INNOV8_SW8 Battersea Power Station Feasibility Study

INNOV8_SW8 A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

A FUSION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD1 FEASIBILITY STUDY

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Contents Design Aims Forward Design Drivers Design Statement

INTRODUCTION A Brief Guide to Climate Change The Dangers of Climate Change Human CO2 Activities Top Ten Polluting Countries No.8 The United Kingdom Why Battersea Power Station

1.0 CONTEXT A Brief Guide to Climate Change The Dangers of Climate Change Human CO2 Activities Top Ten Polluting Countries No.8 The United Kingdom Why Battersea Power Station

2.0 Nine Elms Development Nine Elms Development Vision Nine Elms Development Principles Development Plan Battersea Power Station Proposals Nine Elms Masterplan Transport Investment Package

3.0 ANALYSIS

4.0 PLANNING

3.1 Phyical Geography

4.1 Development Frameworks

Hydrology: Lower Thames Floodplain Geology London Air Pollution London Population Growth

The London Plan 2008 Wandsworth Council Core Strategy 2010

3.2 Ecology

Governmental Policies European Policies

The River Thames The River Thames Ecology The London Wetlands Centre Site Ecology London Green Space Network London Green Space Capita 3.3 Site Analysis Site Analysis Views Building Usage Character Analysis Listed Buildings Building Heights 3.4 Movement Vehicular Circulation Pedestrian and Cycle Circulation Transportation 3.5 SWOT. SWOT Analysis

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4.2 Governmental and European Policies

5.0 CASE STUDIES Samaria Gorge, Crete HTO Waterfront, Toronto Parc de la Villettes, Paris Westergasfabriek, Amsterdam Gardens in the Bay, Singapore Masdar City, Abu Dhabi Changing Landscapes, London

6.0 CONCEPTS Concept Diagram Compound Structure Concept Printed Circuit Board Concept Retained and Removed Buildings Battersea Power Station and Nine Elms Green Connections Battersea Site Connections Connections into Site Battersea Power Station Destination Points Site Zoning Site Zoning Uses Site Zoning Details Wayfinders Concept Level -1 Concept Conceptual Montage

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Design AIMS

Health and Wellbeing Culture and Education Heritage Ecology Destination and Community

Provide the local community with a park and innovation centre, with a high air quality for a healthy living environment.

Develop a productive innovative landscape and a cultural learning centre for education about climate change and innovative technologies.

Conserve, enhance and preserve the culturally Strengthen community links with Battersea Power Station, by developing the site into a new important Battersea Power Station and the energy for Battersea.

Battersea Pumping House for new uses.

Develop existing and new ecological corridors Create a park with rich in with the surrounding green spaces within close varied habitats which will increase biodiversity proximity to Battersea and North of the River.

Open the architectural Cathedral of Battersea Power Station and the To create a new cultural and surrounding landscape to the public, offering a unique experience, community centre, to improve social and economic development of Nine attracting tourism and new visitors to the area.

Elms and Battersea.

Accommodate an adaptable showcase landscape for outdoor events and exhibitions.

Sustainability

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Strengthen and improve the connection with the River Thames and Battersea Power Station

Provide a centre for activities and opportunities for the people of London and the local community.

Reduce the amount of run off water into the River Thames, To provide a model of Carbon Capturing Landscape for local energy production which can be used as a catalyst to through Rainwater Harvesting Systems. To improve guide future developments for London, Europe and World. London’s percentage of renewable energy sources.

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

FORWARD PROJECT FORWARD INNOV8_SW8 A FUSION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING & SCIENCE BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

We live in a fast paced generation, where technology is rapidly evolving and accelerating.

The developed world is quickly moving towards a more technological and more efficient future. Though along side, the planet is changing with dramatic effects, as global warming is becoming more apparent and Carbon emissions through human activity are increasing.

This report will evaluate the feasibility of a sustainable landscape at Battersea Power Station, located in Battersea, London, on the South Bank of the River Thames. The Power Station has been inaccessible to public since 1933, this project will focus on preserving and enhancing the ‘Cathedral of Power’ , transforming the building into a new heart for Battersea. For the first time Battersea Power Station will be open the public, strengthening cultural ties with local community and London.

This report research and analysis will understand the challenges which climate change has on the planet, and what effect can have on offsetting Carbon emissions.

The designed landscape needs to provide a solution and an environmental approach to the changing planet. The Battersea project will highlight the importance of innovative technologies and solutions which can be applied within the designed ecological landscape, to provide an exciting and creative public space. Battersea Power Station will house a new centre for innovation for education and learning and an exiting forward thinking landscape, offering a unique experience attracting tourism and new visitors to the area.

This project will provide a model of Carbon capturing landscapes which can be used as a catalyst to guide future developments for London, Europe and the World.

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Design

5

FUNCTIONALITY

CARBON CAPTURE

ACCESSIBILITY

RAINWATER HARVESTING

DESIGN EXCELLENCE

ECOLOGY / BIODIVERSITY

PLACE MAKING

MATERIALS

CULTURAL DESTINATION

LOCAL ENERGY PRODUCTION

CATALYST FOR LONDON

SKILLS / EDUCATION

EXHIBITION / MUSEUM

TRANSPORT

INNOVATION CENTRE

HEALTH AND WELLBEING

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SUSTAINABILITY

Design DRIVERS

DRIVERS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

INNOV8_SW8

A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON This study will focus on Battersea Power Station, one of London’s most iconic landmarks and the proposed Nine Elms Development, positioned on the South Bank of the River Thames.

It will investigate how a former power station can again generate power using innovative bio-technologies, used strategically within the designed

landscape can turn captured carbon dioxide, grey water and solar, into bio-mass and renewable energy which will help sustainably fuel the City of London

BATTERSEA

ALIGHT HERE FOR INNOV8_SW8

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

A Brief Introduction to Climate Change INTRODUCTION

What is the Greenhouse Effect?

With leading scientists drawing the links between climate change, extreme weather and health, the changes are clear. The earth is saying something with the steady inclination of temperature, drought, storms and natural forest fire levels.

(Natural Resources Defence Council, 2012) Humans have been the main contributors of greenhouse gas emissions, dating as far back as the Roman Empire from burning wood for energy, releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

The greenhouse effect is a natural process by which the atmosphere traps a percentage of the suns energy warming the earth, resulting in a warming planet with increasing temperatures enough to support life.

The image below diagrammatically displays the Greenhouse Effect

Within the solar system Mars, Venus and Titan all contain greenhouse gases which contribute to the greenhouse effect.

Although greenhouse gases are commonly perceived as negative, they considerably affect the temperature on Earth, without, the Earth’s surface would average 33’C cooler than the present average of 14’C. (Karl TR, Trenberth KE,2003. “Modern global climate change”).

The effect is influenced by a green house gas (GHG) these gasses are present in the atmosphere, they absorb and emit radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect.

The table below lists the primary and minimal greenhouse gases in order of their atmospheric volumes:

Primary greenhouse gasses % of all within the atmosphere in Greenhouse % Natural % Man-made order of the greatest Gases Water Vapor (H2O)

95.000%

94.999%

0.001%

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

3.618%

3.502%

0.117%

Methane (CH4) Nitrus Oxide (N2O) Minimal amospheric greenhouse gases

0.360% 0.950% 0.072%

0.294% 0.903% 0.025%

0.066% 0.047% 0.047%

100.00%

99.72%

0.28%

CO2 has the highest man made % of the primary greenhouse gases

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC’s) Perfluorocarbons (PFC’s) Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) Total (Source, U.S. Department of State 1992)

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(Information Sourced from Dr. Tim Ball, 2011)

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

A Brief Introduction to Climate Change INTRODUCTION

Greenhouse Gases, Atmospheric Lifetimes: Major greenhouse gases are mixed together and therefore take an inevitable number of years to leave the atmosphere (RealClimate 2012). With the exception of water vapor (H2O) which an atmospheric lifetime of approximately 9 days.

Unlike the other major gases Carbon dioxide CO2 has a short term variable atmospheric lifetime, estimated between 30-95 years (Jacobson, MZ 2005). This figure accounts for CO2 molecules being removed from the atmosphere through ‘sinks’; the natural process where gas is removed from the atmosphere and converted into a different chemical compound. This occurs CO2 mixes into the ocean or utilized through photosynthesis in plants (this includes algae grown within a controlled bioreactor).

The Potential Solution to Offsetting Global Warming: The global warming potential (GWP) depends of the greenhouse gas and its atmospheric lifetime. If a gas has a high positive radiative forcing (a primary greenhouse gas) with a short atmospheric lifetime and can be converted into a different chemical compound such as photosynthesis, it will offset GWP. This equation can be related to Carbon dioxide, a primary greenhouse gas with a short term atmospheric lifetime, by successfully ‘sinking’ the gas, converting it to a different chemical compound naturally through photosynthesis will offset the GWP of carbon dioxide within the atmosphere. The sinking process occurs within the Carbon Cycle, plants, algae and cyanobacteria absorb CO2, light and water to produce Carbohydrate energy and oxygen as a by product, displayed adjacent.

The Carbon Cycle (Souce: NASA 2012)

6CO2

Carbon Dioxide

+

6H2O Water

Light

C6H12O6 Sugar

+

6O2

Oxygen

Photosynthesis chemical equasion

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

The Dangers of Carbon Pollution and Climate Change INTRODUCTION

What is Carbon Dioxide (CO2)?

Carbon Dioxide is a naturally occurring chemical compound, composed of two Oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single Carbon atom and is the product of combustion and respiration. Within the worlds atmospheric state at standard temperature and pressure it exists as a colourless and odourless gas.

Climate models project that the global mean surface temperature could increase another 1.5 to 6.5 oF by 2100: a rate significantly faster than observed changes over the last 10,000 years. Sea level is projected to increase by another 15 - 95 cm by 2100. While the incidence of extreme temperature events, floods, and droughts, fires. (The White House, 2012)

The Dangers of Climate Change Carbon Dioxide is considered to be the most important of the greenhouse gases (as shown previously in the table of Primary Greenhouse gases) with the atmospheric concentration of Carbon Dioxide, directly affected by human activities, which has increased by approximately 30% since the beginning of the preindustrial era around 1750 because of the combustion of fossil fuels and changes in land-use practices. (The White House, 2012) The increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases has resulted in a warming atmosphere. The Earth’s climate, which has relatively stable for the past 10,000 years is now changing. The Earth’s surface temperature this century is as warm or warmer than any other century during the six hundred years.

The Earth’s surface temperature has increased by around one degree Fahrenheit over the last century; and the last few decades have been the hottest this century.

There is evidence of the changing climate and resulting in changes in sea level, retreating glaciers and the incidence of extreme weather events is increasing in some parts of the world.

According to Scientists, greenhouse gas concentrations are projected to significantly increase during the next century. For example, carbon dioxide emissions are projected to range from 6 to 36 billion tons of carbon per year in the year 2100: compared to current carbon dioxide emissions of 6 billion tons of carbon per year.

(Source, NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,2009) The graph above displays the NOAA (National Oceanic Atomospheric Administration) Annual greenhouse gas Index, displaying the rapid of both Carbon Dioxide CO2 and Methane CH4 wihtin the atmosphere between 1979-2008

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Human CO2 Activities INTRODUCTION

Global yearly man-made vs. natural carbon emissions in gigatons (g)

9g a year + 550g already in the atmosphere

90g 0.3g

7.2g

0.4g 1.5g 60g

120g

60g

2g

19% 29% 30% 10% 12%

Residential/ Other Deforestation Forest Fires Industry Energy Transport People Volcanoes Fossil Fuels Animals

Emitted

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Absorbed

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Plants

Soil Respiration

(Information Sourced from; UNESCO Scope, IPCC,2007,Realclimate.org) BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

2.0 USA. is the World’s second

4.0 INDIA is the second highest

10.0 IRAN produces 471

million tones of CO2 annually Iran suffers from air and water pollution with the ecoloy in the Caspian Sea significantly threatened.

populated country in the World with a population of 1,139,964,932. As a result of this India has a very high Carbon output of 1,293 million tonnes.

7.0 Canada produces 614

The USA has a growing population of 310,383,444. The country consumes 18,690,000 barrels of oil per day, more than any other country in the world.

1.0 CHINA is the World’s most polluting

million tonnes of Carbon Emissions per annum. Although Canada is regarded a green and sustainable country, it still remains in the Top 10 pollution counties in the World.

country emiting 6,018 million tonnes of Carbon emissions into the atmosphere every year.

China has the worlds largest population of 1,324,655,000 it consumes vast amounts of fossil fuels for trasportation, fuel, workspaces and food production.

8.0 United Kingdom

The UK falls within the Top 10 polluting countries in the World.

Producting 586 million tonnes of CO2 a year. Tranport pollution is a major problem and is rising. Burning fossil fuels like oil and coal for energy remains a large issue within the UK. The UK has recently opened the World’s largest wind farm

most polluting country emiting 5,833 million tonnes of Carbon emissions into the atmosphere every year. Not far behind China.

9.0 South Korea

produces 514million tonnes of CO2 per annum. Since the economic boom in the 1960’s there has been heavily industrialisation within the country resulting in high emissions

3.0 RUSSIA compared with

China and USA. has a smaller population of 141,950,000 but is still the World’s third largest polluting country, emitting 1,704 million tonnes of Carbon emissions per annum.

6.0 Germany produces 858

5.0 Japan produces 1,247

million tones of CO2 . Alongside Russia Japan plans to cut the countries emissions by 25% when other country’s do the same

million tonnes of Carbon Emissions per annum. Germany planning to cut the counties CO2 emissions by 3% a year in order to reach United National’s targets.

Spectrum of the top 10 Polluting Counties in the World, with the United Kingdom as number 8. (Information sourced from US. Department of Energy) 12

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Number 8, The United Kingdom INTRODUCTION

Offshore Oil and Gas Flaring 4.0 Mt.

Exploration Prod. and Trasportation of Gas 4.0 Mt.

Offshore Oil and Gas Venting 1.0 Mt.

Coal Mining 2.0 Mt. Solid Fuel Transformation 0.2 Mt.

ENERGY TOTAL 204.0 Mt.

Man. of Solid Fuels and other Energy 19.0 Mt. Power Station FGD 0.4 Mt.

Refineries 17.0 Mt.

POWER STATIONS 157.0 Mt.

TRANSPORT TOTAL 122.0 Mt.

BUSINESS TOTAL 90.0 Mt.

Exploration Production 0.4 Mt.

8.0 UNITED KINGDOM 586 MILLION TONNES OF CO2 ANNUAL EMISSIONS

AGRICULTURAL TOTAL 51.0 Mt.

This project will focus on The United Kingdom, ranked number eight in the list of the Worlds top ten polluting countries.

The diagram above graphically breakdowns the country’s 586 million tonnes of annual Greenhouse emissions (2010).

Energy Production, emits the highest percentage of the UK’s CO2 emissions.

(Information sourced from The Guardian, 2012)

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RESIDENTIAL TOTAL 90.0 Mt. BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Why Battersea Power Station?

INTRODUCTION

Project Site:

Why Battersea Power Station?

This project will focus on Battersea Power Station, located in Battersea, South West London, the capital of the United Kingdom.

The United Kingdom is ranked number eight in the list of the Top Ten Polluting countries in the World.

Battersea Power Station, along with 27 other stations located along the River Thames powered London, by 1982 only Greenwich and Lots Road Power Stations were still in action. All have now closed and 25 have been demolished and only three power stations remain:

From understanding data collated through research, the UK’s ‘Energy Total’ (as displayed on the breakdown of the UK’s annual greenhouse emissions diagram) is responsible for the largest wedge of the UK’s greenhouse emissions. 204 million tonnes of CO2 per annum (2010) which is equivalent to 35% of the total UK’s 586 million tonnes of Carbon emissons.

• Bankside Power Station was the first to be redeveloped, the structure was left to decay until 1994 when Tate Gallery acquired the building, which has been transformed into the ever popular cultural centre of Tate Modern.

Power stations are the highest contributors of the ‘Energy Total’ emissions, releasing 157/ 204 millions tonnes of CO2 annually.

• Lots Road Power Station, located in Chelsea, London, closed in October 2002 and powered most of the London Underground. The site is now part of a half a billion pound developer lead scheme for a housing development.

Battersea Power Station generated electricity for London from 1933 - 1983 powered a fiths of city’s electricity supply, equivalent to half the power of thewwa modern nuclear power plant.

• Battersea Power Station, Battersea, London, known as the ‘Temple of Power’ closed in 1975 and has laid derelict and baron ever since. Previous plans to redevelop the iconic landmark have failed.

The coal fueled power station not only used in excess of over 340 million gallons of water daily, but also pumped 500 tonnes of CO2 per hour polluting London’s skyline and risked damaging public health and iconic buildings.

The Battersea Power Station has been chosen as the site for a new green cultural centre which will incorporate innovative technologies.These will aid in reversing the former realise of Carbon emissions into Carbon capture for renewable energy production.

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

ALGAE CO2 + H2O CAPTURING = BIOMASS PRODUCTION 15

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEABATTERSEA POWER STATION _ASTATION NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON POWER _A CENTRE FOR INNOVATION

FEASIBILITY STUDY

1.0 YOU ARE HERE

CONTEXT 16

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

FEASIBILITY STUDY

Battersea Power Station

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION Battersea Powerstation is located on the South Bank of the River Thames in Battersea, an inner city district of London under the London Borough of Wandsworth, situated 2.9miles south west from Charing Cross.

Attractions in Battersea area include (noted on the OS map below) SCOTLAND

• Battersea Powerstation (A) • Battersea Dogs and Cat home (B) • Battersea Park (C) • New Covent Garden Flower Market (D)

Battersea Powerstation is a 16 acre brownfield site, located on Battersea Park Road (A3205) between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge.

Dundee

Edinburgh

Attractions within the surrounding vicinity

The site is located within close proximity to Battersea Park Station, on the South London Mainline with links to London Victoria and Brighton, a 5 minutes walk from the site and Vauxhall Underground and Mainline station which is a 20 minute walk.

Newcastle Upon Tyne Durham

Carlisle

ENGLAND

• Tate Britain (E) • Kennington Cricket Oval (F) • Chelsea Physic Garden (G) • Chlesea Flower Show (Annual) (H)

Manchester Liverpool

York Leeds Hull Sheffield Nottingham

Birmingham

WALES Cardiff

Cambridge Oxford

LONDON Portsmouth Plymouth

E H G

F

A C

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B

D

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

TOTTENHAM MARSHES

HIGHGATE WOODS

BRENT RESEVIOR HAMPSTEAD HEATH HACKNEY MARSHES WESTFIELD STRATFORD OLYMPIC PARK

KINGS CROSS ST. PANCRAS LORDS REGENTS PARK

CITY OF LONDON

OXFORD CIRCUS

WORMWOOD SCRUBS PARK

SELFRIDGES

BARBICAN

PICCADILLY CIRCUS WESTFIELD SHEPHERDS BUSH

CANARY WHARF 02 ARENA

HYDE PARK ST. JAMES PARK GREEN PARK

WATERLOO

BUCK. PALACE

KENNINGTON OVAL

WESTMINSTER

THE LONDON WETLAND CENTRE

BATTERSEA POWER STATION AND NINE ELMS BATTERSEA PARK

YOU ARE HERE CLAPHAM COMMON

RICHMOND PARK

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BROCKWELL PARK

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

STRATFORD

EUSTON

31 minute tube journey to Battersea Park Station

PADDINGTON

40 minute tube journey to Battersea Park Station

OXFORD CIRCUS

43 minute tube journey to Battersea Park Station

KINGS CROSS

20 minute tube journey to Battersea Park Station

33 minute tube journey to Battersea Park Station

VICTORIA

5 minute train journey to Battersea Park Station

LIVERPOOL STREET

HEATHROW AIRPORT

1hr 05 min train journey to Battersea Park Station

33 minute tube journey to Battersea Park Station

VAUXHALL

25 minute walk to Battersea Power Station

BATTERSEA POWER STATION CHARING CROSS

26 minute tube journey to Battersea Park Station

LONDON CITY AIRPORT

58 minute tube journey to Battersea Park Station

BATTERSEA PARK STATION 8 minute walk to Battersea Power Station

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Battersea

PIMLICO

VAUXHALL

MI5

BATTERSEA POWER STATION

ALIGHT HERE FOR TATE

BATTERSEA

CHELSEA KENSINGTON PALACE

KENSINGTON &

CONTEXTUAL AREAS

BRITAIN

EXIT FOR THE OVAL

KENNINGTON 20

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Battersea Power Station SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Battersea

A BRIEF HISTORY

Map of Battersea 1920

Historically Battersea formed part of Surrey. The town takes it name from the small village of Battersea, an island settlement located in the River Delta in the Falconbrook, a river which rises in Tooting Bec Common and flows underground into south London until it reaches the River Thames.

Before the Industrial revolution a large percentage of the town was agricultural land, providing food for the City of London, from the 18th Centurary Battersea saw numerous factories and shipping Wharfs constructed along rivers edge.

In the late 18th Centurary Battersea established an Industrial area which included issues of mass pollution and a large area of social housing. In 1929 the construction of Battersea Powerstation started and the first phase was complieted in 1939.

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The Festival of Britain

Between May and September 1951 the Nation celebrated the Festival of Britain throughout the country. The London South Bank was the epicentre of the event, from Waterloo to Battersea.

The aim of the festival was to raise the nation’s spirits after the devestation of the war. The Festival of Britain boasted the very best in British arts, design, architecture, science and industry.

Construction started along South Bank of London saw the transformed of the waterside into a large scale public space. The layout of the space was intended to showcase urban design post war rebuilding. The new buildings along the South Bank were modernist in style which included The Royal Festival Hall and The Royal National Theature, which today are still architectual gems.

The Festival of Britain included Pleasure Gardens which were located within Battersea Park. The pleasure gardens included a popular amusement park which was so successful it became ‘Battersea Fun Fair’ and closed in the mid 1970’s. Foaming Fountains which have recently been restored, an amphitheatre for 1,250 people and a wet weather pavilion for outdoor performances.

The Skylon, a slender vertical futuristic steel structure which appeared to float above the ground was the ‘symbol’ of the Festival of Britain and was situated along the South Bank between Westminster and Hungerford Bridge.

Designed by Hidalgo Moya, Philip Powell and Felix Samuel. The structure consisted on steel latticework frame, pointed at both sides, supported by a series of steel wires to appear ‘floating’.

This event in history created a temporary destination for Battersea. A park with a unique attraction. A new iconic cultural innovation centre, which is globally unique in the heart of Battersea will act as a magnet attracting Londoners and tourism from futher afield, not just temporarily but permanently.

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RE PLEASU N I A T OF BRI L A V I T FES

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

1951

RE

SU N PLEA

CE, ENTRAN T S E W 951 ROM RADE F RSEA PARK 1 E THE PA T T S, BA GARDEN

RITAI L OF B A V I T S FE

FESTIVAL OF BR ITAIN PLEASURE GARDENS, THE SHOWBOAT, BATT ERSEA PARK 1951 ,

FESTIVA L THE LAK OF BRITAIN P LEASUR E

E GARDE NS

, BATTE RSE

A PARK 1951,

RDS RDENS, TOWA PLEASURE GA N 51, AI 19 IT BR RK A PA FESTIVAL OF N, BATTERSE IO AT ST R WE BATTERSEA PO

THE SHELL, 1951

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E GARDENS,1951 THE BOATING LAKE,PLEASUR

THE DODG

GARDENS,1951 EMS,PLEASURE

THE TEA PAVILLI ON

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

,1951

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Battersea Power Station

POWER THROUGH THE AGES In 1925 Parliament made the decision to produce electricity from a single system with uniformed standards under public ownership and the London Power Company was founded.

The plan was to design a power station which was to be built in two stages. A 15 acre site was chosen on the former reservoirs of the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company.

The site was chosen on the South Bank of the River Thames for due to the close promimity to water for cooling and the delivery of coal.

The first phase station A was built in 1939, with the first two chimneys.

Station A had a lavish art deco interior, including marble floors and wrought iron spiral staircases.

The second phase station B was constructed built in 1955 to an identical design to form a single building, but due to budget cuts after the Second World War the interiors were not designed to an equal standard and were fitted with stainless steel furnishings.

1932

The London Power Company built it’s first of three super coal fuelled power stations in Battersea, proposed in 1927, designed by the renowned architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, who also designed Bankside Powerstation, now Tate Modern, the red telephone box and

Liverpool’s Anglican Cathedral.

1932 Construction 26

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1939 Powerstation A

1950 Powerstation A & B BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

The buildings dimensions = 160m x 170m 4 Concrete chimneys = 103m tall with with a base diameter of 28ft tapering to 22ft at the top.

The power station consumed in excess of 1,000,000 tonnes of coal annually, typically delivered on coastal collier ships and were off loaded on the jetty adjacent to the power station in the Thames with two lifting cranes.

In October 1983 power station B ceased production due the dated generators as the trend shifted from coal powered to gas, oil and nuclear power stations.

the site. It was won by a consortium including Alton Towers LTD, but this later failed.

In September 2012 a Malaysian consortium, Septia, bought the site for £400 million and are planning revamp the building for £8 billion.

The Central Generating Electricity Board launched a competition for ideas for a future of

2012

In October 1975 it was announced power station A was to cease production due

to the rise of flue gas and increased operating costs. Three years later it was announced power station B will also cease production and the building was declared a heritage site and awarded Grade II* listed status.

1960’s Powering London 27

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1983 Closure

2012 Derelict and Baron BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

2.0

NINE ELMS DEVELOPMENT 28 A FUSION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE A FUSION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

The Nine Elms Development VISION

“A new London quarter for the benefit of the whole community” Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Planning Framework 2012”

The proposed Nine Elms development covers 195 hectares along the London’s South Bank is the largest redevelopment in the City. Spreading from Vauxhall to Battersea Power Station which is currently the cities largest Brown field Site.

The development will become an exemplar and distinctive quarter of central London. As an integral part of the London offer, defined by Lambeth Bridge through Vauxhall to Battersea Power Station and Chelsea Bridge, high quality buildings and public spaces will provide opportunities for jobs and the choice of a variety of homes. New cultural and leisure development in this Thames River front location, supported by high quality services, especially public transport, will make this a successful and sustainable place where people will want to be.

(Vauxhall Nine Elms Battersea Planning Framework 2012)

Once complete by 2030 the development will become a desirable and prestigious destination for both residents, businesses and international investment, anchored by the rejuvinated Battersea Power Station and the new American Embassey.

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

The Nine Elms Development PRINCIPLES

Key Principles of the Nine Elms Planning Framework 2012: • Recognising the scale of the development opportunity in central London.

• Overcoming historic and strategic barriers to the delivery of regeneration in the OA. • Setting out a co-ordinated spatial plan for the area which addresses the delivery of new infrastructure and how it will be paid for.

• To realise the optimum development potential of the area with 16,000 new homes and 20,000 – 25,000 new jobs.

• To establish growth poles in the form of new frontages at Battersea Power Station and Vauxhall.

• To deliver new open space, including a linear park, improved riverside walk and a high quality public realm.

• To deliver a new mixed use residential neighbourhood and linear park in the heart of Nine Elms.

• To create a sustainable place with new social infrastructure, a district heat network, utilities infrastructure and strategic flood mitigation measures.

• To deliver a step change in public transport provision including a two- station extension of the Northern line from Kennington to Battersea Power Station with an intermediate station at Nine Elms, supported by a package of rail, bus, cycling, pedestrian and highway improvements.

American Embassy

Although the Nine Elms project classifies itself as a ‘sustainable development’ with extensive areas of green infrastructure and green construction, how will this support the development in the long term?

The planning framework does not state that the development will use local micro-generation to aid power one of London’s largest developments sustainably.

Surely in the 21st Century alternative energy must be sourced.

Can the landscape of the development influence this?

Embassy Gardens Riverlight

Battersea Power Station

Developments along Nine Elms Lane from the Embankment

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

The Nine Elms Development

FEASIBILITY STUDY

DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The map adjacent is from the Nine Elms Development website (www.nineelmslondon.com) it displays the indivial developments which together will create the iconic development.

1

RiverLight St. James Group

16

Marco Polo House

2

Battersea Power Station

17

Nine Elms Parkside Royal Mail Group

3

Hampton House St. James Group

18

Sky Gardens

4

New Covent Garden Market

19

US. Embassy US. Government

5

One Nine Elms Green Property Co.

20

Banhams

6

Sainsburys Nine Elms

21

Vauxhall Island Site

7

Vauxhall Square Vauxhall Cross

22

Bondway

8

Battersea Gas Holders, N. Grid

23

Keyside House

9

Eastbury House St. James

24

Patcham House

10

Spring Mews St. James

25

Sleaford Street Industrial Estate

11

Eastbury House St. James

26

London Fire Brigade HQ

12

Chelsea Bridge Wharf, St. James

27

South Lambeth Road

13

St. Georges

14

The Heart of Nine Elms. St. James

15

Embassy Gardens

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ALIGHT HERE FOR THE BATTERSEA INNOV8TION PARK

BATTERSEA

BATTERSEA UNDERGROUND STATION

NINE ELMS UNDERGROUND STATION

Constructed Application Approved Pre. Development Under Construction

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Battersea Power Station PROPOSALS

Within the Nine Elms Development Battersea Power Station is sighted as one of the two Anchors of the project, acting as the new town centre. But is the iconic landmark and acres of land being used in a productive way?

The Power Station is currently owned the Malaysian Consortium of investors including Setia. The architecturally renowned architect Rafael Vinoly designed the mixed use masterplan which compromises of a blend of residential offices, shops and leisure with the iconic Grade II* listed Power Station acting as the core.

The Power Station will focus on commercial landuse as well as accommodating a major office development.

Architects Ian Simpson et al have design contemporary residential apartments which enclose the Power Station.

Should Iconic historic landmark with its sheer dominance on the current skyline be enclosed by modern apartment blocks?

The development propose a bold new linear park acting as a focal point and as a recreational resource for the new and existing communities. The park will span from Battersea Power Station through Vauxhall. It will be a major feature in the development, together with improved green spaces.

The Nine Elms masterplan for Battersea Power Station promotes open space along the waters edge.

The plan focuses on reaching the maximum housing capita possible for the development, dominating the site with residential and mixed use blocks.

The proposed public space although open and next to the river is north facing. A small area of open lawn dappled with trees, is located next to the riverside and is the only public gathering space along the River Thames within the development. The space is dominated by shade cast by the vertical chimneys ,creating a dark an uninviting space.

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

From a Landscape architects point of view Battersea Power Station is a historic and iconic landmark and has particularly close ties with the local community.

After decades of polluting record amounts of CO2 into to the London skyline, the Power Station and it’s grounds should be made into a space beneficial for the community and for London.

The proposed masterplan should highlight the iconic structure but instead, the proposed contemporary residential blocks enclose the Power Station detracting the eye from the Art Deco forms and the elaborate fluted chimneys.

Battersea Power Station will be shielded by an architectural wall of high rise blocks, restricting vistas of the structure in all directions except from north of the River.

The site should be made a space for the public connecting the site with the green infrastructure of London and addresses the world’s climate change issues.

The site address the world’s climate change issues in the form of a public space with filled with innovative bio-technologies which will capture Carbon and harvest rainwater for bio-mass production which can turned into local renewable energy which will fuel the local area and the Nine Elms Development sustainably.

The landscape should be a space for education, biodiversity and innovation and a unique catalyst for productive carbon capturing landscapes for London and the world. It should offer a unique attraction drawing tourists and visitors to the area.

Battersea Power Station should become a centre for Battersea and Nine Elms housing a mixed used centre meeting the needs of the local community.

The Battersea site should complement the surrounding proposed Nine Elms Development. Unlike the existing proposals which contradict the iconic landmark and the historical ties it has with the community.

The removed residential blocks should be incorporated within the surrounding development sites by adding additional stories to ensure the same housing capita is reached.

Contemporary Architecture Clashes against the Art Deco architecture of Battersea Power station

The Power Station vistas from Battersea Park Road are blocked by high rise blocks Iconic Landmark enclosed by contemporary architecture detracting the eye away from the building

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

The Nine Elms Development MASTERPLAN

BATTERSEA POWER STATION SITE

RIVERLIGHT DEVELOPMENT

CRINGLE DOCK WASTE CENTRE

EXTENDED SITE BOUNDARY

BATTERSEA

There are no current plans for the site of the Cringle Dock Waste Centre. There is currently a gap within the development been the Battersea Power Station site and the Riverlight development. Extending the Battersea site this will create a larger public space adjacent to the rivers edge and will form a green bridge between the two sites. The removed residential blocks removed from the Battersea Power Station site can be incorporated within the extended boundary site.

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

The Nine Elms Development

TRANSPORT INVESTMENT PACKAGE Works for the transport improvements are to start in 2013 and due to be completed in 2019.

Improvements will also take place at Vauxhall Interchange to deal with the increased passenger flow.

The new Battersea Underground station is location directly adjacent to Battersea Power Station, on Battersea Park Road. By creating a unique innovative site will attract tourists and visitors who will be able to access the site by the London Tube Network directly into the site.

With development comes the increased demand for transport. Due to the rapid increase of the population of Nine Elms, Battersea and the draw the development will have on the immediate area, an infrastructure investment package of totalling more thank ÂŁ1billion will provide new links to the rest of London.

Works for the transport improvements are to start in 2013 and due to be completed in 2019.

The upgrades on the transport will include a Northern Line Underground extension which will include two new stations, one for Battersea Power Station and another for Nine Elms, Wandworth Road.

Improvements will also take place at Vauxhall Interchange to deal with the increased passenger flow.

The two underground stations will vastly reduce and improve travel time into the City , as opposed using Battersea Park Station, Southern Rail into Victoria

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION NEW ENERGY FORFOR LONDON BATTERSEA POWER_A STATION _A CENTRE INNOVATION

3.0

“....You may love it or loathe it but it’s impossible to ignore it” The Colossus of Battersea, a report by save

Britain’s heritage, Marcus Binney 1981

ANALYSIS

FEASIBILITY STUDY

3.1 PHYSICAL STUDIES

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Hydrology

LOWER THAMES FLOODPLAIN

Battersea Power Station

Lower Thames Floodplain_Natural England

The Battersea Power Station site is located in the westerly edge of the Lower Thames Floodplain for London.

The area covers from Battersea in the west downstream to Rainham Marshes and Crayford Marshes in the East.

As the river flows east from Battersea it takes on more of the character of an estuary as it reaches Rainham and Crayford Marshes.

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The Area’s boundaries coincide with the wide band of alluvium, which has been laid down by the river over thousands of years, and which has created a broad, level corridor of around 3.5km width through the heart of the city.

A broad terrace of river gravels (of the Black Park Gravel Formation) has been deposited over the alluvium within the Vauxhall, Lambeth and Southwark areas.

The flat ground and the prevailing westerly winds along the South Bank of London was an ideal location for industry which increased rapidly taking over former marshlands and filling the spaces between docks, this is evident at the Battersea site.

As the site lies within the lower Thames floodplain SUDS ‘Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems’ would reduce the percentage of run off water into pipe drainage

systems, which would lead to lower water levels within the River Thames.

Technological drainage systems which can store and harvest grey water within the site could potentially be used for irrigation/ hydroponic systems within the site.

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Geology

LOWER THAMES FLOODPLAIN The geological map of London, Created by the British Geological Survey depicts that the site lies on a bedrock formation of London Clay with a variation of superficial deposits of clay, silt sand and gravels.

Superficial Deposits Kempton Park Gravel Formation: Sand and gravel Alluvium: Clay, silt, sand and gravel Langley Silt: Clay and silt Lynch Hill Gravel: Sand and gravel Head: Clay, sand and gravel Bedrock Geology London Clay Formation: Clay and silt Claygate: Sand, silt and clay

Battersea Power Station

Battersea Geology: British Geological Survey

Natural Signature and Natural Landscape Features Natural England describes the Lower Thames Floodplain as: Although the River Thames in now hemmed between embankments and walls along its entire length, the Thames remains strongly tidal and is a key element in the identity of London

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“ a vast flat riverside zone of grazed salt marshes grading to reed swamp, mudlfats and the wide tidal Thames - the most striking and immediately visible natural element in London” (London’s Natural Signatures: The London Landscape Framework / January 2011)

The Natural Signature of the Lower Thames Floodplain features as described by Natural England:

• Industrial and military heritage – pill boxes, wharves, jetties, industrial archaeology.

• Flat expansive landscape with low horizons • Extensive intertidal mudflats, divided by evolving winding creeks

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Air Pollution Levels LONDON

Battersea Power Station CO2 Emissions to air above 100k tonnes CO2 Emissions to air between 10 - 100k tonnes CO2 Emissions to air up to 10k tonnes Compliance Rating: Very Good Compliance Rating: Good Compliance Rating: Fair Industrial Operator Scores: Band A

The Environment Agency’s London Pollution map, clearly displays the nearest Carbon Dioxide emission count, taken in Bermondsey, at a reading of above 100k tonnes, the highest possible indication.

This reading proves the need for a carbon capturing scheme within the area. This will be an important consideration when redesigning Battersea Power Station, as pre 1983 the building blacked the skyline of the South Bank pumping CO2 into the atmosphere.

The idea of a green bio-technological designed landscape which will not only capture large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere it will also produce power the proposed Nine Elms development as discussed later in this report.

London Pollution: Environment Agency

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Population Growth LONDON

The map displays the change in London’s population in each borough between 1986 -2006.

Southwark Wandsworth Lambeth

The London Borough of Wandsworth population has rapidly increased, but surrounding borough’s Lambeth and Southwark have one of the cities fastest growing populations.

This map evidently explains why the reading of CO2 taken from Bermondsey at a reading of above 100k tonnes, the highest possible indication (shown previously) was so high.

The creation of a production landscape at Battersea Power Station with Carbon Capture technologies will reduce .

London’s CO2 emissions, improving air quality and health within the city.

London Population Growth, The London Plan, 2008 41

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

3.2 ECOLOGY

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

The River Thames The River Thames is the UK second longest River at a length of 215 miles and is a major ecological resource, providing an important ecological corridor, from source in Kemble,Gloucestershire, across London to it’s mouth into the North Sea. The habitats and species supported by the river and its tributaries especially at the mouth of the River Wandle are important to ecology in the borough. The river, riverbanks and river course provide habitats for a diverse range of flora, fauna, invertebrates and birdlife.

New development proposals will need to take account opportunitites to enhance and improve the ecological value where appropriate.

(The Wandsworth Core Strategy 2010) River Thames Ecology: The River Thames contains both seawater a fresh water providing a habitat for a large variety of marine and aquatic life.

Battersea Power Station is situated in the Lower Thames Floodplain, as discussed previously.

The Lower Thames region has some contains unique areas of ecological habitats which should be linked with the Battersea Site, improving biodiversity linkages.

Down stream extensive areas of historic grazing marshland remain at Rainham, Erith and Crayford and there are smaller areas of reed swamp along the lower reaches of the various creeks and rivers which flow into the Thames.

The vast open wetland landscapes of these low-lying marshes retain a powerful sense of wild remoteness.

They provide an impression of the unique natural heritage, and Natural Signature, of the lower Thames floodplain.

(Natural England, 2011).

Natural England Promote Design Aim’s for place making and shaping future developments within the Lower Thames Floodplain. These include:

• Drainage ditches to direct and control patterns of circulation.

• Embankments, stepped terraces and viewing mounds as a contrast to larger scale, open marshes.

• Open landscapes – occasional lines and groups of trees will be prominent.

• No hedgerows, fences or upstanding boundaries.

• Wetscrapes,ponds,swales and ditches surrounded by open wet grasslands.

• Incorporate industrial archaeology within the public real.

• Simple boardwalks and jetties provide access to areas of reed swamp.

(Natural England, 2011)

:

The River Thames is also a major linear open space of importance. The river and adjoining open spaces form the backbone of London’s open space framework.

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

The River Thames ECOLOGY

The River Thames is an important ecological corridor and the Battersea Site should reflect and improve the strong biodiversity and habitat varieties the Thames offers, not just centrally but also downstream, where the river contains a rich flora and fauna.

East India Dock:

Rainham Marshes:

Crayford Marshes:

Within East India Dock Basin and Bow Creek, the majority of the land is developed, but along side carefully managed areas been planted to an extent, reflecting the natural characteristics of the Natural Landscape Area.

Rainham Marshes is the largest remaining area of expansive of marshland remaining in London.

It contains many characteristic species of the Thames Estuary that are otherwise nationally rare, making this an important site.

The East India Dock Basin contains a wide range of habitats, including salt marshes and reed beds fringed by willow woodland. The site also has two small areas of woodland and wild flower meadow areas.

The ditches and seasonally flooded areas support many brackish grasses and associated invertebrates, which in turn provide a valuable food source for birds, and the site is managed by the RSPB as a nature reserve.

Crayford Mashes are one of the few remaining areas of extensive grazing marshes in London, Crayford Marshes is located at the confluence of the river Darent. The area is fringed with salt marshes and a network of ditches that provide a rich habitat for reed swamp with many locally and nationally restricted species.

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

The London Wetlands Centre The London Wetlands Centre is wetland nature reserve managed by the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust. The reserve is located in Barnes on the South Bank of the River Thames, approximatly 6 miles West of B attersea Power Station. The site used to be former Victorian reservoirs and opened as a wetland centre in 2000, now sited as a SSSI.

‘The London Wetlands centre brings the countryside to London, and offers a area of tranquillity and relaxation within the city.

The site covers 44 acres of recreated wetland habitats including: reeds beds, grazing marshland, wildflower meadows and wet woodlands which attracting thousands of birds each year, with many making the centre their permanent home.

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Wetlands provide a life support for storing and cleaning water people drink, irrigating and enriching land, a natural buffer for natural events such as flooding, locking in Carbon - helping offset climate change.

By recreating the natural habitats found at the London Wetlands Centre along with the marshlands found downstream, will create an oasis for wildlife. Reed beds which filter water and capture carbon fit in with the overriding theme of creating a productive carbon capturing landscape.

The London Wetland Centre has been voted the UK’s best nature reserve in 2012, and is an ever popular attraction.

Wetlands habitats will contrast the strong linear architecture of the Power Station and create organic forms.

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

WILDLIFE AT THE LONDON WETLANDS CENTRE 46

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Site Ecology Local Nature Reserves Natural England declared a sectioned Local Nature Reserve (LNR) in Battersea Park in 1993.

The reserve consists of a dedicated linear plantation of with four glades and a pond, a meadow with a circular plantation of mixed woodland and scrub.

The park and LNR support a range of species including these sitings as listed by Natural England. Bird species including blackcap and bullfinch. Invertebrates include 20 species of butterfly including white letter hairstreak. stag beetles and lesser stag beetles can frequently be seen in May. Particularly notable species of invertebrates include the flower bug (Anthocoris minkii), the lilly beetle (Lilioceris lilii) and the nationally notable hoverfly Volucella zonaria.

Carduelis cannabina Linnet

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Ecology of the Battersea Powerstation Site The site itself contains small areas of semi natural grassland, containing native species of plants. There are no/ little record of existing trees on site or anything of signifcant ecological value.

Although not initally apparent, in London, brownfield sites offer pockets of refuge for animals. They can accumulate unique groups of plants and animals which you would not normally find living together in more natural surroundings - Wandworth Council, 2012.

Battersea Powerstation is one of the last remaining large scale brownfield site, and redevelopment or design of the site will need to take into account the biodiversity of the site which include:

Desmodus rotundus Common Bat

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Phoenicurus ochruros Black Redstart

The Black Redstart, a nationally rare species, with fewer than 100 nesting pairs in Britain, according to the London Wildlife Trust.

The black redstart population of London is concentrated along the Thames east of Tower Bridge including derelict Battersea Power Station.

Since 2000 The Power Station has been home to a nesting pair of rare Peregrine Falcons, which have been producing sucessful offspring each year. The pair have been nesting at the foot of one of the landmark chimneys and have had recent sightings by RSPB. Bats and Linnets have also be sited in the Battersea Power Station.

Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Native Flora to SW8 ECOLOGY

The Natural History Museum holds an online database of native species related to specific post codes across England. The data is derived from the Atlas of the British Flora, 3rd Edition (published by the Botanical Society of the British Isles, 1982).

South Lambeth, SW8 records include the following; Annuals, biennial, climbers, geophytes, herbaceous perennials, large shurbs and small trees, marsh plants, perennails, shrubs, trees and aquatics.

This study will display the key plant species which are the most important to the regenertation of the Battersea Site.

The proposals for the development intend to incorporate as many native species listed within the British Flora datebase as possible.

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MARSH Bladder Sedge Carex vesicaria Common Reed Phragmites australis Compact Rush Juncus conglomeratus Creeping Yellow Cress Rorippa sylvestris Fen Bedstraw Galium uliginosum Flat Sedge Blysmus compressus Flowering Rush Butomus umbellatus Marsh Ragwort Senecio aquaticus Marsh Marigold Caltha palustris Reed Canary Grass Phalaris arundinacea Sea Arrowgrass Triglochin maritimum Sea Aster Aster tripolium Sea Club Rush Bolboschoenus maritimus Slender Club Rush Isolepis cernua Small Sweet Grass Glyceria declinata Soft Rush Juncus effusus Water Horsetail Equisetum fluviatile Water-cress Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum

SMALL TREES AND SHURBS Alder Buckthorn Almond Willow Buckthorn Crab Apple Dogwood Elder Guelder-rose Hawthorn Hazel Holly Midland Hawthorn Osier Purple Willow Wayfaring tree Wild Privet

Frangula alnus Salix triandra Rhamnus cathartica Malus sylvestris Cornus sanguinea Sambucus nigra Viburnum opulus Crataegus monogyna Corylus avellana Ilex aquifolium Crataegus laevigata Salix viminalis Salix purpurea Viburnum lantana Ligustrum vulgare

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

TREES Alder Ash Aspen Beech Black Poplar Whitebeam Crack willow Downy Birch English Elm Field Maple Hornbeam Pedunculate Oak Rowan Sessile Oak Silver Birch White Willow Wild Cherry Wych Elm

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Alnus glutinosa Fraxinus excelsior Populus tremula Fagus sylvatica Populus nigra Sorbus aria Salix fragilis Betula pubescens Ulmus procera Acer campestre Carpinus betulus Quercus robur Sorbus aucuparia Quercus petraea Betula pendula Salix alba Prunus avium Ulmus glabra

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AQUATICS Amphibious Bistort Arrowhead Blunt leaved Pondweed Bog Pondweed Water Crowfoot Bulrush

Persicaria amphibia Sagittaria sagittifolia Potamogeton obtusifolius Potamogeton polygonifolius Ranunculus baudotii Typha latifolia

PERENNIALS AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS Bladder Sedge Carex vesicaria Common Reed Phragmites australis Compact Rush Juncus conglomeratus Creeping Yellow Cress Rorippa sylvestris Fen Bedstraw Galium uliginosum Flat Sedge Blysmus compressus Flowering Rush Butomus umbellatus Marsh Ragwort Senecio aquaticus Marsh Marigold Caltha palustris Reed Canary Grass Phalaris arundinacea Sea Arrowgrass Triglochin maritimum Sea Aster Aster tripolium Sea Club Rush Bolboschoenus maritimus Slender Club Rush Isolepis cernua Small Sweet Grass Glyceria declinata Soft Rush Juncus effusus Water Horsetail Equisetum fluviatile Water-cress Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

The London Open Space Network Battersea Power Station

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

The London Green Space Capita The World Health Organisation (WHO) states every city should have a minimum of 9 m2 and an optimum of 10 to 15 m2 green space per person, this section looks at London’s green space capita at the amount of green space per person the city offers.

(not including small local parks/ squares) totals 3550,40000 m2

A study on the green space capita of New York in comparison to London:

3550,40000 = 43.4 m2 Per Pop. of London 8,174,100 person

The table below list the major parks and green spaces in New York (Not including small parks and squares)

The tables below lists the green spaces which contribute to the City. The total amount of green space in London

The calculation = each Londoner has on average 43.4 m2 of green space and proves that London is one of the greenest cities in the world.

4751,0000 = 5.7 m2 Per Pop. of New York 8,244,910 person (SOURCE: U.S CENSUS BUREAU JULY 2011)

Total Area in Hectares Victoria Park Alexandra Park Battersea Park TOTAL AREA (Ha) TOTAL AREA (m2)

86 80 83 249 249,0000

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Hampstead Heath Clapham Common Wandsworth Common Wimbledon Common Epping Forest Trent Park Hainault Forest Country Park Mitcham Common South Norwood Country Park Wildspace Conservation Park Watling Chase Thames Chase TOTAL AREA (Ha) TOTAL AREA (m2) LONDON GRAND TOTAL (m2)

320 89 73 460 2,476 169 136 182 47 645 18,840 9,842 33,279 3327,90,000 3550,40,000

Innov8 Park TOTAL AREA (m2) PROP. GRAND TOTAL (m2)

approx 6 60,000 3551,00,000

New York City Large Open Spaces

16 34 140 111 197 73 955 450 1976 1976,0000

London Suburban Open Spaces

London Royal Parks Council Owned Parks 51

Green Park St James Park Hyde Park Kensington Gardens Regents Park Greenwich Park Richmond Park Bushy Park TOTAL AREA (Ha) TOTAL AREA (m2)

Total Area in Hectares

Total Area in Hectares

Total Area in Hectares

Pelham Bay Park (Bronx) Greenbelt (Staten Island) Corona Park (Queens) Van Cortlandt Park (Bronx) Central Park (Manhattan) Fresh Kills Park (Staten Island) Marine Park (Brooklyn) Bronx Park (Bronx) Alley Pond Park (Queens) Roosevelt Board Walk, South and Midland Beaches (Staten Island) TOTAL AREA (Ha) TOTAL AREA (m2)

1,119 719 507 601 341 329 322 290 265 258 4751 4651,0000

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

3.3 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Existing Green Infrastructure

The diagram adjacent illustrates the hierarchy of green spaces surrounding the Battersea site and the green linkages and connectivity the developed site could achieve.

7 7

In order to understand the qualities and standards of the surrounding greens spaces, a scoring criteria of each surrounding green space will help aid the quality and facilities of the new Innovation Park at Battersea Power Station.

5

4 3

6

2

1 8

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1

Battersea Park

2

Chelsea Physic Garden

3

The Royal Hospital Chelsea Grounds

4

Ranelagh Gardens

5

St George’s Square Garden

6

Pimlico Garden and Shrubbery

7

Ecclestone and Warrick Square

8

Social Housing Grounds

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Chelsea Physic Garden

N/A

N/A

The Royal Chelsea Hospital Grounds

N/A

N/A

Average Poor /Low

Overall Space Quality

Users Present

Good

Level of Maintenance

High

Facilities Available

Note: Chelsea Physic Garden and The Royal Chelsea Hospital has has been sourced from the Internet.

Diversity of Habitats

This scoring has been conducted from a site visit to each of the green spaces in October 2012 (ones open to General Public) with photographic evidence.

SCORING CRITERIA

Green Spaces Evaluation

Battersea Park

Ranelagh Gardens St. Georges Square Gardens Pimlico Gardens and Shrubbery Social Housing Grounds

Battersea Park was opened in 1858 It is located a 10 minute walk west of the Power station site. In 1951 it was the home of the Festival of Britain PleasureGardens, as described in detail earlier in this report

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MATURE WOODLAND HABITATS

QUALITY SPORTING FACILITIES

FORMAL ENGLISH LANDSCAPE

Battersea Park

The park is 83 hectares and is a popular destination for local residents, sports enthusiasts and dog walkers, particularly of Battersea Dogs and Cat Home. The park offers a diverse range of amenity facilities, including;

Flood lit astro-turf sports pitches, an enclosed running track and cricket pitch and green gyms and a zoo. Battersea is designed in an England Landscape style, and corresponds of areas of dense mature woodland, open fields and themed gardens.

The Park is managed by Wandsworth Council to a high standard and overly is a high calibre public green space.

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Chelsea Physic Garden

The Chelsea Physic Garden is located in Chelsea on the banks of the River Thames. It opened in 1673 and is one of the worlds oldest botanical gardens.

The garden is one of the worlds most famous botanical gardens, focussed on growing plants for medicinal purposes.

The garden contains over 5,000 species

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The Royal Chelsea Hospital

many of which will not grow in other places within Britain, due to the sites Mediterranean like microclimate.

The garden contains mature species of tress and varied habitats including wetlands.

The physic garden is an exhibition in its own accord and is open to the public at certain times of the year at a fee.

The Royal Chelsea Hospital is the home of the Chelsea Pensioner, it is the home of retired soldiers who were on the front line. The institution opened in 1682 by King Charles II. The hospital is set in formal grounds laid out in the traditional England Landscape style, with neatly mown lawns and straight gravel paths.

The grounds are more well known for the annual world famous prestigious RHS Chelsea Flower Show which takes over the entire grounds in May and attracts over 150,000 visitors a year.

A major annual attraction within the local area.

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Ranelagh Gardens

Ranelagh Garden’s formerly the grounds of Ranelagh House in 1689, by the First Earl of Ranelagh, Treasurer of the Royal Chelsea Hospital (1685-1702).

The gardens were redesigned by John Gibson in the 19th Century.

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St. George’s Square Gardens

The pleasure grounds are now open to the public with a variety of mature specimens of trees and shrubs and shaded walks. Ranelagh gardens make up part of the grounds of the Royal Chelsea Hospital and in may are also the grounds of the RHS Chelsea Flower Show.

St. George’s Park Square is a narrow linear green square designed and laid out in 1839 by Thomas Cubitt.

The square is a popular destination for local residents and those with dogs, with a separate dog training ground within the park.

The linear garden lies between Grosvenor Road and Lupus Street, surrounded by grand Georgian Terraced houses which overlook the square.

Although the space does not offer activities for children a large area of lawn runs through the centre of the park and is surrounded by mature Platanus x hispanica which create enclosure a sense of grandeur and safety when within the space.

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Social Housing Grounds

Pimlico Shrubbery

Pimlico shrubbery is located of Grosvenor Road, overlooking the River Thames with views of Battersea Power Station.

The garden is only small but is a popular stop of for cyclists and dog walkers, or those who wish to site and admire the view.

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The green is well maintained and has an on site gardening in a small hut.

The gardens are surrounded by fastigiate Platanus x hispanica creating a vertical barrier creating height and sense of enclosure from the road. There are a number of shrubs but nothing of great ecological value.

The Savona Estate is a 1920 - 30’s housing estate, the estate is very green with almost all space in between the housing blocks green.

There are facilities such as tennis and multipurpose marked courts for sports and a number of climbing frames for children.

The grounds although good for amenity are poorly maintained and dated.

On the day of the site visit no users were present and the network of paths which go in between the housing blocks are used as cut throughs and not seen as a destination or a place to stop.

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

3.4 SITE ANALYSIS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Site Analysis Land Type Public Green Space Soft Landscape Industrial Private Lane

Nine Elm’s Industrian Estate Acts as a barrier between Battersea Park Road and the River Thames.

Space and Movement Landmarks Destination Point Good Quality Building Good Quality Building in Disrepair Poor Quality Unsightly Building Poor Quality in Need of Demolition Positive Area

ALL DAY SHADE AFTERNOON SUN

Negative Area Vehicular Node

MORNING SUN

Pedestrian Node

The site is boarded by grade level railway line with an elevated viaduct behind, creating a sense of enclosure and isolation to the West of the site, including Battersea Park Station which will need to be considered when designing the site.

Pedestrian Crossing Active Frontage Edge Green Edge

ALL DAY SUN

SW WINDS

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Battersea Park Road acts as barrier, an inner city ‘motorway’ designed for high density traffic and speeding cars. This results in a car dominated linear edge with poor pedestrian crossings and a sense of intimidation which makes users speed through the site with no reason for stopping.

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Views 1 6 3 2

8

11

7 4

10

9

5

Poor Views Important Views to be retained/ highlighted General Views

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Views into Site 1

This photograph is taken from the Embankment of the River Thames Looking South at the Power Station and the Nine Elms Site. It displays the sheer grandeur and imposing scale of the Power Station with the surrounding skyline. To the left of the Power Station lies the Nine Elms Industrial Estate, a poor quality unsightly area which needs to be addressed.

2

This photograph is taken from the Thames Path facing East, although the railway viaduct is in the foreground the presence of the iconic landmark chimneys are still ever so present.

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Views into Site 3

This photo was taken whilst taking the train from Victoria to Battersea Park, the line runs parallel with the Power Station, the converted building and park will have an positive impact which will be seen from near, far, below and above.

6

This photo was taken from Vauxhall Bridge to the East of the Site looking West at the Site. From downstream the Power Station is still ever so present with four striking chimneys adding vertical elements to the skyline, acting as wayfinders.

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4

This photo was taken from the gates into the site, once again it depicts the sheer scale of the chimneys.

5

This photo was taken from estate adjacent to the site. A strong visual impact.

7

This photo was taken in the Nine Elms Industrial Estate and displays the poor quality of the streetscape, and built environment creating a sense of enclosure, and insecurity. The removal of these buildings would open the site and create a stronger connection with the River Thames.

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Views from Site 8

This photo was taken on site at the rivers edge facing NE. It displays the historic cranes which will be highlighted within the design site and the connection/ views of the Embankment and where the new Nine Elms Development will be.

10

This photo is taken from the site facing West towards the Battersea Gas Works and railway viaduct in the foreground. The main blue gasholder is also an iconic secondary landmark for Battersea, which should be seen as an asset within the design rather than a threat.

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9

This photo was taken on site facing South with views of Battersea Park Road and views of the social housing estate in the distance. The road acts as a inner city highway and should be shielded to create a sense of a safe enclosure.

11

This photo was taken from Gate 1 with views down Cringle Street. This photo displays the unsafe, poor Nine Elms industrial estate with views of Cringle Dock waste transfer and aggregate site. These unsightly buildings are visible in photo 1, and distract the eye from the Power Station and the vertical fluted chimneys.

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

BATTERSEA POWER STATION, RELENTLESS FREEZE FESITVAL 2012 64

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Building Usage To have a greater understanding of Battersea Power Station as a site desktop study and research was undertaken to understand the building usage, in the area surrounding the development site.

Industrial

Residential

Commerical 66

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Character Analysis The landscape surrounding Battersea Power Station is constructed from 4 distinctive character zones, these are evident through the study of the building uses within the close proximity of the site.

Modern Residential

Commerical Core Industrial Quarter

Social Housing

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Industrial Quarter

IR A P

DE

DIS

ED

ED

The density and sense of enclosure of the industrial buildings the site feels disconnected from the River Thames, even though the rivers edge is meters away and should be an assett to the site.

A

L

NEGLECTED The largest zone within the site context is the Industrial Quarter, predominantly the Tideway Industrial Estate -Nine Elms, of which the site of Battersea Power Station is surrounded by.

MONOC

ULT

UR

DIS C O

NN

EC

T

TA

CH

RE

CHARACTER ANALYSIS

The area has a broad range of architectual styles, Victorian Mills, 1930’s Art Deco buildings including Battersea Powerstation dappled with modern unattracive warehouses and offices which run parralel to the rivers bank.

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Social Housing

CHARACTER ANALYSIS

Adjacent to the Industrial Quarter lies a promient 1930’s social housing / mixed housing estate. With a mixture of eight storey apartment blocks and terraced housing and modern properties.

The estate located behind the A2305, Battersea Park Road and enclosed by the railway viaduct to the west which acts as a barrier and divides the estate from the surrounding area.

The estate acts as a housing ghetto and stands alone with little to no connectivity with the local area. The estate lacks a sense of social and economic values.

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Commerical Core

CHARACTER ANALYSIS The parade of shops feels isolated as there is little connection between the shopping core and the surrounding area due to barriers of major roads and railway viaducts dividing the local area in sections with no flow, the parade of shops and the station come as a surprise as they are visually blind upon approach from Battersea Powerstation.

The commercial core along A3205, Battersea Park Road starts approximatley 0.3 miles or a 5 minute walk away from Battersea Powerstation. It houses a range of locals, shops and restaurants and also the train station to the site, Battersea Park Station at the start of the parade.

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Modern Residential

CHARACTER ANALYSIS The complex is popular but does not appear to be connected with the rest of it’s surroundings as the new estate is similar to a micro village on the riverside and concealed.

North of the site along Queens Town road south of Chelsea Bridge and adjacent to Battersea Park, Chelsea Bridge Wharf by Berkely is a new large scale development of modern apartments combined with a hotel has recently been constructed.

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Listed Buildings

HERITAGE VALUE

The site was declared a site of Industrial heritage in 1980, the Secretary of State for the Environment awarded the building Grade II listing status. In 2007 the building was upgraded to a Grade II* status.

Battersea Pumping Station

These buildings can be incorporated as key features, icons or landmarks within the design, which will ensure these imperative structures are reconnected with the community and ties are strengthened.

After power station B announced its closure a campaign was created to preserve the building as part of Britain’s national heritage.

Battersea Power Station

The Listed Buildings located within the site have strong ties with the local community, over time these have been weakened due to poor condition of the structures.

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The Battersea Water Pumping Station was built in 1840 for the Southwark Water Company and was extended in 1856.

It housed a series of engines which pumped water from the Thames into filter beds which formerly stood on the Battersea Power Station site. The building was listed Grade II status in 1994.

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Building Heights The diagram below illustrates the building heights around the site of Battersea Power Station and along the north Embankment of the Thames. This diagram clearly displays the prominence of the power station is within the surrounding contextual landscape.

A A

Building Heights (Storeys) 1 - 2 (3 - 9m) 3 - 4 (9 - 12m) 5 - 6 (15 - 18m) 7 - 8 (21 - 24m) 9 - 10 (27 - 30m) 11 - 15 (33 - 45m) 15+ (48m +)

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Building Height Comparison London Landmark Comparison

The London Eye 135m

St. Paul’s Cathedral 111m

Battersea Power Station 103m

Big Ben 96m

A building height comparison sketch of famous London landmarks graphically display Battersea Power Station’s sheer imposure on the skyline of the London’s South Bank.

Section Section A-A - Taken from Chelsea Bridge Wharf through Battersea Power Station and in Nine Elms Industrial Estate. The section displays the relationship between the surrounding buildings within the contextual area and the dominance of the structure.

Battersea Power Station 103m

Chelsea Bridge Wharf Industrial Warehouses 6m

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

BATTERSEA POWER STATION, RIMMEL LONDON 2010 PROJECTION 76

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

3.5 MOVEMENT

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Vehicular Circulation Towards Kensington, Chelsea and the West End

1

2. Battersea Park Road

4

1. Chelsea Bridge Road

Towards Vauxhall

3. Battersea Park Road

3

2 Towards Clapham Junction and Wandsworth Primary Roads Secondary Roads Major Nodes

Two major roads, circulate the site. The A3216, Chelsea Bridge Road connects the north and south of the river bringing vehicular traffic from Chelsea /Kensington and the West End into Battersea and continuing south towards Clapham and Wandsworth.

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The A3205 Battersea Park Road connects Battersea with Vauxhall and further afield.

A number of secondary roads spur off Battersea Park road into the Tideway Industrial Estate and into Battersea Power Station.

4. Battersea Park Road, Kirting St and New Covent Garden Flower Market junction BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Pedestrian and Cycle Circulation

4

2

Pedestrian Entrance into Battersea Park

CS8 Towards Wandworth CS8 Cycle Superhighway

London Cycle Network 37 Pedestrian Footpaths

The site is surrounded by good network of pedestrian footpaths which lead from Chelsea Bridge and along Battersea Park road towards Vauxhall and Wandsworth.

A series of footpaths lead off Battersea Park Road into the Tideway Industrial Estate and into the power station site.The CS8, a designated cycle route comes across Chelsea Bridge Road and towards Wandsworth and the Network 37 cycle path runs along Battersea Park road parallel with the site The Thames Path, National Trail adjacent to the site and continues along the River’s Bank in both directions.

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2. Battersea Prk Rd. F.Path and Netw.37

3

3. Thames Path National Trail

1

4. Footpath Network off Kirtling St.

Pedestrian Footpath and Cycle Network 37 towards Vauxhall

1. Chelsea Bridge Road F.Path and CS8

Pedestrian footpath over Chelsea Bridge and CS8 towards Westminster

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Transportation Evaluation CS8 Cycle Super Highway Map (TFL)

MACDUFF ROAD

ROAD

PRINCE OF WALES DRIVE

Q

PARK

C

QUEENSTOWN ROAD

PR CE

CHELSEA BRIDGE

0 minutes

Battersea Park Station, Southern Rail

RAM

STREET

Barclays Cycle Superhighway.

Opening Summer 2011.

London Underground station

Route signed for cyclists that may be on busier roads.

National Rail station P

station with cycle parking facility

Borough boundaries WESTMINSTER LAMBETH

The site is centred within a quality network of transport, with close proximity to Battersea Park Rail Station and a short walk from Vauxhall Underground station the site has good rail links.

A number of bus routes pass along Battersea Park road with pass stops adjacent to the front of the power station and a number of bus routes pass along Chelsea Bridge Road and North of the River, a 5-7 minute walk from the site The CS8, Cycle Superhighway managed by Transport For London (TFL) and London Cycle Network route 37 run via or close to the site.

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WANDSWORTH

20 minutes

10 minutes

Route on quieter roads recommended by cyclists.

Provision for cyclists adjacent to busy roads. May be shared with pedestrians.

LAMBETH

to Wandsworth Common

Vauxhall Underground Station, Victoria Line

GROSVENOR

Battersea Power Station

WANDSWORTH

OF WALES DRIVE

Battersea Park

IN

QUEENSTOWN ROAD

BATTERSEA PARK ROAD

FALCON ROAD

WYE STREET

PLOUGH ROAD

TRINITY ROAD

FAIRFIELD STREET

YORK GARDENS

CH

AY W N DO AN

UEEN’

IR C U

S

BATTERSEA

CLAVERTON STREET

ROAD

LUPUS STREET

YORK

CHELSEA EMBANKMENT

ROAD

THAMES

YORK PODMORE ROAD

BARCHARD STREET

S

AY

ET

W

RE

N

OLD YORK ROAD

RIVER

PARK

ST

DO

WAY

AN

P Wandsworth Town

BATTERSEA

WINDERS ROAD

RS

SW

ARMOURY WAY

BATTERSEA HIGH

LE

RAM STREET

YELVERTON ROAD

G

to Earlsfield

UG

GARRATT LANE

SM

WANDSWORTH PLAIN

ARMOURY WAY

BUCKHOLD ROAD

THAMES

CARRIAGE DRIVE NORTH

RIVER

WANDSWORTH BDG. BRIDGEND RD.

to Putney

K E & NS EL CH IN G W SEA ELS TO ES E N TM BR A I IN DG ST E ROAD ER

Wandsworth to Westminster: BCS8

WANSWORTH HIGH STREET

Bus Routes: 156, 344 Towards Liverpool St, Vauxhall, Wimbledon and Clapham Towards Victoria Pimlico Underground Station, Victoria Line

SW

Bus Routes: 137,44, 452, N137, N44 Towards Victoria, Sutton and Crystal Palace

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

This cyc

3.6 SWOT

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

SWOT Analysis

STRENGTHS

Iconic London landmark

Good transport links

Open Site

Close proximity to water, located on the South Bank of the RiverThames

WEAKNESSES

Iconic building in state of disrepair Site open to the elements

OPPORTUNITIES

Utilise listed buildings

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Wayfinder

Internationally renowned

Weakened ties with the local community

Flat Site

Strong industrial heritage

Located close proximity to London tourist hotspots

Deemed a failing development site

Strong vistas in & out of site

Surrounded by a network of open spaces

Good network of pedestrian footpaths

Located with the Lower Thames Floodplain

Little existing ecology on site

Strong prominence in skyline

Disconnected from major London tourist destinations

Poor air quality due to high CO2 levels

New technologies

Cultural destination attracting tourists and visitors

THREATS

Art Deco grand architecture

Failed innovative technologies

Unique experience

Improve local biodiversity

Increased traffic

Sustainable catalyst development for London Reduce London’s carbon emissions through carbon capture

Damaging ties between Battersea Power Station and the community

A new centre for Battersea and Nine Elms

Improve ecology of the River Thames

Harvest grey water preventing excess run off into the River

Loss of revenue to the Battersea Nine Elms Development

Innovative landscape

Local renewable energy production

Rising waters of the River Thames

Improve local economy

Strengthen ties Between Battersea Power Station and the local community

Polluted Waters

Economic Conditions

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEABATTERSEA POWER STATION _A STATION NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON POWER _A CENTRE FOR INNOVATION

FEASIBILITY STUDY

4.0

PLANNING 85

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4.1 DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

FEASIBILITY STUDY

The London Plan 2008 What is The London Plan 2008?

The Mayor is responsible for strategic planning in London. He has a wide range of duties and powers. The government has set out guidance and advice on the Mayor’s planning duties and powers. His duties include producing a Spatial Development Strategy for London – called the London Plan – and keeping it under review.

Its principal purposes are to promote the economic and social development and the environmental improvement of Greater London.

The London Plan replaces government’s strategic guidance, and boroughs’ development plan documents must be in ‘general conformity’ with it. (The London Plan 2008) The London Plan works alongside the GLA (Greater London Authority) which covers the 32 boroughs and the City of London. The GLA is a new public authority, designed to provide citywide strategic government for London.

The London Plan, is a strategic plan for the Capital which integrates social, economic and environmental frameworks for the future development of the city looking forward 15-20 years.

Why is the London Plan important to the Battersea Site?

The London Plan is an important Planning document in relation to the regeneration of Battersea Power Station as it provides a framework and foundation for land use and development which is linked to improving the infrastructure of individual areas on a city context, which Wandsworth Council must apply their own planning policies within.

Through understanding and analysing the London Plan this report will summarise the relevant clauses which can help, shape form and provide solutions for the design of Battersea Power Station.

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What Makes London Unique?

In relation, the London Plan lists a number of key facts and strengths of London which make the city unique: • Most culturally diverse city of the world • Largest City in the European Union • One of the three world financial centres, Europe’s financial capital, and the world’s most economically internationalised city • A city with a vast heritage of historic buildings, townscape, waterways and an environment that attracts visitors from all over the world - (By developing Battersea Power Station into a city of Carbon Capture and innovative energy centre will attract tourism and visitors to Battersea) • A safe and green city.

• A city with diverse suburban environments that offer many people a high quality of life The plan states, over the last 20 years London has rapidly changed, of which some of these changes have been driven by international forces, which states:

(The regeneration of Battersea Power Station will increase the cities’s imperative values of offsetting climate change by reducing London’s Carbon emissions through Carbon Capture and produce green locally generated renewable power.)

“London is a city... with fundamental and accelerating environmental imperatives to use energy and resources more efficiently, mitigate the impacts of, and adapt to, climate change, value the environment and reduce harmful emissions and environmental stress” (London Plan, 2008).

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

The London Plan 2008 Enjoying London:

Strategic Cultural Developments:

Tourism:

As the city’s population and economy grow and development intensifies, access to these activities offers release from the pressures of metropolitan life and enhances London’s standing as a centre of culture, relaxation and innovation.

London’s role as a world city is supported by a number of important cultural institutions, including museums, galleries and theatres, which are among London’s major tourist attractions.

London is a world leader in attracting high value overseas visitors and is an important gateway to the UK’s regions and nations. London’s tourism also provides employment opportunities and quality of life benefits for London’s communities. It helps to attract and retain talent and corporate location decisions that ensure economic competitiveness.

Making London an even more enjoyable city will contribute a better city for people to live in, as will improving the quality of town centres and strengthening the leisure and cultural sectors.

Protecting and adding to London’s wealth of open spaces will be especially important to make London an exemplary world city in mitigating and adapting to climate change and a more attractive, well designed and green city. All of these improvements in the quality and availability of retail, leisure and open space facilities will be crucial in accommodating growth, contributing to London’s prosperity and making the compact city an enjoyable one in which to live. (London Plan, 2008)

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Local and Sub-Regional Cultural Facilities: .

Cultural facilities are important to all London’s town centres and central London.

They are particularly valuable as a means of engaging younger people in wider community activity. However, parts of suburban London.

New cultural provision of local and sub-regional importance should be developed in town centres and the Thames Gateway for residents and to create new tourist attractions away from central London, (of which the regeneration fo Battersea Power Station will create in its own right)

New destinations especially outside of the Central London core which draw tourism to more sub-urban areas are a key drive to London’s existing strategic tourism industry.

Battersea Power Station and innovation park will be a major pull factor to the area, drawing tourists and visitors to the area and South London.

Improving Conditions for Walking and Connectivity: Major new developments should provide new, high quality, segregated pedestrian and cycle routes, which are direct and provide good connections to the existing pattern of streets, and to bus stops and stations. New planning briefs and proposed masterplans should include/ encourage a high quality, well connected system for pedestrians and cyclists.

Cycle parking facilities should be provided in both commercial and residential development.

Missing links in the walking and cycling networks, including parts of the six strategic walking routes identified in the Mayor’s Transport Strategy, are completed as development opportunities arise.

London Plan sets guidelines for new cultural facilities such as the Battersea Power Station site should support evening entertainment and facilities. New facilities should have good access by public transport and be accessible to sections of the community including disabled.

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The London Plan 2008 Improving London’s Open Environment and Space: Open space is an important part of the spatial character of the city. London’s green belt and Metropolitan Open Land form the basic structure of London’s strategic network of open spaces. Open spaces that are of local importance form part of the wider network of open spaces, which in turn is part of the vital and distinctive attraction of London.

London open spaces play a vital role, as they provide valuable resources and focus for local communities which can have a positive effect on vitality of areas and can encourage investment.

They provide a respite from the built environment and opportunities for recreation.

They promote health, wellbeing and quality of life. They are also vital facilities for developing children’s play, exercise and social skills.

Green spaces play a crucial role in adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, protecting and enhancing biodiversity, reducing flood risk and contributing positively to urban micro climates.

(The Battersea Project will aid mitigate climate change through the use of innovative technologies, which will also harvest rainwater reducing flood risk)

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Biodiversity: Land of strategic importance for biodiversity is located across London with particular with large concentrations in areas.

London contains many sites of international and national biodiversity importance for which there is a statutory requirement to consult Natural England. The internationally important sites are wetlands identified under the Ramsar Convention and Natura 2000 sites, which include Special Protection Areas (SPA) and Special Areas for Conservation (SAC). These, and National Nature Reserves together with a number of other areas, are all included within the nationally important Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). (The London Plan, 2008) Green Corridors are areas of continuous areas open space that run through built-up areas and provide an extension to the habitats of the sites they join. They may be the verges alongside road and rail routes or waterways or a series of linked open spaces. Green Corridors may not be accessible to the public, but may contribute to landscape quality as well as biodiversity.

Planning applications should give consideration to the effects, both direct and indirect, of development upon biodiversity and wildlife habitats.

Indirect effects include increased use and disturbance, hydrological changes, level of noise, pollution, shading and lighting disturbance. Disturbance to habitats in all occasions should avoided because most wildlife habitats are difficult to recreate, the replacement or relocation of species and habitat should be considered only as a last resort.

Climate Change and London’s Metabolism: The aim of the City of London is to become an exemplary, sustainable world city, using natural resources more efficiently, increase its re-use of resources and reduce levels of waste and environmental degradation.

As London’s population increases, these objectives will become even more important. It will enable the efficient use of resources such as land and energy. It will also enable the delivery of the proximity objective – which states that waste should be disposed of in one of the nearest appropriate installations. More intensive development will require strategies to minimise noise and air pollution.

The Mayor of London clearly states within the London Plan that the city should become a more sustainable and self-sufficient city, healthier to live in and more efficient in its use of resources.

It should consume more of its own waste and producing less pollution.

The Plan list the following to be used to assess new planning applications: • Using Less energy, in particular by adopting sustainable design and construction measures • Supplying energy efficiently, in particular prioritise energy generation.

• Renewable Energies All of the above applications are applicable to the regeneration and concept of Battersea.

All London boroughs should adopt a presumption that developments will achieve a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 20% from on site renewable energy generation (which can include sources of decentralised renewable energy) unless it can be demonstrated that such provision is not feasible.

This will support the Mayor’s Climate Change Mitigation and Energy Strategy and its objectives of increasing the proportion of energy used generated from renewable sources by:

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The London Plan 2008

• requiring the inclusion of renewable energy technology and design, including: biomass fuelled heating, cooling and electricity generating plant, biomass heating, renewable energy from waste,photovoltaics, solar water heating, wind, hydrogen fuel cells, in new developments wherever feasible

for public integration, interaction and education.

The table below displays the London Targets for installed energy capacity generated from renewables.

(Source, London Plan, 2008)

Living roofs used be used in order to maximise their benefits in a given location. Vegetated roofs, including terraces and gardens, can improve the thermal performance of the building, absorb rainfall to reduce flooding, enhance biodiversity.

Good Designs For London: The London Plan state that a good London design should fill all the objectives in the Plan, helping to accommodate the growth of the city within it’s boundaries. These including in summary:

• facilitating and encouraging the use of all forms of renewable energy where appropriate, and giving consideration to the impact of new development on existing renewable energy schemes.

• Maximising the potential of sites • Promote high quality design and create or enhance the public realm • Aid to mitigate the effects of climate change • Respect local context, history, building heritage, character and communities.

• Be accessible for all • Sustainable and durable • Be practical and legible • Be attractive, inspirational and exciting • Respect the natural environment and biodiversity and enhance green networks and the Blue Ribbon Network.

Where land is needed for renewable energy technologies, such as anaerobic digesters and biomass plants, as part of appropriate developments, boroughs should encourage this provision through their inclusion in development briefs and area development frameworks.

The London Plan will encourage the use of a range of renewable energy technologies, which should be incorporated wherever site conditions make them feasible. Off-site renewable contributions to developments are acceptable only where they are directly connected and supplied by private wire arrangement. (The London Plan state land for renewable energy technologies should be set aside (off-site) away from public. Battersea Power Station will have these technologies within a landscape.)

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High quality designs for ‘green walls’, incorporating vegetation over the majority of a building’s vertical surfaces, will also be considered favourably where living roofs are difficult to achieve. The revised Sustainable Design and Construction.

Battersea Power Station will produce both Bio-Mass and solar capture for renewable energry for London

All waterside development should reflect local character and integrate with water space in terms of use and appearance. Views to and from the waterways are especially significant because the openness of water spaces allows for relatively long distance views.

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The London Plan 2008 The Blue Ribbon Network: The Blue Ribbon Network policy sets guidelines for the inter-relationships of London’s Waterways and water bodies.

The Blue Ribbon Network includes the Thames, the canal network, the other tributaries, rivers and streams within London and London’s open water spaces such as docks, reservoirs and lakes.

Water is a valuable and asset within London and its use must be set within sustainable limits which prioritise those uses and activities that need a waterside location.

The Blue Ribbon Network, aims to: • To accommodate London’s growth within its boundaries without encroaching on green spaces, policies should make the most sustainable and efficient use of space in London, by protecting and enhancing the multifunctional nature of the Blue Ribbon Network.

• Improve London’s accessibility, use of the Blue Ribbon Network for transport along waterways for people and goods should be increased. Alongside the Blue Ribbon Network there also opportunities for pedestrian and cycling routes.

Waterside locations will continue to be important for regeneration and economic growth in London. Many of the waterside areas with developable land are in the Opportunity Areas or Areas for Intensification.

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The Mayor of London will work with boroughs and other development partners to ensure that development of these locations includes a mix of opportunities to use, enjoy and improve the Blue Ribbon Network.

Increasing use of the Blue Ribbon Network for passenger and tourist transport requires cruise liner facilities, new piers and on the canals dedicated stopping facilities (mooring sites/places/posts and interchange points). These facilities can be relocated on piers and waterside sites. Where possible, new services should be integrated with other transport services and routes by well-designed inter-change points and signage.

New facilities should not affect safe navigation nor have an adverse impact on important waterway biodiversity. (The London Plan, 2008)

London’s Built Heritage: London’s historic environment should be protected and enhanced. Developments should seek to maintain and increase the contribution of the built heritage to London’s environmental quality, to the economy, both through tourism and the beneficial use of historic assets, and to the well-being of London’s people while allowing for London to accommodate growth in a sustainable way.

For further details or for more information, The London Plan can be found online: http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/docs/ londonplan08.pdf

The Thames Path initiative continues to expand as gaps in the walking network are filled in as part of redevelopment schemes.

Parts of riverside footpaths and canal towpaths are suitable for cycling. Measures are sometimes needed to reduce potentially dangerous conflicts between cyclists and others. (This will need to be taken into consideration with the Battersea Project, with the River Thames and the Thames Path running adjacent with the site)

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The Wandsworth Council Core Strategy 2010 What is The Core Strategy 2010?

The Wandworth Council Core Strategy 2010, is a local development framework (LDF) which together with the London Plan comprise the development plan for the borough of Wandsworth. The LDF sets out the Council’s spatial vision, strategy and policies. The LDF is made up of a set of development plan documents. Of these, the Core Strategy is the most important as it sets out the Council’s vision and its guiding principles for planning in borough.

Why is the London Plan important to the Battersea Site?

The Wandsworth Council Core Strategy is an important local planning framework document which works in conjunction with The London Plan. This document is specifically for the London Borough of Wandsworth and sets local planning guidelines and policies.

This document sets the form and content of the Local Development Framework, contains the key elements of the planning framework for an area, including the boroughs spatial vision and strategic objectives for the area.

The Characteristics of Wandsworth: • Wandsworth is one of the largest inner London boroughs, stretching from Central London, to Vauxhall, to Richmond Park in the West.

• A third of the boroughs land is residential and a quarter open space.

• 48% of the population of Wandsworth is 20- 39.

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The Townscape of Wandsworth:

Sustainable Development:

The existing townscape and open spaces within the borough is highly regarded.

Sustainable development within the Borough needs to meet the demands of the present and have the ability to adjust for the future generation, as part of the London Plan ‘Sustainable Community’ strategy. Sustainable development and climate change are both international and local issues and the need to promote sustainable development and mitigate climate change is crucial with new developments.

Many of the residential properties within Wandsworth are within one of forty five conservation areas.

New developments should not damage the environment, particularly the existing, existing dwellings or open space.

Industry in Wandsworth has radically reduced over the past 30 years. Much has left the Wandsworth Thames River Side, the remain is soon be be demolished to make way residential projects such as the Nine Elms regeneration project, of which .Battersea Power Station is included in.

Future Vision for Wandsworth: Wandsworth Council’s spatial vision and strategic objectives; • A borough of attractive and distinct neighbourhoods separated by parks and commons with a good range of facilities.

• Regeneration projects tackling areas of deprivation across the borough, such as the Nine Elms Development in Battersea.

• New mixed use quarters opening up the riverfront and connecting to existing communities.

• An enhanced local environment including cleaner air and less traffic congestion, with protected and im proved habitat and biodiversity, particularly along the Thames and Wandle Valley corridors, the green chain network and the borough’s parks and open spaces. (The proposed Batter sea Power Station will improve air quality through Carbon capture, relating to this objective)

Environmental Objectives: • Secure sustainable development in the borough to help tackle climate change, protect and enhance the quality of life and improve environmental, social and economic opportunities.

• Protect, reinforce and repair the existing distinctive character of the different districts of the borough, placing full value on the heritage and amenity of each different district.

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The Wandsworth Council Core Strategy 2010 (The regeneration of Battersea Power Station will reinforce and protect the heritage value of the site reconnecting ties with the local community) • Promote low carbon development through increased energy efficiency and the proportion of energy generated locally and from renewable sources.

Encourage the use of sustainable water resources.

Social Objectives: • Create safer, healthier and more secure communities.

• Promote equality of opportunity, including seeking to ensure that new development is accessible for people with disabilities.

Economic Objectives: • maximise the employment potential of land in the borough by safeguarding land and buildings for business and industrial use and promoting development for employment purposes in appropriate locations including as part of mixed use development so as to increase job and business opportunities.

• Secure regeneration in areas of deprivation to reduce poverty and social exclusion.

• Promote flexible business space to meet the needs of the small and medium enterprises.

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Spatial Strategy:

Open Spaces:

By 2020 the population of Wandsworth is set to increase by over 20,000 to nearly 308,500, while the number of jobs is predicted to increase by up to 23,000 to a total of over 150,000 jobs. The London Plan sets a target of the provision of at least 7,450 additional homes in the borough over the ten year period from 2007/8 to 2016/17.

Development to accommodate this growth will mainly be located in and around the borough’s five town centres, along the Thames riverside, and within the existing employment areas in Nine Elms, Battersea and the Wandle Valley.

Open spaces play an important part in addressing health inequalities in the borough.

Redevelopment in the Nine Elms/ north-east Battersea area, part of the larger Vauxhall/Nine Elms/Battersea Opportunity Area identified in the London Plan. The development will provide scope for at least 1,500 homes and 50,000 sq ms of employment floorspace in the next ten years, with development concentrated at the existing public transport nodes around Battersea Power Station in the west and Vauxhall in the east. In the longer term improvements to public transport and other infrastructure can unlock the potential of the whole of the area.

The most deprived areas have a higher incidence of health problems and/or lower life expectancy. They also play an important role in the delivery of broad government objectives of urban renaissance, social inclusion and community cohesion, health and well being, and in promoting more sustainable development. They are important in addressing climate change: the retention of soft landscaping, such as front gardens, can reduce the risk of flooding from run-off, as well as providing opportunities for biodiversity.

Open spaces also provide “green lungs” in the borough, important to improving air quality.

(Wandworth Core Strategy 2010).

Nine Elms is London’s largest current development. The redesign of Battersea Power Station will need to take into account the creation of new jobs for the local community and facilitate prime office space for the growing economy of Wandsworth)

Meeting the Needs of the Local Community: The Nine Elms/north-east Battersea area is the borough’s largest existing employment area and will continue to provide significant employment opportunities.

(The Nine Elms Industrial Estate which surrounds Battersea Power Station stretches along the length of Battersea Park Road. The dense area of industrial warehouses are planned to be demolished, to make-way for the Nine Elms Development.

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The Wandsworth Council Core Strategy 2010 The Riverside:

The River Thames:

Nine Elms Battersea Development:

Focal points of activity have already been created by new development, these are very successful in attracting people to the riverside.

New focal points will be created around Battersea Power Station.

The Nine Elms Development will have wider mix of uses, including restaurants, cafes, bars and small-scale retail uses and the provision of attractive public spaces with good access to them will form new destinations designed to make full use of the amenities offered by the riverside.

The habitats and species supported by the river and its tributaries especially at the mouth of the River Wandle are important to ecology in the borough.

Nine Elms and north-east Battersea has long suffered from a lack of functional identity. The area extends from the eastern edge of Battersea Park in the west to Vauxhall in the east, and includes Battersea Power Station and the Prince of Wales Drive gasholders in the west.

The Development needs a heart to define a new centre but proposing contemporary residential blocks which wrap around the around the iconic Battersea Power Station detracts the eye away from the landmark and shields views of the dominant icon on the surrounding skyline.

Much of the area suffers from a generally impoverished appearance with poor quality buildings and spaces, under-utilised land, and poor connections. It is one of the most impermeable areas in London with no north-south connections.

(Wandsworth Council Core Strategy 2010)

The Battersea site will open the Power Station the to general public and create a historic landscape with a new core for the local community.

Battersea Power Station will successfully link with the Nine Elms Battersea Development, drawing people the waters edge and will create a prominent and active riverside frontage.

The river, riverbanks and river course provide habitats for a diverse range of flora, fauna, invertebrates and bird life. Development proposals will need to take account of this and opportunities will be sought by the Council.

The River Thames is also a major linear open space of strategic importance. The river and adjoining open spaces form the backbone of London’s open space framework.

The proposed landscape at Battersea Power Station will understand the ecological values of the River Thames and will will protect and enhance the river as a valuable resource for wildlife.

The area has great opportunity and scope to intensify activity in the area to create a dynamic new quarter providing new homes, jobs, improved social infrastructure, local shops and new and improved transport provisions. This is in line with Sustainable Community Strategy objectives.

The redevelopment of Nine Elms for residential-led mixed use, by enhancing the development potential of the surrounding area.

Significant landmark buildings to define a new centre around the Power Station may be justified, and there is scope for retail and other related uses to serve the increasing population in the area, but not of such a scale as to compete with the existing town centres.

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The Wandsworth Council Core Strategy 2010 Wandsworth Borough, Open Space Network and Areas of Local Park Deficiency (Wandsworth Council, Core Strategy 2010)

Housing Development: Battersea Power Station

With the population of London on the increase, Wandsworth Council will make provision for 7,500 new homes within the borough, between 2008-2017, including 1500 new home within the Batter/ Nine Elms development project.

New housing within the Nine Elms Development Project will increase the need for energy.

Battersea Power Station through innovative technologies within a designed landscape can provide renewable energy which provide a percentage of Nine Elms power and feed into the National Grid.

The diagram above highlights Battersea Power Station is located within an area which has open space deficiency. The Battersea Power Station development, will increase the green infrastructure of Battersea/ Nine Elms and improving the ecological and biodiversity levels within the borough.

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4.2 GOVERNMENT / EU POLICIES

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Governmental Policies The following Governmental Policies which are relate to the project • Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), Micro-generation Energy Act 2004 • Mayor London Reduced Carbon Scheme: Reduced Carbon Emissions by 60% by 2025 • Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006 • UK Environmental Sustainability Legislation: Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) Energy Efficiency Scheme

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European Policies The following EU Policies which are relate to the project will be included within this report: • EU Renewable Energy Directive 2009 • EU Biofuels Directive 2003

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5.0

“a cathedral of electrons”

HJ MASSINGHAM

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Samaria Gorge, Crete The Samaria Gorge is situated in Crete.

The gorge is a National Park and is a major tourist attraction and a world’s biosphere reserve.

FRAMED VISTA

The gorge is an natural high sided corridor varying in forms, saturations and light intensity, creating a sense of exploration and excitement for visitors walking through the breadth of the gorge.

As the user travels through the crevice the characteristics change and the fastigiate side frame vistas of the skyline and distant landscape.

By replicating the organic forms of a gorge within the landscape of Battersea will recreate the sense of excitement and exploration in the form of an ‘underground’ landscape’ world for users.

EXPLORATION

A network of subterranean corridors with angled walls planted with a matrix of foliage, open to the elements will frame vistas of Battersea Power Station.

The underground network can link destination points, such as the surrounding Nine Elms development, Battersea Power Station and the new Battersea Underground Station.

GREEN TEXTURAL SIDES

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HTO Waterfront, Toronto WATERFRONT THEATRE

MULTI FUNCTION

EVENT SPACE

EVENT CENTRE

HTO Park opened in 2007, designed by Janet Rosenberg and Associates. The space is a six acre public park and urban beach situated on the edge of Lake Ontario. The park was former intensive industrial site which was abandoned as Toronto expanded. HTO is an ever popular waterfront space, which surrounded the Harbourfront Cultural centre.

The design is based on six elements, ground planes, water, islands, expressive horticulture, lighting and beach furniture. The Park takes advantage of its location, as humans and inherently drawn towards the waters edge, the landscape successfully brings Lake Ontario to the people, create through elements within the landscape. Wide board walks, sculptural wavedecks and stepped edges allow users to interact with the water, turning a former derelict and contaminated waterfront into a destination point, strengthening the ties with the community of the City.

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BRING THE WATER TO THE PEOPLE

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POPULAR DESTINATION

HUMAN INTERACTION

SCULPTURAL INTEGRATION

HTO Park is a popular venue for cultural events. The landscape contains areas of astro-turf, for sport facilities but also acts a transitional space for events. An outdoor covered theatre is situated upon the waters edge, which works in conjunction with the Harbourfront Cultural Centre. Waterfronts are prime development land for investment developers, which pose threats for waterfront regeneration as public space, but the Toronto waterfront has proved evidence that regenerated waterfronts are a major attraction within a city.

HTO demonstrates, the connection between Battersea Power Station and the River Thames can be strengthened, through successful design, although the River Thames is tidal it is not possible to bring the public close to the waters edge. Thus water should be promoted within the design to strengthened the human connection.

A transitional and flexible at Battersea, suitable for events, outdoor exhibitions ect, can attract visitors to the site and promote community cohesion as demostrated at the HTO Park.

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Parc De La Villetes, Paris

FOLLIES CULTURAL VENUES

WAYFINDERS

RAI

SED

Parc de la Villettes was built in 1987, designed by Bernard Tschumi, a famous French architect.

The park was built on the grounds of a former slaughterhouse and formed part of a large scale urban regeneration project.

The park houses the largest concentration of cultural venues within Paris, including Cité des Sciences et de l’Industrie, Europe’s largest science museum, three music venues and the Conservatoire de Paris.

The park is focussed on culture as opposed to nature, which becomes apparent through the high engineered design of the park and the dominate use of hard materials.

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WA LK

WA YS

LINEAR VISTAS

The park contains a number of red follies which are aligned on a grid system, acting as way finders and sculptural elements. In relation to Battersea Power Station, which has four fluted chimneys which each act a landmark and wayfinder within the London Skyline.

Parc de la Villettes demonstrates highly engineered environments which focus on cultural as opposed to nature fail to attract users. Battersea Power Station should focus on a equilibrium of both cultural attractions and a natural landscape to become successful.

The parks major cultural attractions, attract millions of visitors each year, but overtime users of the park have declined.

The follies demonstrated within the park can be related to the Battersea site, to take advantage of the buildings of dominant chimneys and use a similar structure as sculptural elements within the landscape, acting as fastigiate way finding features.

As the park does not focus on nature, the spaces within feel monocultural and are dominated by the red follies, creating a transitional space where users use the park as a thoroughfare rather than recreational purposes.

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Westergasfabriek, Amsterdam

CULTURAL QUARTER

Westergasfabriek is a prime example of a successfully regenerated brownfield site, for Battersea Power Station. The park is built on a former gas production site which closed in 1967. In 1992 the empty buildings were used for creative and cultural uses which proved a great success. It was evident the site was an ideal location for events and the arts industry. It later became a permanent cultural zone and a meeting point for innovative and creative people.

The park retains the former industrial features and heritage within the landscape, with a strong sense of place, enforced by the chosen palette of materials.

The former industrial buildings have been converted into trendy restaurants, bars, theatres and production studios - creating a cultural quarter. The former gas holder has been converted into a popular music venue and regularly holds evening concerts.

The park is full of life, both during the day and at night, creating a destination in its own right.

TRENDY

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Westergasfabriek, Amsterdam

INDUSTRIAL HARD MATERIALS ENFORCE HERITAGE

CONVERSION OF USE ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE

SENSE OF PLACE AMONGST NATURE

VENUE

PLANTED GRID SYSTEM

Opposing the former strong industrial sense of place, Westergasfabreik contains varied ecological habitats which soften the industrial feeling of the site. The park contains reed beds, marshland and wetland habitats, which are highly beneficial to the ecology and biodiversity of the site.

Battersea Power Station and the landscape can become a site of cultural importance, the power station could be transformed into a mixed use cultural centre and the landscape and surrounding out buildings can be used for exhibitions, events ect.

Westergasfabriek proves parks do not need to be locked at night and have the potential to grow into a park which never sleeps. The landscape displays the possibilities of softening strong industrial architecture with areas of varied ecological habitats which work in harmony with the built environment.

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Gardens by the Bay, Singapore SUPER TREES

INNOVATION

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINES

FUTURISTIC SCULPTURAL ELEMENTS

BIOMES

FUTURISTIC

Gardens in by the bay, designed by Grant Associates spans 101 hectares of reclaimed land in central Singapore, adjacent to the Marina Reservoir. The park consists of three waterfront gardens: Bay South Garden, Bay East Garden and Bay Central Garden. The aim of the development was to promote Singapore as a garden city and promote biodiversity, flora and fauna. The gardens have become Singapore’s premier urban outdoor recreation space, and a national icon.

Gardens by the Bay has been chosen as a case study due to the innovation and forward thinking of the design of the landscape. Innovative technologies power the ‘super trees’, which act as environmental engines for the gardens, the leaves are photovoltalics and the central core harvests water. Garden’s at the Bay display how sustainable techniques can be incorporated in the forms of playful structures, which could be replicated at Battersea Power Station using innovative sustainable technologies.

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Masdar, Abu Dhabi within the development is covered in solar mesh, which consists of 50% thin film photovoltaic and 50% polycrystalline photovoltaics, creating intricate patterns.

On site treated waste water is 100% recycled and used within the landscape for irrigation.

Principles of this development can relate to Battersea, solar mesh could be integrated to building roofs, structures and even incorporated in intricate patterns and displayed in MASDAR to produce renewable energy.

INTRICATE SOLAR MESH ADVANCED

INNOVATION

MASDAR City, is located in Abu Dhabi, designed by Fosters and Partners.

The new city development is viewed as one of the worlds most sustainable developments. Although situated in Abu Dhabi in an extreme climate, the sustainability principles can still relate to Battersea Power Station.

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The development uses state of the art innovative technologies both within the environment but also within the architecture.

The city will be powered by 30%, through solar power. Every building

GREEN TECHNOLOGIES BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Changing Landscapes

The Fourth Plinth, Trafalgar Square

The Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, Hyde Park

The Royal Academy of Arts courtyard

The fourth plinth at Trafalgar Square, the Serpentine Galley Pavillion and the courtyard at The Royal Academy of Arts are all transitional, changing landscapes. Users eagerly await in anticipation for the landscapes to change, unknowing of what will arrive next. This excitement could be transferred within Battersea, to offer a changing exhibition within the landscape for users to interact with.

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CONCEPTS 110 A FUSION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE A FUSION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

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Concept Diagram

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Compound Structure Concept

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Compound Structure Concept Compound structures are intricate patterns of science. This concept would work better within detailed elements of the design as opposed to the orientation and layout of the landscape.

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Printed Circuit Board Concept

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Lines within the circuit board can be interpreted within the floorscape, defining design elements or acting as wayfinders leading users to destination points or areas of interest.

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The aim of the Battersea project is to produce a innovative sustainable landscape which captures carbon and harvests grey water for renewable energy production.

A circuit board relates with the heritage of Battersea Power Station and the overriding theme of the project.

A circuit board consists of an intricate pattern of lines and elements which mechanically support and connect electrical components using conductive pathways.

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The pattern can be transferred within the landscape to form an interesting varying floorscape of patters, which through ‘conductive pathways’ can define key areas within the design in an contemporary andinnovative fashion.

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Printed Circuit Board Concept

Areas of potential green space ‘Gorges’ grade openings of the the subterranean landscape Potential water courses

Sections of the circuit board can elevated, adding height and character to the landscape.

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Retained and Removed Buildings Buildings to be retained and reused within the design Buildings in poor condition and need of demolition

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Battersea Power Station Site & The Nine Elms Development

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Green Connections

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Battersea Site Connections

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Connections into the Battersea Site

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Battersea Site Destination Points

The destination points within the site are key to where sculptural wayfinders will be situated.

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Battersea Power Station Site Zoning

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Battersea Power Station Site Zoning Uses

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FEASIBILITY STUDY

Battersea Power Station Site Zoning

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ATMOSPHERIC CAPTURE

ATMOSPHERIC CAPTURE

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BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Richard Serra’s - Corten Steel Sculptures.

A series of angular metal plates together form a fastigiate ‘chimney’ like structure.

A contemporary take on the existing chimneys of Battersea Power Station.

A wide angled tip can efficiently capture rain for harvesting. The exterior can either be a planted matrix or if south facing, PV mesh.

Wayfinders

Tshumi’s follies in Parc de la Villettes, Paris and Grant Associate’s ‘Super Trees’ in Singarepore, are both iconic features within the landscape. Battersea Power Station is famous for it’s four fluted chimneys which act as wayfinders within the London Skyline. Replicating a similar structure within the landscape can act as wayfinders around the site, drawing users to specific attractions. These sculptural elements should visual but also functional, fitting in with the energy production theme, harvesting water and solar, inspired by the functionality of the ‘Super Tree’.

Battersea Power Station Chimney

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VORTEX, CORTEN STEEL, RICHARD SERRA 2002 128 A FUSION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

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Level -1 Hydroponic Chimney Concept

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Conceptual Montage

LED Mesh surrounding chimneys to become active at dusk

Wayfinding structures, highlighting key areas within the site. Also harvest rainwater and capture solar

Solar ballons, sculpture element storing solar rays for energy

Photobioreactors (PBR) systems capturing CO2 and greywater producing algae for bio-mass energy/ fuel

Green facade

Greenhouses/ butterfly houses allowing users to enter, explore and interact

Green walls with a hyrdoponic planted maxtrix

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Grade openings, cascading waterfalls into Level -1 gorges below

‘Super Tree’ Grant Associates

Borrowed light from grade level to naturally light Level -1 gorge

BATTERSEA POWER STATION_MD3 DESIGN AND ACCESS

‘Super Tree’ Grant Associates

BATTERSEA POWER STATION _A NEW ENERGY FOR LONDON

Bibliography and References http://risk.english-heritage.org.uk/register.aspx?id=1386&rt=1&pn=1&st=a&ctype=all&crit=battersea+power+s tation 5/09/12 http://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/info/514/building_conservation_and_design/194/listed_buildings_and_borough_history/5 06/09/12 http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/daily-news/allies-and-morrison-and-save-reveal-battersea-vision/8629223.article 08/09/12 http://www.nineelmslondon.com/map 07/09/12 http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/images/19-lower-thames_tcm6-14426.pdf - London’s Natural Signatures: The London Landscape Framework / January 2011 01/11/12

http://drtimball.com/2011/more-climate-deceptions-and-false-ipcc-claims/ 15/11/12 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/24hours/vpenv.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect http://www.energyrealities.org/chapter/the-right-balance/item/biomass-grow-your-own-fuel/erp1C7AF6F73C56E638B http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi_2012.fig4.png

http://www.bgs.ac.uk 01/11/12

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2011/2/10/1297340671284/Carbon-graphic-001.jpg 22/11/12

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/default.aspx 01/11/12

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Photosynthesis/Photosynthesis_overview 22/11/12

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_and_open_spaces_in_London 31/10/12

http://www.actionforourplanet.com/#/top-10-polluting-countries/4541684868 23/11/12

http://blog.sustainablecities.net/2011/07/13/how-many-metres-of-green-space-does-your-city-have/ 03/11/12

http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2012/feb/07/uk-carbon-emissions-come-from 24/11/12

http://www.london-attractions.info/chelsea-physic-garden.htm 03/11/12

http://www.gvagrimley.co.uk/PreBuilt/Research%20web/Occasional%20Bulletins/Green_Cities_2007.pdf 24/11/12

http://www.batterseapark.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/russpg1.jpg 03/11/12

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect 24/11/12

http://www.wildlondon.org.uk/black-redstart 03/11/12

http://www-958.ibm.com/software/data/cognos/manyeyes/visualizations/21688b6a517911e1906e000255111976/ comments/216bbdd0517911e1906e000255111976 24/11/12

http://www.standard.co.uk/news/birds-paradise-in-battersea-7228408.html 03/11/12 http://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/info/1009/wildlife/169/habitats/6 03/11/12 http://battersea.cdn.ngoar.com/pdfs/BPS_Factsheets.pdf 7/11/12 http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/VNEB_OAPF_2012_0.pdf (PLANNING FRAMEWORK) 11/11/12

PLANNING FRAMEWORKS: The London Plan: http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan Wandsworth Council Planning Frameworks: http://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/downloads/file/3674/core_strategy_adopted_version_october_2010/856

http://battersea.cdn.ngoar.com/pdfs/BPS_Factsheets.pdf 11/11/12 FACTS http://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/news/article/11419/new_us_embassy_in_nine_elms_approved 11/11/12 http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle800.do?categoryId=9037716&contentId=7069274 15/11/12 http://www.energyrealities.org 15/11/12 World Resources Institute (WRI) (2011), Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT)

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