Types

CURRENT STATUS

3.1 History of Operational Fog Catchers

Image 13 Operational Fog Catchers

Plenty of Fog collectors have been already been in use around the planet. Countries like South America, Africa and Asia have been experimenting heavily with fog catchers projects. Some of these projects are more science based to study water conditions while others have the goal of providing water for the community to those in need. Popular manufacturers sell projects out right like FogQuest, WakaTower, CloudFisher.

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CASE STUDY 01 CLIENT NA ME: ONSUPIMIS

PROJECT NA ME: WA R K A TOW ER

SET DESIGN A ND CONSTRUCTION Warka Tower design principles are pretty simple and extremely cost effective while being easy to assemble and disassemble. Using natural materials keeps it affordable.

Some design features I want to take away are the affordable materials, light frame construction and how it’s shaded around the collector to reduce evaporation. Use of gravity to store all the water in a storage tank operated all autonomously. Another feature Warka tower offers is construction can be built by simple tools since my fog collector will be implemented in low income areas that possibly can’t afford advanced tools.

M ATERIALS A ND FOR M A bamboo frame that supports a Image 14 Warka Tower

mesh polyester material inside, the tower is both cheap and easy to build. atmospheric water vapor from either rain, fog, or dew, condenses against the cold surface of the mesh, forming droplets of liquid water that trickle down into a reservoir found at the bottom of the structure. a fabric canopy shades the lower sections of the tower to prevent the collected water from evaporating capability of providing 100 liters of water per day

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CASE STUDY 02 CLIENT NA ME: CA RLOS A R A NCIBIA

PROJECT NA ME: ATR A PA NIEBLAS

SET DESIGN PRODUCTION This fog catcher was unique for its time as it consisted of several triangular forms attached together compared to 2D flat fog collectors. Carlos had implemented his fog collectors in the desert of Chile, one of the earths driest place. They were also inspired of the Namibian beetles water harvesting capabilities

M A NUFACTURING OF KIT A ND PIECES

I’d like to take away some design features is the aluminum frame that Image 15 Modular Fog Harvester Panels

holds the fog harvesting mesh to be implemented into mine. Each Panel can be assembled and dissembled in case of damage or rips/tears. I think this can be great for a urban use if scaled up larger and the parts can be manufactured into a pieces and kit , so any parts that are broken can be swapped out.The unique diamond shape panel surface face different directions that can collect fog in different types of varied wind conditions.

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CASE STUDY 03 CLIENT NA ME: ONSUPIMIS

PROJECT NA ME: V ER NIU AUR AU

SET DESIGN PRODUCTION Visual story based off a Japanese legend, a immortal wizard “Sennin” sustained only by mountain fog.

Fog Catcher, a site-specif ic work consisting of hand knotted nets positioned within the Redwood Grove, explores these two phenomena by both referring to them literally, as functional objects, and poetically, laden with imagery connected to these two themes. By grasping at the ephemeral and drawing attention to this phenomenon, this piece invites the viewer to share in this experience.

ARTISTIC FEATURE

This design is a 2D flat fog collector but what is different f rom these Image 16 Nami Yamamoto Fog Catcher

rest is a story represented through weaving patterns and colors based of cultural lore. So it’s performance and artistic feature. I’d like to explore having artwork embedded into mesh, some parts are focused on performance and eff iciency while other is a art base design to uplift a urban space for the community. I’d also love to look at tensile construction ways to implement more design characteristics.

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Using Climate Studio I was able to get a humidity chart to find if the site would be an optimal place to harvest fog. Peru is well known to have fog 8 months out of the year. In addition, using wind chart data can be applied to maximize the efficiency of panel placement on the mountain side, the strongest directions coming from south and west side. Peru is the second largest city located in a desert and gets an annual 2% rainfall a year. Making water an extreme commodity. The area my site is located between 2 highly dense areas where some people have to take long hikes up to 3 hours for some of the nearest water wells. This combined with an optimal location due to its distance from the coastline and altitude for the fog harvester made it a great place to design a facility to harvest water and give water back to the community.

Location was picked due to most efficient altitude to harvest fog, at around 450m in the area is the highest density of the fog where can harvest the most water. I started off transforming the site by starting with the flattest point and cut out parts to let wind and air flow prosper throughout site.

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DIFFERNCES IN AREAS AND LIFESTYLE

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Surrounding Area

Circulation Path ENTRY

ENTRY

ENTRY 27

Current Panels My research has led to me different weaving styles with higher performance/ efficiency differences depending on the diameter of pore openings. By having a tighter knit weave allows water molecules from fog to form and collauge quicker compared to older designs. The chosen design still has to be affordable and easily replaceable if high wind rips the mesh.

Mesh Net

Raschel Mesh

3D-2013 Mesh +18%

+36%

Peru’s Weaving Pattern By using traditional textile patterns we can transform a boring fog harvester panel into a beautiful woven panel that introduces colors and relates culturally to the locals of Peru.

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Using raschel mesh and implementing on existing fog harvester design, I transformed the mesh panel into a elevated walkway that based on my research uses 2 stacked mesh panels stretched over a light frame structure in order to support mesh through strong wind currents, while also making it easy to replace damage mesh.

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This was my first initial sketch in designing my site. Consisting of large glass openings to take views of the mountain top and ocean view. I had originally planned to have a large spanning fog harvester walkway trails where users can walk or bike underneath and view the harvesters up close. The extra collected water could be used to mist the top side and introduce new vegetation on the top side of the site.

Second sketch I started to explore more horizontal planes. A large central monumental fog harvester tower was placed to represent a strong idea of what my idea is trying to represent and creates a landmark where users at ground level can use it as a guide. More of my forms were built into mountainside to blend into the contours and natural curves of the mountain.

I started to further mature my ideas and look at things from different angles. This top view lets me plan where landscaping, trees, and water placements should be located. The large fog harvester panels in the back connect to the tower so the harvested water can be flown into a central area, where it can further be dissipated. I started to introduce smaller scale fog harvesters into the middle of the site where it can be broken down and split into individual woven strings to make a beautiful experience.

The last sketch I made was a section cut introducing a further redesigned tower that introduces more woven strings intertwined and spun in a delightful way around the tower and through the site. Combined with elevated walkways that bring you to different platforms and experience new unique views. The section cut also shows areas built underground to create an experience of dark areas and how that interacts with fog.

31 FOGGY NIGHT VIEW

Fresh water source for all Some of the leftover water can be giving to the community which is in dire need of water. Some of the people walk 3 hours to the nearst watering well. This location is in a center spot of 2 dense areas which can vastly help the people. Using gravity from top of mountain we can carry the water using tubes to lead to a filration center which then pumps clean fresh water.

Climbing the Tower Each level of the tower can experience unique ways of interacting with natural fog. The large vertical tower is able to peak over the fog that rolls over Peru. The levels can go through different densities of fog depending on where you are located in the tower. Creating interactable ways to go through fog. You can get up close and personal to see how fog is collected on the mesh.

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33 DRINKABLE WATER SOURCE AREA

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Educational Museum

MUSEUM INTERIOR VIEW

The museum will feature educational pieces of plants and machinery to further enhance learning possibilities of water harvesting component. In the middle of the oculus, we have a variation of natural plant life that also has its owns unique features of water harvesting that is misted to show how the process works. In the underground part we also have display the water filtration pump to show how the collected water is cleaned and stored.

Cafe + Garden

The cafe is a two-floor building with large multi-use stair way to provide seating options as well as bringing in warmth into the space. Above being suspended with metal wireframe support are large plants to shade the inside space while introducing colors and translucent cylinder blocks for more aesthetics.

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EXPERIENTIAL FOG SPACE

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THESIS COMPETITION BOARDS

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Citiations / Online Resources

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Bhushan, Bharat. “Bioinspired Materials for Water Supply and Management.” Bioinspired Materials for Water Supply and Management: Water Collection, Water Purification and Separation of Water from Oil, (2016). https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rsta.2016.0135

Lummerich, Anne. Tiedemann, Kai. Fog farming: linking sustainable land management with ecological renaturation in arid areas by means of reforestation. In: Conference on international research on food security, natural resource management and rural development. 6–8 (2009), Hamburg

Domen, Jeremy K. William, T Stringfellow. Mary Kay, Camarillo. et al. Fog Water as an Alternative and Sustainable Water Resource, (2014). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257479318_Fog_water_as_an_ alternative_and_sustainable_water_resource. Accessed 7 Mar. 2023.

Ritter, Axel. Regalado CM. Aschan, Guido. Fog water collection in asubtropical elfin laurel forest of the Garajonay National Park(Canary Islands): a combined approach using artificial fog catchers and a physically based impaction model. (2008). 9:920–935

Columbia Climate School, Columbia Water Center | March, et al. “The State of Water in America.” State of the Planet, 1 Mar. 2012, https://news.climate. columbia.edu/2011/03/22/water-in-america-2/.

Morichi, Gloria. Calixto, Lucas. Lorenzon, Federico. Miladinovic, Sara.

WaLi: Water For Life Exploring Urban Landscapes for Water Harvesting with new technologies. Alta Scuola Politecnica Report, Milano Torino. (2017). https://www.asp-poli.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/16_Wali-poster.pdf

Klemm O, Schemenauer, Robert. Lummerich A et al Fog as a fresh-water resource: overview and perspectives. (2012) Ambio 41: 221–234

Schemenauer, Robert. Cereceda, Pilar. Fog collection’s role in water planning for developing countries. (1994) Nat Resource Forum 18:91–100

Koerner, Garry. Water skin. Fog and dew harvesting integration in urban environments. Master Thesis. (2001). Politecnico di Milano, DABC, Milan, Italy

Schemenauer, Robert. Joe, Paul. The collection efficiency of a massive fog collector. Atmospheric Research (1989). 24, 53–69.

Wan, Kui. Gou, Xuelian. & Guo, Zhiguang. Bio-inspired Fog Harvesting Materials: Basic Research and Bionic Potential Applications. J Bionic Eng 18, 501–533 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42235-021-0040-0.

UNEP. Source Book of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean (1997).

Image Index PG. 06 CRACKED EARTH

PG. 15 ALL BIOMIMETIC IMAGES

PG. 07 WATER TRUCK

PG. 16 DIAGIONAL STRING

PG. 08 TOP IMAGE

PG. 18 WEAVING PATTERNS

PG. 09 TOP RIGHT DIAGRAM (RECREATED)

PG. 18 STRING INSTALLATION

h t t p s : // w w w . i s t o c k p h o t o . c o m /p h o t o /d r i e d - a n d - c r a c k e d - l a n d gm1077574640-288652467

https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a32934766/yemen-crisis-howto-help-pandemic/

https://philarogers.com/2016/07/22/the-various-forms-of-fog/

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Exploring-fog-harvesting-naturebased-solution-in-Cantini-Angelotti/68b63254285436f45d538e91b93e6fddf2 36af40/figure/0

PG. 11 MIDDLE DIAGRAM

https://watersustainabilityandfogwater.wordpress.com/fog-catchers-andhow-to-make-your-own/

https://www.researchgate.net/f igure/Water-collection-by-Cotula-fallaxscale-bar-20-mm-a-Dry-plant-b-wet-plant-c_fig6_257479318

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257479318_Fog_water_as_an_ alternative_and_sustainable_water_resource

https://newarkwire.com/a-guide-to-wire-cloth-weaves/

https://www.echelman.com/

PG. 19 ALL MAP DIAGRAM

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257479318_Fog_water_as_an_ alternative_and_sustainable_water_resource

PG. 11 RIGHT IMAGE

PG. 20 WARKA TOWER

PG. 12 WHOLE IMAGE

PG. 21 CARLOS ESPINOSA ARANCIBIA

PG. 13 DIAGRAMS AND IMAGES

PG. 22 NAMI YAMAMOTO REDWOOD

https: //www.worldwildlife.org/magazine/issues/summer-2019/articles/ harnessing-fog-could-help-farmers-in-a-changing-climate

https://baynature.org/article/trees-capture-fog-so-why-cant-we/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22335626/

https://warkawater.org/gallery/

https://makinguse.artmuseum.pl/en/carlos-espinosa-arancibia/

https://namiyamamotoart.com/artwork/2742106-Fog-Catcher.html

PG. 14 WHOLE IMAGE

https://epod.usra.edu/blog/2013/10/spider-web-dew-drop-size.html

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