AIR POLLUTION STUDY

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES A I R P O L LU T I O N

SUBMITTED BY : GROUP -6 JULIA CATHERINE-16251AA017 MANISHA -16251AA021 SAMHITHA- 16251AA025 VARUN – 16251AA036 ATUL- 16251AA037 FAIZAN – 15251AA0

AIR POLLUTION DEFINITION

It’s the presence of toxic chemicals or compounds (including those of biological origin) in the air, at levels that pose a health risk.

Air pollution means the presence of chemicals or compounds in the air which are usually not present and which lower the quality of the air or cause detrimental changes to the quality of life (such as the damaging of the ozone layer or causing global warming)

CAUSES

HUMAN ACTIVITIES Mining Construction Transportation Industrial work Agriculture Smelting

NATURAL PROCESSES Volcanic eruptions Wildfires

But their occurrence is rare and they usually have a local effect, unlike human activities that are found every causes of air pollution and contribute to the global pollution of the air every single day.

EVS- AIR POLLUTION - INTRODUCTION

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AIR POLLUTION - TRANSPORTATION

AIR POLLUTION LAWS THE AIR (prevention and control of pollution) ACT was enacted in 1987 to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution in India.

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MOST COMMON TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS The chemical compounds that lower Sulphur dioxide the air quality are usually referred Uses Aid in the preparation of sulphuric acid to as air pollutants.

Aerosol particles (clouds of liquid and solid particles in a gas) that are found in the air contain pollutants.

These compounds may be found in the air in two major forms: IN A GASEOUS FORM (AS GASES), IN A SOLID FORM (AS PARTICULATE MATTER SUSPENDED IN THE AIR).

and sulphites Refrigerant, Disinfectant Food preservative As a bleach for various items (flour, grains, fruit, textile fibres, gelatine etc.)

Toxicity

Sulphur dioxide is a common pollutant in most civilized countries, from industrial processing plants (coal, oil, cement, metal, wood, copper, electric power plants etc.).

Temporary respiratory problems Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Decreased fertility Coughing Stomach pain Menstrual disorders Nausea Inhibition of thyroid function Headache Convulsions Dizziness

Nitrogen Oxides Uses

Nitric oxide is used to bleach rayon and produce nitric acid.

Nitrogen dioxide is used to produce among other chemicals rocket fuels and explosives.

Nitrogen dioxide is sometimes used to bleach flour.

Toxicity Nitrogen oxides are polluting the air through car exhaust, electric power plants, the burning of various fuels, cigarette smoking, electroplating, welding etc.

When combined with volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides form smog; when combined with sulphur dioxides, they form acid rain.

Breathing difficulties Throat spasms Headache Fatigue Nausea Dizziness Lung fluid build-up Decreased fertility in women Mental confusion Birth defects

EVS- AIR POLLUTION- TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS

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MOST COMMON TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS Carbon Monoxide Uses Carbon monoxide is commonly used in the production of several kinds of chemicals.

It is part of the processing, preparation or production of phosgene, methanol etc., used in meat colouring, as well as in metallurgy to extract metals from ores.

It is also naturally present in the human body, as a neurotransmitter.

Toxicity Effects depend on the concentration of carbon monoxide you are exposed to, and can includevision the following: Confusion, and balance problems Loss of consciousness Nausea and vomiting Headaches Muscle weakness Fatigue Shortness of breath Memory loss Miscarriage Birth defects Damage to the nervous system

Carbon Dioxide Uses

Volatile organic compounds (vocs)

Refrigeration Food processing Metal works Cement production Carbonation of soft drinks Fertilizers

Uses Paint thinners Degreasers Aerosol cans Dry-cleaning products Paints Photographic supplies Printers and photocopying machines and supplies

They are compounds that contain carbon and can quickly turn into vapors or gases.

Toxicity Carbon dioxide can be very toxic to humans when inhaled or in direct contact, especially in confined spaces. Exposure can lead to serious health problems: Hyperventilation Loss of vision Muscle contractions Shortness of breath Headaches Numbness Dizziness Unconsciousness Nervous system damage

Toxicity Whenever the weather is hot, vocs are more likely to be present in the air we breathe, and therefore more dangerous to human health.

Formaldehyde, diesel exhaust, styrene, benzene and perchloroethylene are known or suspected carcinogens, and heavy traffic, smoking and various types of workplace exposure can pose serious health risks.

Respiratory tract problems Headaches Fatigue Dizziness Nausea Liver and/or kidney damage Problems of the central nervous system

EVS- AIR POLLUTION –TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS

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EQUIPMENTS USED TO DETERMINE THE AIR QUALITY PCE-RCM 10 is a portable handheld air quality particle counting meter or particle counter used to monitor particulate matter (PM) concentrations in the air.Â

The PCE-HT110 Air Quality Meter or Humidity Detector precisely measures air temperature and relative humidity. This accurate and reliable device shows the current measurements on the large LCD display and saves the measurement data directly to an SD card (included).

PCE-VOC 1 is a portable handheld volatile organic compound (VOC) and formaldehyde (HCHO) meter or gas leak detector for indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring applications.

The air quality meter PCE-RCM 11 serves as an indicative test of environmental parameters. The air quality meter PCERCM 11 enables the measurement of fine dust, temperature and relative humidity

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NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

Inference: The national ambient air quality standards determine the permittable air pollution level in the

city/place.

The above table shows the standard pollution levels accepted per pollutant in the country(India) and the time weighted average i.e how often is the quality checked.

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Air pollution in Hyderabad ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Contributions of pollution in Hyderabad Industrial exhaust and burning of agricultural waste were the smallest contributors to air pollution in the city, while vehicular exhaust and activities such as construction and demolition were the largest contributors.

Air pollution levels in the city have seen a rise in 2017 in comparison with 2016, though officials say the rise has not reached alarming proportions.

Air pollution data collated and published online by Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) shows a hike across various parameters and locations, with industrial, commercial and residential areas all falling prey to the same malaise.

POLLUTANTS Among the top five air pollution parameters, namely, nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3), there is not a single indicator that does not show an increase.

According to TSPCB Joint Chief Environmental Scientist (JCES) P Veeranna, there is a slight increase, but it cannot be called abnormal.

An increase in urban air pollution of 10-15 per cent annually is considered normal and predictable.

The most prominent contributor of air pollution is exhaust from outdated vehicles, the more the number of outdated vehicles plying on the roads, the more will be the air pollution.

EVS- AIR POLLUTION -HYDERABAD

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INSPECTION PROCEDURE FOR COMPLIANCE INSPECTION UNDER WATER AND AIR ACTS Compliance Inspections are inspections done to evaluate or verify compliance status after necessary conditions have been stipulated to the establishments / industries.

Objective:

The objective of the compliance inspection is to verify whether the industries: Establishments are operating in compliance with stipulated conditions, and if not, to collect the evidence for taking action to prevent environmental pollution.

The compliance inspections are also aimed to provide necessary guidance / directions to the industries to improve their compliance status with the stipulated conditions.

The compliance inspections help the Board to ensure that industries take all necessary measures to control environmental pollution.

Pre-inspection activities:

        

The Inspector shall learn the industries and its activities.

Familiarising with the industrial people and their background check helps the inspectors.

Enables the inspector to note areas that may need more detailed verification / investigation during the inspection.

The inspector can obtain and review the following information about the industry, which may be available at websites: Exact location of the industry Latest consent orders issued to the industry.

Line of activity and operating scale of the industry o Manufacturing processes carried out by the industry Previous inspection records and reports.

Track record of the industry with respect to closure orders / directions issued by the Board, if any.

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INSPECTION Inspection procedure Inspection shall be made during regular working hours of the establishment / industry except when special circumstances indicate otherwise.

Inspector shall check the surrounding areas of the industry to verify if there is any discharge of effluents or dumping of solid or hazardous waste.

Thereafter, the inspector shall inspect the industry.

First locates the manager.

The inspector shall inspect following areas in the industry premises, in addition to other areas as required, to verify compliance status: o Manufacturing area o Raw materials and finished products storage area o Water storage area o Effluent generating sources o Effluent collection, storage, treatment and disposal areas o Air pollution sources and control systems o Solid and hazardous waste generation sources, storage and disposal areas o Environment management cell to verify record maintenance.

The inspector shall verify all the records pertaining to production, water pollution & control, air pollution & control, management of solid and hazardous waste.

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The inspector shall verify and collect specific information on the following points: o Operational status of the industry (whether in operation / seasonal / sick / closed, etc) o Production records for a period of last six months (RG-I copies) o Consumption quantities of major raw materials during a period of last six months o Fresh water source and storage capacity along with details of tanks. o Status of flow meters provided for recording water consumption for various purposes along with meter readings at the time of inspection. o Details of Water Cess assessment and payment o Effluent generation sources and quantities (as per records) o Effluent collection, treatment and disposal details. o Operation and maintenance of effluent treatment systems. o Status of flow meters provided for recording effluent generation, treatment and disposal along with meter readings at the time of inspection. o Air pollution sources and control measures. o Operation and maintenance of air pollution control equipment / systems. o Status of energy meters provided for effluent treatment and air pollution control systems along with meter readings at the time of inspection o Details of solid and hazardous waste generation, storage and disposal.

The Inspector shall collect photographic evidence for observations of noncompliance.

The inspector may seek information / clarifications or documentary evidence from the industry and if the representative is denying the same shall be recorded for taking further necessary action in the matter.

Safety first even for inspection.

At the end of the inspection, the Inspector may inform the representative of the industry about apparent non-compliance observed during inspection so that industry may initiate necessary corrective action wherever required.

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AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT DATA FOR THE YEARS 2008-2018 Hyderabad AAQM Data for the Years 2008 to 2016

S.No

PM10 µg/m3

Station Name 2008

1 Balanagar 2 Uppal Jubilee 3 Hills 4 Paradise 5 Charminar 6 Jeedimetla 7 BPPA 8 MGBS

107 98 50 114 118 92 81 82

SO2 µg/m3

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 94 100 100 127 144 135 105 96

89

97 109 90

99

88

47

52

78

83

72

80

85

107 82

99

93

84 120 113

108 78 105 110

95

112 114

104 97 108 97

92 107 123

74

66

61

72

54

68

64

84

72

66

66

79

69

67

131 5.6 96

108 4.8 121 5.7 108 5.7 115 5.2 64

5.0

76

5.3

Chikkadapa 9 85 68 87 87 79 84 81 lly 79 82 Langar 10 101 103 99 105 104 91 177 House 104 89 11 Madhapur

86

74

47

82

88

66

50

45

51

59

68

74

79

70

93

90 100 117 137 114 123

50

59

72

85

113

92 100

Rajendrana 15 gar 38

39

38

35

43

42

33

16 Nacharam

86

85

86

85

74

94 101

106 97

98

99

81 104 92

48

57

60

44

12 Shameerpet 13 Kukatpally 14 Sainikpuri

17 Abids

71 51 85 59

87

115 18 KBRN Park 49

51

58

41

5.3

5.1 5.0

75

4.7

73

4.7

89

5.0

81

4.7

68

4.4

112 5.2

5.4 5.1 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.4 4.7 5.2 5.0 4.6 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.9 4.7 5.3 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.3 4.7 5.4 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.4 4.7 5.1 5.0 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.5 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.8 4.9 4.6 5.2 5.1 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.7 5.3 5.0 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.0 4.6 5.1 4.7 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.7 4.4 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.2 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.7 4.3 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.7 5.1 4.8 5.0 4.7

NOx µg/m3 2008 33.1 30.5 16.5 36.4 35.3 27.3 23.6 27.6 26.0 26.9 18.8 18.6 26.2 18.4 16.1 27.7

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 25.1 27.6 27.9 27.4 28.6 32.0 34.3 23.0 26.1 26.2 25.3 24.3 26.5 28.8 15.3 16.2 18.0 17.7 17.4 19.6 24.2 27.7 21.0 31.7 25.9 23.9 28.3 33.1 28.5 17.0 26.9 24.1 24.2 27.7 32.1 23.1 26.4 27.4 25.3 25.0 29.5 29.7 20.8 20.9 21.8 20.1 18.8 19.5 22.6 22.3 23.6 21.1 19.6 18.8 22.1 25.2 22.1 24.6 23.5 19.9 19.6 21.9 26.0 22.6 26.4 21.9 23.3 20.2 22.4 26.4 21.3 21.6 15.8 14.3 14.8 18.9 23.0 17.0 20.3 16.5 18.5 17.4 19.0 20.0 21.7 23.9 23.4 23.4 21.5 26.9 28.5 17.7 18.5 16.3 18.3 17.1 19.2 18.7 15.8 16.6 16.4 13.2 12.4 14.2 16.1 21.4 25.0 26.2 24.0 20.6 23.0 26.8

2016 31.1 28.5 28.1 28.9 30.4 28.0 20.6 20.9 22.4 22.9 19.0 17.1 26.5 17.8 15.8 23.3

26.6 28.9 27.0 26.2 24.4 27.8 30.0 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.1 4.6 107 5.2 31.7 24.2 54 58 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.4 14.9 14.9 15.7 14.1 13.8 13.4 15.1 18.1 18.1

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MONTHLY AIR QUALITY INDEX OF THE YEAR 2018 Telangana State Pollution Control Board Central Laboratory Monthly Air Quality Index Values of Hyderabad city from Jan to Nov - 2018 Location

Jan

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Balanagar

141

129

127

127

121

107

90

97

123

132

136

Uppal

141

126

126

112

107

87

85

82

91

107

122

Jubilee Hills

129

124

124

104

116

109

100

101

106

106

135

Paradise

130

125

117

106

118

104

83

93

102

96

102

Charminar

145

128

117

102

101

106

91

97

111

123

111

Jeedimetla

135

141

128

126

126

97

83

105

125

129

154

Abids

126

122

112

99

105

98

90

85

100

94

KBRN Park

100 116

90

87

77

79

53

53

91 51

62

78

86

128

113

90

97

89

75

84

103

103

100

112 102

100 107

105

104

97

72

71

68

110

89

83

73

75

Chikkadapally

99

99

96

99

90

81

Kukatpally

144

131

127

120

111

100

Nacharam

115

106

123

113

114

Rajedranagar

61 90

56

60

55

Sainikpuri

85

68

69

BPPA

88

78

86

Shameerpet

63

75

HCU

146

Sanathnagar

229

Zoopark

217

Pashamylaram Bollaram ICRISAT

Hyderabad Zone - NAMP Stations

SAAQM Stations

Langahouse Madhapur MGBS

84

99

91

98

100

100

76

86 82

94

95

88

83

78

97

125

123

107

88

84

90

101

91

60

48

46

64

72

86

73

74

74

67

71

78

54

99

62

74

67

53

60

75

77

74

66

65

57

55

69

68

70

71

83

106

107

93

93

56

42

41

73

111

112

125

122

83

69

45

33

33

60

86

163

123

115

97

89

50

44

48

94

157

165

171

105

105

85

86

68

80

100

100

131

156

156

118

129

109

107

80

66

75

93

127

111

152

110

109

89

91

54

43

45

75

121

138

CAAQMS Stations

AQI Colour Index & Health Effects: GOOD (0-50) SATISFACTORY(51-100)

Minimal impact Minor breathing discomfort to sensitive people

MODERATE (101-200)

Breathing discomfort to the people with lungs, asthma and heart disease

POOR (201-300)

Breathing discomfort to most people on prolonged exposure

VERY POOR (301-400)

Respiratory illness to people on prolonged exposure

SEVERE (>400)

Affects healthy people and seriously impacts those with existing diseases

EVS- AIR POLLUTION – QUALITY INDEX IN THE CITY

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VIOLATION CASES List of EC Violation Cases in Telangana State referred to the State Government for taking Credible Action on Violation.

S.No.

Name & location of the project

Line of activity

1

Park Hyatt Hotel by M/s. Gayatri Hi-Tech Hotels Ltd., Plot No. 82-120/64 and 6/151/403, Plot No: 2 (part), Road No: 2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad

Construction Project

As per the MoE&F, GoI's OM dt.

16.11.2010

2

M/s. Venkateswara Mines and Minerals, Sy.No. 1/2, Mallampalli (V), Mulugu (M), Warangal District

Laterite Mine

16.11.2010

3

SERENE COUNTY” by M/s. L&T Info City Ltd., Sy.No. 91 (P), Gachibowli (V), Serilingampalli (M), Ranga Reddy District

Construction Project

16.11.2010

4

ADITYA SAROVAR PREMIERE by M/s. Manjeera Hotels & Resorts Ltd., Sy. No. 132 (P), 134 (P), 110(P), 108(P), 107(P), 104/2 & 136/3, Gachibowli (V), Serilingampally (M), Ranga Reddy District

Construction Project

16.11.2010

5

CASA PARADISO by M/s. Sanathnagar Enterprises Ltd., Sy.No. 44, 45, 54, 55, 56(P) & 59 (P), Sanathnagar, Hyderabad District

Construction Project.

16.11.2010

6

Laterite Mine of Sri. V. Prabhakar Rao, Owner, (18.15 Ha.), Sy.No. 226 & 212, Ramachnadrapuram (V), Mulugu (M), Warangal District

Laterite Mine

16.11.2010

7

Laterite Mine by Sri. V. Prabhakar Rao, Owner, (13.820 Ha.), Sy.No. 226/11 & 226/12 Ramachandrapuram (V), Mulugu (M), Warangal District

Laterite Mine

16.11.2010

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VIOLATION CASES 137

Construction of Commmercial Buildings by M/s. Vas Logistructure Corpo, Sy.No. 18 (P) & 19 (P), Gachibowli (V), Serilingampally (M), Rangareddy District Construction of Commercial Office Building “Divyasree Orion B5” by M/s. Divyasree NSL Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd., Sy.No. 66/1, Raidurgam, Serilingamapally, Rangareddy District

Construction Project

12.12.2012 & 27.06.2013

Construction Project

12.12.2012 & 27.06.2013

139

13.069 Ha. Colour Granite Mine of M/s. Imperial Granites Pvt. Ltd., Sy. No. 81, Kalval (V), Keshawapatnam (M), Karimnagar District

Colour Granite Mine

12.12.2012 & 27.06.2013

140

9.308 Ha. Quartz and Feldspar Mine of M/s. Thirumala Mines and Minerals, Sy. No. 162, Cherikonda (V), Amangal (M), Mahaboobnagar District 7.38 Ha. Quartz Mine of M/s. Continental Minerals, Sy.No.114, Kandukuru (V) & (M), Rangareddy District

Quartz and Feldspar Mine

12.12.2012 & 27.06.2013

Quartz Mine

12.12.2012 & 27.06.2013

142

6.346 Ha. Quartz & Feldspar Mine of Sri N. Ravinder Reddy, Sy.No.169, Ramanthapur (V), Yeldurthy (M), Medak District

Quartz & Feldspar Mine

12.12.2012 & 27.06.2013

143

M/s. Hetero Labs Ltd., Unit-I, Sy. No. 10, Gaddapotharam, IDA, Jinnaram (M), Medak District M/s. Hetero Drugs Ltd., Unit-I, Sy.No. 213, 215 & 253, Bonthapally IDA, Jinnaram (M), Medak District M/s. Hetero Labs Ltd., Unit-III, Plot No. 22-110, PhaseIV, IDA, Jeedimetla, Ranga Reddy District M/s. Hetero Drugs Ltd., Unit-IV, Sy.No. 598, 599, 600, 615, 617, 618, 619, 620, 629, 630 & 631, Bonthapally IDA, Jinnaram (M), Medak District M/s. Honour Lab Ltd., (formerly M/s. Vinor Organics Pvt. Ltd.,), Sy. No. 200, 201, 202, 203, 203A, 204, 206A, IDA, Bonthapally (V), Jinnaram (M) Medak District M/s. Aurobindo Pharma Ltd., Unit-VIII, Sy.No. 10 & 13, Gaddapotharam, IDA, Jinnaram (M), Medak District

Bulk Drug unit (Exp)

12.12.2012 & 27.06.2013

Bulk Drug unit (Exp)

12.12.2012 & 27.06.2013

Bulk Drug unit (Exp)

12.12.2012 & 27.06.2013

Bulk Drug unit (Exp)

12.12.2012 & 27.06.2013

Bulk Drug unit (Exp)

12.12.2012 & 27.06.2013

Bulk Drug unit (Exp)

12.12.2012 & 27.06.2013

138

141

144 145 146

147

148

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Control measures of air pollution Use of filters

Control of VOC

Change in Fuel:

Activated carbon is one of the most popular forms of air pollution control.

This technique involves the use Control and treatment of VOC and organic hazardous air pollutant emissions are of less polluting fuel to reduce air generally accomplished by Adsorption, Incineration, Condensation pollution.

This type of control involves the use of a pollution filter, carbon, to reduce the amount of pollutants that are allowed to escape into the air.

Use of low sulfur fuel instead of high sulfur fuel by electric utilities is an example of this method.

When in use, these filters absorb pollutants helping to cleanse the air of any possible toxins.

Low sulfur fuel is much more expensive than high sulfur fuel.

Bio-filtration

The other choice for an electric utility can be the use of natural gas as a fuel.

It uses microorganisms, often bacteria and fungi, to dissolve pollutants

Improve Dispersion:

Industries that employ bio-filtration systems include food and waste plants, pharmaceutical companies, and wastewater management facilities.

This approach is based on the concept that dilution of air contaminants before they reach ground will lower the concentrations to which the population is exposed.

While this method of air pollution control works rather well, a large space is required in order to operate a bio-filtration system.

The emissions from the plant are passed through a control device before releasing to atmosphere

Gas absorption This is one of the most commonly used methods, especially for controlling emissions from small sources.

It can be physical adsorption or chemisorption’s.

Physical adsorption uses the Van der Waals force, giving the advantage of reversibility and regeneration due to the weaker bonding of the gas and adsorbent material.

The adsorbed material can be either recovered or incinerated.

Regeneration is usually accomplished by heating or extraction/displacement.

NOx Control

Low NOx burners Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) Activated carbon is a commonly used adsorbent.

Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) Catalytic converter (also for VOC control)

Use of fuel

The pollutants are removed, destroyed or transformed in the control device before discharging into ambient air.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY  https://tspcb.cgg.gov.in/default.aspx https://www.ecotech.com/product/gases/calibration https://www.pce-instruments.com/english/measuring-instruments/testmeters/air-quality-meter-kat_150925.htm https://www.thermofisher.com/in/en/home/industrial/environmental/air -quality-analysis/ambient-gas-monitoring.html https://www.oneindia.com/air-quality-index/hyderabad/ http://www.imedpub.com/articles/air-pollution-and-its-control-measure s.pdf http://www.air-quality.org.uk/28.php EVS- AIR POLLUTION- BIBLIOGRAPHY

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