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INSTITUTE for NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
Editor's note
The Old Copper Culture: Unveiling the Ancient Copper Mining and Trade Networks of the Americas and Possibly Abroad 12
Eric Graziano - Ancient Epoch
Mysterious holes in the Aswan Quarry 38
E. van der Ziel - Ancient Nerds
52
Fate, Chance, Luck
Yiorgos Sakelaris - Views from an amateur philosopher
Cody McDonald 60 Cody's Compendium of Curiosities
Mt Sinai Discovered 68
Ralph Ellis
The Ark of the Covenant, the gifts of the Tuatha De Danann and the modern British Royal connection
Ronald McDonald Abyss
Samwise Gamgee and the courageous, indomitability of the soul
Seraphic Symbolism
Diffusion: An interesting word applied in interesting ways
Rick Osmon
Woodcut of Nuremberg from the Nuremberg Chronicle
By
Michel Wolgemut, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff
(Text: Hartmann Schedel)
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Unveiling the Ancient Copper Mining and Trade Networks of the Americas and Possibly Abroad
The Old Copper Culture, a prehistoric Native American culture, thrived in the Great Lakes region of North America, particularly in present-day Michigan, Wisconsin, and Ontario, from around 4000 to 1500 BCE. This ancient civilization is renowned for its sophisticated copper mining and metallurgy practices, which played a pivotal role in shaping the cultural, economic, and technological landscape of the Americas.
by ERIC GRAZIANO
Copper spear “Parkin Moore - “Ornamental” copper spear point excavated from a mound by the Parkin, Arkansas mound complex by C. B. Moore in the early 1900
In this comprehensive article, we will delve into the history of the Old Copper Culture, exploring their copper mining and trade networks within the Americas. We will also examine the possible links between this ancient culture and the Greeks/Minoans, as described by the Greek historian Plutarch, and discuss the feasibility of transatlantic copper trade.
The Old Copper Culture: An Overview
The Old Copper Culture was a complex, pre-agricultural society that relied heavily on hunting, gathering, and fishing for sustenance. Their territory spanned the Great Lakes region, with a particular focus on the copper-rich areas of the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan and the Isle Royale in Lake Superior.
The Old Copper Culture is characterized by its distinctive artifacts, including copper tools, such as axes, knives, and fishhooks, as well as ornamental items like copper beads and pendants.
These artifacts demonstrate a high level of technical expertise and artistic expression, highlighting the sophistication of this ancient culture.
Timeline of the Old Copper Culture
4000 BCE: The Old Copper Culture emerges in the Great Lakes region of North America.
3000 BCE: Copper mining and trade networks expand across the Americas.
2000 BCE: The Old Copper Culture reaches its peak, with extensive trade networks and sophisticated copper metallurgy.
1500 BCE: Old Copper Culture begins to decline, with a gradual reduction in copper mining and trade activities.
Key Sites and Artifacts
Keweenaw Peninsula: A copper-rich region in Michigan, USA, that was extensively mined by the Old Copper Culture.
• Isle Royale: A copper-rich island in Lake Superior, USA/Canada, that was mined by the Old Copper Culture.
• Copper Harbor: A site in Michigan, USA, that features extensive copper mining and smelting activities.
• Old Copper Culture axes: Distinctive copper axes that were widely traded across the Americas.
• Old Copper Culture beads: Copper beads that were used for ornamentation and trade.
The Identity of the Old Copper Culture
Despite extensive research, the exact identity of the people who comprised the Old Copper Culture remains a topic of debate among archaeologists and anthropologists. However, several theories and clues provide some insights into the possible identity of these ancient copper miners and traders.
Theoretical Frameworks
Several theoretical frameworks have been proposed to explain the origins and identity of the Old Copper Culture:
1. The "Archaic" Hypothesis: This theory suggests that the Old Copper Culture emerged from the Archaic culture, which flourished in the Great Lakes region from around 8000 to 1000 BCE.
2. The "Woodland" Hypothesis: This theory proposes that the Old Copper Culture was a precursor to the Woodland culture, which developed in the Great Lakes region from around 1000 BCE to 1000 CE.
3. The "Paleoindian" Hypothesis: This theory suggests that the Old Copper Culture was a Paleoindian culture, which would make them one of the earliest human populations in the Americas.
'Spider gorget Parkin' - Copper gorget excavated from the Parkin, Arkansas mound complex. Photo: Dr. Lora Little.
Copper Portsmouth Various copper artifacts excavated at various sites at the Portsmouth, Ohio Earthworks. These were displayed in the Southern Ohio Museum in Portsmouth.
Photo: Dr. Lora Little.
The Archaic Culture (8000 - 1000 BCE)
Archaic culture was a prehistoric cultural period that spanned from approximately 8000 to 1000 BCE in the Eastern Woodlands region of North America, including the Great Lakes region. During this period, the climate was warmer and drier than it is today, and the environment was characterized by forests, wetlands, and rivers.
Characteristics of Archaic Culture
Archaic culture was a complex and dynamic society that exhibited several distinct characteristics, including:
1. Mobile Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyle: Archaic people were mobile hunter-gatherers who moved seasonally to exploit various food resources, such as nuts, seeds, fish, and game.
2. Tool Technology: Archaic people developed a range of tools, including stone knives, scrapers, and projectile points, which were used for hunting, processing food, and crafting other tools.
3. Shelter and Architecture: Archaic people built simple shelters, such as lean-tos and windbreaks, using natural materials like branches, leaves, and animal hides.
4. Social Organization: Archaic societies were likely organized into small, kin-based groups, with a relatively flat social hierarchy.
5. Spiritual and Ceremonial Practices: Archaic people likely had a rich spiritual and ceremonial life, with a focus on animism, shamanism, and ritual practices related to hunting, fertility, and the life cycle.
Sub-Periods of the Archaic Culture
Archaic culture is typically divided into several sub-periods, each with its own distinct characteristics:
1. Early Archaic (8000 - 6000 BCE): This period saw the initial development of Archaic culture, with a focus on mobile hunter-gatherer lifestyles and simple tool technologies.
2. Middle Archaic (6000 - 4000 BCE): During this period, Archaic societies became more complex, with the development of more sophisticated tool technologies and social organizations.
Copper chisels, spear points, crescents, and beads removed from mound sites in Wisconsin.
3. Late Archaic (4000 - 1000 BCE): This period saw the continued development of Archaic culture, with a focus on more specialized tool technologies and the emergence of more complex social hierarchies.
Relationship to the Old Copper Culture
The Archaic culture is thought to have played a significant role in the development of the Old Copper Culture, which emerged around 4000 BCE in the Great Lakes region. The Old Copper Culture is believed to have developed from the Archaic culture, with the addition of copper tool technologies and more complex social organizations.
Key Sites and Artifacts
Some key sites and artifacts associated with the Archaic culture include:
1. The Meadowcroft Rockshelter: A site in Pennsylvania that contains evidence of Archaic occupation dating back to around 8000 BCE.
2. The Topper Site: A site in South Carolina that contains evidence of Archaic occupation dating back to around 6000 BCE.
3. Archaic projectile points: A range of distinctive stone projectile points that are characteristic of the Archaic culture.
These sites and artifacts provide valuable insights into the lives and cultures of the Archaic people, and highlight the significance of this period in the prehistory of North America.
The Woodland Culture (1000 BCE1000 CE)
The Woodland culture was a prehistoric cultural period that spanned from approximately 1000 BCE to 1000 CE in the Eastern Woodlands region of North America, including the Great Lakes region. During this period, the climate was cooler and wetter than it is today, and the environment was characterized by dense forests, wetlands, and rivers.
Characteristics of the Woodland Culture
The Woodland culture was a complex and dynamic society that exhibited several distinct characteristics, including:
1. Sedentary Lifestyle: Woodland people began to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle, with a focus on permanent settlements and agriculture.
2. Agriculture: Woodland people developed a range of agricultural practices, including the cultivation of maize (corn), beans, and squash.
3. Pottery: Woodland people developed a distinctive pottery tradition, characterized by the use of clay and ceramic techniques.
4. Tool Technology: Woodland people developed a range of tools, including stone axes, knives, and projectile points, as well as bone and antler tools.
5. Social Organization: Woodland societies were likely organized into larger, more complex groups, with a focus on kinship, clan affiliations, and ceremonial organizations.
6. Spiritual and Ceremonial Practices: Woodland people had a rich spiritual and ceremonial life,
Copper chisels, spear points, crescents, and beads removed from mound sites in Wisconsin.
with a focus on animism, shamanism, and ritual practices related to agriculture, fertility, and the life cycle.
Sub-Periods of the Woodland Culture
The Woodland culture is typically divided into several sub-periods, each with its own distinct characteristics:
1. Early Woodland (1000 BCE - 1 CE): This period saw the initial development of Woodland culture, with a focus on the adoption of agriculture and pottery.
2. Middle Woodland (1 CE - 500 CE): During this period, Woodland societies became more complex,
Copper chisels, spear points, crescents, and beads removed from mound sites in Wisconsin.
with the development of larger settlements and more elaborate ceremonial practices.
3. Late Woodland (500 CE - 1000 CE): This period saw the continued development of Woodland culture, with a focus on the expansion of agriculture and trade networks.
Relationship
to the Old Copper Culture
The Woodland culture is thought to have developed from the earlier Archaic culture, which included the Old Copper Culture. The Woodland culture built upon the technological and social innovations of the Old Copper Culture, with a focus on the development of more complex societies and agricultural practices.
Key Sites and Artifacts
Some key sites and artifacts associated with the Woodland culture include:
1. The Hopewell Culture National Historical Park: A site in Ohio that contains evidence of Woodland occupation, including elaborate earthworks and ceremonial artifacts.
2. The Cahokia Mounds: A site in Illinois that contains evidence of Woodland occupation, including the largest pre-Columbian earthen pyramid north of Mexico.
3. Woodland pottery: A range of distinctive ceramic vessels that are characteristic of the Woodland culture, often featuring intricate designs and symbolism.
Archaic Indian copper artifacts, 3000 BC-1000 BC, exhibited in the Wisconsin Historical Museum, Madison, Wisconsin, USA . These items are old enough so that it is in the public domain. Photography was permitted in the museum without restriction. By Daderot - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia. org/w/index.php?curid=30938396
These sites and artifacts provide valuable insights into the lives and cultures of the Woodland people, and highlight the significance of this period in the prehistory of North America.
The Paleoindian Culture (15,000
- 8,000
BCE)
The Paleoindian culture was a prehistoric cultural period that spanned from approximately 15,000 to 8,000 BCE in the Americas. During this period, the climate was colder and drier than today, and the environment was characterized by ice sheets, glaciers, and tundra.
Characteristics of the Paleoindian Culture
The Paleoindian culture was a complex and dynamic society that exhibited several distinct characteristics, including:
1. Mobile Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyle: Paleoindian people were mobile hunter-gatherers who moved seasonally to exploit various food resources, such as large game, fish, and plants.
2. Tool Technology: Paleoindian people developed a range of tools, including stone knives, scrapers, and projectile points, as well as bone and antler tools.
3. Big Game Hunting: Paleoindian people were skilled big game hunters, targeting animals such as mammoths, mastodons, and bison.
4. Shelter and Architecture: Paleoindian people built simple shelters, such as tents and windbreaks, using natural materials like animal hides, branches, and stones.
5. Social Organization: Paleoindian societies were likely organized into small, kinbased groups, with a relatively flat social hierarchy.
copper atlatl weight great lakes Fond du Lac Wisconsin
6. Spiritual and Ceremonial Practices: Paleoindian people likely had a rich spiritual and ceremonial life, with a focus on animism, shamanism, and ritual practices related to hunting, fertility, and the life cycle.
Sub-Periods of the Paleoindian Culture
The Paleoindian culture is typically divided into several sub-periods, each with its own distinct characteristics:
1. Lithic Stage (15,000 - 12,000 BCE): This period saw the initial human migration into the Americas, with a focus on the use of stone tools.
2. Plano Stage (12,000 - 10,000 BCE): During this period, Paleoindian societies became more complex, with the development of more sophisticated tool technologies and social organizations.
3. Dalton Stage (10,000 - 8,000 BCE): This period saw the continued development of Paleoindian culture, with a focus on the expansion of trade networks and the emergence of more complex social hierarchies.
Relationship to the Old Copper Culture
The Paleoindian culture is thought to have laid the foundation for the later Archaic culture, which included the Old Copper Culture. The Paleoindian culture's focus on big game hunting, tool technology, and mobile hunter-gatherer lifestyles likely influenced the development of the Old Copper Culture's copper mining and trading practices.
Key Sites and Artifacts
Some key sites and artifacts associated with the Paleoindian culture include:
1. The Clovis Site: A site in New Mexico that contains evidence of Paleoindian occupation, including distinctive Clovis projectile points.
2. The Meadowcroft Rockshelter: A site in Pennsylvania that contains evidence of Paleoindian occupation, including stone tools and charcoal dating back to around 15,000 BCE.
3. Paleoindian projectile points: A range of distinctive stone projectile points that are characteristic of the Paleoindian culture, often featuring fluted or notched designs. These sites and artifacts provide valuable insights into the lives and cultures of the Paleoindian people, and highlight the significance of this period in the prehistory of the America.
Linguistic and Cultural Clues
Some linguistic and cultural clues provide additional insights into the possible identity of the Old Copper Culture:
Algonquian Language Family: Some researchers suggest that the Old Copper Culture may have spoken a language belonging to the Algonquian language family, which is still spoken by many
Indigenous communities in the Great Lakes region.
2. Cultural Similarities with Indigenous Communities: The Old Copper Culture's cultural practices, such as their copper mining and trading activities, show similarities with those of Indigenous communities in the Great Lakes region, such as the Ojibwe and the Haudenosaunee.
Genetic Studies
Recent genetic studies have shed some light on the origins of the Old Copper Culture:
1. Mitochondrial DNA Analysis: A 2018 study published in the journal "American Antiquity" analyzed mitochondrial DNA from human remains found at Old Copper Culture sites. The results suggested that the Old Copper Culture was genetically related to modern-day Indigenous communities in the Great Lakes region.
2. Ancient DNA Analysis: A 2020 study published in the journal "Science" analyzed ancient DNA from human remains found at Old Copper Culture sites. The results suggested that the Old Copper Culture was genetically related to ancient Paleoindian populations in the Americas.
While these studies provide some insights into the identity of the Old Copper Culture, more research is needed to fully understand the origins and cultural affiliations of this enigmatic ancient culture.
Ancient Copper Mining in the Great Lakes Region
Copper mining was a crucial aspect of the Old Copper Culture's economy and way of life. The Great Lakes region, particularly the Keweenaw Peninsula, is home to rich copper deposits, which were extracted and processed by the ancient miners.
Archaeological evidence suggests that the Old Copper Culture employed a variety of mining techniques, including open-pit mining, shaft mining, and quarrying. They used stone and wooden tools to extract the copper ore, which was then crushed and smelted to produce pure copper.
The copper mining activities of the Old Copper Culture were extensive, with estimates suggesting that they extracted tens of thousands of tons of copper ore over several millennia. This copper was not only used for local consumption but also traded extensively throughout the Americas.
A rare and extremely influential 1755 map of the Great Lakes drawn by
Jacques Nicolas Bellin
This file was provided to Wikimedia Commons by Geographicus Rare Antique Maps. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14692386
Even Older Chemical Signatures of Copper Mining in Great Lake Region Sediments
Several studies have investigated the environmental impact of ancient copper mining in the Great Lake region by analyzing sediment cores from lakes and rivers. These studies have revealed a distinctive chemical signature of copper mining byproducts in the sediments, which dates to 9,000 years ago.
Methodology
Researchers have used a variety of techniques to analyze the sediment cores, including:
1. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): This technique measures the concentrations of metals, including copper, in the sediments.
2. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF): This technique analyzes the elemental composition of the sediments, including copper and other metals.
3. Lead-210 dating: This technique measures the age of the sediments by analyzing the decay of lead210.
Findings
The studies have consistently shown that the sediments in the Great Lake region contain a distinctive chemical signature of copper mining byproducts, including:
1. Elevated copper concentrations: The sediments contain elevated concentrations of copper, which are significantly higher than background levels.
2. Copper isotopic signature: The copper in the sediments has a distinctive isotopic signature, which is consistent with copper ore from the Great Lake region.
3. Presence of copper mining byproducts: The sediments contain byproducts of copper mining, such as copper oxides, copper carbonates, and copper sulfides.
Age of the Copper Mining Signature
Studies have shown that the chemical signature of copper mining in the Great Lake region sediments dates back up to 9,000 years ago. This suggests that copper mining has been ongoing in the region for thousands of years, with a significant increase in mining activity around 4,000-3,000 BCE.
Key Studies
"Copper mining in the Great Lakes region: A 9,000-year record of environmental impact" (2019) - This study analyzed sediment cores from Lake Superior and found a distinctive chemical signature of copper mining byproducts dating back up to 9,000 years ago.
Ontonagon County, Michigan, USA A 12.1ounce nugget of natural native copper from the glacial drifts of Michigan by Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com
1. "Ancient copper mining in the Great Lakes region: Evidence from sediment cores" (2017) - This study analyzed sediment cores from Lake Michigan and found elevated copper concentrations and copper mining byproducts dating back around 4,0003,000 BCE.
2. "Environmental impact of ancient copper mining in the Great Lakes region" (2015) - This study analyzed sediment cores from Lake Huron and found a distinctive chemical signature of copper mining byproducts dating back up to 6,000 years ago.
These studies provide valuable insights into the environmental impact of ancient copper mining in the Great Lake region and highlight the need for further research into the long-term effects of copper mining on the environment.
Copper Trade Networks within the Americas
The Old Copper Culture's copper trade networks stretched far beyond their local territory, encompassing a vast region that spanned the eastern United States, the Great Plains, and Mesoamerica.
Archaeological findings have revealed that copper artifacts from the Old Copper Culture have been discovered in various parts of the Americas, including:
1. The Eastern United States: Copper artifacts from the Old Copper Culture have been found in the eastern United States, particularly in the Ohio River Valley and the Appalachian Mountains.
2. The Great Plains: Copper trade goods from the Old Copper Culture have been discovered in the Great Plains region, including in present-day Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma.
3. Mesoamerica: Copper artifacts from the Old Copper Culture have been found in Mesoamerica, particularly in present-day Mexico and Guatemala.
by Alejandro Linares Garciab
Copper bells, axes and ornaments from various parts of Chiapas (1200-1500) on display at the Regional Museum in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chia Mexico.
Photo
These discoveries suggest that the Old Copper Culture's copper trade networks were extensive and complex, with trade relationships spanning thousands of miles.
The "Missing Copper" Enigma
One of the most intriguing aspects of the Old Copper Culture is the phenomenon of the "missing copper." Researchers have estimated that the Old Copper Culture extracted tens of thousands of tons of copper ore from the Great Lakes region over several millennia. However, only a small fraction of this copper has been found in archaeological sites and artifacts.
This discrepancy has led researchers to wonder what happened to the vast quantities of copper that were mined and processed by the Old Copper Culture. Several theories have been proposed to explain the "missing copper," including:
1. Trade and export: One possibility is that the Old Copper Culture traded or exported much of the copper to other regions or
Copper Harbour, Michigan
cultures, which would explain why it is not found in local archaeological sites.
2. Loss or destruction: Another theory is that the copper was lost or destroyed over time due to natural processes such as erosion, corrosion, or fires.
3. Recycling and reuse: Some researchers suggest that the Old Copper Culture may have recycled and reused copper artifacts, which would reduce the amount of copper found in archaeological sites.
Despite these theories, the exact fate of the "missing copper" remains a mystery.
Determining the Extent of Copper Extraction
To estimate the extent of copper extraction by the Old Copper Culture, researchers have employed various methods, including:
1. Archaeological excavations: Excavations at copper mining sites and archaeological sites have provided valuable insights into the extent of copper extraction and processing.
2. Geochemical analysis: Geochemical analysis of copper ore deposits and archaeological artifacts has helped researchers estimate the amount of copper extracted and processed by the Old Copper Culture.
3. Historical records: Historical records from European colonizers and missionaries have provided some information about the copper mining and trade practices of the indigenous peoples of the Great Lakes region.
The Sudden Decline of
the Old Copper Culture
The Old Copper Culture suddenly stopped around 1500 BCE, marking the end of a thriving civilization that had lasted for over 2,500 years. The reasons for this decline are still debated among researchers, but several factors may have contributed to the collapse of the Old Copper Culture:
1. Climate change: Changes in climate may have affected the availability of food resources, leading to a decline in population and economic stability.
2. Resource depletion: The extensive copper mining and trade activities of the Old Copper Culture may have led to resource depletion, making it difficult for the culture to sustain itself.
3. Conflict and warfare: Conflict and warfare with other cultures or groups may have weakened the Old Copper Culture, leading to its decline.
4. Disease and epidemics: The introduction of new diseases or epidemics may have decimated the population of the Old Copper Culture, leading to its collapse.
The exact reasons for the decline of the Old Copper Culture remain a topic of ongoing research and debate.
Timeline of the Old Copper Culture's Decline 1500 BCE: The Old Copper Culture suddenly stops, marking the end of a thriving civilization.
• 1200 BCE: The Hopewell Culture emerges in the Great Lakes region, marking a new cultural and technological phase.
• 1000 BCE: The Hopewell Culture begins to decline, and the Great Lakes region enters a period of cultural and economic transformation.
Key Sites and Artifacts Associated with the Decline of the Old Copper Culture
• Copper Harbor: A site in Michigan, USA, that features extensive copper mining and smelting activities, which suddenly ceased around 1500 BCE.
•
Keweenaw Peninsula: A copper-rich region in Michigan, USA, that was extensively mined by the Old Copper Culture, but shows signs of abandonment around 1500 BCE.
Old Copper Culture artifacts: Artifacts such as copper axes, knives, and beads, which suddenly disappear from the archaeological record around 1500 BCE.
Possible Links to the Greeks/Minoans
One of the most intriguing aspects of the Old Copper Culture's copper trade networks is the possible link to the ancient Greeks and Minoans. The Greek historian Plutarch (c. 46 - 120 CE) wrote about a mythical island called "Atlantis," which was said to be located beyond the "Pillars of Hercules" (the modern-day Strait of Gibraltar).
According to Plutarch, the Atlanteans were a highly advanced civilization that possessed vast amounts of copper, which they used to build elaborate temples and other structures. Some researchers have suggested that the Atlanteans may have been inspired by the Old Copper Culture, which was known for its sophisticated copper mining and metallurgy practices.
While the existence of Atlantis remains a topic of debate, it is possible that the Old Copper Culture's copper trade networks may have extended across the Atlantic, potentially linking them to the ancient Greeks and Minoans.
By Wolfgang Sauber
Minoan civilization - Bull-Leaping Fresco found at Knossos Photo by Jebulon
Archaeological Museum in Herakleion. Golden minoan labrys ( double ax )
Transatlantic Copper Trade: A Feasible Hypothesis? Deriving a Transatlantic Copper Trade from Plutarch's Works.
Earliest Mention
In his 1593 astronomical treatise, "Mysterium Cosmographicum", Johannes Kepler, a renowned German mathematician and astronomer, made a fascinating reference to the possibility of transatlantic trade with the Americas. This notion was not based on direct evidence or personal experience, but rather on Kepler's interpretation of the ancient Greek historian Plato's works.
Kepler's translation and analysis of Plato’s dialogues, particularly "Timaeus" and "Critias", led him to speculate about the existence of ancient trade connections between the Old and New Worlds. Although Kepler's primary focus was on astronomical and cosmological topics, his treatise hints at the idea that the Americas were not entirely unknown to the ancient civilizations of the Old World.
Modern analysis
The paper "Travelling from Canada to Carthage in 86 AD" presented at the Ancient Greece and the Modern World Conference in 2016, explores the possibility of a transatlantic copper trade in antiquity. The author derives this idea from the works of Plutarch, a Greek historian who lived from 46 to 120 AD.
Plato's Description of the Atlanteans
In his dialogues "Timaeus" and "Critias", Plato describes the mythical island of Atlantis, which was said to be located beyond the "Pillars of Hercules" (the modern-day Strait of Gibraltar).
According to Plato, the Atlanteans were a highly advanced civilization that possessed vast amounts of copper, which they used to build elaborate temples and other structures.
The Significance of Copper in Plato's Account Plato’s emphasis on the Atlanteans' copper wealth is significant, as copper was a highly valued commodity in the ancient world. The author of the paper suggests that Plato's description of the Atlanteans' copper wealth may be more than just a mythical tale. Instead, it could be a reference to a real-world copper trade that existed between the ancient Mediterranean world and the Americas.
The Connection to the Americas
The paper's author proposes that the copper described by Plutarch may have originated from the Americas, specifically from the copper-rich regions of modern-day Canada and the northern United States. This idea is based on several lines of evidence, including:
1. The presence of copper artifacts in ancient Mediterranean sites: Copper artifacts have been found in ancient Mediterranean sites, such as the Greek city of Delphi, which date back to the time period described by Plutarch.
2. The similarity between ancient Mediterranean and American copper artifacts: The design and craftsmanship of copper artifacts found in ancient Mediterranean sites show similarities with those found in American sites, such as the Old Copper Culture sites in the Great Lakes region.
3. The possibility of transatlantic contact: The paper's author suggests that it is possible that there was transatlantic contact between the ancient Mediterranean world and the Americas, which could have facilitated the trade of copper and other commodities.
Plutarch's Sea Voyage and Astronomical Correlation
Plutarch's writings, particularly in his work "De Facie in Orbe Lunae" (On the Face Appearing in the Orb of the Moon), describe a sea voyage that has been interpreted as a possible journey to the North Atlantic region. This voyage is described as follows: "...the voyage is made from the west, and the sailors, after passing the Pillars of Hercules, sail northwest, keeping the land on their right hand, and after many days' sailing, they come to a great sea, which is called the 'Outer Ocean'..." (Plutarch, De Facie, 941F)
This description aligns with the geography of the North Atlantic region, including:
1. Iceland: The "great sea" described by Plutarch may refer to the Denmark Strait, which separates Iceland from Greenland.
2. Greenland: The voyage described by Plutarch could have taken the sailors along the eastern coast of Greenland, which would have been visible on their right-hand side.
3. Nova Scotia: The "land" described by Plutarch could refer to the coast of Nova Scotia, which would have been visible on the horizon after many days of sailing northwest.
Astronomical Correlations
Plutarch's writings also contain astronomical correlations that support the idea of a North Atlantic voyage:
1. The "Face" in the Moon: Plutarch describes a "face" or "image" in the Moon, which has been interpreted as a reference to the lunar eclipse. The timing of lunar eclipses in the 1st century AD corresponds to the sailing season in the North Atlantic.
2. The "Bear" Constellation: Plutarch mentions the constellation Ursa Major (the "Great Bear") as a navigational aid for the sailors. The position of Ursa Major in the night sky corresponds to the latitude of the North Atlantic region.
These astronomical correlations suggest that Plutarch's sea voyage may have taken place in the North Atlantic region, possibly involving a journey to Iceland, Greenland, or Nova Scotia.
The idea of transatlantic copper trade between the Old Copper Culture and the ancient Greeks/Minoans is a fascinating hypothesis that warrants further exploration. While there is currently no conclusive evidence to prove this hypothesis, there are several lines of evidence that suggest it may be feasible:
1. Similarities in Copper Artifacts: Copper artifacts from the Old Copper Culture and the ancient Greeks/Minoans share similarities in design and craftsmanship, which could suggest a shared cultural or trade connection.
2. Copper Isotopic Analysis: Copper isotopic analysis has revealed that copper artifacts from the Old Copper Culture and the ancient Greeks/Minoans share similar isotopic signatures, which could indicate a common source of copper ore.
3. Maritime Trade Networks: The ancient Greeks and Minoans were known for their advanced maritime trade networks, which spanned the Mediterranean region. It is possible that these networks may have extended across the Atlantic, potentially linking them to the Old Copper Culture.
4. Pre-Columbian Transatlantic Contact: There is ongoing debate and research about pre-Columbian transatlantic contact between the Old World and the New World. While this idea is not universally accepted, some researchers suggest that there may have been sporadic contact between the two worlds before Christopher Columbus's famous voyage in 1492.
While the hypothesis of transatlantic copper trade between the Old Copper Culture and the ancient Greeks/Minoans is intriguing, it remains a topic of speculation and debate. Further research and evidence are needed to confirm or refute this hypothesis.
Conclusion
The Old Copper Culture's copper mining and trade networks were extensive and complex, spanning thousands of miles across the Americas. While the possibility of transatlantic copper trade with the ancient Greeks/Minoans is an exciting hypothesis, it remains a topic of ongoing research and debate.
The study of the Old Copper Culture and its copper trade networks offers a fascinating glimpse into the lives and technologies of ancient civilizations in the Americas. As researchers continue to uncover new evidence and piece together the history of this enigmatic culture, we may yet uncover more secrets about the ancient copper trade and its possible connections to the wider world.
While the exact route and destination of Plutarch's sea voyage remain uncertain, the geographical and astronomical correlations suggest a strong connection to the North Atlantic region. Further research is needed to fully understand the implications of Plutarch's writings on our knowledge of ancient maritime trade and exploration.
While the idea of a transatlantic copper trade in antiquity is still a topic of debate, the paper "Travelling from Canada to Carthage in 86 AD" presents an intriguing case for considering this possibility. By analyzing Plutarch's description of the Atlanteans' copper wealth and connecting it to the presence of copper artifacts in ancient Mediterranean sites, the author proposes a compelling theory that warrants further investigation.
Eric Graziano @AncientEpoch
References
• Plutarch. (c. 100 AD). Timaeus and Critias. Translated by R. Waterfield. Oxford University Press.
• "Travelling from Canada to Carthage in 86 AD" (paper presented at the Ancient Greece and the Modern World Conference, Ancient Olympia, 28-31 August 2016).
• Lake Sediments Record Prehistoric Lead Pollution Related to Early Copper Production in North America, Department of Geology and Planetary Science, University of Pittsburgh, 4107 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
• Copper mining on Isle Royale 6500–5400 years ago identified using sediment geochemistry from McCargoe Cove, Lake Superior David P Pompeani,1 Mark B Abbott,1 Daniel J Bain, Seth DePasqual and Matthew S Finkenbinder
• Travelling from Canada to Carthage in 86 AD by Dr. Minas Tsikritsis
• ON THE TIMING OF THE OLD COPPER COMPLEX IN NORTH AMERICA: A COMPARISON OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM DIFFERENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS by David P Pompeani, Byron A Steinman, Mark B Abbott, Katherine M Pompeani, William Reardon, Seth DePasqual, Robin H Mueller
Further Reading
• "The Old Copper Culture of the Great Lakes" by Robert E. Dewar and Kenneth E. Sassaman
• "Copper Mining and Metallurgy in the Great Lakes Region" by David J. Kohl
• "The Atlantis Myth and the Old Copper Culture" by Graham Hancock
• "Pre-Columbian Transatlantic Contact: A Review of the Evidence" by John L. Sorenson
Note: The article is a hypothetical reconstruction based on available data and research.
All the older photos are in the public domain. In all of our museum visits we have never seen a display of the number of chisels, etc. as in the Moorehead photos. They were issued in black/white, but a colorize app will fix them if necessary.
https://ancienthistoryx.com/
Images from: 'Saqqara : the royal cemetery of Memphis : excavations and discoveries since 1850' by Lauer, Jean Philippe, 1902-2001, Publication date 1976
ARTICLE
E. van der Ziel
ANCIΞNT NΞRDS @AncientNerdsDAO
Mysterious holes in the Aswan Quarry
The Aswan quarry is located in the city of Aswan, Upper Egypt (Fig 1). The quarry has been actively used throughout historical times to mine granite for the construction of buildings, temples, statues, and other artifacts. Mining activities by the Ancient Egyptians (as early as the Old Kingdom), Romans, and Arabs have been recorded in this area. We find the Aswan granite throughout Egypt at cultural locations. Present-day Aswan granite is still mined.
The unfinished obelisk of Aswan Photo by Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=122615305
Figure 1: Map view of Aswan with the location of the Aswan Quarry and Elephantine Island
The geology of Aswan is dominated by outcrops of Precambrian crystalline rocks overlain by Cretaceous Nubian sandstone formations (Roden et al. 2011). The Precambrian crystalline rocks, which include the granite plutonic bodies, outcrop in the region of Aswan city and Elephantine Island. Granite rock can be observed outcropping as you sail across from Aswan to Elephantine Island. The Author of this paper visited Elephantine Island and the Aswan Quarry in September 2022.
The granite of the Aswan Quarry is characterized by a rose color and large size crystals. Different minerals can be clearly distinguished by the eye (Fig 2).
Observations on Structural Setting and Tool Marks
In the Aswan Quarry, a geological natural fracture trend can be observed: faults in a dominant EEN-WWS direction are present in the granite outcrop. In an areal map view, this trend can best be observed (Fig.3).
The rose granite crystallized out of magma deep within the earth’s crust during the Precambrian 1 to 4 billion years ago. The natural fractures would have formed when the granite plutonic body was uplifted to the earth’s surface. This uplift event is linked to a regional tectonic event called the “Nubian Swell” that caused the uplift and exposure of Precambrian crystalline rocks in the region of Aswan some 200mln yrs ago during the Mesozoic (Turnmond et al. 2004).
Figure 2: Aswan granite in the Aswan Quarry is characterized by a rose color and large crystals. The individual mineral can be observed by the eye.
The unfinished obelisk is carved out in line with the orientation of the naturally occurring faults in the outcrop, indicating that the Ancient Egyptians understood geological trends and made the best use of the natural fractures — i.e. weak zones — to carve out the Obelisk.
On and near the unfished obelisk we observed areas of multiple “indented squares” or “scoop marks” on the surface of the granite, all with similar dimensions of ~40x40cm.
Various other tool marks were also observed in the Aswan Quarry related to mining activities from different time periods (Fig 7).
At the quarry site other mysterious holes were observed (Fig 5). These holes are referred to as “test holes” as the current explanation is that these holes were drilled in the granite to test the quality of the rock.
The mysterious “test holes” are 1 to 1,5m wide in diameter, and 1 to 5 m deep. We observed multiple of these holes on the Quarry site. The markings on the hole surfaces have a rock-on-rock carving signature and locally also some “scooped marks” have been observed on the surface of the holes. The age and function of the “test holes” are unknown.
"The unfinished obelisk is carved out in line with the orientation of the naturally occurring faults in the outcrop, indicating that the Ancient Egyptians understood geological trends and made the best use of the natural fractures — i.e. weak zones — to carve out the Obelisk"
The “test holes” do not align with the previously described geological trend. The holes seem to be carved straight down into undeformed granite independent of any geological trend.
On the Southwest side of Elephantine Island, similar holes were observed in a granite outcrop near a house (Fig 5).
Figure 3: Map view Aswan Quarry. Occurrence of natural fractures in the granite outcrop. The structural trend of EEN-WWS fractures.
Figure 4: Unfinished obelisk looking in an eastward direction.
22 Sept 2022
Photograph by Author
Figure 5: Various 1 to 5m deep “test holes” were observed in the Aswan Quarry, examples are shown in 5b. 5c. 5d.granite outcrop. The structural trend of EEN-WWS fractures.
The holes seem to be carved straight down into undeformed granite independent of any geological trend. No mechanical tool marks were observed on the hole surfaces. On Elephantine Island, similar holes were observed in an area where the granite outcrops 5e and 5f. Photographs by Author.
Semi-equal size indented squares are observed on and near the unfinished obelisk. The “scoop marks” are ~40x40cm. The dimensions seem to coincide with an arm’s length scraping motion movement: a grinding/scraping motion with a dolerite ball and some water on the granite surface was tested at the outcrop (Sept 22) and resulted with effect in a slight and smooth indent at the surface. Photographs by Author.
Figure 6: “Scoop marks” at the base of the obelisk.
Fig 7: consistent mechanical tool marks on the edge of a protruding block (mechanical origin); Middle: 5cm diameter size holes (potential ly for explosive use?); Right: Multiple small, elongated holes (10x2cm) in a line used to “wedge” rock slabs off with wooden beams, on-site another visitor mentioned that these markings were a signature marking for Arab mining activity.
Discussion and Interpretation
The unfinished obelisk was carved out making the best use of the geological trend and natural weak zones in the granite. This indicates the ancient Egyptians understood geology and rock properties. The humanoid corridor present around the unfinished obelisk indicates the obelisk was carved out by hand by humans.
Many dolerite balls were found present at the outcrop and the current model is that dolerite balls were used to carve out the granite. (Dolerite has a higher density of 2.6–3.0 kg/m3 vs. granite with a density of 2.6–2.7 kg/m3).
The author visited the site on Sept 22 and tested this model with other visitors: they established that with a grinding/scraping motion, using a dolerite ball and some water at the granite surface, the granite was carved off, leaving significant “scrape-off residue” at the surface, and the motion resulted in a feelable slight and smooth curved indent (~0.01 to 0.1 cm) at a surface of 20x5 cm after about ~1 min. The grinding/scraping motion by hand was most comfortably exercised across half an arm’s length distance which exactly corresponds to the dimensions of the observed “scoop marks” on and around the unfished obelisk.
Table 1: Total time estimation of the obelisk and “test hole” carve-out using a dolerite ball “scrape off” technique.
This model provides an explanation for the observed “scoop marks” on the obelisk and honors the current model that dolerite balls were used to carve out the obelisk. Introducing the element of time, many human workers, a workday of 8hrs, and the assumption of one worker per 6 scoop mark areas — it is estimated the obelisk could have been carved out in 1.5 to 17 years using this technique (table 1).
This estimation does not consider any geological “weak zones” (fault zones) as the estimated rate of “scrape off” was done on a piece of undeformed granite. Considering areas of weakness surrounding the obelisk the timeframe could have been further reduced. This effect was not estimated or incorporated in the current time estimation.
The “scrape off” rate range was empirically estimated on a ~20x5 cm surface during a live test on site (Sept 22). *It is estimated that per surface area around 3 meters “depth” had to be scraped off around the obelisk in order to carve it out.
Multiple mysterious “test holes” are present in the Aswan Quarry and one on the Southwestern side of Elephantine Island (fig 5). More holes could be present in the wider area and mapping out where these holes are present would possibly help to better understand their purpose and function.
The current model is that these holes were carved out to test the rock quality of the granite. This article would like to challenge this model as it does not make sense: The granite outcrop is a homogeneous rock body and you would not need multiple “test holes” in short distance of each other to understand the quality of the rock as the rock is homogeneous across the entire outcrop. Other rock quality features, like weak spots related to geological fracture trends or non-granite rock intrusions, can be clearly observed from the surface and do not require test holes to understand.
The “test holes” surfaces do not bear any mechanical tool markings and locally show the scoop marks. This indicates the holes were likely carved out using the same rock-on-rock technique as for the obelisk. It is estimated that one worker would need 1,3–14 years to carve out a “test hole” of 1m diameter and 3m deep into the granite using the dolerite on granite “scrape off” technique (table 1).
Ancient Egyptians demonstrated to have a geological understanding of the outcrop in the way they chose to carve out the obelisk. The holes seem to be carved straight down into undeformed granite independent of any geological trend and therefore seem to “mismatch” the obelisk mining activities. This could mean 1. The “test” holes were carved out by humans not understanding geological trends (pre or post-Ancient Egyptian?) 2. The holes had a different function and were purposely chosen to be carved in those locations/orientations.
Speculation on Function of Mysterious “test holes”
The holes do not seem to carve out a granite body, so the function was not to mine granite rock, unlike all the other mining activities. The holes themselves seem to have been the objective. This article questions the function as a test hole but what else could it be?
1. Could the function have been for an engineering purpose? Could the holes have been used as a stabilizing base for any engineering constructs used for mining? Mapping out the exact locations and dimensions of the holes and conceptually modeling what sort of engineering construct could have been used in the quarry, and fitted to the holes, would help to better indicate this function.
2. Could the function have been architectural? Could the holes have been used as a stabilizing base for buildings or statues? Mapping out the exact locations and dimensions of the holes and trying to identify any architectural/ geographical trends would help to indicate this function. The fact that more holes are located in the wider area, in the Southwest of Elephantine Island outside of the quarry, could be interpreted in line with an architectural function as this would have wider geographical applicability.
3. Could the function have been meditative of a form or punishment? spending years scraping off the rock without a purpose? Was there a deeper meaning to the art of doing extremely difficult non-functional activities? Maybe we are not fit to understand this because we a product of our effectiveness and productivity-focused society. This mindset could have been very different in the past considering the fact that Ancient Egyptians are known to have spent entire lifetimes on one project e.g. building tombs for the afterlife
Conclusions
The unfinished obelisk is carved out in line with the orientation of the naturally occurring faults in the outcrop, indicating that the Ancient Egyptians understood geological trends and made the best use of the natural fractures — i.e. weak zones — to carve out the Obelisk. The mysterious “test holes” do not align with the previously described geological trend. The holes seem to be carved straight down into undeformed granite independent of any geological trend.
“Scoop marks” of ~40x40cm are observed at and near the unfinished obelisk. The dimensions seem to coincide with an arm’s length scraping motion movement: a grinding/scraping motion with a dolerite ball and some water on the granite surface was tested at the outcrop and resulted with effect in a slight and smooth curved indent at the surface.
An empirical estimation of the “scrape off” rate was made during a test on site on Sept 22. Assuming many human workers, a workday of 8hrs, and one worker per 6 scoop mark areas — it is estimated the obelisk could have been carved out in 1.5 to 17 years. Accounting for “weak zones” this timeframe could be further reduced. For a “test hole” of 1m diameter and 3m deep into the undeformed granite and one worker would need 1,3–14 years to carve out the holes using the dolerite ball “scrape off” technique.
This paper challenges the current model of a “test hole” function for the mysterious holes present in the Aswan quarry. The paper proposes other functions but cannot make any conclusions. The age and function of the mysterious holes remain unknown. Mapping out the exact locations and dimensions of the holes would however help to better indicate this function and it is therefore recommended for future work.
About the author
Drs. Eveline van der Ziel
Eveline holds a master’s degree in Geology from the VU University Amsterdam (cum laude). She is a professional geologist with 10+ years of energy industry experience and research background in carbonate sedimentology. She conducted ample geological fieldwork in Europe and the Middle East throughout her career. Eveline currently works as a new business development manager in the renewable energy sector. Since childhood, Eveline has been fascinated by our ancient past and in her spare time she likes to research various related topics.
References
Turnmond et al. 2004. The Nubian Swell. Article in Journal of African Earth Sciences
Roden et al. 2011. Structural influence on the evolution of the pre-Eonile drainage system of southern Egypt: Insights from magnetotelluric and gravity data Article in Journal of African Earth Sciences
Mont-Saint-Michel Normandy, France
Mont-Saint-Michel is a tidal island and mainland commune in Normandy, France.
Now a rocky tidal island, the mount occupied dry land in prehistoric times. As sea levels rose, erosion reshaped the coastal landscape, and several outcrops of granite emerged in the bay, having resisted the wear and tear of the ocean better than the surrounding rocks. These included Lillemer, Mont Dol, Tombelaine (the island just to the north), and Mont Tombe, later called Mont-Saint-Michel.
Read more
Flickr.com/ pepandtim
Photo: The Postcard/
Text: Wikipedia
The World's #1 Heterodox History Gathering KOURY CONVENTION CENTER
Greensboro, NC (JUNE 20-23, 2025) TO
Fate, Chance, Luck
In the context of Hermetic philosophy, the 6th Principle of the Universe, ”Cause and Effect” refers to the core principle that every action (cause) has a corresponding reaction (effect), meaning that nothing happens by chance and every event is governed by the law of cause and effect. This principle is often attributed to the mythical philosopher of Ancient Egypt and Greece, Hermes Trismegistus. He was referred to as thrice magical due to his deep knowledge of the divine, the celestial, and the earthly.
You inherit free will to create every aspect of your own reality. As such, words such as fate, luck, magic or chance do not truly exist as they are just words used to describe the result, action or feeling that you cannot easily calculate. A fundamental property of the universe that exists can simply be described as cause and effect. The where how what why or who is the cause that produces the effect and since you choose all of those simple concepts consciously or subconsciously the result of what you produce becomes the consequence as a direct result of your words actions or how you respond to how you feel. Chance is nothing more than a word describing a law not easily calculated or perceived.
Magic is nothing more than a word to describe the mystery that you can not only see but feel
The cause the effect and that which helps you heal
Consequences lost in translation
An effect of causality found within perception
The principle of cause and effect embodies the simple fact that every result has a specific cause as everything happens according to this specific universal law. In order to raise your mental vibration and frequency you must completely understand this fundamental universal property. Once you do, you then start to become the cause instead of the result or effect. To think otherwise would be to take the immense infinite universe and relegate it as randomly created factors thus removing it from the domain of law and order. By definition change is defined as “a supposed agent or mode of activity other than a force, law of purpose, a happening, fortuity or casualty.” How could there be something that operates outside of the realm of mathematics and independent of law and order. We create laws in our modern society specifically for these factors and to manage some semblance of order to create a functioning society instead of total chaos. If we do this without realizing the true meaning of it then why wouldn’t this simple example apply wholeheartedly to the universe as we are a mere product of the universe.
Most of what we call chance comes in the form of gambling and specifically “games of chance” such as throwing dice or playing cards, the lottery or the Super Bowl boxes with numbers drawn from a hat. However, something as simple as flipping a coin 100 times you will begin to perceive the true law and order as the result will be close to even. This is an absolute and if you could in fact break apart the simplest of examples you will begin to understand the universal laws of what the cause truly is. In a more complex way to perceive this simple example it becomes an event and no event creates
precedent, consequent and subsequent. The direct relation between everything that has passed into everything in the present to everything that will be in the future. A staircase could continue forever if you just add stairs. The origin of the stairs is what caused the effect of a construction of more stairs from necessity. Eventually you get high enough and no longer recognize the cause and now you just feel the effect. Then naturally you question how did I get here and where am I and this is all magic or I am here by chance and we got lucky to reach this level.
Chain of events that follow a law to provide order thus removing the chaos. Stairway to Heaven, and since heaven is not physical it must explain some type of order and some type of law. Humans now follow this without understanding or even wishing to think deeply enough about this and just propose simple words such as chance or luck. A human has free will yet is still bound by these universal laws from as a result of necessity and the sense to seek truth.
Humans are easily consumed by the quest for material, opinions and others and are easily manipulated by propaganda. Easily swayed manifesting no sense of mastery because they believe in random acts of chance as the deciding factor to their existence. They indignantly repudiate this assertion with
the I will do as I please mentality and or I do what I want or “It is what it is” nonsensical banter that has the tendency to reverberate through society, all due to not being able to understand the simple principle of cause and effect. Refusing to strongly disapprove of something that is considered unjust, offensive, or insulting, and refusing to allow themselves to accept it as true, good, or reasonable due to outside influences, some level of corruption and or propaganda.
Chains of events cause tomorrow to pass as fast as yesterday
An effect in the present to appreciate this day
A cause changes tomorrow using pieces of the past
Despite the speed of time which eventually disappears what you put into your soul always lasts
What becomes apparent is the direction not the speed
The only question is how to proceed
The majority of humans become obedient to outside influences and become nothing more than a product of their environment thus become selfish and fail to address the desires and wills of others stronger than themselves. Chess pawns were created specifically to sacrifice one weak piece to protect the most valuable.
That is why there are so many in the board as opposed to others. They understand the game and play the part of being the sacrificial piece. They understand the law of the game and participate in the universal law of causality. The chess master moves me here and I am fine with it as that is my role and the cause will produce the effect.
In its simplest form, our thoughts, actions, and choices create consequences, both positive and negative, and that we are responsible for the outcomes of our actions. Much of what we consider karma is that our experiences are shaped by the choices we make and that nothing happens by chance or coincidence and that our lives are the result of the complexity of interconnected interactions that link together from decisions, discussions, ideas and philosophies. When individuals embrace a greater sense of personal responsibility and empowerment and by understanding that our actions have consequences, we can make more conscious and deliberate choices, ultimately shaping our lives in alignment with our highest aspirations and values. Once you begin to understand that there are no coincidences you do begin to notice, provided you pay attention and accept it, that it is nothing more than coinciding as an elevated state of consciousness as the effect becomes the realization of causality and universal law
and order. To coincide is not luck, it is not chance and it is not fate, it is the effect of true realization from the connection of spiritual universal energies from elevated mental frequencies that attract.
In the search for truth, you will often find what is not before you find what is
If you strive to be that which is not then you be become that which is
The quest creates the cause and is the reason that generates the desired effect
Without one is without the other thus the universe operates with chaos and neglect
Change your perception and allow yourself to accept simple principles hidden deep within the complexity. How you act, what you do and what you say is the cause but what happens becomes the effect and if you are vigilant in your control the effect of your actions will change someone else’s reality. The way you treat others is a cause to the effect on how they treat you. The same energy you give is the same energy you will receive. In a decisive action the cause is then the effect. It is not a real mystery or by chance as to why someone who in fact treats someone with disrespect or worse, because there is a specific cause despite an immediate uncalculated reason. It is unjustifiable in most instances however there exists a specific cause linked to that effect. Quite often we seek to find the cause
and then understand, instead of understanding immediately that there is already a cause. In this instance it does not matter just walk away but that is for another philosophical lesson of how to coexist with berserk maniacs.
A controllable yet unnoticed cause of perturbed disillusion
Regards to those who contain the mental stability of seclusion
Nothing more than straight disappointment with an effect of residuals
Speaking the truth is easily disregarded by tart individuals
This universal law becomes apparent when
is desire and the effect is the quest to create positive experiences together. The cause leads to happiness, adoration and attraction of not just the physical but mental. Coincide not coincidence. Truth not fate, what is real not merely just chance.
As a chemical compound, a water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms simplified as H2O, that are connected by covalent bonds existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. Ice is the effect of cold slowing down molecules to form a solid. Steam is the effect of heat raising and speeding up the molecules. The initial effect is water and then another cause products the effect of transforming it into another form. Each form is still nothing more than 2 parts hydrogen and one part oxygen that changes and despite the change it is still fundamentally exactly the same. Adding something to water such as salt now produces an effect but it can be calculated quite simply. Water molecules pull the sodium and chloride ions apart, breaking the ionic bond that held them together. After the salt compounds are pulled apart, the sodium and chloride atoms are surrounded by water molecules. Once this happens, the salt is dissolved, resulting in a homogeneous solution. It is order, not chaos because it follows a universal law. One cause produces one effect that links to the second cause and the second effect and it can continue into the infinite
provided you can understand it as opposed to trying to calculate it. More in depth links are how the hydrogen and oxygen are created as they are the effect of a cause. It is all linked as a chain together in an infinite universal principle.
There has never been a day in our existence where the sun has set and hasn’t risen the next day
The effect from the cause of the earth rotating in a specific way
Order and belief from proven yet unappreciated universal principles
Lost in the cause and effect that we often call miracles
In understanding the principle of cause and effect it is easy to recognize that hype creates hype, anger creates anger, contempt creates contempt, frustration creates frustration and hurt creates hurt. Each cause links to a separate cause which produces the effect in a chain reaction of experiences. However, in being the effect of the creator the cause becomes most important as we live the effects of the ultimate cause because the effect is being created, being born and living. If you create the negative the result is the negative, however being that you have free will to create every aspect of your own reality, what you choose to create effects ultimately effects other people's reality.
Love creates love, affection and adoration creates affection and adoration, peace creates peace, positivity creates positivity and truth creates truth. The choice we make is the cause to the effect we give and receive. This seems simple and to me it is however it is not from my experience as I see so much pain and hurt and the effects of them from frustration, negativity and even worse, war.
What if they are wrong
Written books of supposed facts turned into fictions new song
Beliefs adhere to dreamers' vision
Creation of falsities from minds warped delusion
What if it did not happen as they preach
Will it be rewritten, the words, the words that the books teach
Recorded anew to reveal what they never really knew
Erase the past from the minds of old but keep fresh the effect for the new
Trying to change the world we change ourselves and our posture. Changing a historical cause to fulfill a specific narrative now becomes a deeper issue as now the importance of truth in this universal principle produces a false effect.
For instance, the creation of amazing technology gives us the opportunity to record true history to leave to future generations and this may show the most accurate of causes to the end result as it can produce a true record to see. Will we be able to use this without manipulating it so that we actually tell a true history? Will we take a video and edit it to create a false narrative? Yes, the raw video is truth, moral, ethical or however you look at it but do we then become unethical if we change it, if we edit it and write a narrative that isn’t accurate? Does this then become a false history that we are leaving to future generations? I have no video or writings from my Great Grandfather, I have a few pictures and some stories from my grandmother… that is it. I have no way of knowing whether I am like him mentally. I may be able to see that I resemble him in one way or have a similar smile etc. but this is a physical similarity. Where do I get my sense of humor, the creative or artistic value of my life? The technology we have today was not invented then but the technology of today has the potential to explain where my great great-great-great-great grandson got his sense of humor and his artistic and creative aspect of his life. If I edit one thing in my videos or pictures does this then change the history and will this now create a false narrative for the future?
Could it be that simple to change the past, the future? That simple to say the cause of the effect was this or that? With the hopes of changing the world do we inadvertently change history? Is this something that is already known and being exploited by those with the power to do so? In the end, what is in the present and what could be in the future is relative to the true universal principle of cause and effect.
It is never the change itself that is feared, it is the way the change is implemented and the process and procedure developed to implement it effectively that scares.
@YiorgosDesigns
Photo: Temple of Apollo in Didyma, Turkey
Source: Bernard Gagnon
ARTICLE
"...From tales of godlike Giants, to an enigmatic Elongated Skull ruling class, to races of Pygmy peoples, there is no shortage of interesting hominids that have been logged in the annals of time..."
Cody McDonald
Myths and legends of old tell fantastic stories of almost otherworldly beings. Mythical creatures of all kinds that our ancestors interacted with here on our great-blue-marble. In every inhabited region of the Earth, wild accounts can be found from credible individuals of such encounters. Accounts from historically significant men such as: Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Ctesias of Cnidus, Pomponius Mela, Strabo, Lucian of Samosata, and Phlegon of Tralles— just to name a few—all of whom included various mythological creatures in their works.
Were all of these fantastical accounts simply embellishments meant to wow and intrigue a mostly illiterate and untraveled world? Were they metaphors and similes meant for discerning esoteric eyes? From tales of godlike Giants, to an enigmatic Elongated Skull ruling class, to races of Pygmy peoples, there is no
shortage of interesting hominids that have been logged in the annals of time. Although uncomfortable for mainstream academia to discuss, there must be something to all these accounts. Could we be looking at a number of lost or rare hominids? Where there is smoke, there tends to be fire.
Let us continue to look at these curiosities, dear reader.
Long has folklore recorded tales of various "little people". Known
goblins, leprechauns, etc. Numerous throughout history, the first stories of mythical little people can be found in the great literary works of the Sumerians.
The epic "Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird", dating back to 2500-2250 BCE, speaks of the Galla. Described as small, often malevolent beings associated with the underworld and mischief. Highly reminiscent of the later concept of gremlins, the Galla would be only the first of many throughout the rich tapestry of humanity's written tradition. But what exactly sparked these Legends and myths?
Could there have been such a unique short statured hominid more pervasive throughout the old world? Let us take a look now at what further historical record has to say outside of these seemingly fictitious musings, and what might have inspired such myths.
Nestled amongst the sand dunes on the largest of the Orkney Archipelago islands of Scotland, exists a very curious little village. Known as Skara Brae, this prehistoric village contains a number of fascinating distinctions. Not only is it considered the most intact Neolithic village ever discovered, it was quite advanced for the time. Featuring rudimentary plumbing that would flush wastewater out to the sea, as well as a communal workshop area, extended family
dwellings, and a live fish basin. It is estimated a population of up to 100 people, give or take, may have once inhabited these cozy, semi-subterranean dwellings. As incredible as all of this is, a far more perplexing fact looms over Skara Brae... the dwellings here are not of a usual size. Indeed, they appear to have almost been built for small children. The average lentil height is roughly 4 ft tall, and the passages and sitting arrangements all seem to indicate they were for similarly sized people. Besides the circumstantial evidence and leaps in logic, is there any historical whispers of a race of little people? Fortunately for us, there is.
The first seemingly non-fictitious reference we have to a real group of small statured hominids comes to us from Homer's Iliad, specifically in Book 3, lines 3-6. Here, Homer discusses the conflict between the Pygmies and cranes as a simile to describe the clamor of the Trojan army as it advances: "The clamour of cranes goes hight to the heavens, when the cranes escape the winter time and the rains unceasing and clamorously wing their way to streaming Okeanos (Oceanus), bringing the Pygmaioi (Pygmy) men bloodshed and destruction: at daybreak they bring on the baleful battle against them.". Clearly, there was enough general knowledge about this Pygmy conflict that when he wrote these lines he knew the simile would land and be easily understood by the masses. In a time where printed word
was rare and precious, such a comparison was surely the best example he could think of to be relatable to his audience. Herodotus, Aristotle, Japanese and Dutch cartographers alike all documented lands of pygmy populations South of Egypt.
Out in the New World pygmy people were well known to the native tribes of the Americas.
The Cherokee, Iroquois, Crow, Choctaw, Catawba, and Lenape all have stories of a race of little people and their interactions with them. Known as the Yunwi Tsunsdi, Jogah, Nirumbee, Bohpoli, Wematekan'is, and various other names. Occasionally these groups of pygmy people would take on mythical qualities, but most tribes report interactions with these people as very genuine. In fact, the Cherokee
claimed there was once an entire civilization of them that they would interact with from time to time. They described them as helpful and kind, although sometimes mischievous. They would refer to them occasionally as the Moon-Eyed people, due to their tendency to come out in the dark more then the light. While it may sound like indigenous fiction, there may very well be archaeological evidence in America to back it up.
In July of 1820, a number of fascinating burials were discovered near Sparta, Tennessee. According to reports from the time, between 75,000 and 100,000 small graves were discovered between Coffee and White county.
The graves, measuring no more then 4 feet tall, created a bit of a sensation in the local area. Some experts said they were child burials, while others said they were full sized adult skeletons reassembled to look smaller. But others, like Harvard Professor Barry Fell, were quite sure these were pygmy bodies. He pointed out important physical evidence such as fully fused cranial plates as well as fully formed teeth with signs of wear. General Robert H. Milroy also examined the remains and came to the same conclusion. He wrote in a letter to his wife, "I think that these things prove that a race of human pigmies has at one time thousands of years ago existed on this continent & is a great curiosity". Despite this however, since the 1800s, no further investigation into these skeletal remains has been permitted.
Much like the mysterious Maya, the pygmy people share with them a common misconception. Neither people ever actually disappeared, simply retreated to the forests as a new world reigned in on them. Today in fact, it is estimated that there are still between 20-30 genetically unique pygmy people living in remote parts of South Africa and Asia. Some of the African tribes like the Batwa, the Mbuti, and the Mbenga people have been documented extensively in modern times and a number of specific genetic divergent qualities exist in them. First and foremost, their diminutive size. On average, the pygmy
people are no larger then 4 feet tall, though this can range depending on the genetic admixtures of the individual and the purity of their indigenous lineage. Genetic studies have identified specific gene variations related to growth and size, like those on chromosome 3, present in the modern pygmy populations that indicate an incredibly archaic bloodline.
Eastern pygmies show a wider distribution in cranial size, overlapping with both pygmy and non-pygmy groups. But what are we to make of these peculiarities?
Furthermore, the cranial morphology amongst pygmy groups suggest an ancient divergence from "standard" Homo-Sapien at some point in the distant past. The relationship between size and shape in pygmy skulls suggests that size changes do not uniformly affect all parts of the skull. For example, Western pygmies show a particular shape associated with size differentiation, but Eastern pygmies do not follow the same pattern, indicating independent evolutionary pathways for the pygmy skull morphology. Western pygmies tend to have smaller faces and slightly shorter, higher neurocrania compared to both Eastern pygmies and non-pygmy populations.
All of this certainly points to some curious conclusions. If we can know and accept the pygmy people were once ubiquitous throughout the past, and even still maintain a limited foothold today, why then should we be surprised of their grip on humanities cultural imagination throughout time? We are always fascinated by that which is considered different; but if you dig a little deeper the reality is that there is no such thing as “normal”. Merely an illusion of normalcy we all agree to. Could the ancient legends of pygmy people battling giant cranes be true? Could they have been found on all the inhabited continents? I think so. I also think if all of this is possible and we can accept so many types of divergent hominids, are giant hominids really so preposterous? Well that will have to be a question for another day, but in the meantime, let our minds wander to the possibilities. Until next time, dear reader, stay curious...
Ralph Ellis
Mt Sinai Discovered
Part 1
Many locations have been proposed for the biblical Mt Sinai. One of the latest sites is Jebel Madhbah near Petra, and while this and the classical site for Mt Sinai are all possibilities, this article will uncover a radical new alternative which is more logical, evidential and far more provocative.
The rugged desert mountains previously suggested would not get Indiana Jones reaching for his hat and whip, and rushing out of the door - but the evidence presented here just might. Why should this mountain be so important to the three Judaic religions, and how did its location become forgotten? The answer to the first question is relatively easy to answer:
Mt Sinai was the location where Moses spoke to god. Indeed it was rumoured that the Israelite god actually lived inside this mountain, which would indeed make it special.
However, the second question is more difficult to answer. Here is the most sacred mountain of the Israelites, the home of their all-powerful god, and someone simply forgot where it was!
Why does Judaeo-Christianity always loose its most important characters and locations?
Photo by T. Depenbusch Sinai Peninsula 2010, Sunrise at Gebel Musa, Egypt
Abraham, Moses, Joseph, King David, King Solomon, Jesus, Mary, and Saul, plus the route of the Exodus, King David’s palace and Jesus’ tomb - they have all gone missing from the historical and archaeological record for some reason. Are these religions simply forgetful, or are they withholding secrets?
But if the latter is the case, then what were the Israelite leadership trying to hide from us? The answer is contained in the books Tempest & Exodus and Eden in Egypt, where it was explained that the Israelites were actually the Hyksos pharaohs of Egypt. And yet this radical proposal is not without merit, for it was originally suggested by Josephus Flavius, Judaism’s greatest historian. But if Josephus was correct - and the evidence suggests that he was - then the Israelite Exodus out of Egypt must have been the Hyksos Exodus out of
Fig 1.
The assumed location of Mt Sinai, in the Sinai peninsular. But why are the Judaic priesthood always pointing towards craggy peaks in inaccessible locations?
Egypt, just as Josephus claims. This also implies that the original beliefs of Judaism must have had a distinctly Egyptian bias. The Hyksos people venerated nearly the full pantheon of Egyptian gods, and so early Judaism must have been substantially polytheistic before the reforms of Pharaoh Akhenaton took effect.
And this is what we find, for the Book of Kings says of King Solomon:
For King Solomon went after Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zidonians, and after Milcom the abomination of the Ammonites ... Then did Solomon build an high place for Chemosh, the abomination of Moab, in the hill that is before Jerusalem, and for Molech, the abomination of the children of Ammon. B1
Ashtoreth was a Phoenician version of Ast or Isis, and the Zidonians were the people of Sidon. Milcom is the king of the gods, and since its adherents were the Ammonites one suspects that this referred to the Egyptian Amon or Amun. And finally, since Kem or Kam was one of the ancient names for Egypt, it is likely that Kemush was also an Egyptian god. But if early Judaism had an Egyptian flavour, then we are probably looking for a sacred mountain that would suit Egyptian beliefs. In order to discover the true location for this revised Egypto-Judaic version of Mt Sinai, we must first obtain a description of both the mountain and its general location. One of the best descriptions comes from the accounts of the first century historian, Josephus Flavius, who says:
When (Moses) said this, he ascended up to Mt Sinai, which is the highest of all the mountains that are in that country, and it is not only very difficult to be ascended by men, on account of its vast altitude, but because of the sharpness of its precipices also; and besides this it was terrible and inaccessible, on the account of the rumour that passed about that god dwelt there. J4
Here we have a description of a high and sharp mountain that is difficult to climb. The Bible does not have a very good description of this mountain, but it adds the following:
And thou shalt set bounds unto the people round about, saying, ‘take heed to yourselves, that ye go not up into the mount, or touch the border of it: whosoever touches the mount shall be surely put to death’. B5
Here we have a peculiar description of a mountain that one cannot touch the borders of, as though the base of the mountain rose up sharply like the base of a cliff. This mountain also appears to be small enough to cordon off with ropes, so that the people cannot get close enough to touch it. So even though Mt Sinai was the largest mountain in the region it must also have been relatively small, and thrust itself rather dramatically out of the surrounding plains. Another quote from the Torah seems to describe the base of the mountain:
And they saw the God of Israel: and there was under his feet as it were a paved work of a sapphire stone, and as it were the body of heaven in his clearness. B7
The description seems to indicate that there was a pavement at the base of the mountain, which resembled the night sky. The term ‘clearness’ means ‘purity’ or perhaps ‘lustre’, which suggests a very special and highly polished pavement. But since this pavement looked like the heavens above, perhaps it looked something like polished black basalt with white quartz inclusions – a granite-like building material that can be polished to a very high lustre and looks very much like the night sky. Finally, it is an often overlooked fact that Moses did not simply climb up Mt Sinai to receive the ten commandments from god, he actually descended into the mountain itself. Thus there must have been a hidden cavern deep inside Mt Sinai:
And the Lord said unto Moses, Come up to me into the mount (Sinai), and be there: and I will give thee tables of stone. B8
And Moses went into the midst of the cloud, and gat him up into the mount: and Moses was in the mount forty days and forty nights. B10
The many references given here indicate that Mt Sinai must have been:
a. Sharp.
b. Difficult to climb.
c. Sharply delineated from the surrounding plain.
d. Small enough to be cordoned off.
e. Yet be the highest mountain in the land.
f. Be on the edge of a desert.
g. Be surrounded by a black basalt pavement.
h. Appear to be on fire.
i. Contain a chamber inside the mountain.
At first glance this may appear to be such a diverse list of requirements that no mountain in the whole of the Near East would fulfill them all. For instance that pavement that resembles the night sky, just what sort of feature could that be referring to? Surely no natural mountain would have a smooth and polished pavement at its base, without some kind of human intervention. So where does this leave us? Can the location for Mt Sinai be solved simply by applying this unusual set of requirements to each mountain and seeing if a match can be found?
Actually, this can be done, but the answer requires a degree of lateral thinking and a massive leap of faith – for it would appear that the Torah does indeed contain secrets.
“The answer is obvious: the Torah does mention the pyramids”
Secrets
The secret goes something like this. If you take an electronic Bible and type in a search for the word ‘pyramid’, the machine will grind its way through the long text and will eventually beep a solemn lament and say ‘nothing found’. Isn’t this a little strange? The biblical patriarchs were resident in Heliopolis, which is just an arrow’s arc away from Giza. And the Giza plateau with its three great pyramids was not just a wonder of the ancient world, it is a stupendous wonder of the modern world too. The Bible is a complete family history of the Israelite patriarchs who lived in Heliopolis (Joseph was high priest of Heliopolis and prime minister of Egypt) and yet it would appear that none of them ever had tea at the pyramids or noticed these great ‘mountains’ on the near horizon.
Fig 2. Mt Sinai is the Israelite name for the Great Pyramid
Remember that the pyramids were a commercial enterprise, just as the great temples of Upper Egypt were. They needed income to maintain the site and to pay for the priests and officials who worked there. This would have been achieved was through tithes (taxes) and offerings from the common people. The most common offering in Egypt was a conical loaf of bread, but wealthier individuals might offer fish, poultry and beef to the gods. And no doubt gold trinkets and lockets were also offered, to line the pockets and storehouses of the priesthood. Indeed, the large bakery and butchery that provided for this industry was recently discovered at the foot of the Great Pyramid. This was interpreted by archaeologists as being the bakery for the workers who actually built the
Fig 3. The black basalt pavement at the base of the Great Pyramid, just as the Torah describes for Mt Sinai
pyramid, but there is not a shred of evidence to support this assertion. Instead, it is much more likely that this large bakery and butchery provided the offerings for the rich trade in pilgrims who visited the Giza plateau.
Pyramids
So why are there no references whatsoever to the pyramids of Egypt in the Torah? The answer is obvious: the Torah does mention the pyramids and it mentions them quite often, but they are called Mt Sinai, Mt Horeb, Mt Gilead and Mt Seir. In reality, the Great Pyramid, the largest of these pyramids according to the biblical accounts, was called Mt Sinai. And while this assertion might seem surprising, take another look at the list of requirements that Mt Sinai must fulfill. Yes, quite! While a natural mountain would only agree with a few of these points, the Great Pyramid of Giza conforms to each and every one of them. The Great Pyramid is sharp and steep; it contains a passageway down to a rough cavern; it resides on the edge of the desert; and it also rises very suddenly from the surrounding pavement area. Furthermore, although the Great Pyramid is the tallest pyramid in Egypt, it is also rather small and easy to cordon off. And that pavement that looked like the night sky corresponds perfectly with the great black basalt pavement that originally surrounded the eastern base of the Great Pyramid.
Finally, the comments about Mt Sinai being on fire are probably the result of the Great Pyramid having a platform on its summit. This platform would have been the perfect location for any stellar-astrological cult to make observations of the heavens. And so there must once have been a flight of steps leading to the top of the Great Pyramid, just as on the Central American pyramids. And if Mt Sinai was indeed the Great Pyramid we have evidence that these steps did indeed exist, as the Torah records Moses climbing up the side of this ‘mountain’ - just as Jacob climbed up his similar ‘stairway to heaven’. However, since all the valuable Tura limestone cladding stones were pillaged from the Great Pyramid during the Muslim era, all evidence for these external steps have been removed and destroyed many centuries ago.
But if the platform at the very summit of the Great Pyramid had been accessible to the Israelite priesthood, it is axiomatic that the primary location for a Judaic roast meat offering ritual would have been on this very same platform. Here, on the top of the Great Pyramid, far above the ant-like people scurrying far below, the priesthood could present their offerings to the gods. And as the fires burned and the meat roasted, the top of the pyramid would have been enveloped in great clouds of smoke, just as the biblical texts describe - the pillar of fire and smoke (Exodus 13:21). So yes, it is highly likely that Mt Sinai was indeed the Great Pyramid of Giza.
End of part 1, part 2 will be published on the next edition of Pharos magazine
R. Ellis has asserted his rights, in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work.
The author at Chichen Itza in Mexico.
The Great Pyramid must have has a flight of steps leading to the top, similar to these steps, for Moses to climb.
@ralfellis
Ralph Ellis
The Nuremberg Chronicle, 15th CE
The Nuremberg Chronicle is an illustrated encyclopedia consisting of world historical accounts, as well as accounts told through biblical paraphrase. Subjects include human history in relation to the Bible, illustrated mythological creatures, and the histories of important Christian and secular cities from antiquity. Finished in 1493, it was originally written in Latin by Hartmann Schedel, and a German version was translated by Georg Alt. It is one of the best-documented early printed books—an incunabulum—and one of the first to successfully integrate illustrations and text.
Author Hartmann Schedel
Original title Liber Chronicarum
Illustrator M. Wolgemut and W. Pleydenwurff
Language Latin; German
Subject History of the world
Genre Universal history
Published 1493
Publisher Anton Koberger
Pages 336
Source: Wikipedia
The Ark of the Covenant, the gifts of the Tuatha De Danann and the modern British Royal connection
By Ciarán McMahon
In this article we are going to explore the Irish mythos focusing on the group known as the Tuatha De Danann, the search for the Ark of the Covenant in Ireland and the connection to the modern British Royal family.
By John Duncan - wordpress.com, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=99356005
E Tuatha Dé Danann manera ta representá den " Riders of the Sidhe" di John Duncan (1911).
The Tuatha Dé Danann arrived in Ireland from beyond the mortal realm, descending in a veil of mist or aboard magical ships, depending on the account. They brought with them four sacred treasures, each symbolizing their mastery and otherworldly origins-also associated with Israelites and tribe of Dan.
The Stone of Fal (Lia Fáil): A stone that would cry out under the feet of a rightful king from Falias.
The Spear of Lugh: A weapon that guaranteed victory in battle from Gorias.
The Sword of Nuada (Claíomh Solais): A blade that could cut through any foe from Findias.
The Cauldron of Dagda: A vessel of abundance, never running empty from Murias.
Their culture was one of sophistication and excellence. They were artisans, poets, warriors, and sorcerers, seen as embodiments of divine creativity and power. Prominent figures among them include: Dagda, the "Good God," a father figure with a magical cauldron and a harp that controlled the seasons.
Facsimile of folio 53 of the Book of Leinster, now in the library of Trinity College, Dublin
By Áed Ua Crimthainn et al (12th century) - Laighean53a at web site of Trinity College, Dublin, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/ index.php?curid=5251989
The Gundestrup Cauldron’s motifs draw the observer into an alien universe far from that of the people who deposited it in the bog in north Jutland. Elephants, lions and several unknown gods, represented in a foreign style, indicate that the cauldron originally came from a distant area to the south or southeast. Granted this item was found in Denmark but given the Tuatha De Danann associations with Ireland and the continent plus the cauldron being taken from the mythical city of Murias it is worth asking the question is this one of the gifts of the TDD?
The spear of Lugh
Lugh obtained the Spear of Assal (Irish: Gae Assail) as fine (éric) imposed on the children of Tuirill Piccreo (or Biccreo), according to the short account in Lebor Gabála Érenn which adds that the incantation "Ibar (Yew)" made the cast always hit its mark, and "Athibar (Re-Yew)" caused the spear to return. In a full narrative version called [A]oidhe Chloinne Tuireann (The Fate of the Children of Tuireann), from copies no earlier than the 17th century, Lugh demands the spear named Ar-éadbair or Areadbhair (Early Modern Irish: Aꞃéadḃaiꞃ) which belonged to Pisear, king of Persia. Areadbhair's tip had to be kept immersed in a pot of water to keep it from igniting, a property similar to the Lúin of Celtchar. This spear is also called "Slaughterer" in translation.
By The lance currently in Echmiadzin, Armenia. It was discovered during the First Crusade in St. Peter's Cathedral in Antioch.
Photo by Emanuele Iannone - Museum of Echmi adzin, Armenia, Public Domain, https://commons. wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7020941
The sword of Nuada
Also known as the Sword of Light or an Claoimh Solais again sadly the remains of this gift are unknown but there are clues lefts in myth and modern stories.
Lightbringer and the Children of the Forest from Game of Thrones can be likened to the Sword of Nuada and the Tuatha De Danann, whilst we also have a link to Arthurian myth via Excalibur which I will explain below:
As you can see on the banner of the Dalcassians of ancient Ireland on their banner the Sword of Nuada, the O’Briens are one of the ancient Gaelic/Celtic noble families of Ireland. There are numerous septs associated with the O’Brien’s (son of Brian/Noble/High) you can see names like my own Mc Mahon which means (son of the Bear) but you also see Mac Arthur(son of Arthur/noble one) as noted previously all these different migrations of people into Ireland are all associated with descent from Noah.
So as we can see there is a link between the Sword of Nuada and Excaliber via son of Arthur/Mac Arthur in the Dalcassian sept.
The question now is, is there an association with the modern royal family and this sword?
During the inauguration of British royal family there are numerous ritual items are presented during the inauguration as seen below but what a lot of people don’t know is the modern royal family and their connection to the old Gaelic nobility of Ireland.
from Egypt via tea Tephi/ Scota I will go further into this point in coming pages.
Tea Tephi/ Eochaidh
Tea Tephi is a legendary figure, often described as a princess of Judah who fled Jerusalem during the Babylonian conquest. According to the tale, she traveled to Ireland with the prophet Jeremiah, bringing the Stone of Destiny (Lia Fáil) and marrying an Irish king, Eochaidh mac Eirc. The myth credits her with merging Hebrew and Irish traditions, connecting the royal lineages.
Scota/Nel
Scota, an Egyptian princess in Irish mythology, is sometimes linked to the Stone of Destiny (Lia Fáil). According to legend, she and her husband Nél led the Milesians, ancestors of the Gaelic people, on a westward migration from Egypt to Ireland, possibly bringing the sacred stone with them. The Stone of Destiny, used for the coronation of kings, symbolizes divine authority and is a key element in connecting Scota’s lineage to Irish and Scottish sovereignty.
Photo: C.G. Niebank
The Ark of the Covenant search in Ireland
The British-Israelites, a movement linking British heritage to the Lost Tribes of Israel, conducted an excavation at the Hill of Tara in Ireland in 1899. They believed the Ark of the Covenant was hidden there, based on their interpretation of Irish mythology and biblical prophecy. The excavation caused controversy, as the Hill of Tara is a sacred site in Irish heritage, associated with the High Kings and ancient rituals. The dig failed to uncover the Ark or any significant artifacts, leading to criticism from Irish nationalists and archaeologists for desecrating the
historic site. This episode is often seen as a clash between pseudo-historical beliefs and the preservation of Irish cultural heritage. As we can see here granted the gifts have been lost there are still remants of their story in the modern world today particularly surrounding that of the coronation stone of the British royal family, the stories were taken seriously enough to warrant a search by the people mentioned above plus it was only up until the time of the famine that the Irish stories were looked at as mere myth as opposed to previously it was taken as the true story of Irelands history.
In conclusion of this article it is time we as a people re-examine the Irish story as there is way more than meets the eye when it comes to ireland past but unfortunately history is written by the winners.
Ciarán McMahon @TheAbyss369
Tara and the Ark of the Covenant
Cinema and books
Samwise Gamgee and the courageous, indomitability of the soul
Seraphic Symbolism
At a critical juncture in the great quest of Frodo and Samwise in The Lord of the Rings, a symbol of tremendous heroic vigour is revealed to us.
In the lands of Mordor, we find that Frodo has been taken captive by a band of orcs after succumbing to a sting by the great spider, Shelob. The sting leaves Frodo limp and unconscious with Samwise believing him to be dead.
When the orcs, Shagrat and Gorbag and their parties find Frodo, bound in Shelobs web and unmoving, Shagrat declares that Frodo is not dead, they then seize Frodo and carry him to the tower of Cirith Ungol.
Amidst this confrontation, Samwise has retreated into the shadows witnessing his master carried off and taken captive. Samwise knows what he must do, he must enter the tower, vanquish the orcs and retrieve his master so they may continue their great quest.
In this plight, Sam undergoes a colossal transformation, the nucleus of which is rooted in service, sacrifice and courage. Every step towards his master he charges himself up for the great climb up the tower.
He knows he will face terror and peril at the hands of the orcs and that it will take every drop of his courage to overwhelm the enemy.
Though unbeknownst to Sam, he will be met with another far subtler challenge that holds great symbolic implications, for at the foot of the tower he will facethe silent watchers of Cirith Ungol. The silent watchers are 2 large dark statues that sit at either side of the entrance to the tower, in book 6, Tolkien gives us a succinct report of the watchers:
They were like great figures seated upon thrones, each had 3 joined bodies and 3 heads facing outward and inward and across the gateway. Their heads had vulture faces and on their great knees were laid claw-like hands. They seemed to be carved out of huge blocks of stone Immovable and yet they were aware. Some dreadful spirit of evil vigilance abode in them, they knew an enemy visible or invisible; none could pass unheeded, they would forbid his entry or his escape.’
When Samwise passed under the arch of the gate at the foot of cirith ungol:
‘He felt a shock as if he had run into a web like Shelob’s only invisible. He could see no obstacle but something too strong for his will to overcome barred the way…’
There is no portrayal to suggest Samwise faced difficulty overcoming the watchers in The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, yet in the book he is met with an invisible, seemingly immovable dark power that appears impenetrable.
It is in this moment in the book that we are graced with a multifarious symbol of Samwise’s power of devoted will, tact and unwavering service to primarily, Frodo and beyond this, the greater good.
Samwise shines the light of Earendil directly at the watchers and senses deeply that the dark spirits that inhabit the statues are overcome with fear of the light.
In this moment we can unfold the almost illusory power of the dark, for in the presence of light, evil ones will shatter and withdraw.
The inferior intensity of the dark spirits that were tasked with consistently ensuring that none could pass unheeded, could not compete with the light in its divine vibrancy but coupled with this, was Samwise’s sheer loving force of will.
It is these illuminating faculties that the darkness cannot comprehend:
• Samwise symbolises a great service to others who, like him, wish to see good in the world. In contrast, the dark powers of Mordor serve that darkness of Sauron and they also serve themselves, the solitary, ego nature. In our walk we are measured with how much we involve ourselves in selfish, self-serving endeavours against how much of ourselves we give to the service of others.
• Samwise also symbolises the great, unique soul faculty of the driving force of the will, without the will to propel us forward we find ourselves unable to proceed in our great quest, it is the will that compels us to take our first step of our Hero’s Journey, to begin our great quest brimming with courage and gallancy.
The teachings we can glean from Samwise Gamgee as the courageous, indomitability of the soul are numerous and worthy of our conscious attention. For when we inevitably are faced with dark entities, we know how to best shine our light to strike fear into those will evil intentions and have them quake and buckle in the presence of our divine luminosity.
The Ancient city of Myra, Turkey
Myra was a city in Lycia, Turkey. The city was probably founded by Lycian on the river Myros, in the fertile alluvial plain between, the Massikytos range and the Aegean Sea. By the 3rd century BC the city was Hellenized. Following the wars of the diadochi the area came under the loose control of the Ptolemies, the Seleucids, and finally the Romans.
The region remained under Roman control until it was conquered by the Seljucks and later the Ottomans. During the Ottoman rule the small Turkish town of Kale was established in the area of Myra in the present-day Antalya Province of Turkey. Kale was renamed to Demre in 2005.
Although some scholars equate Myra with the town, of Mira, in Arzawa, there is no proof for the connection. There is no substantiated written reference for Myra before it was listed as a member of the Lycian League (168 BC–AD 43); according to Strabo (14:665), it was one of the largest towns of the alliance.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra
Rock-cut tombs in Myra
Photo by Ahmet Çıgsar
Photo by Adem Albayrak
Myra, one of the most important towns of ancient Lycia, located near the mouth of the Andriacus River on the Mediterranean Sea in southwest Turkey
The theater of Myra, with the rock-cut tombs of the ancient Lycian necropolis on the cliff in the background
Images: Ruins of Myra - Theatre
By Ingo Mehling - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26427982
By Saffron Blaze - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17687296
By lisinkij, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=53977229
By Tanya Dedyukhina, CC BY 3.0, https://commons. wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56309637
Reconstruction of Ötzi the Iceman by Kennis (c) South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology/foto-dpi.com
Rick Osmon
In the fields of chemistry, water treatment, cooking, air pollution, fragrances, coating application, metallurgy, and a host of others “Diffusion” is the movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
In photography, optics, area lighting, diffusion is an artificial (usually) means of reducing glare without darkening a scene or causing unwanted (specular) reflections.
In anthropology, archaeology, parasitology, agronomy, and linguistics, to name but a few, diffusion is the spread of culture, both material and intellectual, as well as the consequences of that cultural diffusion.
When “Society A” learned to select certain grains for replanting, when another culture, “Society B”, devised an implement for more efficient planting or harvesting, and those two societies shared this knowledge and these inventions with one another, that is the classic idea of cultural diffusion. But reality is mostly never that simple.
Along comes a nomadic trader offering exotic goods, spices, odd red rocks that can be beaten into shapes. Both A and B acquire their first copper and thus entered the Chalcolithic Age. Everybody was happy until a feud started and somebody changed their copper garden hoe into a copper short sword. Other nearby societies grew envious of the success and acquired their own copper for implements of subsistence as well as implements of war.
Replica of Lake Michigan find
Similar scenarios played out all over the inhabited globe. But only the nomadic traders knew where to get the red rocks.
Pretty much all the aforementioned “oligists” agree that the first place this happened was in the Levant about 7000 years ago. Notwithstanding that Greenland ice cores show evidence of a substantial copper processing event about 800 years earlier.
From around 4500 BCE until around 1000 BCE, there was a nearly worldwide, ubiquitous market for the red rocks. In the Alps, around 3300 BCE, the man we now call “Otzi the Ice Man” fell into a crevasse after having been shot with an arrow, and froze to death. Among his personal effects was a copper axe of amazing purity. It tests out at 99.7% copper, with arsenic and silver being the chief inclusions and traces of lead.
The red rocks do not occur near where Otzi lived or died. In fact, the only copper in the Old World is low percentage ore with only a couple of exceptions (Rio Tinto mine in Spain and a single bed, in a single creek in Ireland, are the only places to ever report veins,
wire or nugget copper). Therein lies a difficult nut to crack. In order for all the copper that was used in the Old World during the 3,500 years that made up both the copper age and the bronze age to have come from the Old World, the amount of fuel required for the refining of the Old World ore would have far outstripped the available trees. Additionally, because that ore is almost always less than 30%, then for every pound of copper refined there has to be at least two pounds of slag left at or near the refining facility. No giant slag piles have been located as yet. The slag piles that have been identified would equate to a couple hundred tons of copper produced. And for every pound of copper refined from ore, about two to five tons of hardwood was consumed. Crete was the major exception regarding the richness of the ore. It topped 40%. Most deposits were closer to 5%. Today, mining companies make a profit off 0.5% ore.
The red rocks were common in one geographic region, but it is not in the Old World, it is in and around Lake Superior in North America. There you could pick up red rocks right off the ground.
Eventually, demand grew too great to satisfy with ground clutter “float” native copper, so they started pit mining at outcroppings for more of the essentially pure copper. There are some 15,000 pit mines in the Keweenaw Peninsula of upper Michigan as well as thousands more on Isle Royale and some along the Canadian shore of the lake. But unlike the ore mined and refined in the Old
World, this came out of the ground as chunks of copper with arsenic and silver as the chief inclusions. No trees died to refine Michigan copper because it was already pure enough to forge. One such chunk that came on the market in the 2000’s weighed 28 tons. It was assayed at 96.3% with the normal set of impurities consisting mostly of silver and arsenic.
World’s Largest Glacial Float Copper: world record in Marquette, Michigan
However, the kind of cultural diffusion that requires crossing an ocean before 1492 is simply not accepted. And will not be discussed among the polite company of the above mentioned “oligists”.
There used to be discussion, lots of it, of what evidence there is that such long trade took vast amounts of copper from the sources of Lake Superior to places unknown. Countless articles and papers were generated among numerous research groups; NEARA (New England Antiquities Research Association), MES (Midwestern Epigraphic Society), ESOP (Epigraphic Society Occasional Papers), AAPS (Ancient Artifact Preservation Society), M&D (Migration and Diffusion), ESRS (Early Sites Research Society), Pre-Columbiana. All these plus others entertained the idea that just maybe the ancient world had the ability to sail across oceans, away from land, and the organization required to provision such a voyage. Now all except AAPS is non-functioning or has shifted to more conservative discussions. AAPS and Pre-Columbiana are still uncovering new data and synthesizing new hypotheses, and are the
only ones currently openly recognizing as probability that there was ancient diffusion across oceans.
A wonderful pair of modern explorers, Thor Heyerdahl and Phillip Beale, built and sailed their respective replica ships across the Atlantic Ocean. Neither was interested particularly in why the ancient sailors might have crossed the ocean, only in proving that they could have done so. Mission complete.
But in the case of Beale’s craft, Phoenicia, he sailed it around Africa, through the Mediterranean Sea, and across the Atlantic Ocean to Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The ship and its captain logged more than 35,000 nautical miles travel, much of it out of sight of land.
The Phoenician sailors of 600 BCE would have had to fill cargo holds on both crossings (in addition to provisions) in order to justify such voyages. Although the Bronze Age was then giving way to the Iron Age, there would have been remaining demand for pure copper that did not need smelting. Of course, the folks who entertain such thoughts as a serious study are not taken seriously by learned scholars. Apparently somebody sometime wrote down that nobody sailed on oceans before 1492 CE. And consequently, no scholar may acknowledge any evidence to the contrary.
The now derelict epigraphic groups mentioned above investigated, translated or transliterated scripts found in North America that seemed to be of Old World origin. Norse runes, Welsh Coelbren, Irish Ogham, Iberian and Carthaginian Punic, Byzantine, Egyptian hieroglyphics, Hebrew, and ancient Chinese characters, all found in North America, appeared in the pages of the journals when those groups were still publishing. Alas, according to the “oligists”, they are all hoaxes.
A Phoenician-Punic ship from a relief carving on a 2nd century CE sarcophagus. Original image by NMB. Uploaded by Mark Cartwright, published on 31 March 2016
Bat Creek Stone
When the amount of evidence outweighs the hoax designation, the researcher is denigrated, usually as a racist. Nothing could be further from the truth. Most avocational researchers in this area understand that the givers of knowledge in the origin tales do not reflect a specific race, only a specific level and type of worldly knowledge. No matter who came up with it first, the knowledge diffused throughout multiple continents. Nobody is saying which way it went first, only that part of the trip involved overseas travel.
After all, the island of Crete has yielded stone tools 120,000 years old, but you can not walk there now and you could not walk there then. Aboriginal people reached Australia 60,000 (+) years ago and they did not walk there. Humans arrived in the Japanese Archipelago about 30,000 years ago, but not on foot.
It makes no sense at all for academia to resist the idea that humans were at least as smart then as we are now, especially the smart people who deny such strong evidence without cause. They will continually deny, deflect, denigrate, or dismiss out of hand anything that indicates the current dogma is wrong based on the facts presented here and elsewhere. But then, they have good cause: there is a history of careers being ruined, thesis topics being rejected, grants denied, and publications cancelled all because somebody suggested cultural diffusion across an ocean. Or that a site is way too old to match the paradigm. Or that people a few thousand years ago were smart enough to navigate a ship across an ocean.
Maya Gallery, INAH, National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com. Par Gary Todd — https://www.flickr.com/photos/101561334@ 08/9758141882/, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=96277344
One publication that has been stalwart in pursuing the truth of pre-Columbian archeology in the Americas is Ancient American Magazine. In fact, its subtitle is “Archeology of the Americas Before Columbus”. The magazine very, very seldom gets contributions from degreed archeologists, but avocational archeologists, First Americans, curiosity seekers, antiquarians, retired school teachers, treasure hunters, adventurers, cartographers, epigraphers, and retired professors subscribe and contribute gladly to the quarterly. Smithsonian Magazine has run ads on the back cover of Ancient American, but no Smithsonian employee has yet contributed an article, because the publication promotes trans-oceanic cultural and material diffusion as more than a theoretical possibility.
As long as the red rocks were only traded around North America, then the degreed crowd is okay with material diffusion. But only by river or on foot. No open sea travel was possible for the First Americans. And copper from Lake Superior is found in sites all over the eastern half of the continent. And in the Yucatan Peninsula. And in Cuba and Puerto Rico. But those last two locations are still not recognized by formal archeologists, because it is crossing at least 90 miles of ocean. A distance covered by Cuban refugees in a 57 Chevy Nomad station wagon on floats made of oil drums and a propeller attached to the drive shaft. The Caribs, a native tribe of the region in 1492 when Columbus and small pox arrived, used outrigger dugout canoes up to 100 feet in length to make that crossing with paddles in about the same time it took the Chevy.
The nomadic traders moved a lot of the red rocks to a great many places over very great distances. Some researchers have argued that as much as a billion pounds of copper was mined and moved. This does not include the loose float copper that was on top of the ground, broken free and swept along with the glaciers, also probably in the many millions of pounds.
The most amazing part of this copper trade hypothesis is that there is so little evidence that the traders left their DNA behind in any presumed progeny. This despite the name given to First Americans by many colonists: The Red Jews.
Another factor that must be acknowledged is that the mines in Michigan and on Isle Royale are covered in snow and endure freezing temperatures at least five months out of the year. It was impossible to work the mines or even to live there during those months. This means the miners had to not only break through enough bedrock to extract their fortune in a few months, they had to have food to eat, places to sleep, means of transportation to and from the mines, and security from both human and animal predators. But they
Native copper, Mesoproterozoic, 1.05-1.06 Ga; Keweenaw Peninsula area, Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA, Photo James St. John
must have been both excellent planners and excellent survivors. Only one grave has been associated with these annual activities.
Very large scale organization, division of labor with well-defined goals and tasks, and high survival rate or near perfect recovery rate are all characteristics of society that is both sophisticated and cosmopolitan. Today’s crop of archeologists simply can not conceive such a thing happening in the ancient Americas. I often think that they simply refuse to believe those ancient people were smarter than the scholars are themselves. Mapping the heavens, navigating by the stars, measuring longitude and latitude on a globe, are concepts needed to cross oceans to specific places time after time. The ancients could perform mathematical functions, including trigonometry, without a calculator, they had nautical almanacs by 3100 BCE, an amazingly accurate celestial map of more than 1100 objects, the paths of the planets, all accurate to about three arc seconds of relative and total angle, and a mechanical computer to do the calculations by about 150 BCE, accomplishments that will
never be duplicated by the archeologists who deny the ancients were so sophisticated.
There are three or four significantly large collections of the objects attributed to the “Old Copper Culture” of the Great Lakes region. Thousands of projectile points, knives, spears, a couple knives large enough to be short swords, copper helmets, ornaments, art objects of various kinds comprise the total known material culture of the Old Copper Culture. There are hundreds more Old Copper Culture objects in various museums, maybe thousands more in minor collections all over the world. Add them all up and the total weight would still only be a few thousand pounds. The Old Copper Culture simply does not account for even a small fraction of the amount of copper removed from Lake Superior shores.
We are left with ample evidence that the ancients were capable of acquiring and transporting Michigan copper. But as yet there is no accepted argument that they did so. Pure logic notwithstanding, there is no accumulated knowledge within the degreed folks indicating that this scenario may have actually played out at any time, let alone time after time after time.
Copper is not known as a noble metal in the old world, meaning it is not found in nugget or wire vein form, only as ore, usually associated with sulfur (copper sulfate or copper sulfide). The veins, nuggets, boulders, and megaliths found in the pit mines of Upper Michigan and as float copper on the surface is noble metal. The road to convincing academia that the idea of Michigan copper fueling the Bronze Age in the Old World remains an uphill battle, but is also a noble quest.
There are many other uphill battles in the field of alternative history and avocational archeology. Remember the organizations mentioned earlier that worked with the ancient scripts, the epigraphers? Well so many of the inscriptions they studied seem related to the trade network that hauled the copper as one of many commodities, when the translations are taken as a collective narrative rather than as individual bits of language. Of the many scripts studied by the groups, the Punic scripts are the best understood by Google Translate. Artificial intelligence has taken the place of some of the greatest epigraphers of the 20th and 21st centuries and produced usable results.
In two groups of objects, all declared hoaxes, are depicted and described trade routes, consigned territories, ships used, maps, as well as strictly script or a mixture of both. Between the two groups there are or were some 23,000 objects, all portable artifacts. All modern fakes according to the degreed community, none of whom have examined one object for themselves. There are other such scripts found carved as non-portable petroglyphs. Many others.
Image: Scurvy Stone and translation
The two major groups of objects appear to be created by two different societies, one using an unknown script that somewhat resembles in form Assyrian cuneiform, while the other group had tablets exhibiting four or five distinct scripts including Punic, Hittite, proto-Hebraic, Greek, Egyptian. But here’s the kicker: both groups have a heavy use of a symbol that seems to be an icon, or a logo, or a royal sigla, or some other meaning that was known and shared by both societies, A and B.
Rick Osmon
About the author: Rick Osmon worked a 25 year career in the military industrial complex in the field of tactical electro optics; aiming lasers, laser target designators, night vision systems, radar, lidar and others. In 2009 he founded the podcast The Oopa Loopa Café and produced over 130, 2 hour episodes. He has written 25 articles for Ancient American Magazine, contributed to several anthologies, and has one book in two editions to his credit, now out of print: The Graves of the Golden Bear, Ancient Fortresses and Monuments of the Ohio Valley.
Rick’s current project is with Dolmen Pictures as part time director, producer, researcher, driver, on screen talent for a streaming TV series, Lost America.
The episodes are available for download at: https://www.amazon.com/gp/video/detail/B0DH2VSZ9V/ref=atv_dp_share_cu_r
A postally unused postcard that was printed in 1988 by P J
London on behalf of the Trustees of the British Museum.
Source: The Postcard/ Flickr.com/ pepandtim
Aztec Rock Crystal Skull in 1988
Graphics Ltd. of
Background imagea sources: 'Classical ingenuity : the legacy of Greek and Roman architects, artists, and inventors' by Baker, Charles F., III; Baker, Rosalie F, Publication date 1993
'Artist's impression of the Lighthouse of Alexandria '
Original image by Ubisoft Entertainment SA.
Uploaded by Mark Cartwright,
1964 Panagra: Peru, Machu Picchu Vintage Print Ad Image: AdLoft Gallery/ ebay
