Architecture, Infrastructure, and the Future of Cape Canaveral

Architecture Infrastructure and the Future of Cape Canaveral Jeffrey S. Nesbit

Architecture, Infrastructure, and the Future of Cape Canaveral ARCH 604 Design Research Studio School of Architecture and Planning University of New Mexico Spring 2021 Student Participants Lisa DeMar, Isabella Grier, Maxwell Grummer, Geena Gutierrez, Martin Luna, William Lyons, Jacob Martinez, Nicholas Morse, Rym Naji, Rodrigo Natera, Dillon Romero, Kyle Rowbotham, Morgan Smith Research Sponsor United States Space Force, Cape Canaveral, Florida Research Institution School of Architecture + Planning, University of New Mexico Principal Investigator Dr. Jeffrey S. Nesbit Dean Robert A. González Associate Dean for Research Caroline Scruggs

Architecture Infrastructure and the Future of Cape Canaveral Jeffrey S. Nesbit

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This design research studio initiates research between the School of Architecture + Planning at the University of New Mexico with the United States Space Force (USSF).

The collaboration seeks to study architecture of Cape Canaveral, research alternative infrastructural strategies, and propose future design solutions.

The studio explores both the rich architectural history of launch complex infrastructure and provides design scenarios for addressing the future of facilities and landscape in Cape Canaveral’s Industrial Area. In coordination with the civil engineering department and leadership of USSF, specific facilities, sites, and subjects

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are selected for study. The objects of study include infrastructure, blockhouse, Hangar N, and Hangar C. The series of provocations offer planning recommendations and design principles while addressing the site’s deep military history and imagine a new environmental future.

This report is intended to further disseminate lessons learned from within the studio to expand future research capacities and offer support to the USSF leadership and Cape Canaveral civil engineering team. On the following pages, this research report includes student outcomes conducted over a four-month-long semester in an upper level graduate studio. Through a series of four key phases, the research study begins with initial observations, evaluates site, topography and geography, iterates through design strategies, and concludes with learning outcomes and recommendations. Three key design reviews are scheduled to discuss the progress of the research and to solicit feedback from experts, scholars, and design professionals.

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Acknowledgements We would like to thank all those who gave their time and keen insights on the progress of this research. We give special thanks to the United States Space Force, including Lt. Col. Joshua D. Connel, Andrew Duce, and Filemon Aragon. Without their support, none of this work would have been possible. We must thank the reviewers, advisors, and guests from diverse geographies, institutions, and disciplines who joined us throughout the semester. Each of you brought signifcant perspectives and offered incredible enthusiasm to the studio design and research, and for that we are thankful and remain in your debt.

We are also thankful for the Univeristy of New Mexico School of Architecture + Planning administration and research assistance, especially Dean Robert Gonzalez, Associate Dean for Research, Caroline Scruggs, Lisa Stewart, Elizabeth Furu, Liz Castillo, and Nora Akram.

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Reviewers / Advisors Katarzyna Balug Harvard Graduate School of Design

Julie Klinger University of Delaware

Wendy Whitman Cobb United States Air Force School of Advanced Air and Space Studies

Clare Lyster University of Illinois at Chicago

Dana Cupkova Carnegie Mellon Andrew Duce United States Space Force Gabriel Fries-Briggs University of New Mexico Matthew Haynes United States Army Special Operations Command Jonathan Irawan Hassell Studio Aleksandra Jaeschke University of Texas at Austin Kathleen Kambic University of New Mexico

Roland Miller Space Photographer Jeffrey Montes Blue Origin Fred Scharmen Morgan State University Charles Waldheim Harvard Graduate School of Design Alexander Webb University of New Mexico Nora Wendl University of New Mexico Andrew Witt Harvard Graduate School of Design

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With an increase in rocket launches projected, this research envisions new architectural prototypes and design strategies for re-imagining a contemporary spaceport aesthetic.

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1 AU (astronomical unit) the distance from Earth to the Sun (93 million miles)

220

miles

17,227 mph

INFRASTRUCTURE PLANETARY SCALE

7,917.5

Investigation and acknolwedgment of U.S. Fish & Wildlife Conservation territory as a national infrastructure.

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Polar Heliosynchronous

Right Ascension: Declination: Orbit Magnitude: Constellation:

Apollo Missio

12h 24m 12s +02° 07’ 07” 477,343 mi.

-11.47 Virgo

ns

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ARTEMIS Chang’e 5-TI

Cape Canaveral 28.3922° N, 80.6077° W

Medium-Earth

Low-Earth

Geostationary

Geosynchronous

5 mi

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Lincoln Highway, 1913

United States Interstate System, 1956

San Francisco 37.7749° N, 122.4194° W

PACIFIC OCEAN

INFRASTRUCTURE NATIONAL SCALE

Investigation of U.S. coastal oceanic infrastructure surrounding Florida to understand present infrastructure at a regional scale.

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New York 40.7128° N, 74.0060° W

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Cape Canaveral 28.3922° N, 80.6077° W

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NDBC Moored Buoys

NDBC C-MAN Stations

NOS Stations

Other

GULF OF MEXICO

INFRASTRUCTURE REGIONAL SCALE

Investigation of Launch Complexes at Cape Canaveral to understand present infrastructure at a local scale.

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Cape Canaveral 28.3922° N, 80.6077° W

ATLANTIC OCEAN

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Launch Complex

Cape 28.39

INFRASTRUCTURE LOCAL SCALE

Investigation of orbital patterns, geospacial relationships, and international network lines in order to understand present infrastructure from a planetary scale.

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LC-39B (Saturn V, Shuttle) LC-39A (Saturn V, Shuttle) LC-41 (Titan 3, Titan 4) LC-47 (Sounding Rockets) LC-37A/LC-37B (Delta IV) LC-34 (Saturn I, Saturn IB) LC-20 (Starbird, Titan 1, Titan 20 LC-19 (Titan 2, Gemini) LC-16 (Titan 1, Titan 2, Pershing) LC-15 (Titan 1, Titan 2) LC-14 (Atlas D Mercury) LC-13 (Atlas Agena) LC-12 (Atlas Agena) LC-11 (Atlas) LC-36 (Atlas 1, Atlas II) LC-1,2,3,4 (V-2 Bumper, Snark, Aerostat) LC-46 (Trident, LMLV) LC-21/22 (Bull Goose, Mace) LC-9/10 (Navaho) LC-31/LC-32 (Minuteman) LC-18 (Blue Scot, Vanguard, Thor Able) LC-17A/LC-17B (Delta II) LC-26 (Jupiter, Juno) LC-5/LC-6 (Redstone Mercury) LC-25 (Trident 1, Poseidon) LC-29 (Polaris) LC-30 (Pershing)

e Canaveral 922° N, 80.6077° W

ATLANTIC OCEAN

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Saturn V, Shuttle

1974

Remote Launch Vehicle Hangar

1970

Saturn V, Shuttle

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Shuttle Landing Facility

1966

Launch Control Center

1967

SRB Rotation Processing + Surge Facility

65

Vehicle Assembly Building

Titan 3, Titan 3E, Titan 4

1984

Titan 3, Titan 4

Saturn I, S

Kennedy Space Center Industrial Area

1962

Saturn

Starbir Titan Tii

T

Cape Canaveral Industrial Area

1957

Navah MinuteMe Blue Scout, V Delta II Jupiter, Juno

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5 19 54

Redstone Mercury Trident I, Poseidon T

19

59

-8

19

57

Polaris

LC 25 LC 29

Geo-Political Map: Site Level

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RENAMING TIMELINE

67

5

LC 39 B

1950

LC 39 A

Joint Long Range Proving Ground (JLRPG) changed to Air Force Missile Test Center

4, Atlas V

19

1958

64

Vertical Intgration Building

LC 41

19644

LC 40

Vertical Integration Facility Solid Motor Assembly Building OR Payload Processing Facility

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1964 4

19655

19

INTEGRATE-TRANSFER-LAUNCH ATE-TRANSFER-LAUNCH COMPLEX

1964 Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex changed to Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (CKAFS)

Saturn IB

19 59

I, Saturn IB

61

19

52 -3

LC 36 LC 1, 2, 3 , 4

LC 46 LC 21-22

84 LC 9-10 19 7 5 6 LC 31-32 19 55LC 18 19 60 LC 17A - B 19 55 LC 26 19 6 5 LC 5-6 19 7 5

Bull Goose,, Mace ho en I-III, Pershing Vanguard

57

57 19

Atlas I,, Atlas las II V-2 V 2 Bumper, r,, Snark,, Aerostat

57

19 19

t Atlas

LC 37 A - B

19

Atlas Agnea g Atlas Agnea g

LC 34 LC 20

19

Atlas D,, Mercuryy

LC 15-16 LC 20 LC 31-32 LC 34 LC 36 LC 37 A-B KSC INDUSTRIAL

LC 39 A-B LC 40 LC 41 ITLC RLVH VEHICLE ASSEMBLY LAUNCH CONTROL

1973

9

tan 1,, Titan itan 2,, Pershing e shing ing

Titan 1,, Titan 2

Trident, dent,, LMLV

5 LC 19 19 59 LC 16 19 59 LC 15 19 58 LC 14 19 58 LC 13 19 6 5 LC C 12 LC 11

rd,, Titan I,, Titan II n 2,, Gemini

Air Force Missile Test Center changed to Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex

LC 1-4 LC 5-6 LC 9-10 LC 11-14 LC 17 A/B LC 18 LC 21-22 LC 25 LC 26 CC INDUSTRIAL

SRB ROTATTION LC 46

Cape Kennedy changed back to Cape Canaveral

1992 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) was redesignated Cape Canaveral Air Station (CCAS)

2000 Cape Canaveral Air Station (CCAS) was redesignated Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS)

2020 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) was redesignated Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS)

LEGEND KSC/ CAPE CANAVERAL BOUNDARY TRANSMISSION LINES IMPORTANT ROADS RUNWAY IMPORTANT BUILDINGS ACTIVE LAUNCH COMPLEXES INACTIVE LAUNCH COMPLEXES

N 0

3

6 mi.

LAUNCH COMPLEXES OPEN FOR TOURISM

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01

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Cape Canaveral is a public infrastructural landscape that must respond to respective social, political, and environmental concerns.

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02

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Cape Canaveral’s obsolete launch complex infrastructure can be reformed by creating novel ecosystems and programmatic opportunities.

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03

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Cape Canaveral blockhouses and existing infrastructure provide an opportunity to reimagine the place of the future.

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Rockets are elevated upon pedestals providing space for exhaust flames to disperse beneath their platforms. Over time, flame deflectors and trenches have been incorporated. Flumes and skimming basins help collect excess fluids produced during the sound suppression of launches.

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White Room

Electronics + Mechanical Second Launch Umbellical Tower + Platforms

Retractable Work Plates

Railings

White Room Floor Plates

Platforms Wiring + Fuel Lines

Launch Stand Platform

Stairs

Erector Tower Floor Plates Erector Tower

Railings

Lights Crane Rocket

Ducting LUT Platforms

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Water, Fire + Sound Supression

Rocket Engines

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Arms (connected to White Room)

Railings

LAUNCH COMPLEX 19

Launch Complex 19 (LC-19) is a deactivated launch site used by NASA to launch all of the Gemini manned spaceflights. It was also used by unmanned Titan I and Titan II missiles.

Central Core With Mechanical Equipment

Platforms

LC-19 was in use from 1959 to 1966, during which time it saw 27 launches, 10 of which were manned. The first flight from LC-19 was on August 14, 1959 and ended in a pad explosion, extensively damaging the facility, which took a few months to repair. The first successful launch from LC-19 was also a Titan I, on February 2, 1960. After being converted for the Titan II ICBM program in 1962, LC-19 was later designated for the Gemini flights. After the program concluded in December 1966, LC-19 was closed down.

The Gemini white room from the top of the booster erector has been partially restored and is on display at the Air Force Space and Missile Museum located at Complex 26.

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Dome

Roof

Periscopes Railings

Structure

Catwalk Framing

Stairs

Ceiling

Vents

Exterior Metal Walls

Doors

Catwalk Railings Catwalk Posts

Stairs

Catwalk Stairs

Doors

Concrete Wall Mass

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Mirror

4” PVC Elbow

BLOCKHOUSE 14

4” PVC Drain Pipe

4” PVC Threaded Adapter

4” PVC Adapter Mirror

Mirror Motor Mirror

Motor

LC-14 was the first Atlas pad in operation and hosted the test flights in 1957–58. It was also the only one of the original four pads to never have a booster explode on it. By 1959, it was decided to convert the pad for the Atlas D missile and space launches, and a large service tower was added early in the year.

The first Atlas flown from the renovated LC-14 was Missile 7D on May 18; however, a problem with the launcher hold-down arms damaged the missile and caused its explosion shortly after launch. This was traced to improper procedures during the renovation of the pad and was quickly fixed. The first space launch off of LC-14 was the Big Joe Mercury test in September. As the designated Mercury-Atlas facility, LC14 was thus the only Atlas pad sporting the infrastructure needed for manned launches. The first MIDAS satellites, one Atlas-Able launch, and a few more ICBM tests were conducted from LC-14 before it was completely turned over to NASA.

Main Servomotor

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Roof s

Mechanical Doors Ceiling

Interior Windows Exterior Wall

Roofs

Additions

Interior Wall Structure

Exterior Wall

s

Interior Doors

Structure

Side Windows

Interior Wall

Stairs Interior Walls

Foundation

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Jamb Panel

Top Track Door Header Panel Recess Panel Track

Wheels

Doors

Located on Florida’s Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Hangar S was crucial to NASA’s early human spaceflights and became a hub of activity as America prepared to send its first astronauts into space. The 61,300-square-foot facility housed astronaut training, crew quarters and early spacecraft processing.

Throughout the early 1960s, NASA engineers and technicians developed capabilities that enabled revolutionary advances in exploration, enhancing knowledge well beyond what could have been imagined at the time. Much of that work took place in Hangar S.

Bottom Track Top Track

Track -to- Door Attachment

HANGAR S

Hatch Panel

Built by the U.S. Air Force in 1957, Hangar S originally served as an aircraft maintenance and storage hangar. Soon after, it housed operations of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory’s Project Vanguard. The 75-foot-tall rocket was part of the nation’s earliest efforts to launch Earth orbiting satellites.

Floor Track

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Various landform generation strategies coupled with remediation processes may produce more ecologically harmonious landscape infrastructure opportunities supporting spaceport longevity.

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Topography 1

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Topography 2

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Topography 3

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SYSTEM IN ACTION

BLOCKHOUSE 3 & 4 RESTORATION CENTER

PRIMARY RESTORATION ZONE: VEGETATION/SOIL RECOVERY

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SECONDARY RESTORATION ZONE: WATER RECOVERY

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Existing Land

VEGETATION BARRIOR BERM REPURPOSED “Y” TUNNEL FOR WATER IRRGATION

Concrete Infrastructure

Building Placements

Removal of Invasive Infrastructure

Reformation Zones

EXPLODED SYSTEM VIEW

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AZ

COMPLEX 3 & 4

BA COMPLEX 36

COMPLEX 1 & 2

BB

N 23

24

25

Cape Canaveral - Launch Complex 3-4

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03

Description of Section

Description of Section

Description of Section

RESTORATION ZONE: VEGETATION/SOIL RECOVERY

SECONDARY RESTORATION ZONE: WATER RECOVERY & LAGOON VIEWING DECK

BLOCKHOUSE 3 & 4 RESTAURANT & VIEWING TOWER

A | Northwest Elevation

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Description of Section

Description of Section

Description of Section

RESTORATION ZONE: VEGETATION/SOIL & WATER RECOVERY

SECONDARY RESTORATION ZONE: WATER RECOVERY

BLOCKHOUSE 3 & 4 RESTAURANT / VIEWING TOWER & EV CHARGING STATION

B | Northwest Elevation

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Operative Method: Earth Moving Many blockhouses are situated on enormous concrete foundations that do not allow plant and wildlife to retake the space. This operative can be applied to almost any adaptation formulated and can create aesthetically pleasing and formally creative exteriors. The concrete form has the ability to carry the load requirements of a natural green roof and slopes gently enough for soil establishment.

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Adaptation #1: Combining earth movement, folding and augmentation.

Adaptation #2: Combining inversion, fragmentation and perforation.

Adaptation #3: Combining inversion, fracturing and folding.

Adaptation #4: Combining severing, inversion, separation, and fracture.

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LC 34 Blockhouse Remodel

Detail #1

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Detail #2

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Detail #3

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LC 34 Blockhouse Remodel 88

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Contingent Ecologies of Cape Canaveral. From Left to Right: Palmetto Coastline, Launch Complex Scrub Oak, Restored Salt Marsh.

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DATA CENTER

COMMUNITY POOL

DEMOLITION TUBES

SURF SHOP & PURIFICATION

LAUNCH VIEWING

COMMERCIAL FRANCHISE

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Launch Complex 34: Enlarged view of blockhouse 34 redevelopment as data storage facility. Ground and walkable groundcover added to the top of structure. Doors are shown open for ULA Launch viewing. Beginning of cableway cooling pump system seen in bottom left.

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Launch Complex 34: Enlarged interior view of blockhouse 34 as data storage facility and launch viewing center. Outer catwalk for access to second-tier computational racks and access to launch viewing parasopes.

Inner catwalk for maintenance of radiant cooling tower and inspection.

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Launch Complex 14: Enlarged interior view of blockhouse 14 as dobsonian observatory and planetarium. Telescope is mounted to hydraulic lift system to remove from view during operation of planetarium. Telescope view patterns are synced with specific celestial occurances via roof aperture. Secondary roof aperture used for human eye night time viewing from indoors. Main level operates as USSF/USFS Cape Canaveral Conservation Center.

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ZONE 1: INFRUSTRUCTURAL IMPACTS

AMERICAN ALLIGATOR

6 MILE RADIUS

CAPE C ANA VE RA LR OC KE

DEPO STIO N: D EPE ND EN TO NW IN D

ROCKET EMISSION

INFUSTRUCTURAL EMISSIONS

CARBON DIOXIDE

ENDANGERED BY ROCKET EMISSIONS

DI RE CT IO N

EMISSIONS BY ZONE

3

FOAMY SAND SOFT SEDIMENT BEDROCK

ROCKET EMISSIONS AND SURROUNDING ECOLOGICAL SECTION

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SURFACE WATER ACIDIFICATION KILLS FISH DURING LAUNCH PROCESS

WATER AQUIF POLLUTED BY HAVE BEEN L ROCKETS. TH ARE COLLEC UNDERGROU

ZONE 2: ENDANGERED ECOLOGY

ZONE 3: MARINE ECOLOGY

UTILIZING THE REMOTE LOCATION

UTILIZING THE BEACH

ET

SULFURIC COMPOUNDS

ALUMINUM OXIDE

NITROGEN

Y ET AF

US ADI HR C UN LA

CARBON MONOXIDE

CARBON DIOXIDE

S

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BEACH MOUSE

WHITE TAIL DEER

3 MILE RADIUS

FERS ARE ALSO Y EMISSION THAT LEAKED BY HESE POLLUTANTS CTED IN UND AQUIFERS.

WOOD STORK BIRD

RAINWATER KILLFISH

SHEEPS HEAD MINNOW

MOSQUITO FISH

LOGGERHEAD TURTLE

RISING SEA LEVELS

ACCOUSTICAL NOISE LEVELS REACHED OVER 160 dBA AT TIME OF LAUNCH

PONDS OR SMALL BODIES OF WATER ARE THE MOST VULERNABLE DURING THE LAUNCH PROCESS. THESE SMALL BODIES OF WATER ARE AFFECTED WITH THE MOST POLLUTION AND EMISSION FROM ROCKET LAUNCHES

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Hangar Addition #1

Existing Ha

Rai

Endangered Plants RAINWATER HARVESTING CONTAINED INTERIOR ENVIORNMENT PARKING / STORAGE / WORKSPACE

ENVIORNMENTAL PROBLEMS

CONCRETE PAVED OPEN AREA

Enclosure Diagram

Research Enclosure

ROCKET EMISSIONS AND SURROUNDING ECOLOGICAL FUTURE

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Endangered Animals

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angar “N”

Hangar Addition #2

inwater Harvesting

stainable Energy

Hangar “N” will be the stepping stone towards a green sustainable furture for Cape Canaveral.

SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS

Reduced Emissions

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ROCKET EMISSIONS AND SURROUNDING ECOLOGICAL FUTURE

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Composite juxtaposing planetary urbanization with Cape Canaveral inundated by 8-feet of seawater.

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Faculty Researcher Dr. Jeffrey S. Nesbit Student Participants Lisa DeMar, Isabella Grier, Maxwell Grummer, Geena Gutierrez, Martin Luna, William Lyons, Jacob Martinez, Nicholas Morse, Rym Naji, Rodrigo Natera, Dillon Romero, Kyle Rowbotham, Morgan Smith Reviewers / Advisors Katarzyna Balug, Wendy Whitman Cobb, Dana Cupkova, Andrew Duce, Gabriel Fries-Briggs, Matthew Haynes, Jonathan Irawan, Aleksandra Jaeschke, Kathleen Kambic, Julie Klinger, Clare Lyster, Roland Miller, Jeffrey Montes, Fred Scharmen, Charles Waldheim, Alexander Webb, Nora Wendl, Andrew Witt Research Sponsor United States Space Force, Cape Canaveral, Florida